Cet201 Mos Module 1

CET 201 Mechanics of Solids| Fr. Dr.
Bennet Kuriakose
Module Syllabus
Mechanics of Solids
Module 1
Fr. Dr. Bennet Kuriakose
Department of Civil Engineering
St. Joseph’s College of Engineering and Technology Palai.
St. Joseph’s College of Engineering and Technology Palai St. Joseph’s College of Engineering and Technology Palai
TRACE KTU Equilibrium

• The body should have any acceleration or the
resultant force is zero
REVIEW
St. Joseph’s College of Engineering and Technology Palai 1

CET 201 Mechanics of Solids| Fr. Dr. Bennet Kuriakose
Equilibrium Equilibrium
coplanar concurrent force system Coplanar non-concurrent force system
FR = 0
(∑ Fx )2 + (∑ Fy )2 = 0
( ∑ Fx ) 2 + ( ∑ Fy ) 2 = 0
∑ Fy = 0
∑ Fx = 0
St. Joseph’s College of Engineering and Technology Palai 5 St. Joseph’s College of Engineering and Technology Palai
Free body diagram

TRACE KTU
Free body diagram (FBD) is the diagram of a body,
freeing it from all the interactions, replacing them
with respective forces. Weight of box Tension in rope
300
Weight
Reaction of box of man
FBD of the box
300
Tension in rope
FBD of the man Reaction

8
St. Joseph’s College of Engineering and Technology Palai of man 7 St. Joseph’s College of Engineering and Technology Palai

Centre of Gravity Centroid (Geometric Centre)

Simple Definition: Point at which the gravitational force is assumed to Simple Definition: Point at which the whole area is assumed to be
be concentrated. concentrated.
Concept: Mathematical Definition: The point through which if an axis is
assumed, and the first moment of the area with respect to that
axis is zero.
Concept:
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Centroid (Geometric Centre)

TRACE KTU
Centroid of an area lies on the axis of symmetry if it exits

Centroid (Geometric Centre) Centroid (Geometric Centre)

• If we wanted the centroid with respect to another axis, say along the
• Please note that these are local centroids, they are given in top of the semicircle and along the left edge, the values in the table
couldn’t be used exactly.
reference to the x and y axes
• For example, the centroid location of the semicircular area has
the y-axis through the center of the area and the x-axis at the
bottom of the area
• The x-centroid would be located at 0 and the y-centroid would be • The table would give you the distance of C above the base of the
semicircle, but that isn’t the distance from the centroid to the x-axis
located at
• The correct centroid distances will be

Centroid of composite areas
TRACE KTU Moment of Inertia
Simple Definition: The relative distribution of an area with respect to
an axis.
x=
∑Ax i i y=
∑A y i i
Mathematical Definition: The second moment of the area with
∑A i ∑A i
respect to an axis.
Concept:
St. Joseph’s College of Engineering and Technology Palai St. Joseph’s College of Engineering and Technology Palai 16

Moment of Inertia Moment of Inertia

4 y
A1 y1 + A2 y2 8 × 2 + 8 × 5
y= = = 3.5
( 2) A1 + A2 8+8
∫
I AB = r 2 dA 2
I XX 1 = I G1 + A1 × ( y − y1 ) 2
X X
3.5 (1) 4 2 × 43
= + ( 2 × 4 ) × (3.5 − 2)2
12
x I XX 2 = I G 2 + A2 × ( y − y2 ) 2
D 2 4 × 23
= + ( 4 × 2 ) × (3.5 − 5) 2
h
I CD = I AB + Ah2 12
Theorem of Parallel Axes I XX = I XX 1 + I XX 2
C
TRACE KTU Stress

• If the body is in equilibrium under externally
applied loads, “internal resistive forces” develop
within the body to resist the applied loads.
• Internal resistive forces are exerted on each other
by particles within the body
• Internal resistive force per unit area of cross
STRESS AND STRAIN section STRESS
• Engineering unit N/mm2 (MPa)
• GPa = 1000 MPa

