CET201 - Module 4 - Handouts

CET201 Mechanics of Solids | Module 4| Fr. Dr.
Bennet Kuriakose
Module Syllabus
Mechanics of Solids
Module 4
Fr. Dr. Bennet Kuriakose

Department of Civil Engineering
St. Joseph’s College of Engineering and Technology Palai
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Some Definitions…
• Isotropy: Material will have same material properties
in all the directions.
• Orthotropy: Different material properties in 3

orthogonal (perpendicular) directions.
BENDING STRESS IN BEAMS

• Anisotropy: Different properties in all directions.
3 4
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CET201 Mechanics of Solids | Module 4| Fr. Dr. Bennet Kuriakose
Some Definitions… (Cont’d) Early Bending Theories

• Homogenity: Same material properties
everywhere (each point).
• Heterogeneity: Different material properties at
da Vinci (~AD 1500)
each point
Bending Theory of Galileo (~AD 1600)
Galileo (~AD 1600) Coulomb (~AD 1700)

Homogenity Heterogenity
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Experimental observation Theory of Simple Bending

Other Names of the Theory:
• Classical Beam Theory
• Engineer’s Beam Theory
• Euler – Bernoulli Beam Theory
Jacob Bernoulli Leonhard Euler Daniel Bernoulli


Theory of Simple Bending (Cont’d) Theory of Simple Bending (Cont’d)

Assumptions
1. The material is homogenous, linearly elastic and isotropic.
2. Cross sections of the beam remain plane and
perpendicular to the longitudinal axis before and after the
deformation. (It does not account for the effect of shear
forces and shear deformations.)
3. The beam is initially straight and every layer of it is free to
expand or contract.
4. Deflection of the beam is very small.
5. Modulus of elasticity is same in tension and compression.
“Cross sections of the beam remain plane and perpendicular to

9
the longitudinal axis before and after the deformation.” 10
Undeformed beam
• When beams sag, the material of the beam is subjected to tensile

stresses in the bottom side and to compressive stresses in the upper Deformed beam
side. In case of hogging the nature of bending stress is exactly
opposite, i.e., tension at top and compression at bottom. Thus
bending stress varies from compression at one edge to tension at
the other edge. Hence somewhere in between the two edges the
bending stress should be zero. The layer of zero stress due to
bending is called Neutral Layer or Neutral Surface
• The trace of neutral layer in the cross-section is called neutral axis


The flexure formula (Euler – Bernoulli Beam The flexure formula
Equation) NN = N’N’ (Neutral surface)
1. Relationship between bending stresses and =R φ
radius of curvature
Part of beam before bending Part of beam after bending


The flexure formula The flexure formula
2. Relationship between bending moment and E
∫y
2
M = dA
R
radius of curvature A
∫y
2
but dA = I (moment of inertia of cross section w.r.t neutral axis)
A
E
M = I
Stress on the element f = E y R
R
M E
Force on the element = E y dA I
=
R
R
Moment of the force on the element with respect to neutral axis, dM = E y 2 dA Combining both:
R M f E
Moment of the forces of the cross section with respect to neutral axis , = =
E
I y R
∫ ∫Ry
2
(Bending moment at the section) M = dM = dA
A A


The flexure formula Limitations
M f E 1. It cannot be applied for non-homogeneous and anisotropic
= =
I y R materials.
2. The theory cannot address the material nonlinearities.
(beyond proportionality limit)
3. It does not address stresses and deformation due to shear
force. Therefore it underestimates stresses and
deformation. (Timoshenko Beam Theory accommodates
the effects of shear.)
4. Every layer of beam is free to expand or contract is
practically impossible. All the layers are interconnected with
shear transfer.
Theory of Simple Bending (Cont’d) Bending Stresses

5. The theory cannot directly accommodate large deflection M
f = y
I
analysis of beams (geometric nonlinearities). However, the
theory can be extended for accommodating geometric Maximum bending stress occurs at the extreme fibres
nonlinearities. M
f max = ymax
6. Stresses cannot be same in both tension and compression. I

Bending Stresses (Cont’d) Bending Stress
(a) Strain variation (b) Stress variation
Sagging case
(a) Strain variation (b) Stress variation
Hoggingand
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Moment of Resistance Section Moduli of Standard Sections

