Impact-of-Thesis-Subject-on-Enhancing-PhilSCA-FAB-Students-Critical-Thinking-Skills 3

Republic of the Philippines
PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Fernando Air Base, Lipa City, Batangas
IMPACT OF THESIS SUBJECT ON ENHANCING PhilSCA-FAB STUDENTS'

CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS
A Thesis Proposal Presented to the Faculty of the

Institute of Engineering and Technology
Philippine State College of Aeronautics
Fernando Air Base Campus, Lipa City
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of BACHELOR OF SCIENCE

IN AVIATION ELECTRONICS TECHNOLOGY
Ballado, Franchesca Elaine L.

Ebreo, John Paul B.
Suarez, Cedrick L.
Umali, Allan Gabriel C.
Unira, Ma. Jayna R.
CHAPTER I
PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
This chapter represents the problem and the background of the study. This
includes statements of the problem, the conceptual framework, scope and limitations,
significance of the study and definition of terms.
Introduction
The lack of critical thinking skills exercised in the four corners of the classroom
diminished the chance of being successful in the future. As lots of literature suggests,
critical thinking skills in tertiary level may be taught in two distinct ways; (1) first we have
the stand-alone critical thinking subject where it is being taught as a course on its own,
and (2) second is through integrating critical thinking skills in the curriculum. Moreover,
Gammil (2006) stressed that through writing one’s critical thinking skills, metacognitive
skills and other skills were further developed. And argue that there is no other better
room to sharpen one’s critical thinking than through writing. This claim was also
supported by Boyer (1893) and Ryder (1994) stating that clear writing connotes clear
thinking that integrates various cognitive skills in shaping thoughts.
Being a student in 2021 is not the same as it was in 2011. The world of education
has changed dramatically in the last ten years. Younger generations, and the school
system they are a part of, have become dynamic as the globe continues to face new
challenges, particularly as a result of COVID-19. Any school system that has endured
the test of time, however, has certain fundamentals. Critical thinking abilities have
traditionally been emphasized and applied by educators in the liberal education
spectrum.
Impact of Thesis Subject on Enhancing PhilSCA-FAB CHAPTER I

Students' Critical Thinking Skills PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
1
As a guide to belief and behavior, critical thinking is the intellectually disciplined
process of deliberately and skillfully conceiving, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and/or
evaluating knowledge obtained through, or generated by, observation, experience,
reflection, reasoning, or communication. It entails looking at the structures or elements of
thought that are implicit in all reasoning, such as the purpose, problem, or question at
hand; assumptions; concepts; empirical grounding; reasoning leading to conclusions;
implications and consequences; objections from alternative viewpoints; and frame of
reference.
Moreover, it is the ability to evaluate your own thinking and give evidence for
your beliefs rather than simply relying on your own reasoning as proof. Mastering critical
thinking abilities can provide several benefits, including increased control over your own
learning and empathy for other people's perspectives.
To sum it up, we can simply describe critical thinking as, short, self-directed,
self-monitored, self-disciplined, and self-corrective thinking. It necessitates agreement
with strict criteria of excellence and a conscious command of their application. It needs
strong communication and problem-solving skills, as well as a commitment to
overcoming our natural egocentrism and sociocentrism.
Critical thinking, according to the website Skills You Need, "is about being an
active student rather than a passive user of knowledge."
"Rather than accepting ideas and assumptions at face value, critical thinkers
carefully scrutinize them," they write. "They'll always try to figure out if the ideas,
arguments, and discoveries represent the whole picture, and they'll be open to the
possibility that they don't."

2
In relation to that, according to Lenin Iyer ,"Developing the ability to think critically
is an important element for modern education approaches and models".
"The world is getting both more technical and more complex day by day . That's
why the necessity for education increases for each growing generation. The skill of
thinking critically is generally accepted as a very vital stage in every field of learning,
particularly in the last decades" he added.
According to Cuesta College, Critical thinking underlies reading, writing,
speaking, and listening. These are the 4 basic elements of communication. Critical
thinking also plays an important part in social change. Consider that the institutions in
any society - courts, governments, schools, businesses - are the products of a certain
way of thinking.
Critical thinking can also be used to discover bias and prejudice. This is the first
step in connecting with people from other ethnicities and cultures.
Students that are well-versed in a subject are thorough thinkers. They discern between
fact and opinion. They pose incisive inquiries. They are meticulous in their observations.
They debunk myths and define their terminologies. They make statements with caution,
relying on sound logic and evidence. Almost all of what we refer to as knowledge is the
consequence of these actions. Critical thinking and learning are thus inextricably
intertwined.
Critical thinking skills are often used in the midst of judgment where people tend to
choose between options. People who often use these skills are called Critical Thinkers in
which the ideas that they possess are much more censorious than a normal person.
They are critical, open-minded, value fairness, value evidence and reasoning, value

