03/11/2024

University of Southeastern Philippines

College of Engineering Outline
NAT SCI 2 – Physics for Engineers
• Stress
• Strain
• Modulus of elasticity

Elasticity and Deformation

CCGonzales
c.gonzales@usep.edu.ph
University of Southeastern Philippines
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College of Engineering

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Stress and Strain Conditions for equilibrium

• Many bodies, such as • First condition: The sum of all

bridges, aqueducts, and the forces is equal to zero:
ladders, are designed so Fx = 0 Fy = 0 Fz = 0
they do not accelerate.
• Second condition: The sum of
• Real materials are not all torques about any given
truly rigid. They are point is equal to zero.
elastic and do deform to
some extent.
• We shall introduce
concepts such as stress
and strain to understand
the deformation of real
bodies.

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Center of gravity Problem

• We can treat a body’s • 11.12 . A uniform aluminum beam 9.00 m long, weighing 300 N, rest symmetrically
weight as though it all on two supports 5.00 m apart (Fig. E11.12). A boy weighing 600 N starts at point A
and walks toward the right. (a) In the same diagram construct two graphs showing
acts at a single point— the upward forces FA and FB exerted on the beam at points A and B, as functions
the center of gravity. of the coordinate x of the boy. Let 1 cm = 100 N vertically, and 1 cm = 1.00 m
horizontally. (b) From your diagram, how far beyond point B can the boy walk
• If we can ignore the before the beam tips? (c) How far from the right end of the beam should support B
variation of gravity with be placed so that the boy can walk just to the end of the beam without causing it to
altitude, the center of tip?
gravity is the same as
the center of mass.

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Stress Stress
• The force per unit area, or intensity of the forces distributed over a • Three types of stress.
given section. (units = Pascals [Pa] or pounds per square inch
(a) Bridge cables under tensile stress, being stretched by forces
[psi]) acting at their ends.
σ = F/A
(b) A diver under bulk stress, being squeezed from all sides by
• Stress is how engineers normalize the force that is applied to a forces due to water pressure.
material to account for differences in geometry. (c) A ribbon under shear stress, being deformed and eventually cut
• Useful for predicting failure conditions for materials. by forces exerted by the scissors

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Strain Modulus of Elasticity

• Deformation per unit length (units: none [unitless])
ε = ΔL/L
• Strain is how engineers normalize the deformation that
a material experiences to account for differences in
geometry.
• Useful for determining how much a material can
deform before failure.
• A representation of the stiffness of a material that
behaves elastically (units: Pascals [Pa] or pounds per
square inch [psi])
E = σ/ε
• What equation is this similar to? ➔ k = F /Δx
• Modulus of elasticity is how engineers characterize
material behavior.
• Useful for knowing how materials behave, material
selection for device design, and calculating the stress
in a material since it is easier to measure deformation
than it is to determine the exact force on a material.

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Modulus of Elasticity Example 1 20 N

• In elastic deformations, stress (force per unit area) is proportional to
strain (fractional deformation). The proportionality constant is called the • This rod is exposed to 0.5 m
elastic modulus. Hooke’s Law a tensile force of 20 N. 0.5 m
What is the stress in
the rod?
3m

20 N

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Example 1 20 N
Bulk stress
• Pressure in a fluid is
• This rod is exposed to
a tensile force of 20 N.
0.5 m force per unit area. 𝐹⊥
0.5 m • Bulk stress is pressure 𝑝=
What is the stress in 𝐴
the rod? change, Δp and bulk
strain is fractional
3m
volume change △V/V0,
F = 20 N (given) 𝐵𝑢𝑙𝑘 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 △𝑝
• The elastic modulus is 𝐵= =
A = 0.5 m * 0.5 m = 0.25 m2 called the bulk modulus, 𝐵𝑢𝑙𝑘 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 △ 𝑉ൗ
B. 𝑉0
σ =F/A
• Compressibility, k, is the
σ = 20 N / 0.25 m2 20 N reciprocal of bulk
modulus
σ = 80 Pa • k = 1>B.

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Shear stress Elastic Behavior

F
• Shear stress is force per unit area, F// / A for a force
applied tangent to a surface.
stress
• Shear strain is the displacement x of one side divided
by the transverse dimension h. The elastic modulus is ultimate
called the shear modulus, S. tensile
strength
fracture
neck yield
𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝐹// stress
stress
𝑆= = steel tensile
𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑥/𝐴
specimen

➔ The limits of Hooke’s law: The proportional limit is the maximum stress for
which stress and strain are proportional. Beyond the proportional limit,
Hooke’s law is not valid. The elastic limit is the stress beyond which irreversible tensile load elastic plastic
strain
deformation occurs. The breaking stress, or ultimate strength, is the stress at direction range range
which the material breaks.
F

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The Stress-Strain Curve The Stress-Strain Curve

▪ elastic range – ▪ yield stress –

The linear portion of the The minimum stress that
stress stress
stress-strain curve. When causes permanent
the force is released, the ultimate deformation. ultimate
tensile tensile
material returns to its strength fracture strength fracture
original dimensions. yield stress ▪ ultimate tensile strength – yield stress
stress stress
The maximum stress that
▪ plastic range – the material can
The region of permanent withstand. Also defines
deformation. elastic plastic strain the beginning of necking. elastic plastic strain
range range range range

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The Stress-Strain Curve The Stress-Strain Curve

▪ necking – A localized decrease in cross sectional area that ▪ necking – A localized decrease in cross sectional area that
causes a decrease in stress with an increase in strain. causes a decrease in stress with an increase in strain.
▪ fracture stress – Stress in which the material fails. ▪ fracture stress – Stress in which the material fails.
F tensile load F tensile load
direction stress direction stress

ultimate ultimate
tensile tensile
strength fracture strength fracture
yield stress yield stress
neck neck
stress stress
steel steel
tensile tensile
specimen specimen
elastic plastic strain elastic plastic strain
range range range range
F F
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The Stress-Strain Curve Fluid Mechanics

▪ necking – A localized decrease in cross sectional area that
causes a decrease in stress with an increase in strain.
▪ fracture stress – Stress in which the material fails.
F tensile load
direction stress

ultimate
tensile
strength fracture
yield stress
neck
stress
steel
tensile
specimen
elastic plastic strain
range range
F
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