For design, allowable (working) stress is adopted. 1. Rectangular Section
I I
M = f allow ⇒ MR = y f allow
ymax max
MR is called the moment carrying capacity (Moment of

Resistance) of the section.
It is defined as the maximum bending moment a section can
carry without failure. 2. Hollow Rectangular Section
I Elastic Section Modulus (Modulus of the

=Z
ymax Section).
Unit mm3
M R = f allow Z

Section Moduli of Standard Sections Section Moduli of Standard Sections

3. Circular Section 5. Triangular Section
4. Hollow Pipe (Circular Tube) Section
Design of Beams Example 1

M Calculate the maximum stress induced in a cast iron
Z req = pipe of external diameter of 40 mm, of internal
f allow diameter 20 mm and of length 4 metre when the pipe
is supported at its ends and carries a point load of 80
N at its centre

Example 1 (Cont’d) Example 2

WL 80 × 4000 = 8 × 104 Nmm A simply supported beam of span 3.0 m has a cross-section
Maximum Bending Moment, M max = =
4 4 120 mm × 180 mm. If the permissible stress in the material of
π π
I=
64
(D 4
)
− d4 =
64
( 40 4
)
− 204 = 37500π mm 4 the beam is 10 N/mm 2, determine
(i) maximum UDL it can carry
40
ymax = = 20 mm (ii) maximum concentrated load at a point 1 m from support it
2
can carry.
M 8 ×104
fmax = ymax = × 20 = 13.58 N/mm 2 Neglect moment due to self weight.
I 37500π

Figure shows the cross-section of a cantilever beam
of 2.0 m span. Material used is steel for which
maximum permissible stress is 150 N/mm2. What is
the maximum uniformly distributed load this beam can
carry?

Example 3 (Cont’d) Example 3 (Cont’d)
Example 4 Example 4 (Cont’d)

The cross-section of a cast iron beam is as shown in figure.
The top flange is in compression and bottom flange is in
tension. Permissible stress in tension is 30 N/mm 2 and its value
in compression is 90 N/mm2. What is the maximum uniformly
distributed load the beam can carry over a simply supported
span of 5 m?
y1 = 175 mm
y 2 = 100 mm
y3 = 25 mm
( 75 × 50) ×175 + ( 25 ×100 ) ×100 + (150 × 50 ) × 25

y=
(75 × 50) + ( 25 ×100 ) + (150 × 50 )
y = 79.54 mm

Example 4 (Cont’d) Example 4 (Cont’d)

Design a timber beam is to carry a load of 5 kN/m
over a simply supported span of 6 m. Permissible
stress in timber is 10 N/mm2. Keep depth twice the
width.

Beams of Uniform Strength Beams of Uniform Strength (Cont’d)

• Usually beams are designed on the basis of maximum
bending moment occurring at any cross – section
1. Beam with Uniform width and Varying Depth
• Constant cross-section (designed for maximum bending (a) Concentrated load at midspan
moment) is provided throughout uneconomical bd x 2
Moment of resistance of the section, M R = f allow
• Beams with heavy loads may be designed on the basis of 6
variation of bending moment. Wx
Bending moment at the section, M =
• Such beams with same maximum bending stress all along 2
the length is called beams with uniform bending strength Wx bd 2

Equating both, = f allow x
2 6
• Achieved by either of two:
– Uniform width and varying depth 3Wx
– Uniform depth and varying width ⇒ d x2 =
f allowb
3Wx
⇒ dx = (Parabolic variation)
fallow b
Beams of Uniform Strength (Cont’d) Beams of Uniform Strength (Cont’d)

1. Beam with Uniform width and Varying Depth 2. Beam with Uniform Depth and Varying Width
(b) UDL throughout (a) Concentrated load at midspan
bd x 2 bx d 2
Moment of resistance of the section, M R = f allow Moment of resistance of the section, M R = f allow
6 6
Bending moment at the section, Wx
Bending moment at the section, M =
wLx wx 2 wx 2
M = − = ( L − x)
2 2 2
Wx b d2
wx bd 2 Equating both, = f allow x
Equating both, ( L − x ) = f allow x 2 6
2 6
3Wx
3wx( L − x) ⇒ bx = (Linear variation)
⇒ d x2 = fallow d 2
f allowb
3wx(L - x)
⇒ dx = (Parabolic variation)
fallow b