Definition of Stress Definition of Stress

F3
F2 ∆P
∆A
F1
F4 F5
F4
F5
“The continuum potato”
Lim ∆P
This represent a structure of any shape, dimensions or material! Stress =
∆A → 0 ∆A
Stress is defined at a point
Definition of Stress
∆P ∆PN
TRACE KTU Definition of Stress
Normal Stress (direct stress) : Act perpendicular to the cross
sectional area
∆PS ∆A (a) Compressive (b) Tensile
Shear Stress : Act parallel (in-plane) to the cross sectional area
F4
F5
Lim ∆PN
Normal Stress (σ) =
∆A → 0 ∆A
Types of Stresses
Lim ∆PS
Shear Stress (τ ) =
∆A → 0 ∆A

Stress States (Combined Stresses) Stress States (Combined Stresses)

p
Biaxial State of Stress (Plane state of Stress) Isotropic Stress
p
- Stress oriented along a plane p
p
p
2D stress element (stress strip) p

If the normal stress act on a 3D stress element is equal
Triaxial State of Stress (3D state of Stress) of magnitude and nature, and without any shear
stresses, the state of stress is called “isotropic
stress” (p)
If the isotropic stress is compressive, it is called
“hydrostatic stress”
3D stress element
Strain
TRACE KTU
• Quantifies the change in dimension of a body
Strain
– Volumetric Strain (Dilatation)
• Defines as the ratio of change in dimension to the original
dimension.
• Types of Strain
– Normal (Direct) Strain ∆V
Volumetric strain, e =
∆L V
Normal strain ε =
L
Tensile
Compressive
– Shear Strain
∆L Unit no unit
Shear strain γ = = tan γ
L μ (10-6) ( read as “microstrains”)

Strain
STRESS – STRAIN RELATION
Hooke’s Law
TRACE KTU Hooke’s Law
• Extension is as the Force or Elongation ∝ Force

• Stress ∝ Strain
• Stress = A constant × Strain = E × strain
• E Elastic Modulus / Young’s Modulus
“As is the deformation, so is the force” • Hook’e Law states that, within the proportionality limit,
stress is proportional to strain

Hooke’s Law Hooke’s Law

• Elasticity property of the material by virtue of its
ability to regain its original shape after removal of the
σ = Eε E Young’s Modulus
Young’s modulus is the ratio of normal stress to the normal
external force. strain up to the proportionality limit
Stress
τ = Gγ G Shear Modulus
Shear modulus (Rigidity Modulus) is the ratio of shear stress

to the shear strain up to the proportionality limit
Slope = modulus of elasticity
p = Ke K Bulk Modulus
Strain
Stress-Strain Diagram Bulk Modulus is the ratio of isotropic stress to the volumetric
strain up to the proportionality limit
Stress-Strain Diagram of Mild Steel

TRACE KTU Stress-Strain Diagram of Mild Steel
Mild steel (low carbon steel) contains
approximately 0.05–0.25% carbon making it
malleable and ductile.
Mild steel bar for test
Tensile test Tensile test by

by Galileo da Vincci
Tensile test
by Mariotte
Universal Testing Machine
Extensometer

Stress-Strain Diagram of Mild Steel Stress-Strain Diagram of Mild Steel

Stress Rupture/ breaking/ • Proportionality Limit: The stress up to which Hooke’s law is valid
Ultimate stress fracture
point • Elastic Limit : Stress up to which the material regain its original
Post-peak region (Necking/ Waisting)

Upper yield point shape when load is removed.
• Lower yield point: stress strain curve dips down slightly after
Strain-softening region
Elastic limit
Strain Hardening region
Work hardening region

Yield stress elastic limit.
Proportionality
Lower yield point • Yield stress: Stress corresponding to plastic plateau (250 MPa)
or
Limit
Plastic flow region
• Plastic plateau: Strain increases without increase in stress