3
clarity and precision, consider other points of view, and will change their beliefs when
reason leads them to do so.
The ability to think critically is a domain-general cognitive skill. Whatever people
choose to pursue, the capacity to think clearly and reasonably is critical. Critical thinking
is obviously vital if you work in education, research, finance, management, or the legal
profession. Critical thinking skills, on the other hand, are not limited to a single subject.
Any career benefits from the ability to think clearly and solve problems in a systematic
manner. In the new knowledge economy, critical thinking is crucial. Information and
technology are at the heart of the global knowledge economy. It is necessary to be able
to respond swiftly and effectively to changes. Flexible intellectual talents, as well as the
capacity to analyze data and integrate several sources of knowledge, are becoming
increasingly important in the modern economy. Such thinking skills are aided by good
critical thinking, which is vital in today's fast-paced business.
Critical thinking is appreciated in both the educational context and the professional
situations you may find yourself in after graduation, and it is an important aspect of
lifelong learning. In life, critical thinking is crucial. It encourages you to think in new ways
''outside the box.' It prevents you from becoming stifled. In higher education, critical
thinking is expected of you. It can help you improve your decision-making, evaluation,
and problem-solving skills.
Most importantly, Critical Thinking Skills allow people to have a better
understanding of the experiences and perspectives that enhance our potential to work
with different people.

4
In relation to critical thinking skills, Thesis Subject on the other hand is the basis
of the researcher for this study, in which they are seeking for answers on how the
subject enhances the critical thinking and competencies of the student of the said
institution, Philippine State College of Aeronautics.
Thus, this study aims to explored the extent of critical thinking skills of student in
Philippine State College of Aeronautics-Fernando Air Base, specifically with the five
higher-order thinking skills such as metacognitive skills, inductive reasoning skills,
creative skills, decision making skills, and conceptual thinking skills.
Background of the study
Almost everything we do develops critical thinking. Much of this crucial talent,
however, is urged to be practiced at school, and rightly so! Critical thinking entails more
than just thinking clearly; it also entails thinking independently.
When a teacher poses a question in class, students have the opportunity to respond and
think critically about what they have learned and what they believe to be true. When
students work in groups and are compelled to participate in discussions, they have a
tremendous opportunity to broaden their horizons and exercise their critical thinking
skills. Someone who has critical thinking abilities can reason clearly about what they
should or should not believe. They are capable of thinking by themselves and reflecting
in order to arrive at a well-informed judgment.
A critical thinker is able to see the connections between concepts, create arguments
based on facts, and spot flaws in reasoning. The future of critical thinking is akin to the

5
future of employment. The World Economic Forum listed critical thinking as the second
most important ability (behind complex issue solving) in 2020.
We live in a world that is always changing, and what is deemed success today may not
be considered success tomorrow, making critical thinking an essential talent for the
future workforce (University of the people ,2021).
According to (Sai University, 2021), A learner who is taught to think critically develops an
insatiable interest about what is going on around him or her. Students that have a deep
and genuine sense of curiosity want to analyze and digest information and events. They
generate their own educated ideas, most of which are out-of-the-box, as a result of this
process, which boosts their creativity. All critical thinkers will experiment with creativity in
their professional and personal lives. They will usually be able to get their creative juices
flowing while searching for answers in a logical and rational manner.
Self-disciplined, self-monitored, and self-corrective thinking are the foundations of critical
thinking. When someone thinks critically, they do so on their own time. There is an
objective internalization of the problem at hand, as well as a thorough comprehension of
it. Critical thinking is at the heart of learning because it allows students to reflect on and
comprehend their own perspectives. Based on personal observation and knowledge, this
skill assists a student in figuring out how to make sense of the world. It instills self-
assurance and confidence in students because they understand that the outcome is the
consequence of a cognitive process that produces results. Students acquire confidence
and the ability to learn from their mistakes, which are important in both their personal
and professional lives.

