muzeumi

da
MUSEUM AND CULTURAL

kulturuli
HERITAGE

memkvidreoba
-
¯
 muzeumis
saerTaSoriso
dRisadmi
miZRvnili
samecniero
konferencia
muzeumi
da
kulturuli
memkvidreoba MUSEUM
AND
VI-VII CULTURAL
HERITAGE

2021
proeqti - samecniero konferencia
"muzeumi da kulturuli memkvidreoba"

Project - Scientific Conference “Museum

and Cultural Heritage”

proeqtis idea da ganxorcieleba: pasuxismgebeli redaqtorebi: daviT lomitaSvili, ekaterine

irma doliZe, eka kaWarava TabukaSvili
Project Design and Implemantation: Responsible editors: Davit Lomitashvili, Ekaterine Tabukashvili
Irma Dolidze, Eka Kacharava
qarTuli teqstis redaqtori: nino SiolaSvili
krebuli Seadgina da gamosacemad moamzada: Text editor: Nino Shiolashvili
irma doliZe, eka kaWarava
The collection compiled and prepared for publishing by inglisuri teqstis redaqtori: TaTia TevdoraSvili
Irma Dolidze, Eka Kacharava English Text editor: Tatia Tevdorashvili

publikaciis koncefcia: eka kaWarava fotoebi: Salva leJava, ivane yenia

Concept of Publication: Eka Kacharava Photos: Shalva Lejava, Ivane Khenia

dizaini: mariam uSxvani Targmani: Sps `lingvo~

Design: Mariam Ushkhvani Translated by: ~Lingvo” Ltd

© saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis erovnuli saredaqcio jgufi SesaZloa ar iziarebdes avtorTa zogierT
saagento, 2021 mosazrebas
© National Agency for Cultural Heritage Preservation of Georgia, 2021

ISSN - 1512-0872
www. heritagesites.ge
 sarCevi CONTENT mcxeTis axali muzeumi – xedva
eka kaWarava
106

winaTqma 24 THE NEW MUSEUM OF MTSKHETA - CONCEPT 178

eka kaWarava Eka Kacharava

FOREWORD 30 art studio 194

Eka Kacharava mariam sosaniZe

mcxeTis kulturuli memkvidreobis ART STUDIO 203

da istoriulad Camoyalibebuli garemos dacva 34 Mariam Sosanidze
marina TumaniSvili

Tanamedrove teqnologiebi da mcxeTis muzeumi 204

PROTECTION OF MTSKHETA CULTURAL HERITAGE TaTia TevdoraSvili, mariam uSxvani
AND HISTORICALLYFORMED ENVIRONMENT 41
Marina Tumanishvili
MODERN TECHNOLOGIES AND MTSKHETA MUSEUM 212
Tatia Tevdorashvili, Mariam Ushkhvani
mcxeTis muzeum-nakrZali 42
irma doliZe
KOKO ARHITEKTID 217
MTSKHETA MUSEUM-RESERVE 66 MTSKHETA MUSEUM-RESERVE
Irma Dolidze DESIGN OF THE EXHIBITION CONCEPT
mcxeTis muzeum-nakrZali
saeqspozicio koncefciis dizaini

_
kinoTeatri „karibWe“ mcxeTaSi – sabWoTa
modernizmis arqiteqturuli nimuSi 70
nato gengiuri

CINEMA HALL “KARIBCHE” IN MTSKHETA - SOVIET mcxeTa da mcxeTis Semogarenis

MODERNISM ARCHITECTURE 79 283
toponimia istoriul WrilSi
Nato Gengiuri

termin „qarTlis” arsisa da

mcxeTis arqeologiuri muzeumi warmomavlobis sakiTxisaTvis 288
kinoTeatridan muzeumamde 80
giorgi qavTaraZe
zaza iaSvili

FOR THE ESSENCE AND THE ORIGIN

mcxeTis muzeumis Senobis ganaxleba 84 OF THE TERM “KARTLI” 305
miroslav niJo Giorgi L. Kavtaradze

REVITALISATION OF THE EXISTING BUILDING 92

mcxeTis etimologia da qarTlis (iberiis)
Mirosław Nizio samefos uzenaesi xelisufali 308
valerian vaSakiZe

6 7
 ETYMOLOGY OF MTSKHETA AND SUPREME “GREAT MTSKHETA” AT THE TIME 371
AUTHORITY OF THE KINGDOM OF KARTLI (IBERIA) 313 OF BEING A CAPITAL CITY
Valerian Vashakidze Vakhtang Nikolaishvili

warmarTuli RvTaeba armazis mcxeTa, sadac `RmerTni

saxelis etimologiisaTvis 314 RmerToben da mefeni mefoben~ 372
Salva gabeskiria zaza aleqsiZe

FOR THE ETYMOLOGY OF MTSKHETA, WHERE „GODS

THE NAME OF PAGAN DEITY ARMAZI 323 RULE AND KINGS GOVERN“ 379
Shalva Gabeskiria Zaza Aleksidze

etimologiuri SeniSvnebi ebraelebi qarTlis samefos (iberiis)

mcxeTis regionis toponimikaze 326 teritoriaze (werilobiTi wyaroebisa
merab Cuxua da arqeologiuri monacemebis mixedviT) 380
vaxtang nikolaiSvili

ETYMOLOGICAL REMARKS
FOR TOPONYMS OF MTSKHETA REGION 330 HEBREWS ON THE TERRITORY
Merab Chukhua OF THE KINGDOM OF KARTLI (IBERIA) 388
Vakhtang Nikolaishvili

toponim `sarkine“-s interpretaciisaTvis 332

nino RambaSiZe saqarTvelos ebraelTa da
qarTul-ebraul urTierTobaTa istoriisaTvis 390
givi RambaSiZe
FOR THE INTERPRETATION OF TOPONYM “SARKINE” 336
Nino Ghambashidze
FOR THE HISTORY OF GEORGIAN
HEBREWS AND GEORGIAN-JEWISH RELATIONS 401
mcxeTis uZvelesi adgilmdebareobisa Givi Gambashidze
da saxelwodebis sakiTxisaTvis 338
giorgi qavTaraZe
gliptikuri Zeglebi didi mcxeTidan
(saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumsa da
FOR THE ISSUE OF ANCIENT LOCATION didi mcxeTis arqeologiur saxelmwifo
AND NAME OF MTSKHETA 354 muzeum-nakrZalSi daculi gliptikuri
Giorgi L. Kavtaradze masalis mixedviT - uZvelesi

_ droidan romaul xanamde)

qeTevan r. ramiSvili

GLYPTIC MONUMENTS FROM GREAT MTSKHETA

404

357 multikulturuli mcxeTa (ACCORDING TO GLYPTIC MATERIALS,

PRESERVED IN GEORGIAN NATIONAL MUSEUM
AND GREAT MTSKHETA ARCHAEOLOGICAL
mcxeTa da dasavluri politikuri orientiri STATE MUSEUM-RESERVE – FROM ANCIENT
dedaqalaqobisdroindeli `didi mcxeTa” 358 TIME TO ROMAN PERIOD) 425
vaxtang nikolaiSvili Ketevan R. Ramishvili

8 9
 lurji minis mravalwaxnagebi 426 ENAMELED FIBULA FROM MTSKHETA 492
ana gabunia Nino Sulava

POLYHEDRONS OF BLUE GLASS 436 mcxeTa gvianromaul da sasanur

Ana Gabunia imperiaTa Soris
(gvianantikuri torevtika armazisxevidan) 494
kiti maCabeli
iberia antikuri oikumenis nawili
(mcxeTaSi aRmoCenili artefaqtebis Suqze) 440
marika mSvildaZe MTSKHETA BETWEEN LATE ROMAN
AND SASSANID EMPIRES
(LATE ANTIQUE TOREUTICS FROM ARMAZISKHEVI) 504
IBERIA - THE PART OF ANTIQUE OECUMENE Kitty Machabeli
(IN THE LIGHT OF ARTIFACTS,
DISCOVERED IN MTSKHETA) 450
Marika Mshvildadze sasanuri gliptikuri Zeglebi
didi mcxeTidan (saqarTvelos
erovnul muzeumsa da didi mcxeTis
didi mcxeTis arqeologiur muzeum- nakrZalSi daculi
muzeum-nakrZalSi daculi gvian gliptikuri masalis mixedviT) 506
antikuri xanis gliptikuri Zeglebi 452 qeTevan r. ramiSvili
marika mSvildaZe

SASSANID GLYPTIC MONUMENTS

GLYPTIC MONUMENTS OF LATE FROM GREAT MTSKHETA (ACCORDING TO
ANTIQUE PERIOD, GLYPTIC MATERIALS, PRESERVED
PRESERVED IN MTSKHETA IN GEORGIAN NATIONAL MUSEUM AND
MUSEUM-RESERVE GREAT MTSKHETA ARCHAEOLOGICAL
469
Marika Mshvildadze STATE MUSEUM-RESERVE – FROM ANCIENT
TIME TO ROMAN PERIOD) 525
Ketevan R. Ramishvili
mglis gamosaxulebiani romauli
denarebi samTavros samarovnidan 470
medea Serozia sasanuri beWdebis erTi jgufi
didi mcxeTis arqeologiuri
saxelmwifo muzeum-nakrZalidan 526
ROMAN DENARII WITH THE WOLF qeTevan r. ramiSvili
IMAGE FROM SAMTAVRO GRAVEYARD 479
Medea Sherozia
ONE GROUP OF SASSANID RINGS
FROM THE GREAT MTSKHETA
xoirebi mcxeTis arqeologiuri muzeumidan 480 ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM-RESERVE 533
qeTevan diRmelaSvili Ketevan R. Ramishvili

DIADEMS FROM MTSKHETA 487 saTamaSoebi mcxeTis arqeologiuri muzeumidan 534

Ketevan Digmelashvili qeTevan diRmelaSvili

minanqriani fibula mcxeTidan 488 TOYS FROM MTSKHETA ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM 541
nino sulava Ketevan Digmelashvili

10 11
 _ _
545 ena damwerloba mwignobroba 613 religia saqarTveloSi

qarTulisa enisaTvis 546 brinjaos gravirebuli sartylebi

mcxeTis muzeumidan 614
TaTia TevdoraSvili
qarTuli wignis istoria 550

ENGRAVED BRONZE WAISTBANDS

qarTuli damwerloba 552 FROM MTSKHETA MUSEUM 622
aka morCilaZe Tatia Tevdorashvili

qarTuli anbanuri damwerloba 566 sartylis semiotikuri kodebis

lia sixaruliZe SeswavlisaTvis qarTul kulturul praqtikaSi 624
nino abakelia

qarTuli asomTavruli da nusxuri

kaligrafiuli saxeobebi Sua saukuneebis evropul FOR THE STUDY OF SEMIOTIC CODES
damwerlobebSi mimdinare tendenciebis gaTvaliswinebiT 572 OF WAISTBANDS IN GEORGIAN CULTURAL PRACTICE 635
daviT maisuraZe Nino Abakelia