Beams of Uniform Strength (Cont’d)

2. Beam with Uniform Depth and Varying Width
(b) UDL throughout
bx d 2
Moment of resistance of the section, M R = f allow
6
Bending moment at the section,
wLx wx 2 wx
M = − = ( L − x)
2 2 2
wx b d2
Equating both, ( L − x ) = f allow x
2 6
⇒ bx =
3wx(L - x) (Parabolic variation)
SHEAR STRESS IN BEAMS
2
f allow d
45 46
Shear Stresses in Beams Shear Stresses in Beams (Cont’d)

Shear Stresses in Beams (Cont’d) Shear Stresses in Beams (Cont’d)
dx
Dmitrii Zhuravskii
M M + dM M M + dM
f1 = y f2 = y f1 = y f2 = y
I I I I dA
y
τ
b
dx
Layers not confined to take shear Layers confined to take shear 49 50 50
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Shear Stresses in Beams (Cont’d) Shear Stresses in Beams (Cont’d)

difference in bending stress of small element , df = f 2 − f1 Typical Sub-section
M + dM M = dM y
= y− y I
G
I I B NA : Neutral axis
dM dA B y
difference in horizontal force due to bending stress of small element , df × dA = y BB : Bottom boundary of sub-section
I
N A
difference in horizontal force due to bending stress of whole sub-section , G : Centre of gravity of sub-section
dM dA dM dM V → Shear force at the section
∫ df × dA = ∫
A A
I
y =
I ∫ y dA
A
=
I
Ay
A → Area of the sub-section
b
Invoking the horizontal equilibrium of sub-section: y → distance of C.G. of sub-section from N.A.
dM dM Ay Ay I → Moment of Inertia of whole section w.r.t N.A.
τ b dx= Ay ⇒τ = ⇒τ = V V Ay
I dx Ib Ib τ= b → width of the section at sub-section boundary BB
V Ay Ib
τ= Zhuravskii’s Shear Stress Formula
Ib 51 52

Shear Stresses – Standard C/S Shear Stresses – Standard C/S

1. Rectangular Section 2. Circular Section
d 
A = b − y 
2  EB = R 2 − y 2
d 
 2 − y 1 d b = EF = 2 EB = 2 R 2 − y 2
y = y+   =  + y τ max = 1.5 τ av
 
2 2 2  Consider a strip of thickness dy at a distance y from NA. Let
bd3
dA is the area of the strip
I=
12 dA = b × dy = EF × dy = 2 EB × dy = 2 R 2 − y 2 × dy
d 1d  d  2
12b  − y   + y 6  − y2  Moment of elementary area w.r.t NA = y × dA = y × 2 R 2 − y 2 × dy
Ay  2 2 2  4
τ =V =V =V  
= 2 y R 2 − y 2 × dy
Ib bd × b
3
bd 3 R
Moment of whole shaded area w.r.t NA = Ay = ∫ 2 y R − y × dy

2 2
3 V
@ y = 0, τ = = 1.5 τ av y
2 bd
Shear Stresses – Standard C/S Shear Stresses – Standard C/S

R 3. Triangular Section
(
 R2 − y2
) 
3
2
2 2
( ) − (R ) 
3 3
Ay = −   = R − R2 − y2
2 2 2
 3  3   b′x

2
y EF =
h
(
2 2
)
3
= R − y2
2
3 Moment of the shaded area about NA

Ay = Area of traingle CEF x Distance of CG of triange CEF from NA
2 2
( ) (R )
3
Ay R − y2
2 2
−y 2
τ =V =V 3 =V 1   2h 2 x   1 b′x 2 1 b′x 2
Ib 3I =  EF × x   −  =  × x  (h − x ) = ( h − x)
I × 2 R2 − y2 2  3 3  2 h 3 3 h
1 b′x 2
@ y = 0, τ max =
VR 2
=
VR 2
=
4 V 4
= τ av Ay (h − x) V
3I π 4 3 π R2 τ =V =V 3 h = x (h − x)
3 ( 2R )  3 Ib  b′x  3I
 64  I 
 h 