(yield plateau)
or
Elastic region
• Strain hardening (Work hardening): stress increases with

increase in strain after plastic plateau.
• Strain softening (work softening): Stress decrease with increase
Strain in strain (happens after ultimate stress)
• Ultimate Stress : Maximum stress the material can resist. (370 –
400 Mpa)
Stress-Strain Diagram of Mild Steel

• Necking: Reduction in cross sectional area of the
TRACE KTU Stress-Strain Diagram of Mild Steel
specimen
• Breaking / fracture stress: The stress at which the
specimen breaks.
• % elongation: ratio of the final extension at rupture to
the original length = (Lf - L0)/L0 × 100
• % reduction in area: ratio of maximum reduction in cross
sectional area to original cross sectional area
= (A0 - Af)/A0 × 100

Engineering Stress and True Stress Ductile and Brittle Materials

Stress True Stress-strain diagram
Brittle failure
Engineering Stress-strain diagram
Ductile failure
Mild steel failure (ductile)
Ductility: Property of the material by virtue of its ability to

strain beyond the yield point
Strain
True stress = Load/ original area
Engineering stress = Load/ initial area
Ductile and Brittle Materials

TRACE KTU Yield strength of Brittle Materials
Stress Offset method / Proof stress method
Ultimate
stress Rupture (breaking)
point
Yield stress
Ductile and Brittle materials Different types of steel 0.002 Strain

Stress – Strain curve of a brittle material
For brittle materials, 0.2 % proof stress is taken as the yield stress

Yield strength of Brittle Materials Idealised Stress-Strain Curves

The real stress-strain curves of many materials are cumbersome to
be taken in the analysis. Therefore, idealised (hypothetical) stress-
strain curves are preferred most of the time.
σ σ
ε ε
Linear Elastic – Perfectly plastic Linear Elastic – strain hardening /Bilinear

(Ex: mild steel) (Ex: Aluminium, high-carbon steel)
Idealised Stress-Strain Curves

σ
TRACE KTU σ
ε ε
Rigid – Perfectly plastic Rigid – strain hardening

(Ex: Clay)
WORKING STRESS AND FACTOR OF

SAFETY

Working Stress and Factor of Safety Working Stress and Factor of Safety
• A structural member is “designed” based on the
Working stress (Safe stress or Allowable stress).
Working stress = Failure stress/ Factor of safety
Failure stress
Working stress
Yield stress (for ductile materials)
Failure stress or
Ultimate stress (for brittle materials)
Working stress Failure stress
Factor of Safety (FOS) = Failure stress/Working stress
Working Stress and Factor of Safety

TRACE KTU
Factor of safety accounts for:
•Less reliability of the material
•Uncertainty of loads
• Ideal conditions (assumptions) in the calculation of
stresses.
Common FOS:
Steel 2
Concrete 3
Timber 4
AXIAL LOAD AND AXIAL FORCE

Loads Loads
• Externally applied force is called LOAD • Axial Loads
• Cause due to: – Load acting along the axial direction of a member
– Service Conditions (dead load, live load, vehicle load,
fluid pressure) – Tensile Loads
– Earthquake, wind, tsunami, waves etc.
Body tend to be pulled apart
– Contact with other members or soil
• Deformable bodies (structures) deform in – Compressive Loads
response to the externally applied loads
Loads
TRACE KTU Loads
• Bending Loads – tend to bend a member • Torsional Loads – tend to twist a member with
respect to axial direction
• Shear Loads – tend the member to shear off at a

section

Internal Resistive Forces Axial Force

• Four internal resistive forces:
F F
– Axial Force
– Shear Force F l
– Bending Moment
F A P
– Torsional Moment
Line diagram of left part
• Used for ‘Structural Analysis’ F A X B F
• Stresses, strains, deflection etc. are X

x Line diagram of the bar
calculated using the help of these forces
P B F
P “Axial Force” Line diagram of right part

Axial Force (Cont’d)

TRACE KTU
• Axial force at a section of a structural
member is the internal resistive force
developed at that section to resist
extension or contraction.
• It is mathematically calculated by taking the
algebraic sum of the axial loads either to the
right or left of the section.
AXIALLY LOADED PRISMATIC BAR
• Axial force will always acts through the centroid
of beam’s cross sectional area.