GEORGIAN ASOMTAVRULI AND NUSKHURI warmarTuli iberiis RvTaebaTa arsisaTvis 636

CALLIGRAPHIC TYPES, WITH CONSIDERATION OF THE giorgi qavTaraZe
TRENDS OCCURRING IN MEDIEVAL EUROPEAN WRITINGS 589
David Maisuradze
FOR THE ESSENCE OF THE PAGAN IBERIAN DEITIES 653
Giorgi L. Kavtaradze
saweri mowyobilobebi mcxeTidan
qeTevan diRmelaSvili

WRITING IMPLEMENTS FROM MTSKHETA

590

597
_
Ketevan Digmelashvili 655 w(mida)i ese dedaqalaqi

qarTuli xelnaweri wignis tradicia 598 mcxeTis sakraluroba qarTvelTa

esma mania rwmenasa da ritualebSi 658
nino RambaSiZe

THE TRADITION OF GEORGIAN HANDWRITTEN BOOK 607

Esma Mania SACRALITY OF MTSKHETA IN BELIEFS
AND RITUALS OF GEORGIANS 666
Nino Ghambashidze

sveticxoveli da sveti-cxoveli 668

qeTevan siraZe

12 13
 SVETITSKHOVELI AND SVETI-TSKHOVELI (“LIVING PILLAR”) 672 ABOUT MTSKHETA, SVETITSKHOVELI AND MTSKHETOBA
Ketevan Siradze ACCORDING TO NIKOLOZ GULABERISDZE,
ANTON NATROIEV AND GIORGI LEONIDZE 731
Ia Ghadua
mirian mefis samoTxe 674
iulon gagoSiZe
mcxeTis eparqia 732
mzia surgulaZe
THE PARADISE OF KING MIRIAN 680
Yulon Gagoshidze
MTSKHETA EPARCHY 735
Mzia Surguladze
"mcxeTa qalaqi didi" wminda ninos
moRvaweobis droisaTvis
(istoriul-arqeologiuri mimoxilva) 682 afazeTis (dasavleT saqarTvelos)
guram yifiani sakaTalikosos istoria 736
Tamar qoriZe

“MTSKHETA – GREAT CITY” BY THE TIME

OF LIFE AND ACTIVITIES OF SAINT NINO THE CATHOLICOSATE OF ABKHAZIA (WEST GEORGIA) 749
(HISTORICAL-ARCHAEOLOGICAL REVIEW) 693 Tamar Koridze
Guram Kipiani

samRvdelmTavro Sesamoselis rekonstruqcia

sveticxovlis sakaTedro taZris karibWe 694 mcxeTis muzeumis saeqspozicio sivrceSi 752
erik Tuno natalia CitiSvilis TanaavtorobiT eka berelaSvili

GATEWAY TO SVETITSKHOVELI CATHEDRAL 700 RECONSTRUCTION OF ARCHPRIEST'S GARMENTS

Erik Thunø in collaboration with Natalia Chitishvili IN THE EXHIBITION SPACE OF MTSKHETA MUSEUM 770
Eka Berelashvili

sveticxovlis sazRvao Temebi

evropeizaciis procesebis WrilSi 708 qristianuli siZveleebi mcxeTidan Salva
manana gabaSvili amiranaSvilis saxelobis xelovnebis muzeumSi 772
nana burWulaZe

MARINE TOPICS OF SVETITSKHOVELI

IN THE LIGHT OF EUROPEANISATION PROCESS 722 CHRISTIAN ANTIQUITIES FROM MTSKHETA IN
Manana Gabashvili SHALVA AMIRANASHVILI MUSEUM OF FINE ARTS 791
Nana Burtchuladze

"romeli-igi lamprad brwyinvaled da elvad

cecxlisad egzebis samaradisod..." qarTuli qristianuli kulturis wris Zeglebi
(mcxeTis, sveticxovlisa da mcxeTobis centralursa da aRmosavleT imierkavkasiaSi 792
dResaswaulis Sesaxeb nikoloz gulaberisZis, givi RambaSiZe
anton natroevisa da giorgi leoniZis mixedviT) 724
ia Radua
MONUMENTS OF GEORGIAN CHRISTIAN CULTURAL
CIRCLE IN CENTRAL AND NORTH-EAST CAUCASUS 802
Givi Gambashidze

14 15
 _ _
807 samefo xelisufleba 855 arqeologia

saqarTvelos samefo xelisufleba – mefe mcxeTis arqeologiuri kvlevebis istoria 856

daviT IV aRmaSenebeli 808 vaxtang nikolaiSvili, nikoloz maisuraSvili
nino SiolaSvili

HISTORY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL
GEORGIAN ROYAL GOVERNANCE – KING INVESTIGATIONS OF MTSKHETA 876
DAVID IV THE BUILDER 822 Vakhtang Nikolaishvili, Nikoloz Maisurashvili
Nino Shiolashvili

sabeWdavebi, sawonebi da warwerebi grakliani goradan 878

samefo Sesamoselis rekonstruqcia vaxtang liCeli
mcxeTis muzeumis saeqspozicio sivrceSi 824
guliko kvantiZe
STAMPS, WEIGHTS AND INSCRIPTIONS FROM GRAKLIANI HILL 893
Vakhtang Licheli
RECONSTRUCTION OF ROYAL GARMENTS
IN THE EXHIBITION SPACE OF MUSEUM OF MTSKHETA 834
Guliko Kvantidze mcxeTis municipaliteti sof. werovnis

_ teritoriaze mdebare adreSua saukuneebis

samarovnis gadarCeniTi arqeologiuri samuSaoebi
zurab giorgaZe, Tamar niniaSvili
894

837 qarTuli samarTali RESCUE ARCHAEOLOGICAL WORKS ON EARLY

MEDIEVAL GRAVEYARD LOCATED ON THE TERRITORY
OF VILLAGE TSEROVANI, IN MTSKHETA MUNICIPALITY 903
saxelmwifo da samarTali 838 Zurab Giorgadze, Tamar Niniashvili
mariam yufaraZe

THE STATE AND THE LAW

Mariam Kuparadze
845
_
905 samuzeumo koleqciebi
saistorio sabuTebi, rogorc
qarTuli samarTlis wyaro 846 mcxeTis masalebi uvarovas katalogis mixedviT 906
Tea qarTveliSvili nino CxartiSvili

HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS AS MTSKHETA MATERIALS ACCORDING TO

THE SOURCE OF GEORGIAN LAW 853 UVAROVA’S CATALOGUE OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM 913
Tea Kartvelishvili Nino Chkhartishvili

samTavros samarovnis kramitsamarxebis inventari 914

qristine SavlayaZe

16 17
 IMPLEMENTS OF THE ROOF TILE GRAVES "saganZuri mcxeTis muzeumidan" - eqspoziciis
FROM SAMTAVRO GRAVEYARD 924 momzadeba da Semdgomi rekomendaciebi 962
Kristine Shavlakadze nino qebulaZe, nino kalandaZe

samTavros fondSi daculi artefaqtebi 926 “TREASURY FROM MTSKHETA MUSEUM” – PREPARATION
Tina kaxeliSvili OF EXHIBITION AND FURTHER RECOMMENDATIONS 972
Nino Kebuladze, Nino Kalandadze

ARTIFACTS PRESERVED IN THE SAMTAVRO FUND

Tina Kakhelishvili
931
_
qarTuli oqromWedlobis nimuSebi samTavros 977 saqarTvelo - Rvinis samSoblo
samarovnidan saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis
koleqciebi (interdisciplinuri kvleva) 932
mindia jalabaZe mevenaxeoba-meRvineobis rvaaTasi weli
saqarTveloSi, saeqspozicio koncefcia 978
iulon gagoSiZe
THE SAMPLES OF GEORGIAN GOLDMITHERY FROM
SAMTAVRO GRAVEYARD GOLLECTIONS OF GEORGIAN
NATIONAL MUSEUM (INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDY) 936 Rvinis Tematika qarTul xelovnebaSi 984
Dr. Mindia Jalabadze TaTia TevdoraSvili

_ WINE RELATED TOPICS IN GEORGIAN ART

Tatia Tevdorashvili
997

939
uZvelesi dekoratiul-gamoyenebiTi
xelovnebis nimuSebi mcxeTis muzeumidan
nino qebulaZe, nino kalandaZe
restavracia
vazisa da Rvinis kultura saqarTveloSi: 998
Rvinis erovnuli saagentos samecniero proeqti
d. maRraZe, l. mexuzla, a. koberiZe, i. mdinaraZe, d. lorTqifaniZe, m. jal-
940 abaZe, e. yvavaZe, n. rusiSvili, T. kezeli, l. ujmajuriZe, p. makgoverni, r.
baCilieri, o. faila, g. kola, l. mariani, s. batiuki, t. gilberti, l. bubi, a.
WeiSvili, e. boareto, n. uelsi, l. daviTaSvili

THE SAMPLES OF ANCIENT DECORATIVE-APPLIED

ART FROM MTSKHETA MUSEUM
Nino Kebuladze, Nino Kalandadze
didi mcxeTis arqeologiuri muzeum-nakrZalis
eqsponatebis restavracia-konservacia
ani Serozia, ana dvali
RESTORATION AND CONSERVATION OF EXHIBITS OF THE
GREAT MTSKHETA ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM-RESERVE
Ani Sherozia, Ana Dvali
948 VINE AND WINE CULTURE IN GEORGIA: 1023
SCIENTIFIC PROJECT OF NATIONAL WINE AGENCY
D. Maghradze, L. Mekhuzla, A. Koberidze, I. Mdinaradze, D. Lortkipanidze, M. Jalabadze, E.
Kvavadze, N. Rusishvili, T. Kezeli, L. Ujmajuridze, P.E. McGovern, R. Bacilieri, O. Failla, G.Co-
la, L. Mariani, S. Batiuk, T. Gilbert, L. Bouby, A. Cheishvili, E. Boaretto, N. Wales, L. Davitashvili
950
Rvinis uZvelesi zoomorfuli sasmisebi
dedoflis goridan 1024
iulon gagoSiZe, eliso yvavaZe, elena rova
960
TbilRvino – Rvino saqarTvelodan qarTuli 1032

18 19
 _ _
1039 gastronomiuli kultura 1105 musika da qoreologia

gastronomiuli kultura rogorc cocxali memkvidreobis interpretacia samuzeumo sivrceSi 1108

sistema da qveynis saimijo resursi 1044 salome xmiadaSvili
dali catava

INTERPRETATION OF LIVING HERITAGE IN MUSEUM SPACE 1117

GASTRONOMIC CULTURE AS A SYSTEM AND Salome Khmiadashvili
THE COUNTRY’S IMAGE RESOURCE 1055
Dali Tsatava
mcxeTis gaTxrebSi aRmoCenili gedis Zvlis salamuri
da qarTuli samusiko azrovnebis sistema 1118
qarTuli sufra 1056 malxaz erqvaniZe
nino mindaZe