Load Capacity and Design

h
Maximum shear stress occur at x=
2 VR the shear carrying capacity of the section.
It is defined as the maximum shear force a section can carry
V h h V h2 Vh 2 without failure.
τ max =  h−  = =
3I 2  2  3I 4 12 I
Vh 2
VR = Vmax
3V 3V 3V
= = = =
b′h 3
b′h b′h 1
12 2 × b′h Example: Rectangular Section
36 2
3 V
τ max =
3 2 bd
= τ av
2
3 VR
τ allow =
2 bd

Draw the shear stress variation diagram for the I-section shown VAy 100 × 10 × [(180 × 10) × (200 − 5)]
3
shear stress at level "just below" BB, τ BB = = = 19.22 N / mm 2

in figure if it is subjected to a shear force of 100 kN. Ib 182.65 × 106 × 10
A 3  190 
A VAy 100 ×10 ×  (180 ×10) × (200 − 5) + 10 ×190 × 2  = 29.10 N / mm 2
B shear stress at level NN, τ NN = =
B Ib 182.65 ×10 × 10
6
Lower side of neutral axis will have symmetrical values.

N N
N/mm 2
shear stress at level AA, τ AA = 0

VAy 100 × 10 × [ (180 ×10) × (200 − 5)]
3
shear stress at level "just above" BB, τ BB = = = 1.07 N / mm 2

Ib 182.65 ×106 × 180


A beam has cross-section as shown in figure. If the shear force VAy 25 × 10 × [(120 × 12) × (34.42 − 6)]
3
shear stress at level "just below" BB, τ BB = = = 29.0 N / mm 2
acting on this is 25 kN, draw the shear stress distribution Ib 2936930 × 12
diagram across the depth. shear stress at level NN, τ NN =
VAy
120 − 12 Ib
120 ×12 × (120 − 6) + 12 × (120 − 12) × A A  (34.42 − 12) 
y= 2 = 85.58 mm 25 ×103 ×  (120 ×12) × (34.42 − 6) + 12 × (34.42 − 12) ×
B B  
120 ×12 + 12 × (120 − 12) =
2
= 31.17 N / mm 2
N N 2936930 ×12
yb = 85.58 mm yt = 120 − 85.58 = 34.42 mm OR
y
120 × 12 3
 85.58 
+ 120 ×12 × [85.58 − (120 − 6) ]
2
I= 25 ×103 × 12 × 85.58 ×
12 C C VAy  2 
shear stress at level NN, τ NN = = = 31.17 N / mm 2

2 Ib 2936930 ×12
12 × (120 − 12)3  120 − 12 
+ + 12 × (120 − 12) × 85.58 −   = 2936930 mm
4
12   2 
shear stress at level CC, τ CC = 0
shear stress at level AA, τ AA = 0
VAy 25 × 10 × [(120 × 12) × (34.42 − 6)]
3
shear stress at level "just above" BB, τ BB = = = 2.90 N / mm 2

Ib 2936930 × 120

A simply supported wooden beam of span 1.3 m having a
cross-section 150 mm wide by 250 mm deep, carries a point
load W at the centre. The permissible stress are 7 MPa in
bending and 1 MPa in shearing. Calculate the safe load W.
L = 1.3 m b = 150 mm d = 250 mm

f allow = 7 MPa τ allow = 1 MPa WL
M max =
4
Criterion 1: Bending Stress W
Vmax =
2
WL bd 2
= f allow
4 6
bd 2 4 = 7 × 150 × 250 4 = 33.7 kN
2
W = f allow
6 L 6 1300

Examplee 8 (Cont’d) Example 9

Criterion 2: Shear Stress A timber beam of rectangular section is simply supported at the
ends and carries a UDL of 10 kN/m. The maximum bending
3 Vmax stress is 12 MPa and maximum shearing stress is 1 MPa. If the
τ allow =
2 bd width of beam is chosen as 50 mm, find the depth of the beam.
Span of the beam is 1.6 m.
W W
3 2 3 L = 1.6 m
τ allow = ⇒1 = × 2
2 bd 2 150 × 250 f allow = 12 MPa τ allow = 1 MPa b= 50 mm
W = 50 kN w = 10 kN/m
wL2
M max = = 3.2 kNm
8
The safe load is minimum of both: 33.7 kN
wl
Vmax = = 8 kN
2
Criterion 1: Bending Stress