Axially Loaded Prismatic Bar Elongation of axially loaded bar
∆L
P σ = Eε
stress, σ =
A
P ∆L
=E
∆L A L
strain, ε =
L
PL
∆L =
AE
Design of Axially Loaded Bar

TRACE KTU Example 1
A mild steel rod of 150 cm long and of diameter 2 cm is
Required area of the member [based on “strength
subjected to an axial load of 20 kN. Determine (a) stress,
requirement”] (b) strain and (c) elongation of the rod.
Axial force P Given:
Areq = =
Allowable stress σ allow Length of the bar L = 1500 mm
d = 2 cm = 20 mm
π 2
Cross sectional area A = d = 314.16 mm 2
4
P = 20 kN = 20000 N
To find: σ, ε, ΔL

Example 1 (Cont’d) Example 2

P 20000 A wooden tile is 75 mm wide, 150 mm deep and
σ= = = 63.66 N / mm2
A 314.16 1.5 m long. It is subjected to an axial pull of 45 kN. The
0
.
0
0
0
3
0
3
σ 63.66
=
stretch of the member is found to be 0.638 mm. Find
strain, ε = =
the Young’s modulus of elasticity.
3
0
3
m
i
c
r
o
s
t
r
a
i
n
s
E 2.1 ×105
= Given:
L = 1.5 m = 1500 mm
0
.
4
5
5
m
m
Elongation, ∆L = ε L = 0.000303 × 1500 = A = 75 mm × 150 mm = 11250 mm 2
OR
P = 45 kN = 45000 N
∆L = 0.638 mm
0
.
4
5
5
m
m
PL = 20000 ×1500 = To find: E
Elongation, ∆L =
9
4
0
4
.
4
M
P
a
AE 314.16 × 2.1×10
5
PL PL 45000 ×1500
∆L = ∴E = = =
AE A ∆L 11250 × 0.638
Example 3
TRACE KTU AXIALLY LOADED NON-PRISMATIC
A hollow steel tube with internal diameter of 80
mm is used to carry a tensile load of 320 kN. If the BARS
stress is limited to 140 MN/m2 , determine the
external diameter.
Given: d req = 80 mm, P=320000 N, σ allow = 140 MPa
To find: Dreq
P 320000
Areq = = = 2285.7 mm 2
σ allow 140
π
but Areq =
π
(D 2
req − d req
2
) 2285.7 =
4
(D
2
req − 80 2 )
4
Dreq = 96.5 mm

Bars of Continuously Varying Section Bars of Continuously Varying Section

Pdx Pdx
Rectangular Cross Section Change in length of the strip = =
t ( b1 − kx ) E
AE
b1 − b2
Rate of change of depth, k =
L
Width of the section strip, b= b1 − kx
Area of cross section of the strip, A= t ( b1 − kx )
TRACE KTU
Bars of Continuously Varying Section Bars of Continuously Varying Section
Circular Cross Section