SWAN BONE REEDPIPE DISCOVERED DURING MTSKHETA

GEORGIAN “SUPRA” 1073 EXCAVATIONS AND THE SYSTEM OF GEORGIAN MUSIC THINKING 1123
Nino Mindadze Malkhaz Erkvanidze

lurji sufra (mxatvruli Semoqmedebis qarTuli xalxuri cekva 1124

erTi nimuSi samuzeumo sivrcidan) 1076 mariam uSxvani
ekaterine TabukaSvili

GEORGIAN NATIONAL DANCE 1139

BLUE TABLECLOTH (SUPRA) (ONE SAMPLE Mariam Ushkhvani
OF ARTISTIC CREATIVE WORK FROM MUSEUM SPACE)
Ekaterine Tabukashvili
1080

_
barbare erisTavi-jorjaZe – pirveli
qarTuli kulinariuli wignis avtori 1082
1141 MEMORIA
ekaterine bulaSvili

Tamila mgalobliSvili 1142

BARBARE ERISTAVI-JORJADZE – AUTHOR eka kaWarava
OF THE FIRST GEORGIAN CULINARY BOOK 1091
Ekaterine Bulashvili
mcxeTa – qarTvelTa axali ierusalimi 1145
Tamila mgalobliSvili
ra dagvitova kneina barbare jorjaZem
gastronomiuli kulturis istoria 1092 MTSKHETA – NEW JERUSALEM OF GEORGIANS 1163
dali catava Tamila Mgaloblishvili

