RELIEF’S

Relief: A relief is the result of tectonics plates and the shaping of the Earth’s surface by
external agents.

- Continental: is landform of the Earth’s Surface

- Coastal: area where emerging land is in contact with the sea.
- Ocean: landform located at great depths.

CONTINENTAL
Mountain

Are the highest landform.

They have steep slopes and rugged temain.

Average height: 1000 and 3500 m

2 types

Independent mountains

Mountain range

PLAIN

Flat areas located at altitudes below 150 m

Are often fertile areas, that are good for agriculture.

PLATEAUS

Flat or gently undulating areas.

Located at an average altitude of about 650 m

HIGH PLATEOUS

Located between major mountain range at altitude of above 300 m.

VALLEY

Sunken areas located between mountains or plateaus.

Usually have a river running through them.

Depresion: when the river valleys are very large.

COASTAL
Beach: continental area is a flot and have a low altitude.

Cliff: continental area, is mountainous.

Peninsula: area of land connected to the mainland and surrounded by water on three sides.

Cape: piece of land which extend into the sea.

Point: small cape.

Gulf: areas of the sea surrounded by land except in one side.

Bay: small gulf.

Inlets: areas where the sea flood into a deep and narrow valley.

Fjords: inlets formed in glacial valleys.

Island: piece of land surrounded by water in all the sides.

Archipelago: group of islands.

OCEAN
Continental shelves

Flat areas which extend from the coast.

Reach a depth of around 300 m.

Continental slopes

Slopes that connect continental shelves which ocean basins.

Ocean trenches

Small narrow cracks or spaces located along the edges of ocean basins.

One of the deepest places of the Earth.

Ocean basins

Flat plains which a depth of between 3000-6000 m.

Ocean ridges

Are very high mountain ranges located in the middle of the oceans.

When they emerged form water islands or archipelago.

 MERIDIANS AND PARALLELS

MERIDIANS: Def. Imaginary lines that run from east to west and are perpendicular to the
meridians and to the parallel to the equator.

PARALLELS: Def. Are imaginary lines thar run from North Pole to South Pole.

Petters’s and Mercator’s projection

- Peter’s ones have the same proportion that in real one.

- Mercator have Greenland bigger than Africa, but the Peters no.
- Peter is distorted.
- Mercator projection give more importance to Asia, Europe and America, that’s why
Africa is smaller than in reality.
- In Peters one the north pole is smaller that Mercator.
- Mercator have Antarctica bigger than Peter.
- Peter have more to the North and Mercator more to the south
- Peter is larger than Mercator.
 PANGAEA
Pangaea: Was the only big continent that connect the nowadays continents in 350 million
years ago.

Only ocean: Panthalassa.

150 million years ago, the huge continent split into two continents: Laurasia and Gondwana.

They are evidence that the continent once was joined together

Example. Similar plant and animal fossils have been found near the coast in countries on
different continents

The tectonic plates are responsible for the movement and separation of the land masses.

Latitude: Is the angular distance between any point and the Equator.

Longitude: Is the angular distance between any point and the Prime Meridian