M max =M R
bd 2
3.2 ×106 = f allow ×
6
50 × d 2
3.2 ×106 = 12 × d = 178.9 mm
6
Criterion 2: Shear Stress
Vmax =VR
STRAIN ENERGY DUE TO
3 Vmax 3 8000
τ allow =
2 bd
1= ×
2 50 × d
d = 240 mm BENDING
The depth shall be maximum of both: 240 mm
67 68

Strain Energy due to Bending Strain Energy due to Bending

1. Cantilever with point Load
M x = −Wx
σ2 σ2 M 2 dx
Strain energy in the elemental cylinder =
2E
× Volume =
2E
dA dx U= ∫ 2EI
2 L L
σ 2
 My  1 (-Wx )2 dx W2 L
Strain energy in the strip, dU = ∫ 2 E dA dx =∫  
I  2E
dA dx = ∫ 2 EI
=
2 EI ∫ x dx
2
=
W2
∫ x dx
2
0 0 2 EI
M 2 y2 1 M 2 dx 2 0
= ∫ I 2 2E
dA dx =
2 EI 2
y dA ∫ L
M 2 dx M 2 dx
W 2  x3  W 2 L3
= I= =   =
2 EI 2 2 EI 2 EI  3  0 6 EI
M 2 dx
Strain energy for the whole beam, U = ∫ 2EI
Strain Energy due to Bending Strain Energy due to Bending

2. Cantilever with UDL 3. SSB with UDL
wx 2
Mx = − Mx =
wL
x−
wx 2
2 2 2
M 2 dx
U= ∫ 2EI U= ∫
M 2 dx
2EI
2
 wx 2  2
 wL wx 2 
− 2
L  L
w2 5 L
 2 x− 2
L  L
w x w2
∫ x dx
2
= 
∫ (L x )
 dx
∫
4
= 2 2
+ x 4 − 2 Lx 3 dx
2 EI 8 EI =  
8EI  5  0 = 
∫
 dx =
8EI
0 0 2 EI 0
0
L
w2 L5 w2  L2 x 3 x 5 Lx 4  w2  L2 ⋅ L3 L5 L ⋅ L4  2 5
=  + −  =  + −  = w L
=
40 EI 8EI  3 5 2 0 8EI  3 5 2  240 EI

Strain Energy due to Bending

4. SSB with Point Load similiarly
IN PORTION AC W 2 a 2 b3
U BC =
Wb 6 EIL2
Mx = x
L
W 2 a 3b 2 W 2 a 2 b3 W 2 a 2 b2 W 2 a 2b 2
IN PORTION CB U = U AB + U BC = 2
+ 2
= 2
( a + b) =
6 EIL 6 EIL 6 EIL 6 EIL
Wb
Mx = x − W ( x − a)
L
M 2 dx
5. SSB with Mid-span Point Load
U= ∫ 2EI L L
2 2
2 W2    2 3
 Wb  U= 2 2 =W L
 a x L a
W 2b2 W 2 b 2  x3  W 2 a3 b 2
= 
L  6 EIL 96 EI
U AC ∫
0
2 EI
dx = 2
2 EIL ∫
0
x 2 dx =  
2 EIL2  3  0
=
6 EIL2
Deflection of Beams - Introduction

• When load is applied on a beam it deflects.
• The deflection in the beam should be restricted.
• Excessive deflection can cause discomfort, cracking in
floor finishes, ponding of water over roof.
• The deflection of the beam must not exceed limits
Serviceability Criterion.
• “Elastic Curve” The curve into which the axis of the
beam is transformed on loading within elastic limit.
DEFLECTION OF BEAMS • Elastic curve is always drawn highly exaggerated.
75 76

Deflection of Beams – Introduction (Cont’d) Deflection of Beam under Pure Bending

• We know M E
=
I R
1 M
=
R EI
• If the beam is of uniform cross section and made up of same material,

under pure bending, the R.H.S. of the above equation is constant for the
beam.
• “R = constant” denotes a circle.
• Under pure bending, the beam bends into an arc of a circle.
• Note: In general case of bending, the radius of curvature cannot be

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same throughout the length of the
Flexural Rigidity Differential Equation for Elastic Curve