Tanamedrove qarTuli arqeologiis

patriarqi akademikosi andria afaqiZe 1164
vaxtang nikolaiSvili

20 21
22 23
 winaTqma
2019 wlis 29-30 maiss, g. CubinaSvilis saxelobis
qarTuli xelovnebis, istoriisa da ZeglTa dacvis
erovnul kvlevis centrSi Catarda saqarTvelos
kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis erovnuli saa-
gentos rigiT VI samecniero konferencia - `muze-
umi da kulturuli memkvidreoba~. 31 maiss moewyo
gasvliTi sesia da konferencia daixura saguramo-
Si.
saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis
erovnuli saagentos samuzeumo mimarTulebis mier
inicirebul samecniero konferencias mraval-
wliani tradicia aqvs. konferencias safuZveli
kulturuli memkvidreobisa da muzeumis saerTaSo-
riso dResTan dakavSirebiT 2014 wels Caeyara.
konferencia - `muzeumi da kulturuli memkvidreo-
ba~ miznobrivi xasiaTisaa da umTavresad samuzeumo
problematikasa da saqmianobas eZRvneba. sakonfer-
encio TematikisaTvis, prioritetulia saagentos
SemadgenlobaSi arsebul muzeumebTan dakavSirebu-
li aqtualuri sakiTxebi.
meeqvse samecniero konferenciaSi monawileobda
Semdegi instituciebis warmomadgenlebi: saqarTve-
los kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis erovnuli
saagento, saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis s. jana-
Siasa da S. amiranaSvilis saxelobis muzeumebi, g.
CubinaSvilis saxelobis qarTuli xelovnebis, is-
toriisa da ZeglTa dacvis erovnuli kvlevis cen-
tri, restavracia-konservaciis samecniero institu-
ti, g. leoniZis saxelobis qarTuli literaturis
saxelmwifo muzeumi, saqarTvelos xalxuri da ga-
moyenebiTi xelovnebis saxelmwifo muzeumi, k. keke-
liZis saxelobis saqarTvelos xelnawerTa erovnu-
li centri, iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis
saxelmwifo universitetis, iv. javaxiSvilis saxe-
lobis istoriisa da eTnologiis universitetis,
ssi p Cerqezuli kulturis centri da samuzeumo
sferoSi moRvawe sxva specialistebi.
didi mcxeTis arqeologiuri saxelmwifo muzeum-na-
krZali saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis
dacvis erovnuli saagentos SemadgenlobaSi arse-
buli erTeulia. muzeum-nakrZali aerTianebs mcx-
eTis arqeologiur muzeumsa da istoriuli didi
mcxeTis arqeologiur da arqiteqturul komple-
qsebs. esenia - samTavros arqeologiuri veli da
24
baiaTxevi, armazcixe, mcxeTis akldama, qarTlis
erisTavTa (pitiaxSTa) armazisxevis rezidencia da
mcxeTis karibWe (aragvis kari).
am droisaTvis dasrulebulia mcxeTis istoriul
karibWeze (aragvis kari) XX saukunis 60-ian wleb-
Si daSenebuli, kinoTeatris Senobis (arqiteqtori
gr. jabua), reabilitaciisa da samuzeumo adaptaci-
is procesi. aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT, 2019 wlis
saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis
erovnuli saagentos yovelwliuri konferencia
„muzeumi da kulturuli memkvidreoba“ mcxeTis
muzeumsa da masTan dakavSirebul problematikas
daeTmo.
mcxeTis axali muzeumis mniSvnelobidan da masTan
dakavSirebuli Tematikis moculobisa da sirTu-
lidan gamomdinare, 2019 wlis konferenciis das-
rulebis Semdgom miviReT gadawyvetileba, momdevno,
2020 wlis konferenaciac mcxeTisaTvis migveZRv-
na. Tumca kovid 19-is mizeziT Seqmnilma realobam
ar mogvca 2019 wlis sakonferencio masalebis ga-
moqveynebisa da 2020 wlis konferenciis Catare-
bis saSualeba. konferenciis Catarebis nacvlad,
samuzeumo Sinaarsis interesidan gamomdinare, davu-
kavSirdiT Sesabamis avtorebs da vTxoveT CvenTvis
saintereso TematikasTan dakavSirebuli naSrome-
bis momzadeba.
amasTanave gadawyda sakonferencio krebulis ,,muze-
umi da kulturuli memkvidreoba“ erTiani - 2019-2020
wlebis eleqtronuli versia Cvenive (muzeumebisa
da muzeum-nakrZalebis samsaxuris TanamSromlebis)
resursiT mogvemzadebina. eleqtronulma format-
ma axali SesaZleblobebi dagvanaxa. es gaxlavT
garkveuli rubrikebisaTvis, SinaarsTan konteqstSi
audio da video, animaciuri masalebis darTva, rac
metad cocxals da sainteresos xdis publikacias.
dainteresebul mkiTxvels vTxovT gaiTvaliswinos
es SesaZlebloba da yuradReba miaqcios Sesabamis
linkebs.
mcxeTis muzeumis koleqcias 23 000-ze meti eqspona-
ti Seadgens. eqsponatebis meti wili, mcxeTasa da
dRevandeli mcxeTis munici palitetis teritori-
aze warmoebuli arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad
mopovebuli masalaa. muzeumSi daculi arqeologi-
uri koleqcia mcxeTis arqeologiuri monapovaris
mxolod nawilia. mniSvnelovani koleqciebia dac-
uli saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis s. janaSias
muzeumSi. mecnierTa mxriv, mcxeTisadmi interesi ar
ganelebula da mcxeTis muzeumis fondebi mudmivi
25
 Sevsebis reJimsa da axali aRmoCenebis molodinSia.
mcxeTis arqeologiuri gaTxrebis qronologiuri
CarCo saukune naxevars iTvlis, xolo ganaTxari ma-
sala Zv.w. IV aTaswleulidan gvian Sua saukuneebs
moicavs. sxvadasxva etapze gamovlenilia iseTi uni-
kaluri arqiteqturuli Tu arqeologiuri Zeglebi,
rogoricaa samTavros samarovani, armazcixe da ar-
mazisxevis erisTavTa rezidenciebi,AmcxeTis namo-
saxlari da mravali sxva. mcxeTis masalis safuZ-
velze kargad ikiTxeba brinjaos Tu adre rkinis,
antikuri Tu adrefeodaluri xana.
mcxeTuri masalis kvleva ivane javaxiSvilis, si-
mon janaSias, giorgi nioraZis, niko berZeniSvilisa
da momdevno Taobebis, saukeTeso warmomadgenlebis
monawileobiT xorcieldeboda. maT Soris iyvnen
nino xoStaria, aleqsandre kalandaZe, mixeil ivaS-
Cenko, andria afaqiZe, daviT kapanaZe, Salva xidaSe-
li, levan musxeliSvili, vaxtang jafariZe, domen-
ti qoriZe, Tamar abramiSvili, sara barnaveli, sara
bedukaZe, giorgi meliqiSvili, oTar jafariZe, gogi
lomTaTiZe, germane gobejiSvili, tariel CubiniS-
vili, oTar lorTqifaniZe, ramin ramiSvili, irakli
ciciSvili, levan rCeuliSvili da sxvebi. mcxeTis
ZeglebTan dakavSirebiT, gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis
Rirsia giorgi CubinaSvilis, Salva amiranaSvilis,
akaki SaniZis, simon yauxCiSvilis, giorgi wereTlis
da sxvaTa naSromebi.
sareabilitacio-saadaptacio samuSaoebis warmoe-
bis procesSi mcxeTis axali muzeumisaTvis axali
muzeografiuli programa momzadda.
2019-2020 wlebis, samecniero krebulis Sinaarss,
swored mcxeTis muzeumis muzeografiuli pro-
gramisadmi miZRvnili samecniero kvlevebi Sead-
gens. konferenciaze ganixileboda mcxeTis muzeumi,
rogorc samuzeumo sivrce, sadac qarTuli saxel-
mwifoebriobis uZvelesi istoriisa da kulturis,
samecniero safuZvelze damyarebuli, srulfasovani
da efeqturi interpretacia unda ganxorcieldes.
konferenciaze warmodgenili iyo saeqspoziciod
sasurveli Tematika, mcxeTis saxelmwifo arqeolo-
giur da saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumSi daculi
koleqciebis Sesaxeb warmoebuli uaxlesi samecnie-
ro kvlevebis Sedegebi, am koleqciebis atribu-
cia-interpretacia, eqsponirebis Tanamedrove xerxe-
bi da saSualebebi, sxvadasxva iniciativebi, mcxeTis
muzeumis ganviTarebis, Tanamedrove samuzeumo in-
frastruqturis gansxvavebuli xedvebi da saW-
26
iroebebi, muzeumis mniSvneloba qveynis samomavlo
kulturul-saganmanaTleblo da ekonomikuri gan-
viTarebisaTvis, Tanamedrove damTvaliereblis ba-
zris kvlevisa da damTvalierebelTan komunikaciis
gaumjobesebis aucilebloba, samuzeumo marketingu-
li xerxebi,Amuzeumis Sinaarsis Tanamedrove inter-
pretacia.
krebulSi `muzeumi da kulturuli memkvidreoba~
VI-VII warmodgenili samecniero konferenciis Se-
degebi mniSvnelovnad waadgeba mcxeTis axal muze-
ums.
axalma muzeumma maqsimalurad srulad unda asaxos
qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis politikuri, kul-
turuli da sarwmunoebrivi Sinaarsi. Sesabamisad
ganaxlebuli mcxeTis muzeumi veRar iqneba mxolod
arqeologiuri muzeumi, man unda itvirTos qveynis
muzeumTa Soris gamorCeuli da amavdroulad um-
Tavresi misia – srulfasovnad gaacnos rogorc
adgilobriv, ise ucxoel vizitors qveynis saxel-
mwifoebriobis uZvelesi da umdidresi istoria,
muzeumma unda asaxos qveynis politikuri, religi-
ur-kulturuli Tu social-ekonomikuri warsuli.
TavisTavad cxadia, rom muzeumis saeqspoziciod
gaTvaliswinebuli sivrceebi da aseve muzeumis
sakoleqcio resursi arasakmarisia msgavsi amo-
canis gadasawyvetad. am miznis misaRwevad, maqsi-
malurad racionalurad unda gamoviyenoT Tana-
medrove samuzeumo teqnologiebi. unda damzaddes
Sesabamisi aplikaciebi, risTvisac saWiroa damuSa-
vdes da vizualuri masalebis TanxlebiT momzad-
des samecniero kvlevaze damyarebuli umTavresi
saeqspozicio Tematika.
Cveni umTavresi amocanaa mcxeTis samuzeumo sivrce-
Si am Tematikis mTeli sisavsiT, samecniero safuZ-
velze dayrdnobiT, sainteresod interpretireba da
Tanamedrove teqnologiebis gaTvaliswinebiTa da
gamoyenebiT efeqturi vizualizacia.
dizaineruli TvalsazrisiT, mcxeTis muzeumis
saeqspozicio sivrceebi, srulad unda gansxvavde-
bodes qveynis masStabiT manamde arsebuli samuzeumo
sivrceebisagan. Sinaarsobriv-vizualuri gamorCeu-
lobiT, srulfasovani da Tanamedrove infrastruq-
turiT, axalma muzeumma saqarTvelos muzeografiis
istoriaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili unda daikavos.
mcxeTis axalma muzeumma unda Seasrulos kulturu-
li habis misia. is mudmivad unda iyos datvirTuli
27
 cocxali, saintereso kulturuli RonisZiebebiT,
iqneba es sxvadasxva xasiaTis droebiTi gamofenebi,
prezentaciebi, koncertebi, saRamoebi, premierebi, Te-
atraluri warmodgenebi Tu modis Cvenebebi.
swored am mizans emsaxureboda 2019 wlis, rigiT VI
samecniero konferencia `muzeumi da kulturuli
memkvidreoba“, romelic winmswrebad daigegma da
SeTanxmda potenciur avtorebTan. sxvadasxva obi-
eqturi Tu subieqturi mizezebis gamo, sasurveli
mizani sruli sisavsiT miRweuli ver iqna. rTu-
lia erTi konferenciis farglebSi srulad moic-
va iseTi rTuli Tema, rogoricaa mcxeTa qarTuli
saxelmwifoebriobis konteqstSi, Tumca vfiqrobT,
samomavlo muzeumisaTvis mniSvnelovani samecnie-
ro safuZveli momzadda. saintereso Sedegic iqna
miRebuli, rac sagrZnoblad dagvexmareba momavali
saeqspozicio sivrceebis racionalur, gonivrul
ganawilebasa da sasurveli miznis – mcxeTis _ qvey-
nis `savizito baraTi-muzeumis“ SeqmnaSi.
sagangebod aRsaniSnavi da sasixaruloa, VI samecnie-
ro konferenciis `muzeumi da kulturuli mem-
kvidreoba~ axalgazrda mecnierebis simravliT ga-
morCeuloba. konferencia ufrosi da axalgazrda
28
Taobis aqtiuri TanamSromlobis, codnisa da gamoc-
dilebis gaziarebis reJimSi mimdinareobda. gaCnda
axali ideebi da iniciativebi, daigegma erToblivi
samomavlo samuSaoebi.
vsargeblobT SemTxveviT da saqarTvelos kul-
turuli memkvidreobis dacvis erovnuli saagento-
sa da kerZod, samuzeumo mimarTulebis samsaxuris
saxeliT kolegialuri da produqtiuli TanamS-
romlobisaTvis uRrmes madlobas movaxsenebT 2019
wlis samecniero konferenciis `muzeumi da kul-
turuli memkvidreoba~ yvela monawiles, 2020 wlis
gamocemisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli naSromis Ti-
Toeul avtors.
madloba Cvens kolegebs – nino SiolaSvils da
TaTia TevdoraSvils gaweuli saredaqcio saqmia-
nobisaTvis, dizainisa da dakabadonebisaTvis mariam
uSxvans, romlisTvisac es publikacia amavdroulad
sadebiuto namuSevaria.
imeds vitovebT, rom mcxeTis axali muzeumis gax-
snis droisaTvis mogvecema warmodgenili eleqtro-
nuli versiis myari formiT gamocemis saSualeba.
eka kaWarava
saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis
dacvis erovnuli saagento,
muzeumebisa da muzeum-nakrZalebis samsaxuri,
ufrosi specialisti, istoriis doqtori
29
 FOREWORD the next conference, in 2020, to Mtskheta again; but the reality, ap-
pearing for the reason of COVID-19, didn’t allow us to publish the
conference materials of the 2019 and conduct the conference of the
2020. Instead of conducting the conference, following the interest
On May 29-30, 2019, George Chubinashvili National Research
of museum content, we contacted the relevant authors and asked
Center for Georgian Art, History and Heritage Preservation host-
them to prepare papers, related to the topics, interesting for us.
ed the VI Scientific Conference of Georgian National Agency for
Cultural Heritage Preservation on Museum and Cultural Heritage.
Besides, it was decided to prepare the electronic version of the con-
The visiting session was held on May 31 and the conference was
ference collection of 2019-2020 “Museum and Cultural Heritage”
closed in Saguramo.
with our own (personnel of museums and museum- reserves unit)
resources. Electronic format showed us new opportunities. This is
The scientific conference initiated by the Museum Branch of the
attachment of audio and video, animation materials to certain titles,
National Agency for Cultural Heritage Preservation of Georgia has
in the context of the content, which make the publication more viv-
a six-year tradition. It was founded in 2014 on the occasion of In-
id and interesting. We ask the interested reader to take these oppor-
ternational Cultural Heritage and Museum Day.
tunities into account and pay attention to the relevant links.
The scientific conference on Museum and Cultural Heritage is of
The Mtskheta Museum collection contains more than 23,000 ex-
a targeted nature, mainly dedicated to museum issues and activities.
hibits. Most of the exhibits are the materials obtained through
For conference topics, priority is given to the pressing issues relat-
archeological excavations conducted in Mtskheta and current
ed to museums within the Agency.
Mtskheta Municipality. The archeological collection preserved in
the Museum is only a part of materials obtained through Mtskheta
Representatives of following institutions participated in the VI
archeological excavations. Significant collections are preserved at
Scientific Conference: the National Agency for Cultural Heritage
S. Janashia Museum of Georgian National Museum. On the part of
Preservation of Georgia, S. Janashia and. Amiranashvili Museums
scientists, the interest in Mtskheta has not subsided and the funds
under the Georgian National Museum, G. Chubinashvili National
of Mtskheta Museum are in a state of constant replenishment and
Research Center for Georgian Art, History and Heritage Preserva-
expectation of new discoveries.
tion, Restoration and Conservation Scientific Institute, G. Leonidze
State Museum of Georgian Literature, Georgian State Museum of
Chronological framework of Mtskheta archeological excavations is
Folk and Applied Arts, K. Kekeklidze Georgian National Center
one and a half century old, and the excavated materials date back
of Manuscripts, Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Iv. Ja-
to the period from IV millennium BC to the late medieval period.
vakhishvili University of History and Ethnology, LEPL Circassian
Unique architectural and archeological monuments such as Sam-
Culture Center and other specialists working in the museum field.
tavro Necropolis, Armaztsikhe-Bagineti Royal and Armaziskhevi
Governers Residences, Mtskheta former settlement and many oth-
Great Mtskheta Archaeological State Museum-Reserve is an entity
ers have been identified at different stages. The Bronze or Earlier
within the Georgian National Agency for Cultural Heritage Preser-
Iron, Antique or Early Feudal Eras are well readable based on the
vation. It combines the Mtskheta Archaeological Museum and his-
Mtskheta materials.
torical Great Mtskheta Archaeological and Architectural Complex-
es. These are: Samtavro Archaeological Valley and Bayatkhevi,
Research of Mtskheta material was carried out with the participa-
Armaztsikhe (Bagineti), Mtskheta Tomb, Armaziskhevi Residence
tion of Ivane Javakhishvili, Simon Janashia, Giorgi Nioradze, Niko
of Kartli Governors (Bidaxshes) and Mtskheta Gate (Aragvi Gate).
Berdzenishvili and best representatives of next generations such
as Nino Khoshtaria, Alexander Kalandadze, Mikheil Ivashchen-
Currently, the process of rehabilitation and museum adaptation of
ko, Andria Apakidze, Davit Kapanadze, Shalva Khidasheli, Le-
the movie theater building (architect Gr. Jabua) built in the 60s of
van Muskhelishvili, Vakhtang Japaridze, Domenti Koridze, Tamar
the XX century on the historical Mtskheta Gate (Aragvi Gate) is
Abramishvili, Sara Barnaveli, Sara Bedukadze, Giorgi Melikishvi-
underway. In this regard, the annual conference of the National
li, Otar Japaridze, Gogi Lomtatidze, Germane Gobejishvili, Tariel
Agency for Cultural Heritage Preservation of Georgia on Muse-
Chubinishvili, Otar Lortkipanidze, Ramin Ramishvili, Irakli Tsit-
um and Cultural Heritage held in 2019 was dedicated to Mtskheta
sishvili, Levan Rcheulishvili and others. Regarding Mtskheta mon-
Museum and related issues.
uments, the works of Giorgi Chubinashvili, Shalva Amiranashvili,
Akaki Shanidze, Simon Kaukhchishvili, Giorgi Tsereteli and others
Following from the significance of the new museum of Mtskheta
deserve special mention.
and the volume and complexity of the related topics, after comple-
tion of the conference of 2019, we made the decision to dedicate
In the process of rehabilitation andadaptation works, the new mu-

