UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS

EDJ22403

POWER SYSTEM I

EXPERIMENT 4 (Part A)

FAULT IN POWER SYSTEM

NAME:MUHAMMAD AKID BIN MOHD

AZAN
NO. MATRIX: 212160218
SUBJECT: POWER SYSTEM 1 (EDJ22403)
 A) INTRODUCTION

The selection of switch gear, conductor size, relay setting, determining the rating requirements of
additional power equipment, and validating system stability all require information from a fault
analysis of a power system. An abnormality is a power system problem. Condition that jeopardises
the system's stability. The balanced 3-phase a.c. operating mode of a power system depicts its
steady state. Nevertheless, this situation is troubled by sudden alterations to the system from the
outside or the inside. When one or more points on the system's insulation fail or when a conducting
object comes into contact with a live point, a short circuit or fault occurs. In this experiment,
students describe the value of a three-phase fault that occurred at bus 3 and had a fault impedance
of j0.16 p.u. This experiment aims to pinpoint a bus-to-bus problem.

B) BACKGROUND OF STUDY

In the fault analysis, there are two methods for calculating fault outcomes. The first approach
involves calculating the fault current at many chosen locations to provide an overall summary of
various faults. Calculating the precise fault outcomes and fault current flows for a particular fault
point is required for the second method. Through this simulation, the fault impedance value, which,
in this instance, is supplied as 0.16, will change the scaled magnitude and angle values. The value
of the sub transient phase current in p.u. and degree units will also change. Additionally,
symmetrical faults only yield positive sequence values and do not lead to zero or negative sequence
components because they are perfectly balanced. Unsymmetrical faults include single line to
ground faults, double line-to-line faults, and line-to-line faults. While symmetrical and
unsymmetrical faults typically occur at the generator's terminal, open circuit and short circuit faults
occur on the transmission line.

C) METHODOLOGY

The diagram is simulated using PowerWorld software as part of the study and evaluation
procedures. The conductors of the various phases are connected to one another by the bus,
transmission line, load, and generator. In this lab, buses 2 and 3 are PV and PQ buses, however
bus 1 is slack. At buses 1 and 2, generators are present. The base MVA is 100 and the base voltage
is 11kV. Bus 1-2's limit A was set to 1000 MVA, and its impedance Zik was set at j0.02 p.u.
Additionally, buses 1-3 and 2-3 employ an impedance zik of 0.40 p.u. and a limit A of 1000 MVA.
After being created on the software, the circuit needs compute to find the fault currents and
voltages.
 D) SIMULATION RESULTS DISCUSSION

Result
PART A

Question 1
Question 2

Question 3
Question 5

BUS 1

BUS 2
BUS 3
Question 6

Single Line to Ground

Line to Line
Fault An alysis

Choose the Faulted Bus FauttType

l Sort by Name o Number Sngtehne-to-Ground 3PhaseBaanced
.é Doubtehne-to-Ground

Faultlmpedance
5 (5) [750 kV] R : 0.00000
6 (6) [750 kV] B 3.699 -146. 90
7 (7) [0. l2 kV] X : 0.00000 If Angle: 95.60 deg.
Units C 5. 254 56. 96

1.27416 0.13402 0.25065 6.70 -B3.12 153.52

1.31799 0.0604£ 0.11599 1.32 -32.57 110.57
1.332B5 0.00000 0.00000 4.58 0.00 0.00
0.892D0 0.36814 0.56368 -1.06 -160.IN 165.US
55 0.86169 0.43086 0.43083 -1.47 178.53 178.52
0.82642 0.41324 0.41318 -7.68 172.33 172.31
7 7-

Auto Insert. . . Load Data. . . Save Data. . .

 **°*°8'Fe1uruIe*es* ElrEl,E
Gcl1tFft(1Ur'l

MW Mvar
hus Spccilicd
” Voltage Scl›cJulc Min Max . MW
M n Max

I 1.0 100 0 100 0 80

2 I .0 100 0 100 P SO
3 1.0 200 100

Task for ltte day

hase fault level for all buses for this case?

(1 mark)

at bus 1?

3. Wh at is the three-phase)auIt level for all buses if three-phase fault occurred

at bus 2?
(1 mark)
• ‹. : - € 0' 0 1 d• •
4. Wha can you say from Jsult Q1, Q2 and Q3? State your understanding and
obsein ation.

5. lVhat is the result for Q1, Q2 and Q3 if the fault is a bolted fault? State your
understanding and observation.