M
EI = Flexural rigidity= MR =
1R y dθ
Flexural Rigidity: ds
x
Flexural rigidity is the measure of resistance to R
ds dy
curvature due to bending. Elastic Curve θ
dy dx
Bending moment required to produce unit radius of Slope tan θ = ...(1)
dx
curvature.  d 
dθ d 2 y ∵ dx ( tan x ) = sec
2
x
Differentiating (1) w.r.t. x sec 2 θ ⋅ =  
It is the product of Young’s modulus of the material dx dx 2
to the moment of Inertia of the section. d2y
sec2 θ ⋅ dθ = dx
Unit: KNm2, Nmm2 dx2
×10−9 d2y
Nmm2 kNm2
79
( )
1 + tan 2 θ ⋅ d θ = 2 dx
dx Palai
∵ sec2 x = 1 + tan 2 x 
 
80
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Differential Equation for Elastic Curve Differential Equation for Elastic Curve
(Cont’d) (Cont’d)
2
(1 + tan θ ) ⋅ dsR = ddx y dx
2
2
[∵ ds = R dθ ] d2y
1
= dx 2 d2y
  dy  2  ds d 2 y  dy  R  3 ≃ 2
∵ tan θ = dx   dy   dx
2 2
1 +    ⋅ = 2 dx
  dx   R dx   1 +   
    dx  
 
∵ ( ds )2 = ( dx )2 + ( dy )2 
  dy 2  ( dx )2 + ( dy )2 d2y   1 M
1 +    ⋅ = 2 dx =
  dx   R dx
  R EI
2
 dy  d2y M
dx 1 +   =
  dy  2   dx  d2y 2
1 +    ⋅ = 2 dx dx EI
  dx   R dx
 
d2y d2 y
3 EI =M
  dy  2  2 1 d 2 y ⇒ =
1 dx 2 dx 2
1 +    ⋅ = 2 R  3
  dx    dy  
2 2
  R dx
1 +    Note: In this derivation, the effect of shear force is not taken into account.
 Palai 
  dx  
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Slope and Deflection of Beams Method of Successive Integration

1. Method of Successive Integration (Method of d2 y
EI =M
Double Integration or Method of Direct dx 2
Integration ) dy
2. Macaulay’s Method
EI
dx ∫
= M + C1
3. Moment-area Method (Mohr’s Method)

4. Method of Superposition
Slope
dy
=
dx EI
1
(∫ M + C )1
5. Conjugate Beam method Deflection y=

1
EI
( ∫∫ M + C x + C )
1 2
6. Strain-Energy Method (Castigliano’s

Method) The constants C1 and C2 can be found out by applying proper
displacement boundary conditions.

Method of Successive Integration (Cont’d) Method of Successive Integration (Cont’d)

Cantilever with Point Load at tip Cantilever with UDL
Wx 2
M x = −Wx Mx = −
2
d2 y d2y Wx 2
EI = -Wx EI 2 = -
dx 2 Note: Cantilever Beams, maximum slope and deflection dx 2
dy Wx 2 occur at the tip (free end).
dy Wx3
Integrating EI =- + C1 Integrating EI =- + C1
dx 2
dy WL2 WL2 dx 6 WL3 WL3
dy
Applying boundary conditions @ x = L, = 0 ⇒ 0 = - 2 + C1 ⇒ C1 =
2 Applying boundary conditions @ x = L, = 0 ⇒ 0 = - 6 + C1 ⇒ C1 =
dx dx 6
2
dy Wx 2 WL2  dy  WL Wx 3 WL3  dy  WL3
EI =- + @ x = 0 (at tip),   = θ A = ( Max. slope) EI
dy
=- + @ x = 0 (at tip),   = θ A = ( Max. slope)
dx 2 2  dx  A 2 EI dx 6 6  dx  A 6 EI
3 2
Wx 4 WL3 x
Integrating EI y = - Wx + WL x + C2 EI y = - + + C2
6 2 3 24 6 WL4
WL3 WL3 WL WL WL 4 4
Applying boundary conditions @ x = L, y = 0 ⇒0= - + + C2 ⇒ C2 = - Applying boundary conditions @ x = L, y = 0 ⇒ 0 = - 24 + 6 + C2

⇒ C2 = -
6 2 3 8
WL3 Wx 4 WL3 x WL4 WL4
Wx 3 WL2 x WL3 @ x = 0 (at tip), y A = − ( Max. deflection) EI y = - + −
EI y = - + − @ x = 0 (at tip), y A = − ( Max. deflection)
St. Joseph’s
6 College
2 of Engineering
3 and Technology Palai 3EI 85 24 6 8
St. Joseph’s College of Engineering and Technology Palai 8 EI 86
END OF MODULE 4
87
St. Joseph’s College of Engineering and Technology Palai

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CET201 Mechanics of Solids | Module 4| Fr. Dr.