Example 4 Analysis of Bars with Varying Sections

A 2 m long steel bar is having uniform diameter of 40 mm for a length of
F Ab F
1.5 m and in the next 0.5 m its diameter gradually reduces from 40 mm Aa E Ac Ec
to 20 mm as shown. Determine the elongation of this bar when a
Eb Free body diagram
subjected to an axial tensile load of 200 kN. Given E=200 GPa.
la lb lc
F Ea Eb Ec F
Aa Ab Ac Line diagram
P P Pc
Stresses within parts: σa = a σb = b σc =
Aa Ab Ac
PL 200 × 103 ×1500 σa
Change in length of portion 1 = ∆L1 = =
AE π × 402 × 2 × 105
= 1.194 mm
εa = σb σc
Strains within parts: εb = εc =
4 Ea Eb Ec
4 PL 4 × 200 ×103 × 500 = 0.796 mm Pl Pl
Change in length of portion 2 = ∆L2 = =
Changes in lengths of parts: ∆la = a a ∆lb = b b Pl
π Ed1 d 2 π × 2 ×105 × 40 × 20 ∆lc = c c
1 Aa Ea Ab Eb Ac Ec
.
8
9
0
m
m
∆L1 + ∆L2 = 1.194 + 0.796 =
Total Change in length = Note: Here Pa = Pb = Pc = F
TRACE KTU
Analysis of Bars with Varying Sections Example 5
Total change in length of the bar: ∆l = ∆la + ∆lb + ∆lc An axial pull of 35000 N is acting on a bar consisting
Pala Pl Pl
of three parts as shown. E = 2.1×105 MPa. Find (a)
∆l = + bb + cc stress in each parts (b) total extension of the bar.
Aa Ea Ab Eb Ac Ec
35000 N 35000 N
2 cm φ 3 cm φ 5 cm φ
20 cm 25 cm 22 cm
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E= 2.1×105 MPa
200 mm 250 mm 220 mm A member formed by connecting a steel bar to an aluminium bar is
35000 N 35000 N
314 mm 2 706.5 mm 2 1962.5 mm 2 shown. Assuming that the bars are prevented from buckling
Line diagram
sideways, calculate the magnitude of force P that will cause the total
Pa 35000 Pb 35000 length of the member to decrease 0.25 mm. The values of elastic
σa = = = 111.5 MPa σb = = = 49.5 MPa modulii for steel and aluminium are 2.1×105 MPa and 7×104 Mpa
Aa 314 Ab 706.5
respectively.
Pc 35000
σc = = = 17.8 MPa
Ac 1962.5 P
Pl Pl Pl 30 cm 5 cm × 5 cm steel bar
∆l = a a + b b + c c
Aa Ea Ab Eb Ac Ec
38 cm 10 cm × 10 cm aluminium bar
35000  200 250 220  = 0.183 mm
= + +
2.1×105  314 706.5 1962.5 
77 7
8
Example 7 (Cont’d)
P
TRACE KTU Example 8
The bar shown in figure is subjected to a tensile load of 160
300 mm As = 2500 mm 2 kN. If the stress in the middle portion is limited to 150
Es = 2.1× 105 MPa Given, ∆l = 0.25 mm MPa, determine the diameter of the middle portion. Find
also the length of the middle portion if the total elongation
380 mm 10000 mm 2 Ps ls Pl
Ea = 7 × 104 MPa ∆l = + aa of the bar is to be 0.2 mm. Young’s modulus is given as
As Es Aa Ea
equal to 2.1×105 MPa.
P
160 kN 160 kN
Line diagram
6 cm 6 cm
P × 300 P × 380
0.25 = +
2500 × 2.1× 10 10000 × 7 × 104
5
40 cm
⇒ P = 2.2437 ×10 N = 224.37 kN
5

Example 8 (Cont’d) Example 8 (Cont’d)