(3 marks)

Total (10 murks)

PART B

Single Line-To-Ground
Line-To-Line

3 Phase Balanced
Double Line-To-Ground

Discussion
On bus 3, a fault current of 2.348 -69.97 occurs. Subtranscient phase current is calculated as 2.348-
69.97 for A, 2.348-170.03 for B, and 2.348-50.03 for C. The outcome is shown in the software's
table. Values are given in p.u. A three phase fault occurs when the A, B, and C phases short to one
another without the ground being involved. The theory and outcomes are related. The outcomes
are connected to faults in balanced or symmetrical three-phase circuits. The third bus is now the
subject of this section. Impedance X on bus 3 is j0.16 in value. Additionally, the degree of the
substracient phase is different although the value in p.u. is the same. At buses 1 and 2, the new
value generator is 100 MW/55 Mvar. The fault currents caused by short circuits are controlled by
the system impedance between the generating voltages and the fault, and they can be several orders
of magnitude bigger than the ordinary operating currents.

E) CONCLUSION

The software for fault analysis were able to produce accurate findings thanks to the notion of
symmetrical components' input data. It was found that symmetrical fault analysis may display the
post fault bus voltages, however unbalanced fault analysis can only present findings for total fault
current, bus voltages, and line currents during the failure. The initiative could be viewed as a
success as a result. Finally, the learner is familiar with the many types of power system faults or
issues. Students are also able to determine the size of short circuit fault currents and use
PowerWorld as a fault analysis tool. Short circuits can cause currents that are several orders of
magnitude bigger than those in regular operation.
 EMJ32304 OEL

Rubric Guidelines

CRITERIA Marks

5 4 3 2 1-0

A. Introduction (10%)

All experiment criteria,

Explain briefly about the
experiment background, problem
statement and objective.
Cover most of the
problem statement, criteria related to the
proposed solution, laboratory topic. The Average explanations Poorly presented
Missing/
expected result were explanation is good but with some criteria introduction with major
irrelevant
accurate,clearly and missing few ideas about missing or presented elements and introduction.
conciselystated. the laboratory topic. less. descriptions missing.

B. Background of Study (10%)

The literature review is

comprehensive and The literature review is Fairy written literature Poorly written literature Missing/irrelevant
related to the sufficient to the review and average review and unable to literature study.
Perform a literature study or laboratory topic. laboratory topic. explanation of the related demonstrate
background of theories related to Clear Satisfactory theory. relevant theory of the
the experiment. explanation of explanation of the related topic.
the related related theory.
theory.

UniMAP, 1

C. Methodology (40%)
Appropriate mathematical
calculations related to the
experiment method.
D. Simulation Results and Discussion (30%)
Simulation model and results
Analysis and discussion
UniMAP,
EMJ32304 OEL
Most calculations are
All calculations are correct, organized, and Missing some Incomplete
correct, organized, and relevant to the calculations related tothe calculations, Irrelevant/missing
relevant to the experiment. experiment and less unorganized and mathematical
experiment. Minor errors in organized. somewhat deficient. calculations.
calculations.
Able to show the Able to show suitable
complete model and model with slightly Able to show the
provide clear and clear explanation of model with average Inadequate model and Missing/irrelevant
proper explanation of the results. explanation of the results are shown. model and results.
the results. results.
Complete and in- depth Analysis done using
analysis of result. Data collection done inaccurate data
Thorough data using suitable method. collection. Detailing of
collection and accurate Good analysis of result. Outcome of analysis is analysis was Analysis of data is too
data analysis. Data collection is fair. Result verificationis unsatisfactory and brief, inaccurate and
Description is clearly accurate. Discussion acceptable and at disputable outcome. lacks detail. Arguable
elaborated with key covers all acquired average. Description of Unclear discussion and data collection process.
information easily results backed with information yields does not fulfill the Discussion isirrelevant
identified and references but do not average statements objectives. Very brief to the objectives.
supported with accurately address the supported by references discussion revealing
references experiment’s objectives. and do not address most minimal information.
of the objectives. Discussion less
supported by cited
references.
2

F. Conclusion (5%)
Concluding the
knowledge obtained
from the experiment and
relating to the objectives.
G. Report Format (5%)
The organization of the
text including proper
labeling offigures,
tables and equations
follows a standard
format.
UniMAP,
EMJ32304 OEL
Good conclusion by Moderately
Excellent conclusion covering all part of concluding the Poor conclusion
covering all part of the the experiment. experiment. presented only for Missing/irrelevant
experiment with strong Provided brief Missing some the sake of conclusiondrawn.
and concrete summary. summary and lack key ideas of the conclusion. No
Strong judgement. of judgement to judgement to support
outcome from the
support the idea. experiment. the idea of
conclusion.
Well organized Organized with some Less organized Poorly organized Very poor report
following a standard minor mistakes in the with some withmajor mistakes organizationand not
format. format. mistakes in the in the formatting. following a standard
formatting. format.
8