6
Critical thinking isn't just for students in the classroom. Following COVID-19, the new
economy places a high demand on a flexible workforce and employees' capacity to
analyze data from a variety of sources and come up with creative solutions. In a fast-
changing company, a person with good critical thinking skills will be valued.
The ability to analyze and look at problems in a creative and productive manner is one of
the by-products of critical thinking skills. Problem solvers are typically critical thinkers.
Before making reasonable decisions to solve a problem, a skilled critical thinker will be
able to separate facts from views and fiction and evaluate the subject from all
perspectives. They will also be able to come up with answers to challenges that are free
of bias, which is important to remember in the workplace. As global concerns such as
global warming, pollution, and pandemics continue to afflict the world, today's youth -
who will become tomorrow's leaders – will be expected to shoulder the burden of finding
effective answers. Critical thinkers will come up with innovative and long-term solutions.
Critical thinking promotes a variety of life skills, including organization, planning, open-
mindedness, and communication. Critical thinking, as a life skill in and of itself, enables
you to take on problems in both the personal and professional realms with ease. It
fosters self-assurance and independence, resulting in successful lives. As a critical
thinker, you will learn from your mistakes and increase your productivity in all areas of
your life.
As education takes on new forms in a society ravaged by a pandemic, it is vital for
students to develop critical thinking skills that will prepare them for the future. After all,
today's children will be tomorrow's leaders.

7
According to (Indeed, 2022), Critical thinking abilities are necessary for success in
Aviation, law, education, research, medicine, finance, and a variety of other disciplines.
It's an important aspect of any career where the goal is to objectively infer information,
examine the situation, solve creative challenges, and come up with realistic answers.
Statement of the Problem
The purpose of the study is to determine the impacts of the thesis subject on the
Avionics Students' Critical Thinking Skills during thesis making.
Specifically, it seeks to answer the following:
1. What is the demographic profile of the students taking thesis subject in terms of :
1.1. Gender
2. What are the impacts of thesis subject in enhancing critical thinking skills of
avionics student in terms critical thinking skills:
2.1. Metacognitive Skills,
2.2. Inductive reasoning skills,
2.3. Creative skills,

8
2.4. Decision-making skills, and
2.5. Conceptual thinking skills?
3. Is there a significant difference in the level of impact of the critical thinking skills
between profiles of the respondents?
4. What are the possible recommendations to be proposed based on the findings?

9
Null Hypothesis
1. There is no significant difference in the level of critical thinking skills among the
students of PhilSCA-FAB upon varying their gender.
Significance of the Study
The findings of this study will be a great contribution to the extensive
understanding on the extent of critical thinking skills of the students in PhilSCA-FAB.
Thus, this study will be beneficial to the following:
Aviation industry. Having this study, the aviation industry will be benefited as
they can anticipate the performance of their future employees.
University. The PhilSCA-FAB will benefit in a way that they will be well-aware of
their students' capability. Moreover, this study can serve as the basis on how to maintain
or else further improve the critical thinking skills of their students.
Faculty and Department. This study will be beneficial to the PhilSCA-FAB
teaching staff as they will gain understanding on the extent of their students' critical
thinking skills. With this, they can formulate the right approach for teaching.
Students. As the respondents of the study, the students will tend to reassess
their skills, work on the things they are lacking and enhance the skills they are good at.
Researchers. This study is significant to the current researchers as it allows
them to perform tasks, use their own knowledge in presenting data, assess their own
critical thinking skills, and enhance their own abilities in terms of researching and
analyzing.

10
Future researchers. The present study will be beneficial to the future
researchers as they can use this as their basis in their future intent in pursuing the same
study.
Scope and Limitations
This study will be focusing on the determination of the critical thinking skills of the
incoming 4th year Avionics students in the School Year 2022-2023. Moreover, it tends to
evaluate the level of applied critical thinking skills of the students varying their gender.
The researchers will be using a 3-point likert scale which is the High Impact, Low
Impact and None at all. Moreover, one-way analysis of variance will be utilized to
determine the effects of respondents’ profile (factors) to the extent of their critical
thinking skills (responses).
This study will limit its respondents to the incoming 4th year Avionics students in
the School Year 2022-2023 only.
Conceptual Framework
Presented on the succeeding page is the paradigm of the research study. The
researchers will use the conventional framework of the study comprising the input, the
process, and the output.
The beginning of the conceptual framework will be the determination of the
profile variable of the respondents that are significant in the study such as their age, sex
and field of study. These parameters will be assessed to determine the level of their
critical thinking skills using five higher-order skills.

11
For the process, the researchers will create a survey questionnaire that will be
administered using google form. The google form will be limited to a single response to
avoid duplication of answering the form.
Analysis of variance will be used for the statistical treatment in evaluation of the
level of critical thinking skills among students of PhilSCA-FAB taking research courses.
Moreover, the variables that may interfere with the application of critical thinking skills of
the students will not be further elucidated.
PROCESS OUTPUT
INPUT
Determined the level of
Determination of the level
Impacts of thesis subject in effectiveness of thesis
of applie critical thinking
enhancing critical thinking
subject in enhancing
skills among students of
skills of avionics student in
PhilSCA-FAB undertaking critical thinking skills of
terms critical thinking skills:
Metacognitive Skills, thesis subjects through students in PhilSCA
Inductive reasoning skills, dissemination of research FAB.