30 31
 seographic program was elaborated for the new Mtskheta Museum.
The subject matter of 2019 scientific conference was the research
study dedicated to Mtskheta Museum Museographic Program. The
conference considered the Mtskheta Museum as a museum space
where the scientifically grounded, meaningful and effective inter-
pretation of Georgian statehood’s ancient history and culture should
be performed.
The conference presented the desired exhibition topics, the results
of latest scientific research on collections preserved in Mtskheta
State Archaeological and Georgian National Museums, attribution
and interpretation of these collections, modern ways and means of
exhibition, various initiatives, distinct visions and needs concern-
ing Mtskheta Museum development and modern museum infra-
structure, significance of Museum in terms of future cultural-ed-
ucational and economic development of the country, the need to
improve the modern visitor market research and communication
with the visitors, museum marketing techniques as well as modern
interpretation of Museum content.
The results of the VI-VII Scientific Conference set out in the Mu-
seum and Cultural Heritage collection will be very useful to the
new Mtskheta Museum.
The new Mtskheta Museum should fully reveal the political, cul-
tural and religious essence of Georgian statehood. Therefore, the
renovated Mtskheta Museum can no longer be just an archeological
one, it must carry out the distinctive and at the same time major
mission among the country museums - fully introduce to both local
and foreign visitors the ancient and rich history of the country’s
statehood; the Museum should reflect the political, religious/cultur-
al and socio-economic past of the country.
It is self-evident that the Museum spaces envisaged for exhibition as
well as its collection resources are insufficient for solving such this
task. To achieve this goal, we must use modern museum technologies
as rationally as possible. Relevant applications should be prepared
and for this purpose, the major exposition topics based on scientific
research should be elaborated, accompanied by visual materials.
Our primarily aim to to ensure interesting, science-based, compre-
hensive interpretation and effective visualization of this subject area
in Mtskheta museum space, taking into account and using modern
technologies.
In terms of design, Mtskheta Museum exhibition spaces should be
completely different from the existing museum spaces throughout
the country. Being outstanding in terms of content and visuals,
equipped with the complete and modern infrastructure, the new
Museum should occupy a prominent place in the history of Geor-
gian museography.
32
The new Mtskheta Museum should carry out a mission of cultur-
al hub. It should be constantly busy with lively, exciting cultural
events, such as various kinds of temporary exhibitions, presenta-
tions, concerts, evenings, premieres, theatrical performances and
fashion shows.
This was the purpose of VI Scientific Conference on Museum and
Cultural Heritage held in 2019, which was planned in advance and
agreed with potential authors. Due to various objective or subjec-
tive reasons, the desired goal was not completely achieved. It is
hard to fully cover within one conference the difficult topic such as
Mtskheta in the context of Georgian statehood, but in our opinion,
an important scientific ground has been prepared for the future Mu-
seum. An interesting result was obtained which will significantly
help us in terms of rational, reasonable distribution of future ex-
hibition spaces and achievement of desired goal – creation of the
“country’s business card-museum” in Mtskheta.
It is especially remarkable and gratifying that the VI Scientific Con-
ference on Museum and Cultural Heritage was distinguished by
the abundance of young scientists. The conference was held in the
spirit of active cooperation as well as knowledge and experience
sharing between the older and younger generations. New ideas and
initiatives emerged and joint future activities were planned.
We take this opportunity to express, on behalf of the Georgian Na-
tional Agency for Cultural Heritage Preservation (and, in particular,
the Museum Branch Service), our deep gratitude to all participants
of 2019 Scientific Conference on Museum and Cultural Heritage
for collegial and productive cooperation.
We would like to express our gratitude to each participant of the
scientific conference of the 2019 “Museum and Cultural Heri-
tage”, each author of the paper, intended for the publication of the
2020. Many thanks to our colleagues – Nino Shiolashvili and Tatia
Tevdorashvili for editorial work conducted by them, to the debutant
of design and setting up – Mariam Ushkhvani.
We hope that by the time of opening of the new museum of Mtskhe-
ta we will have the opportunity of publishing the electronic version
in the form of a hard copy.
Eka Kacharava
National Agency for Cultural Heritage Preservation of Georgia,
Museums and Museum-Reserves Unit, Senior Specialist,
Doctor of History
33
 marina TumaniSvili
saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis
dacvis erovnuli saagento,
UNESCO-sa da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis samsaxuri,
mTavari specialisti, arqiteqturis doqtori
mcxeTis
kulturuli
memkvidreobis
da istoriulad
Camoyalibebuli
garemos
dacva
mcxeTa - saqarTvelos gansakuTrebulad gamorCeu-
li qalaqia. is, rogorc cnobilia, VI saukunemde
dedaqalaqis funqcia hqonda, xolo IV saukunidan
saqarTveloSi qristianuli sarwmunoebis damkvi-
drebiT, igi qveynis sulieri centri gaxda. mis wi-
aRSi materialuri da aramaterialuri kulturuli
memkvidreobis saxiT ganuzomeli simdidrea davane-
buli. mcxeTis artefaqtebi istoriuli periodis
did diapazons moicavs - aq aris warmodgenili ro-
gorc winareqristianuli periodis nimuSebi, aseve
qristianuli xanis umdidresi kulturuli memkvi-
dreoba. erTobliobaSi es yvelaferi istoriulad
Camoyalibebul garemos qmnis.
mcxeTaSi kulturuli memkvidreobis Zeglebis sru-
li speqtria warmodgenili. aq aris Tavmoyrili
arqeologiuri obieqtebi mdidari artefaqtebiT,
uZravi da moZravi Zeglebi, msoflio kulturuli
memkvidreobis statusis mqone Zeglebi, aramateri-
aluri kulturuli memkvidreoba. am simdidris
dacva urTulesi amocanaa. am amocanis gadawyvetis
erT-erT qvakuTxeds mcxeTis istoriulad Camoya-
libebuli garemos SenarCuneba warmoadgens. mcxe-
Tis ganviTarebis procesSi istoriuli garemos
dacvis uzrunvelsayofad Sesabamisi meqanizmebis
SemuSaveba saxelmwifos mier, yvela etapze, erT-erT
ZiriTad prioritetad iqna aRiarebuli. rogorc
cnobilia, amJamad mcxeTis teritoriaze didi mcxe-
Tis saxelmwifo arqeologiuri muzeum-nakrZali
funqcionirebs, romelic saqarTvelos kulturuli
34
1. mcxeTis Zeglebi - sveticxoveli da jvari - me-19 s.
memkvidreobis dacvis erovnuli saagentos struqturul erTeuls war-
moadgens da romlis daniSnulebaa mcxeTis munici palitetSi arsebuli
kulturuli memkvidreobis movla-patronoba da dacva.
manam, vidre mcxeTis istoriuli garemos dacvis meqanizmebze visaubrebdiT,
aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos ganviTarebis procesSi mcxeTis Zeglebis,
rogorc gamorCeuli kulturuli memkvidreobis, saerTaSoriso asparezze
warmoCena yovelTvis dRis wesrigSi idga.
am TvalsazrisiT, aRsaniSnavia, rom mcxeTis Zeglebi warmodgenili iyo
parizis 1900 wlis msoflio gamofenisaTvis frangul enaze gamocemul
wignSi `saqarTvelos istoria“. qarTveli mecnierebis da sazogado moR-
vaweebis rafiel isarliSvilis da aleqsandre xaxanaSvilis avtorobiT
gamocemul am wignSi, warmodgenili iyo mcxeTis XIX saukunis foto, sadac
asaxulia sveticxovlis sakaTedro taZris da jvris monastris panora-
muli xedi. amdenad, es unikaluri Zeglebi, am wignis meSveobiT, evropulma
sazogadoebam erTi saukuniT adre gaicno, vidre is ukve oficialurad,
1994 wels, msoflio memkvidreobis statuss daimkvidrebda. am istoriis da
kidev sxva saintereso informaciis gacnoba saqarTvelos msoflio memkvi-
dreobis Sesaxeb SesaZlebelia, saagentos mier 2018 wels gamocemuli wig-
nis, „saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreoba parizis 1900 wlis msoflio
gamofenaze da 118 wlis Semdeg“ meSveobiT (avtori - marina TumaniSvili).
wignis 1 nawilSi warmodgenilia zemoaRniSnuli, parizis 1900 wlis msof-
lio gamofenisaTvis frangul enaze Sesrulebuli wignis `saqarTvelos
istoria“ retrospeqtuli gamocema, xolo wignis me-2 nawilSi warmodgeni-
lia saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis msoflio aRiarebis procesi
118 wlis Semdeg. wigni samenovania (qarTul, frangul da inglisur enebze).
gamoica saagentos mier, 2018 wlis kulturuli memkvidreobis evropul
wlad gamocxadebasTan dakavSirebiT. mcxeTis, XIX saukunis fotoilus-
tracia, swored am gamocemidan aris warmodgenili. (sur. 1)
35