la lb ? lc
160 kN 160 kN Pala Pl Pl Pa la Pl P  2 × la lb 
∆l = + bb + cc = 2× + bb =  +
E  2826 1066.55 
2826 mm 2 Ab ? 2826 mm2 Line diagram Aa Ea Ab Eb Ac Ec Aa Ea Ab Eb
 (400 − lb ) 
2×
la = lc σ b = 150 MPa ∆l = 0.2 mm E = 2.1× 105 MPa P 2 lb   400 − lb 
=  +  ∵ la = lc =
 2 
E 2826 1066.55 
σb =
Pb
⇒ 150 =
160000  
Ab π ⇒ Db = 36.86 mm
Db2
4 160000  (400 − lb ) lb 
0.2 = +
2.1× 105  2826 1066.55 
Ab = 1066.55 mm 2
lb = 207.2 mm
Example 9
TRACE KTU Example 9 (Cont’d)
80 kN 20 kN R A = 1000 mm 2
A brass bar having cross sectional area of 1000 mm2 50 kN E = 1.05×105 MPa
is subjected to axial forces as shown. Find the total 600 mm 1000 mm 1200 mm Line diagram
elongation in bar. E = 1.05×105 MPa. Horizontal Equilibrium ∑ Fx = 0

−50 + 80 − 20 + R = 0 R = −10 kN
80 kN 20 kN 10 kN
50 kN
G H J 1200 mm M
600 mm 1000 mm Line diagram
50 kN 80 kN 20 kN Region Axial Force (all referred to left of section)

GH 50 = + 50 kN
HJ 50 + 80 = 30 = −30 kN
600 mm 1000 mm 1200 mm JM 50 + 80 + 20 = 10 = −10 kN


80 kN 20 kN 10 kN A vertical steel bar ABC is pin-supported at its upper end. A
50 kN horizontal beam BDE is pinned to the vertical bar at joint B and
G H J 1200 mm M
600 mm 1000 mm Line diagram supported at point D. Calculate the vertical displacement at
point C.
50 kN
+
−30 kN
− −10 kN
Axial force diagram
Pl Pl Pl
∆l = a a + b b + c c = 1 ( P l + P l + P l )
Aa Ea Ab Eb Ac Ec AE
a a b b c c
1
= ( +50000 × 600 + (−30000) ×1000 + (−10000) ×1200 )
1000 × 1.05 × 105
= -0.1142 mm
Example 10 (cont’d)
First we will find the PB.
TRACE KTU Extension of Bar under Self-Weight
Weight per unit volume (specific weight) : ρ
Taking rotational equilibrium about D:
Weight of the portion below the strip = ρ × volume
∑M D =0 = ρ Ay
L
− FB × 0.711 + 23 × .635 = 0 ρ Ay dy
Extension of strip = dy
FB = 20.5 kN AE
y
Now we can find axial forces in the vertical bar
L
ρ Ay dy ρ L
Extension of bar = ∫ AE
=
E∫
y dy
PBC = 9 kN (+) 0 0
L
PAB = +9 − 20.5 = 11.5 kN (-) ρ  y2  ρL2
=
E  2  0
=
2E
9 ×10 × 884 −11.5 ×10 × 508
3 3
ρ AL2
δc = + = 0.22 mm = ( ρ AL) L WL
97 × 2.1×105 160 × 2.1×105 2 AE
= =
2 AE 2AE
St. Joseph’s College of Engineering and Technology Palai W → Palai
St. Joseph’s College of Engineering and Technology Total weight of the bar 88

Statically Indeterminate Bars

If the reactions or internal resistive forces cannot be
determined using equilibrium equations alone, those
structural members are called statically indeterminate
members.
(a)Externally Indeterminate members : Reactions cannot

be found using equilibrium equations alone
100 kN 200 kN
HB HD
STATICALLY INDETERMINATE BARS
600 mm 1000 mm 1200 mm
Equilibrium Equation, ΣFx = 0
H A + 100 − 200 + H D = 0
Compatibility Equation (extra equation required) ,∆l = 0
9
Statically Indeterminate Bars

TRACE KTU
(b)Internally Indeterminate Members : Internal forces
Composite Bars
Analysis of Composite Bars
cannot be found using equilibrium equations alone
Ex: composite/ compound bars
Bars made up of two or more materials are called
composite/compound bars. They may have same length or E1 / E2 → modular ratio
different lengths
Equilibrium Equation, P=P1+P2

Compatibility Equation (extra equation required) ,
RCC Column Encased Column ∆l1 = ∆l2
CFST Column