Fr. Dr. Bennet Kuriakose

• Orthotropy: Different material properties in 3

BENDING STRESS IN BEAMS

St. Joseph’s College of Engineering and Technology Palai 1

Some Definitions… (Cont’d) Early Bending Theories

Galileo (~AD 1600) Coulomb (~AD 1700)

Experimental observation Theory of Simple Bending

Jacob Bernoulli Leonhard Euler Daniel Bernoulli

St. Joseph’s College of Engineering and Technology Palai 2

Theory of Simple Bending (Cont’d) Theory of Simple Bending (Cont’d)

“Cross sections of the beam remain plane and perpendicular to

Theory of Simple Bending (Cont’d) Theory of Simple Bending (Cont’d)

• When beams sag, the material of the beam is subjected to tensile

St. Joseph’s College of Engineering and Technology Palai 3

Theory of Simple Bending (Cont’d) Theory of Simple Bending (Cont’d)

Part of beam before bending Part of beam after bending

Theory of Simple Bending (Cont’d) Theory of Simple Bending (Cont’d)

St. Joseph’s College of Engineering and Technology Palai 4

Theory of Simple Bending (Cont’d) Theory of Simple Bending (Cont’d)

Theory of Simple Bending (Cont’d) Bending Stresses

St. Joseph’s College of Engineering and Technology Palai 5

Bending Stresses (Cont’d) Bending Stress

(a) Strain variation (b) Stress variation

(a) Strain variation (b) Stress variation

Moment of Resistance Section Moduli of Standard Sections

MR is called the moment carrying capacity (Moment of

I Elastic Section Modulus (Modulus of the

St. Joseph’s College of Engineering and Technology Palai 6

Section Moduli of Standard Sections Section Moduli of Standard Sections

4. Hollow Pipe (Circular Tube) Section

Design of Beams Example 1

St. Joseph’s College of Engineering and Technology Palai 7

Example 1 (Cont’d) Example 2

Example 2 (Cont’d) Example 3

St. Joseph’s College of Engineering and Technology Palai 8

Example 3 (Cont’d) Example 3 (Cont’d)

Example 4 Example 4 (Cont’d)

( 75 × 50) ×175 + ( 25 ×100 ) ×100 + (150 × 50 ) × 25

St. Joseph’s College of Engineering and Technology Palai 9

Example 4 (Cont’d) Example 4 (Cont’d)

Example 5 Example 5 (Cont’d)

St. Joseph’s College of Engineering and Technology Palai 10

Beams of Uniform Strength Beams of Uniform Strength (Cont’d)

the length is called beams with uniform bending strength Wx bd 2

Beams of Uniform Strength (Cont’d) Beams of Uniform Strength (Cont’d)

St. Joseph’s College of Engineering and Technology Palai 11

Beams of Uniform Strength (Cont’d)

Shear Stresses in Beams Shear Stresses in Beams (Cont’d)

St. Joseph’s College of Engineering and Technology Palai 12

Shear Stresses in Beams (Cont’d) Shear Stresses in Beams (Cont’d)

Shear Stresses in Beams (Cont’d) Shear Stresses in Beams (Cont’d)

St. Joseph’s College of Engineering and Technology Palai 13

Shear Stresses – Standard C/S Shear Stresses – Standard C/S

Moment of whole shaded area w.r.t NA = Ay = ∫ 2 y R − y × dy

Shear Stresses – Standard C/S Shear Stresses – Standard C/S

3 Moment of the shaded area about NA

St. Joseph’s College of Engineering and Technology Palai 14

Load Capacity and Design

Example 6 Example 6 (Cont’d)

shear stress at level "just below" BB, τ BB = = = 19.22 N / mm 2

Lower side of neutral axis will have symmetrical values.

shear stress at level AA, τ AA = 0