2. mcxeTis saxelmwifo nakrZalis gegma - 1950 w.
mcxeTis istoriulad Camoyalibebuli garemos dacvis meqanizmebze sau-
bars rom davubrundeT, aRsaniSnavia, rom mcxeTis kulturuli memkvidreo-
bis istoriuli garemos dacvis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, erT-erT sawyis
saxelmZRvanelo dokuments 1950 wliT daTariRebuli mcxeTis saxelmwifo
arqiteqturuli nakrZalis gegma warmoadgens. (sur. 2)
es dokumenti Sesrulebuli iyo 1950 wels saqarTvelos ministrTa sabWos
arqiteqturul saqmeTa sammarTvelos ZeglTa dacvis ganyofilebis mier
(inJ. k. meliTauri). gegmaze warmodgenilia 3 areali saxelmwifo arqiteq-
turuli nakrZalis dacvis zonis sazRvrebis aRniSvniT. eqsplikaciaSi
warmodgenilia jvris, sveticxovlis da samTavros kompleqsebi, bagineTis
kompleqsi, armazisxevi armazis monastriT, abanosa da armazis xevis ne-
kropoliT. sxva nagebobebidan gegmaze warmodgenilia antioqiis eklesia,
„margveTa“ da wm. barbares monasteri.
amgvarad, 1950 wlis gegmis Tanaxmad, mcxeTis kulturuli memkvidreobis
Zeglebi saxelmwifo arqiteqturuli nakrZalis farglebSia moqceuli.
Semdgom wlebSi, saxelmwifos mier, ramdenime dadgenileba gamoica mcxeTis
statusis Sesaxeb, maT Soris:
• saqarTvelos ssr ministrTa sabWos dadgenileba N564, 1968 w. 6 noemberi
- „qalaq mcxeTis muzeum-nakrZalad gamocxadebis Sesaxeb“;
• saqarTvelos ssr ministrTa sabWos dadgenileba N653, 1977 w. 14 seq-
temberi - „qalaq mcxeTis istoriul-arqiteqturul muzeum-nakrZalis
Seqmnis Sesaxeb“.
• mcxeTis kulturuli memkvidreobis zogadsakacobrio mniSvnelobis
gaTvaliswinebiT, mcxeTa 1994 wlidan msoflio memkvidreobis siaSi
iqna Seyvanili, jer qalaq-muzeum-nakrZalis saxelwodebiT da Semdgom,
2005 wlidan, saxelwodebis cvlilebis Sesaxeb msoflio memkvidreobis
36
komitetis 29-e sesiaze miRebuli gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze, mcxeTis is-
toriuli Zeglebis saxelwodebiT.
msoflio memkvidreobis siaSi mcxeTis istoriuli Zeglebi damcavi zone-
bisa da rukebis TanxlebiT iyo warmodgenili.
mcxeTis istoriuli garemos ukeT dacvis mizniT, saqarTvelos kulturis,
ZeglTa dacvis da sportis ministrisa da saqarTvelos ekonomikuri gan-
viTarebis ministris 2006 wlis 24 oqtombris N3/471 11-1/1243 erToblivi
brZanebis Tanaxmad, damtkicda mcxeTis kulturuli memkvidreobis damcavi
zonebi. es iyo pirveli dokumenti, sadac kompleqsurad ganixila mcxeTis
kulturuli memkvidreobis istoriuli garemos dacvis sakiTxebi da ga-
moiyo, sxvadasxva reJimebis mqone 4 damcavi zona - arqeologiuri, uZravi
Zeglebis dacvis, regulirebisa da landSaftis dacvis zonebi.
2012 wels ganxorcielda mcxeTis dacvis zonebis dokumentis koreqtireba.
amasTan dakavSirebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom Semdgom ganviTarebuli proce-
sebis analizi cxadyofs, rom koreqtirebis miznad ara imdenad istoriuli
garemos dacvis gaumjobeseba iyo dasaxuli, aramed garkveul teritorieb-
ze reJimebis Secvla da SezRudvebis moxsna ganaSenianebis ganxorciele-
bis mizniT.
erT-erTi areali, romelsac Seexo es cvlilebebi, aris msoflio memkvi-
dreobis Zeglis, sveticxovlis sakaTedro taZris mimdebare teritoria,
sadac ganxorcielda Seusabamo mSenebloba. sainteresoa am teritoriis
warmomavloba. es monakveTi wina periodSi ganxorcielebuli wyalsacave-
bis da hidroeleqtrosadgurebis mSeneblobis Sedegad ukve saxeSecvlili
landSaftis magaliTad SeiZleba Sefasdes. kerZod, aragvis auzSi, mdina-
re aragvis marjvena napiras, 1971 wels daiwyo Jinvalis hidrokompleqsis
mSenebloba. amis garda, aragvis auzSi kidev ori hidrokompleqsi aSenda
- roSka da misaqcieli.
hidrokompleqsebis mSeneblobam zegavlena moaxdina mdinare aragvis dine-
bis reJimze da gamoiwvia wylispira landSaftebis cvlileba. Secvlili
landSaftis erT-erTi monakveTi mcxeTis istoriuli Zeglebis arealSi
mdebareobs. am adgilze aragvis sanapiros erTi nawili daWaobda. Catare-
buli sareabilitacio samuSaoebis Sedegad sveticxovlis monastris da
mdinare aragvs Soris miwis nakveTi warmoiSva. is droTa ganmavlobaSi
bunebrivad daifara mwvane safariT da istoriuli landSaftis nawili
gaxda.
1994 wlidan mcxeTis istoriuli Zeglebi irgvliv mdebare landSaftis
garemocviT, rogorc misi ganuyofeli nawiliT, msoflio memkvidreobis
nusxaSi iqna warmodgenili. 2005 wlidan Zeglebis buferuli zonis inte-
resebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe, rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, am teri-
toriis ganaSenianeba daiwyo Seusabamo Senoba-nagebobebiT. ukontrolo
urbanuli ganviTarebis gamo, 2009 wels UNESCO-s komitetis mier mcxeTis
istoriuli Zeglebi safrTxis winaSe arsebuli Zeglebis siaSi iqna gaday-
vanili.
momdevno wlebSi, mcxeTis istoriuli Zeglebis irgvliv ganaSenianebis
ganxorcieleba gagrZelda, rasac xeli Seuwyo 2012 wels damcavi zonebis
37
 koreqtirebis Sedegad garkveul teritoriebze reJimebis cvlilebis gamo
ganaSenianebis daSvebam.
mcxeTis kulturuli memkvidreobis istoriuli garemos dacvis gasaum-
jobeseblad da mSeneblobis dasaregulireblad, Sesabamisi qalaqTmSene-
blobiTi dokumentebis SemuSavebamde, 2015 wels mcxeTis istoriuli Zeg-
lebis arealSi qalaqTmSeneblobis regulirebis gansakuTrebuli reJimi,
e.w. moratoriumi ganaSenianebaze, dawesda (q. mcxeTis munici palitetis
kulturuli memkvidreobis damcav zonebSi qalaqTmSeneblobis regulire-
bis gansakuTrebuli reJimis amoqmedebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos mTavrobis
dadgenileba N411, 2015, 3. VIII). es reJimi, SemdgomSi, 2016 wlis mTavrobis
dadgenilebiT gagrZelda da dResac ZalaSia (saqarTvelos mTavrobis
dadgenileba N563, 2016, 22. XII „q. mcxeTis munici palitetis kulturuli
memkvidreobis damcav zonebSi qalaqTmSeneblobis regulirebis gansaku-
Trebuli reJimis amoqmedebis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2015 wlis 3
agvistos N411 dadgenilebaSi cvlilebis Setanis Taobaze).
2016 wels mcxeTis istoriuli Zeglebi UNESCO-s ZiriTad nusxaSi iqna
dabrunebuli mTeli rigi pirobebis Sesrulebis gaTvaliswinebiT. maT So-
ris iyo moTxovnili mcxeTis istoriuli Zeglebis garemos dacvisaTvis
Sesabamisi RonisZiebebis SemuSaveba.
erT-erTi mniSvnelovani regulacia miRebuli momdevno wlebSi, romelic
miznad isaxavda msoflio memkvidreobis Zeglebis istoriuli garemos
dacvas, iyo dokumenti: „msoflio memkvidreobis nusxaSi Setanili Zeg-
lebis: jvris monastris, sveticxovlis sakaTedro taZrisa da samTavros
monastris individualuri damcavi zonis gafarToebisa da maTi erTiani
vizualuri dacvis arealis damtkicebis Sesaxeb“ (saqarTvelos kultur-
isa da ZeglTa dacvis saministros 2016 wlis 28 ivnisisN03/212 brZanebis
Tanaxmad). am dokumentSi warmodgenili sazRvrebis farglebSi, SemdgomSi,
2017 wels, UNESCO-s msoflio memkvidreobis komitetis gadawyvetilebis
Tanaxmad, damtkicda aseve am Zeglebis buferuli zona (UNESCO-s msoflio
memkvidreobis komitetis 2017 w. gadawyvetileba N41 COM 8B. 44 mcxeTis is-
toriuli Zeglebis buferuli zonis dadgenis Sesaxeb). amieridan mcxeTis
ganviTarebasa da ganaSenianebasTan dakavSirebuli yvela sakiTxi ganixi-
leba am buferuli zonis sazRvrebSi.
msoflio memkvidreobis Zeglebis istoriuli garemos Semdgomi degrada-
ciis Tavidan asacileblad da misi dacvis mizniT, saqarTvelos mTavro-
bis davalebiT, saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis erovnuli
saagentos mier 2018 wels SemuSavda mcxeTis kulturuli memkvidreobis
zogadi dacvis zonebis koreqtirebis proeqti. proeqti SemuSavda saerTa-
Soriso eqspertebis aqtiuri CarTulobiT da maTi rekomendaciebis gaT-
valiswinebiT (proeqtis xelmZRvaneli-arqiteqtori marina TumaniSvili).
es samuSao warmodgenilia rogorc angariSis saxiT, romelic UNESCO-s
eqspertebs waredgina, aseve proeqtis saxiT. proeqti Sesrulda sakanonmd-
eblo regulaciebis Sesabamisad, maT Soris msoflio kulturuli da bu-
nebrivi memkvidreobis dacvis da evropuli landSaftis konvenciebis Zi-
riTadi debulebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. mcxeTis kulturuli memkvidreobis
zogadi dacvis zonebis koreqtirebis proeqti amJamad ganxilvis stadiazea.
proeqtis mTavari mizani iyo mcxeTis kulturuli memkvidreobis istoriu-
38
li garemos dacvis uzrunvelyofa. koreqtirebas daeqvemdebara mcxeTis
kulturuli memkvidreobis zogadi dacvis yvela zona, maT Soris isto-
riuli ganaSenianebis dacvis zona, ganaSenianebis regulirebis zona, ar-
qeologiuri dacvis zona da istoriuli landSaftis dacvis zona.
mcxeTis kulturuli memkvidreobis zogadi damcavi zonebis koreqtirebis
proeqtSi, arqeologiuri dacvis zonebis koreqtireba, warimarTa arqeo-
log vaxtang nikolaiSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT Sesrulebuli arqeoli-
giuri dacvis zonebis proeqtis da, aseve arqeologiuri sabWos gadawy-
vetilebebis safuZvelze. arqeologiuri zonebis koreqtirebis Sedegad
ganisazRvra 9 (cxra) arqeologiuri dacvis zona, kerZod: narekvavi (11,73
ha); RarTiskari (8,91 ha); RarTiskari (9,1 ha); wiwamuri - sisamura (26,43 ha);
samTavros veli (22,71 ha); armazcixe-bagineTi (261,757 kv.m); armazis xevi (12
264 kv.m); sarkine (126 264 kv.m); grZeli mindori (103 452 kv.m). koreqtireba
Seexo ganaSenianebis regulirebis zonasac. koreqtirebisas aragvis sana-
piros monakveTs sveticxovlis sakaTedro taZris perimetrze daubrunda
2006 wlis dokumentis Tanaxmad arsebuli landSaftis dacvis zonis re-
gulacia. aseve landSaftis dacvis zonis regulaciebi daudginda aragvis
da mtkvris sanapiro zolebs, mdinareebis dacvis zonebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
istoriuli ganaSenianebis dacvis zonis sazRvrebis koreqtireba ganxor-
cielda kulturuli memkvidreobis Rirebulebis mqone obieqtebisa da
istoriulad Camoyalibebuli gegmarebiTi struqturis gaTvaliswinebiT.
imedia, rom saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis erovnuli saa-
gentos mier Sesrulebuli es proeqti xels Seuwyobs mcxeTis kultur-
uli memkvidreobis istoriuli garemos dacvas da mcxeTis mdgradi gan-
viTarebis uzrunvelyofas. mcxeTis istoriulad Camoyalibebuli garemos
dacvis sakiTxi kidev ufro maRal registrSi gadavida mcxeTis, rogorc
axali ierusalimis koncefciis miRebiT.
rogorc cnobilia, ama wlis 12-14 maiss TbilisSi eqspertTa saerTaSori-
so Sexvedra Catarda. Sexvedris Tema iyo „mcxeTis istoriuli Zeglebi:
msoflio memkvidreobis obieqtis - mcxeTis istoriuli Zeglebis da misi
Semogarenis konservacia da mdgradi gamoyeneba, cocxali religiuri da
sakraluri mniSvnelobis msoflio memkvidreoba istoriul urbanul kon-
teqstSi“.
Sexvedris Sedegad saerTaSoriso eqspertebi Sejerdnen, rom msoflio
kulturuli memkvidreobis mcxeTis istoriuli Zeglebi, misi buferuli
zona da Semogareni warmoadgens kulturul landSafts, romelic Seicavs
axali ierusalimis yvela elements da erTobliobaSi is umaRlesi mniSvne-
lobis memkvidreobas warmoadgens, romelic saWiroebs dacvas da mdgrad
gamoyenebas (“Agreeing that. The Mtskheta Historical Monuments World Heritage property
and its buffer zone and wider setting form a cultural landscape which includes all the elements of
New Jerusalem together forming a heritage of the highest significance, needing to be conserved
and used sustainably” (Conclusions and recommendations of the International Expert Meeting on
the Conservation and Sustainable Use of the Historical Monuments of Mtskheta Word Heritage
Property and Setting/ Living Religious and sacred Word Heritage in Historic Urban Context.).
kulturuli memkvidreobis relevanturi dacvis zonebis mniSvnelobaze
da masze dayrdnobiT mcxeTis menejmentis da qalaqTmSeneblobiTi doku-
mentebis SemuSavebis saWiroebis Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso eqspertebis Sexve-
39
 dris Sedegad miRebul rekomendaciebSi aRniSnulia, rom dainteresebul Marina Tumanishvili
mxareebTan SeTanxmebis da Sesabamisi kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis
zonebis safuZvelze unda gagrZeldes Zalisxmeva mcxeTis sivrciTi te- National Agency for Cultural Heritage Preservation of Georgia,
ritoriuli ganviTarebis marTvis dokumentaciis SemuSavebis, miRebis da UNESCO and International Relations Unit,
implementaciisaTvis (Efforts should be continued to complete, adopt and implement Ma- Chief Specialist, Doctor of Architecture
nagement Documentation for Spatial Territorial Development of Mtskheta agreed and accepted
by the stakeholders as well as relevant heritage protection zones”. Conclusions and recommen-
dations of the International Expert Meeting on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of the His- PROTECTION
torical Monuments of Mtskheta Word Heritage Property and Setting/ Living Religious and sacred
Word Heritage in Historic Urban Context. Recommendation #10). OF
MTSKHETA
CULTURAL
da bolos, kidev erTxel unda aRiniSnos, rom mcxeTis istoriulad Ca-
moyalibebuli garemos dacva erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani faqtoria
mcxeTis mdidari kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis uzrunvelsayofad da
HERITAGE
AND
misi zogadsakacobrio Rirebulebis SesanarCuneblad. (sur. 3, 4)