Example 11 Example 11 (Cont’d)

A compound bar of length 600 mm consists of a strip of aluminium To Find: σ a , σ s , ∆l
40 mm wide and 20 mm thick and a strip of steel 60 mm wide × 15
mm thick rigidly joined at the ends. If elastic modulus of Equilibrium Equation,
aluminium and steel are 1 × 105 N/mm2 and 2 × 105 N/mm2,
Pa la Pl
determine the stresses developed in each material and the Compatibility Equation ∆la = ∆ls ⇒ = ss
Aa Ea As Es
extension of the compound bar when axial tensile force of 60 kN
acts.
Given:
TRACE KTU
σa
Example 12
Three columns, two of aluminium and one of steel support a rigid
platform of 250 kN as shown in Figure. If area of each aluminium
σs column is 1200 mm2 and that of steel column is
1000 mm2, find the stresses developed in each column and the
total shortening of the system. Take
∆l
Es = 2 × 105 N/mm2 and Ea = 1 × 105 N/mm2
 Pa L PL  Given: P = 250 kN
 Note : ∆l = = s 
Aa = 1200 mm 2 As = 1000 mm 2
 A E
a a As Es 
la = 160 mm ls = 240 mm
Ea = 1 × 105 N/mm2 Es = 2 × 105 N/mm2
To Find: σ a , σ s , ∆l

Example 12 (Cont’d) Example 12 (Cont’d)

Equilibrium Equation,
Pa la Pl
Compatibility Equation ∆la = ∆ls ⇒ = ss
Aa Ea As Es
Pa la 80360 × 160
∆l = = = 0.11 mm
Aa Ea 1200 ×1 ×105
Example 13
TRACE KTU
A steel bolt of 20 mm diameter passes centrally through a copper
tube of internal diameter 28 mm and external diameter 40 mm. To Find: σ s , σ c
The length of whole assembly is 600 mm. After tight fitting of the 1 1
assembly, the nut is over tightened by quarter of a turn. What are net change in length (∆l ) = quarter of a turn of the nut = pitch = × 2 = 0.5 mm
4 4
the stresses introduced in the bolt and tube, if pitch of nut is 2 [Note: Pitch means advancement of nut in one full turn]
mm? Take Es = 2 × 105 N/mm2 and Ec = 1.2 × 105 N/mm2 Compatibility Equation :
Extension of bolt + Shortening of tube = travel of nut

Given:
π Ps ls Pl
As = 202 = 314 mm 2 ⇒ + s c = ∆l
4 As E s Ac Ec
π
Ac =
4
( 40 2
)
− 282 = 640.6 mm 2
Ps × 600 Ps × 600
l = 600 mm
+ = 0.5 ⇒ Ps = 28816.8 N
314 × 2 × 105 640.6 × 1.2 × 105
pitch of nut = 2 mm
∆l = quarter of a turn of the nut Es = 2 × 105 N/mm2 Ec = 1.2 × 105 N/mm2


Ps 28816.8
σs = = = 91.77 MPa A horizontal rigid bar AB is pinned at end A and supported by
As 314 two wires (CD and EF) at points D and F. A vertical load P acts
Pc 28816.8 at end B of the bar. Wire CD is made of aluminum with modulus
σc = =− = -45 MPa 72 GPa, diameter 4.0 mm, and length 0.40 m. Wire EF is made
Ac 640.6
of magnesium with modulus 45 GPa, diameter 3.0 mm, and
length 0.30 m. Calculate the stresses in each rod and the
deflection at B.
TRACE KTU Example 14 (Cont’d)
∑M A =0 From Eq. 1 and Eq. 2,
PEF = 1.94 kN PCD = 2.1 kN
2 × 1.5 − PEF × 1 − PCD × 0.5 = 0
Stresses in each rod,
PEF + 0.5PCD = 3 (Eq.1) 2.1× 1000
σ CD = π 2 = 167 MPa
Equilibrium equations are not 44
sufficient for computing the 1.94 ×1000