Creative skills, survey Questionnaire.
Decision-making skills, and
Recommendation to
Conceptual thinking skills
further enhance critical
thinking skills.
FIGURE 1. Paradigm of the Research Study
Definition of Terms
For deeper and clearer understanding, the following terms that would be used
more often throughout the whole study are defined operationally and conceptually.

12
Analysis of variance (ANOVA). A statistical analysis method that divides
observed aggregate variability within a data collection into two parts: systematic and
random variables (Kenton, 2021). In this study, analysis of variance will be used in
evaluating the profile of the respondents (factor) to the level of critical thinking skills
(response).
Conceptual Thinking Skills. Intellectual qualities that allow you to absorb
complex information and solve problems are known as conceptual skills. These abilities
are valuable because they allow people to utilize deliberate thought and abstract
reasoning to come up with a range of solutions to varied issues (Duznsky Masiej, 2021).
In this study, the researchers use this skill as one of the key components in measuring
the level of critical thinking skills.
Creative skills. The ability to think about a task or an issue in a new or unusual
way, or the ability to use one's imagination to come up with fresh ideas, is referred to as
creativity. You can use creativity to overcome hard challenges or come up with novel
approaches to assignments. When you're creative, you see things from a different angle
(INDEED, 2021). In this study, the researchers use this skill as one of the key
components in measuring the level of critical thinking skills.
Critical thinking skills. As a guide to belief and behavior, critical thinking is the
intellectually disciplined process of deliberately and skillfully conceiving, applying,
analyzing, synthesizing, and/or evaluating knowledge obtained through, or generated by,
observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication. (Foundation for critical
thinking,1987). In this study the researchers use this skill as the major key that they will

13
be going to measure in order to know the critical thinking skills that are enhanced during
the thesis.
Decision-making skills. The ability to choose between two or more options in
order to achieve the best result in the shortest amount of time (Gerencer Tom, 2022). In
this study, the researchers use this skill as one of the key components in measuring the
level of critical thinking skills.
Higher-order thinking skills (HOTS). Higher-order thinking abilities are defined
as concentrating, integrating, investigating and appreciating, and evaluating. In this
study, the researchers use these skills as the key components in measuring the level of
critical thinking skills of their respondents.
Inductive reasoning skills Inductive thinking is a way to deal with consistent
reasoning that includes making speculations in light of explicit subtleties. In this study,
the researchers use this skill as one of the key components in measuring the level of
critical thinking skills.
Google Form. Google Forms is to make overviews, tests, or occasion signing-up
sheets in the study. The structure is online and can be imparted to respondents by
sending a connection, messaging a message, or inserting it into a page or blog entry.
The researchers use the google form as a platform for gathering data for our
respondents.
Metacognitive Skills. Metacognitive exercises refer to the processes used to
plan, monitor, and assess one's understanding and performance. In this study, the
researchers use this skill as one of the key components in measuring the level of critical
thinking skills.

14
REFERENCE
BOOK/ JOURNAL
Terenzini, P. T. (1993). Influences Affecting the Development of Student’s Critical
Thinking Skills.
WEBSITE
Cuesta College. (2022). Retrieved from:
https://www.cuesta.edu/student/resources/ssc/study_guides/critical_thinking/
101_think_uses.html.

15
Iyer, L. (2008-2022). Retrieved from: ResearchGate.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339433132_Critical_Thinking_and_it's_
Importance_in_Education.
Kenton, W. (2021, October 6). How analysis of variance (ANOVA) works. Investopedia.
Retrieved April 6, 2022, from https://www.investopedia.com/terms/a/anova.asp
CHAPTER II
METHODS OF THE STUDY
This chapter presents the research design, research method, research locale,
research respondents, research sampling technique, instrumentation, data gathering
procedure/method and data analysis
RESEARCH DESIGN
The study made use of the descriptive method of research as it describes
present situations in a particular setting. According to Penwarden (2014) descriptive