HISTORICALLY
FORMED
ENVIRONMENT
Mtskheta is particularly distinguished town of
Georgia. It, as well known, had the function of
the capital city till the VI cen., and since the IV
cen., by introduction of Christianity, it has be-
come spiritual center of country. It embosoms
unmeasurable tangible and intangible cultural
heritage. Mtskheta artifacts cover wide range
of historical period – the samples of pre-Chris-
3
tian period, as well as the richest cultural heri-
tage of Christian period are represented there.
Altogether, it creates historically formed envi-
ronment.
Unique monuments of Cultural heritage of
Mtskheta – Jvari Monastery, Svetitskhove-
li Cathedral and Samtavro Monastery are en-
listed in the List of UNESCO World Heritage
Monuments, since 1994.
The present article covers the process of global
recognition of unique monuments of cultural
heritage of Mtskheta. The existing mechanisms
and legislative regulations for ensuring of pres-
ervation of historically formed environment
and cultural heritage monuments of Mtskheta
are also presented.

Protection of historically formed environment

in Mtskheta is one of the most important fac-
tors for ensuring the preservation of rich cul-
tural heritage of Mtskheta and maintenance of
its universal value.

3. mcxeTis Zeglebi - samTavro, sveticxoveli da

jvari - me-19 s.
4. mcxeTis msoflio memkvidreobis Zeglebi -
samTavro, sveticxoveli da jvari dRes

40 41
 irma doliZe
saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis
dacvis erovnuli saagento,
muzeumebisa da muzeum-nakrZalebis sasmaxuri,
samsaxuris ufrosi, xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori

mcxeTis
muzeum-nakrZali

mcxeTis teritoriaze pirveli arqeologiuri gaTx-

rebi XIX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi daiwyo da dRem-
de grZeldeba. aRmoCenili masalis safuZvelze 1955
wels Seiqmna mcxeTis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumi.
axlad daarsebul muzeums maleve (1956) gadaeca
sveticxovlis ezoSi mdebare anton kaTalikosis
sasaxle (XVIII s.), romlis zeda sarTulzec moewyo
muzeumis pirveli mudmivi eqspozicia. damTvalier-
ebelisTvis igi 1959 wels gaixsna.

saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis

erovnuli saagentos dokumentTa sacavSi daculia
mcxeTis pirveli muzeumis proeqti Sesrulebuli
specialuri samecniero sarestavracio sawarmoo
saxelosnos mier. „muzeumi sveticxovlis terito-
riaze“ - pirveli da meore sarTulis, eqskursiamZ-
RolTa oTaxis, suvenirebisa da saCuqrebis maRaziis
gegmebiT, WrilebiT, ganSlebiT - adaptaciis saint-
ereso nimuSi unda yofiliyo. sur. 1

jer kidev 1940 wels saqarTvelos ssr saxkom-sabWos 1

dadgenilebiT armazis midamoebi gamocxadda na-
krZalad. 1957 wels saqarTvelos ssr ministrTa
sabWos dadgenilebiT mcxeTis teritoria mdinareebs
aragvsa da mtkvars Sua bebriscixemde gamocxadda
arqeologiur nakrZalad. saqarTvelos ssr minis-
trTa sabWos 1966 wlis dadgenilebiT mTlianad
mcxeTa gamocxadda arqeologiur nakrZalad, xolo
1968 wlis dadgenilebiT - qalaq-muzeumad1.

mcxeTis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumis bazaze 1977

wels dafuZnda mcxeTis xelovnebisa da isto-
riul-arqiteqturuli muzeum-nakrZali (saqarT-
velos ssr ministrTa sabWos 1977 wlis 14 se-
qtembris dadgenileba), romelmac moicva Zveli

1 saqarTvelos istoriisa da kulturis ZeglTa aRweriloba, t. 5, Tb., 1990, gv. 232

42 43
 mcxeTis umniSvnelovanesi arqeologiuri kompleqsebi: armazcixe (bagineTi), vanes nawils Seadgens. iseve rogorc
samTavros veli, armazisxevi. sakuTriv muzeumi ganaxlebuli gamofeniT samTavros velze arqeologiuri kv-
1981 wlis oqtomberSi gaixsna. muzeumis fondSi am droisaTvis daculi levisas (1976 w.) gamovlenili gvian-
iyo 6000-mde eqsponati, arqeologiuri da eTnografiuli masala. brinjao-adrerkinis namosaxlarebze
aRmoCenili artefaqtebi. Tavad namo-
daarsebidan dRemde mcxeTis mxareTmcodneobis muzeums (1955 wlidan), Sem- saxlarebi ki samTavros arqeologi-
deg mcxeTis xelovnebisa da istoriul-arqiteqturul muzeum-nakrZals uri kompleqsis Semadgenelia. sur. 2
(1977 wlidan), didi mcxeTis saxelmwifo muzeum-nakrZals (2002 wlidan), 2
didi mcxeTis arqeologiur saxelmwifo muzeum-nakrZals (2006 wlidan)
xelmZRvanelobdnen: a. soxaZe, g. TaTaraSvili, v. mamukelaSvili, g. SiolaS-
vili, T. bibiluri, n. maisuraSvili.

2008 wlidan didi mcxeTis arqeologiuri saxelmwifo muzeum-nakrZali saqa-

rTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis erovnuli saagentos Semadgen-
lobaSia. muzeumSi daculia 23 600-ze meti eqsponati. maTi udidesi nawili
arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad mcxeTasa da mis SemogarenSi gamovleni-
li arqeologiuri masalaa. am koleqciis udidesi nawili qronologiuri
TvalsazrisiT vrcel periods moicavs - Zv.w. IV aTaswleulidan gviani
Sua saukuneebis CaTvliT. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas iqcevs maRali os-
tatobiT Sesrulebuli oqromWedlobis nimuSebi, formis, damuSavebisa da
daniSnulebis TvalsazrisiT uaRresad mravalferovani minisa da Tixis
WurWlis koleqciebi, mcire plastikis nimuSebi, arqiteqturuli fragmen-
tebi, iaraRis koleqciebi, sinatifiTa da damuSavebis teqnologiiT gamor-
Ceuli samkauli da sxvadasxva fufunebis sagani. am ukanasknelis simrav-
le dedaqalaqobis periodis mcxeTis mkvidrTa cxovrebis maRal doneze
miuTiTebs.

arqeologiuri koleqciebis mravalferovnebiT da mniSvnelobiT didi mcx-

eTis saxelmwifo muzeum-nakrZali qveynis masStabiT erT-erTi gamorCeuli
muzeumia. arqeologiis garda igi eTnologiur da saxviTi xelovnebis
koleqciebsac flobs, qronologiurad isini XIX-XX saukuneebs ganekuT-
vneba da mcirericxovani koleqciebis saxiTaa warmodgenili. amasTan er-
Tad, didi mcxeTis arqeologiuri saxelmwifo muzeum-nakrZali moicavs
da aerTianebs q. mcxeTasa da mis SemogarenSi arsebul winaqristianuli
da qristianuli xanis arqeologiur da arqiteqturul kompleqsebs. ese-
nia: samTavros samarovani da namosaxlarebi (Zv.w. III aTasw. – ax.w. XI-XIII
ss.); armazcixe (bagineTi) – qarTlis mefeTa rezidencia (Zv.w. II-I - ax.w.
VII-VIII ss.); pitiaxSebis (erisTavebis) armazisxevis rezidencia (II-IV ss.);
akldama ( I s.).

kulturuli memkvidreobis es erovnuli mniSvnelobis Zeglebi – turis-

tuli infrastruqturiT, moqmedi saganmanaTleblo programebiT, mimdinare
arqeologiuri gaTxrebiT – muzeum-nakrZalis Ria cis qveS „eqspoziciebia“.

samTavros samarovani sxvadasxva periodis (Zv.w. II aTasw. I naxevridan ax.