forces. Since the bar AB is rigid, σ EF = = 274.5 MPa
π 32
δD δF 4
= (Compatibility Condition) To find the deflection at B:
0.5 1
δ D = 0.5δ F 2.1× 1000 × 400
δD = π 2 = 0.93 mm
4 4 × 72000
PCD × 1000 × 400 P × 1000 × 300
= 0.5 EF 2 δD δB
π 42 × 72000
4
π 3 × 45000
4 PCD = 1.07 PEF (Eq. 2) = δ B = 3δ D = 2.79 mm
0.5 1.5

END OF MODULE 1
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TRACE KTU

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CET 201 Mechanics of Solids| Fr. Dr.

TRACE KTU Equilibrium

St. Joseph’s College of Engineering and Technology Palai 1

Free body diagram

FBD of the man Reaction

St. Joseph’s College of Engineering and Technology Palai 2

Centre of Gravity Centroid (Geometric Centre)

Centroid (Geometric Centre)

St. Joseph’s College of Engineering and Technology Palai 3

Centroid (Geometric Centre) Centroid (Geometric Centre)

• The correct centroid distances will be

Centroid (Geometric Centre)

St. Joseph’s College of Engineering and Technology Palai 4

Moment of Inertia Moment of Inertia

TRACE KTU Stress

St. Joseph’s College of Engineering and Technology Palai 5

Definition of Stress Definition of Stress

St. Joseph’s College of Engineering and Technology Palai 6

Stress States (Combined Stresses) Stress States (Combined Stresses)

2D stress element (stress strip) p

St. Joseph’s College of Engineering and Technology Palai 7

STRESS – STRAIN RELATION

• Extension is as the Force or Elongation ∝ Force

St. Joseph’s College of Engineering and Technology Palai 8

Hooke’s Law Hooke’s Law

Shear modulus (Rigidity Modulus) is the ratio of shear stress

Stress-Strain Diagram of Mild Steel

Mild steel bar for test

Tensile test Tensile test by

Universal Testing Machine

St. Joseph’s College of Engineering and Technology Palai 9

Stress-Strain Diagram of Mild Steel Stress-Strain Diagram of Mild Steel

Post-peak region (Necking/ Waisting)

Strain Hardening region

Work hardening region

• Plastic plateau: Strain increases without increase in stress

• Strain hardening (Work hardening): stress increases with

Stress-Strain Diagram of Mild Steel

St. Joseph’s College of Engineering and Technology Palai 10

Engineering Stress and True Stress Ductile and Brittle Materials

Ductility: Property of the material by virtue of its ability to

Ductile and Brittle Materials

Ductile and Brittle materials Different types of steel 0.002 Strain

St. Joseph’s College of Engineering and Technology Palai 11

Yield strength of Brittle Materials Idealised Stress-Strain Curves

Linear Elastic – Perfectly plastic Linear Elastic – strain hardening /Bilinear

Idealised Stress-Strain Curves

Rigid – Perfectly plastic Rigid – strain hardening

WORKING STRESS AND FACTOR OF

St. Joseph’s College of Engineering and Technology Palai 12

Factor of Safety (FOS) = Failure stress/Working stress

Working Stress and Factor of Safety

St. Joseph’s College of Engineering and Technology Palai 13

• Shear Loads – tend the member to shear off at a

St. Joseph’s College of Engineering and Technology Palai 14

Internal Resistive Forces Axial Force

• Stresses, strains, deflection etc. are X

P “Axial Force” Line diagram of right part

Axial Force (Cont’d)

St. Joseph’s College of Engineering and Technology Palai 15

Axially Loaded Prismatic Bar Elongation of axially loaded bar

Design of Axially Loaded Bar

St. Joseph’s College of Engineering and Technology Palai 16

Example 1 (Cont’d) Example 2