16
design as a set of attitudes, opinions or behavior are observed or measured at a given
time and environment. The focus of descriptive research is on a careful mapping of a
circumstance, situation or set of events to describe what is happening or what has
happened and that it answers the significant difference and relationships that exist or do
not exist. Hence, the researcher deemed it as the appropriate design for the selected
topic IMPACT OF THESIS SUBJECT ON ENHANCING PHILSCA FAB STUDENTS'
CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS.
RESEARCH METHOD
The research study was approached in a descriptive method, wherein it
intends to present facts concerning the nature and status of a situation as it exists at the
time of the study and to describe present conditions, events, and system. The
researcher opted to obtain first-hand data from the respondents in Philippine State
College of Aeronautics.
RESEARCH LOCALE
This study will be conducted in Philippine State College of Aeronautics as it was
the mother school of the researcher and where the respondents will come from.
RESEARCH RESPONDENTS
The respondents of the study are the students of Philippine State College of
Aeronautics, taking the course AET who already finished the subject Thesis I and Thesis

17
II, so that the researcher can assess their improved critical thinking skills. In addition, it
was based on their demographic profile such as; age.
DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE/METHOD
Questionnaire. (Construction and validation)
DATA ANALYSIS
The following statistical tools will be used in analyzing and interpreting data
gathered from the respondents.
Frequency.
Weighted Mean.
Standard Deviation.
One Way ANOVA.
The following scale was used in interpreting the computed weighted mean of the
assessments on the manifestations of functions and practices catholicity.
Rate Range Verbal Description
3 2.5 - 3.00 High Impact
2 1.5 – 2.49 Low Impact
1 1.0 – 1.4 None At All

18

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Republic of the Philippines

PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS

IMPACT OF THESIS SUBJECT ON ENHANCING PhilSCA-FAB STUDENTS'

A Thesis Proposal Presented to the Faculty of the

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of BACHELOR OF SCIENCE

Ballado, Franchesca Elaine L.

significance of the study and definition of terms.

thinking that integrates various cognitive skills in shaping thoughts.

traditionally been emphasized and applied by educators in the liberal education

Impact of Thesis Subject on Enhancing PhilSCA-FAB CHAPTER I

As a guide to belief and behavior, critical thinking is the intellectually disciplined

process of deliberately and skillfully conceiving, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and/or

evaluating knowledge obtained through, or generated by, observation, experience,

reflection, reasoning, or communication. It entails looking at the structures or elements of

hand; assumptions; concepts; empirical grounding; reasoning leading to conclusions;

implications and consequences; objections from alternative viewpoints; and frame of

learning and empathy for other people's perspectives.

self-monitored, self-disciplined, and self-corrective thinking. It necessitates agreement

strong communication and problem-solving skills, as well as a commitment to

overcoming our natural egocentrism and sociocentrism.

active student rather than a passive user of knowledge."

possibility that they don't."

Impact of Thesis Subject on Enhancing PhilSCA-FAB CHAPTER I

is an important element for modern education approaches and models".

particularly in the last decades" he added.

According to Cuesta College, Critical thinking underlies reading, writing,

step in connecting with people from other ethnicities and cultures.

Impact of Thesis Subject on Enhancing PhilSCA-FAB CHAPTER I

reason leads them to do so.

The ability to think critically is a domain-general cognitive skill. Whatever people

critical thinking, which is vital in today's fast-paced business.

and problem-solving skills.

Most importantly, Critical Thinking Skills allow people to have a better

with different people.

Impact of Thesis Subject on Enhancing PhilSCA-FAB CHAPTER I

institution, Philippine State College of Aeronautics.

higher-order thinking skills such as metacognitive skills, inductive reasoning skills,

creative skills, decision making skills, and conceptual thinking skills.

Background of the study

Almost everything we do develops critical thinking. Much of this crucial talent,

than just thinking clearly; it also entails thinking independently.

in order to arrive at a well-informed judgment.

Impact of Thesis Subject on Enhancing PhilSCA-FAB CHAPTER I

most important ability (behind complex issue solving) in 2020.

future workforce (University of the people ,2021).

flowing while searching for answers in a logical and rational manner.

Self-disciplined, self-monitored, and self-corrective thinking are the foundations of critical

objective internalization of the problem at hand, as well as a thorough comprehension of

consequence of a cognitive process that produces results. Students acquire confidence

and professional lives.

Impact of Thesis Subject on Enhancing PhilSCA-FAB CHAPTER I

economy places a high demand on a flexible workforce and employees' capacity to

of bias, which is important to remember in the workplace. As global concerns such as

fosters self-assurance and independence, resulting in successful lives. As a critical

As education takes on new forms in a society ravaged by a pandemic, it is vital for

today's children will be tomorrow's leaders.

Impact of Thesis Subject on Enhancing PhilSCA-FAB CHAPTER I

Statement of the Problem

Avionics Students' Critical Thinking Skills during thesis making.

Specifically, it seeks to answer the following:

avionics student in terms critical thinking skills:

2.1. Metacognitive Skills,

2.2. Inductive reasoning skills,