w. VII–VIII saukuneebamde) da sxvadasxva ti pis (gora da ormo-samarxebi,
qvevr-samarxebi, kramit-samarxebi, orferdasaxuraviani da banursaxuravi-
ani qva-samarxebi) ramdenime iarusad ganlagebuli aTasobiT samarxiT ka-
vkasiis masStabiT erT-erTi udidesi nekropolia. samTavros samarovanze
aRmoCenili mdidari arqeologiuri masala (Tixis, liTonisa da minis Wur-
Weli, brinjaos da rkinis iaraR-saWurveli, samkaulebi da sxva) didi mcxe-
Tis arqeologiuri saxelmwifo muzeum-nakrZalis koleqciis umniSvnelo-
armazcixe - qarTlis (iberiis) mefeTa rezidencia da Zveli mcxeTis ak-
ropolisia. „qarTlis cxovrebis“ mixedviT, igi qarTlis mefe farnavazs
Zv. w. III saukuneSi auSenebia. 30 heqtarze terasebad gaSlili da alizis
koSkebiani galavniT SemozRuduli kompleqsidan Cvenamde sxvadasxva epoq-
isa da daniSnulebis nagebobebma moaRwia. aseTia svetebiani darbazi (Zv. w.
II-I ss.), orsenakiani nageboba (ax.w. I-VI ss.), eqvsafsidiani taZari marniTurT,
romauli ti pis abanoebi (ax.w. II-III ss.), darbazuli eklesiis naSTebi (VII-

44 45
 VIII ss.). arqeologiuri gaTxrebi aq
jer kidev XIX saukunis bolos dai-
wyo. kompleqsis Seswavla dRemde mim-
dinareobs. bolo wlebSi Catarebu-
li arqeologiuri kvlevebis Sedegad
gamovlinda sxvadasxva periodis na-
mosaxlarebi (ax.w. II-IV ss.). 2010-2011
wlebSi ganxorcielda armazcixis ar-
qeologiuri Zeglis reabilitaciisa
3 da konservaciis proeqti Sesabamisi
infrastruqturiT. saitis ganviTare-
bis proeqtze muSaoba amJamadac mim-
dinareobs. sur. 3
46
4
didi mcxeTis arqeologiuri saxelm-
wifo muzeum-nakrZalis mniSvnelovani
kompleqsia pitiaxSebis armazisxevis
rezidencia (mdebareobs mcxeTidan 3
km-Si). armazisxevis kompleqsSi Se-
dis pitiaxSTa (erisTavTa) sasaxle
(II-IV ss.), misi Tanamedrove romauli
ti pis abano da pitiaxSTa samarxebi
– mTliani qvisgan nagebi sarkofagebi
da samarxi-akldamebi. am mdidrul sa-
marxebSi aRmoCenilia Zvirfasi qvebiT
Semkuli oqrosa da vercxlis sam-
kauli: diademebi, yelsabamebi, beWde-
bi, samajurebi, sayureebi, minisa da
vercxlis WurWeli. armazisxevis uni-
kaluri artefaqtebi daculia saqa-
rTvelos erovnul muzeumSi. sur. 4
muzeum-nakrZalis Semadgeneli naw-
ilia mavzoleumis ti pis akldama (I
s.) kargad damuSavebuli qviT nagebi
frontoniani fasadis mqone damou- 5
kidebeli arqiteqturuli nageboba.
igi XX saukunis 50-ian wlebSi gam-
ovlinda. gaZarcvis miuxedavad, akl-
damaSi aTeulobiT artefaqti aRmoCn-
da: oqros samkauli, monetebi, minisa
da Tixis WurWeli, gemebi, mZivebi
(daculia saqarTvelos erovnul
muzeumSi). sur. 5
1992 wels mcxeTis muzeumma Seicvala adgilmdebareoba da anton kaTa-
likosis sasaxlidan q. mcxeTis gamgeobis yofil SenobaSi (aRmaSeneblis
#135) gadavida, romelSic igi sami aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi funqcioni-
rebda (2012 wlamde). cxadia, am saxis nageboba araTu Tanamedrove, aramed,
zogadad, samuzeumo moTxovnebs ver pasuxobda (kabinetur princi pze age-
47
 buli, mcire zomis sivrceebad danawevrebuli interieriT sruliad Seu-
sabamo iyo muzeumisTvis). miuxedavad amisa, Senobis mowesrigebis mizniT,
saagento etapobrivad axorcielebda sareabilitacio samuSaoebs (mTli-
anad gamoicvala gadaxurva, moewyo sainformacio sivrce). magram aseTi
Carevebi sasurvel Sedegs ver iZleoda. sur. 6
survelia Senoba iyos moculobiTad danawevrebuli rogorc fasadebze,
aseve, Sesabamisad interierSi. fasadebi unda iyos minimalisturad gad-
awyvetili. axali muzeumis mSeneblobisas gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos
Tanamedrove standartebi koleqciebis Senaxvasa da eqsponirebaSi, da muze-
umis dacvisa da usafrTxoebis sakiTxebSi“. daproeqtebisas gamoyenebuli
unda yofiliyo mwvane arqiteqturis princi pebi. konkursSi monawileoba
araerTma arqitetqurulma kompaniam da arqiteqtorma miiRo. sur. 7

6. mcxeTis muzeumi 2009-2010 ww.

bunebrivia axali Senoba mcxeTis muzeumisTvis, romelSic gaTvaliswinebu-

li iqneboda Tanamedrove samuzeumo infrastruqturis yvela aucilebe-
li komponenti rogorc funqciuri (fondsacavebi, sakonferencio darba-
zi, droebiTi gamofenebisa da saganmanaTleblo programebis gankuTvnili
sivrceebi, kafe da sxva.), ise teqnologiuri TvalsazrisiT, sasicocxlod
aqtualuri iyo. igegmeboda kidec, magram axali muzeumis aSenebamde Se-
noba, romelSic mcxeTis muzeumi funqcionirebda, gaiyida (2011 wels igi
kompania „jorjian uoTer end fauerma~ SeiZina).

muzeumis saqmianobis SeCerebis paralelurad, urTulesi gamowveva mrava-

laTasiani koleqciebis droebiT sacavSi gadatana iyo (amisTvis mcxeTaSi,
aRmaSeneblis gamzirze mdebare garemos dacvis inspeqciis SenobaSi ga-
moiyo farTi. muzeumi aq 2012 wels gadavida), rasac win uZRoda fondis
sruli inventarizacia, fotofiqsacia da kompleqtacia.

paralelurad mimdinareobda mcxeTis arqeologiuri muzeumis axali Se-

nobis proeqtze muSaoba, 2011 wels saagentos ukve gamocxadebuli hqonda
konkursi mcxeTis muzeumis eskizuri proeqtis momzadebaze.

muzeumis axali Senobis ageba igegmeboda q. mcxeTaSi yofili Teatronis

mimdebare teritoriaze (aragvis sanapiroze), romlis farTobi 1 ha-s Sead-
genda. samuzeumo nagebobis savaraudo moculoba 1800 kv.m. iyo. sakonkurso
moTxovnebiT muzeumis axal Senobas unda gaeTvaliswinebina mimdebare
teritoriis ganaSenianebis specifika da mcxeTis istoriuli Zeglebis xa-
siaTi. Tumca es ar gulisxmobda axal arqiteqturaSi mcxeTis Sua sauku-
neebis xuroTmoZRvrebis formaTa imitacias. ufro metic, muzeumis axali
Senoba Tavad unda qceuliyo mcxeTis erT-erT arqiteqturul orientirad
da RisrsSesaniSnav adgilad. sakonkurso davalebaSi xazgasmuli iyo: „sa-

48 49
 sakonkurso ganacxadebiT saintereso suraTi daixata, eskizuri proeqte-
bi ekleqturobiT xasiaTdeboda. samuzeumo arqiteqturis proeqtirebis
tradiciis simwire naTlad aisaxa am konkretuli konkursis magaliTzec.
amgvarad, 2011 wels momzadda mcxeTis muzeumis axali Senobis eskizuri
proeqti (Semsrulebeli: „arqiteqturuli jgufi da partniorebi“). pro-
eqtis mixedviT muzeumi funqciurad iusticiis saxlsac moicavda. mas
orsarTuliani Senobis Sesasvleli sivrcis mxolod erTi segnebti eT-
moboda. pirvel sarTulze umTavresad, sazogadoebrivi sivrceebi daigeg-
ma - sakonferencio darbazi, mudmivi da droebiTi gamofenebis sivrceebi,
meore sarTulze - muzeumis administracia, fondsacavebi, saganmanaTleb-
lo programebisTvis gankuTvnili darbazi, sarestavracio laboratoria,
dacvisa da teqnikuri uzrunvelyofis sivrceebi. aRniSnuli proeqtiT
2012 wels daiwyo axali muzeumis mSenebloba. qalaq mcxeTis reabil-
itaciis farglebSi es procesi intensiurad warimarTa. im droisaTvis
aragvis sanapiroze, msoflio memkvidreobis Zeglis, sveticxovlis sakaT-
edro taZris mimdebared, ukve dasrulebuli iyo sxvadasxva daniSnulebis
nagebobebis mSenebloba. mcxeTis muzeumis SemTxvevaSi ki mxolod sa-
Zirkvli iyo Casxmuli. procesi maleve SeCerda. msoflio memkvidreobis
komitetis uaryofiTi Sefasebisa da Sesabamisi rekomendaciebis safuZ-
velze qarTulma mxarem SeaCera muzeumis axali nagebobis mSeneblo-
ba (2012-2013) da mcxeTis muzeumi kvlav Senobis gareSe darCa. sur. 8

50 51
52 53
 arsebuli garemoebebis gaTvalis-
winebiT saqarTvelos kulturuli
memkvidreobis dacvis erovnuli saa-
gentos iniciativiT, 2013 wels mcxeTis
muzeumisTvis mas gadaeca didi xnis
ganmavlobaSi umoqmedo kinoTeatri
„karibWe“, romlis interierSic Tavad
kinoTeatris mSeneblobis dros gamov-
lenili mcxeTis istoriuli karibWis
naSTebi iyo moqceuli2. sabWoTa peri-
9 odis Semdeg Senoba aRar funqcioni-
rebda da umZimes mdgomareobaSi iyo
(Camtvreuli vitraJebi, dazianebuli
saxuravi, gaZarcvuli fasadi da in-
terieri). sur. 9
Tu muzeumis winare proeqti axali Senobis dagegmarebas Tavisufal teri-
toriaze gulisxmobda, am SemTxvevaSi dRis wesrigSi dadga qalaqis mWidro
ganaSenianebaSi CarTuli (karibWis Cixi #1), ukve sakuTari istoriisa da
Rirebulebis mqone nagebobis rekonstruqcia da samuzeumo adaptacia.
XX saukunis 60-70-ian wlebSi agebuli kinoTeatri (mT. arq. gr. jabua)
sabWoTa modernizmis gamorCeuli nimuSia. msoflio memkvidreobis Ze-
glebis garemocvaSi, uSualod samTavros monastrisa da samTavros velis
mimdebared agebuli es masiuri, kubis formis orsarTuliani, feradovani
keramikuli panoebiT Semkuli nageboba, ara marto Tavisi mdebareobiT,
aramed masStabiT, moculobiT, formiTa da mxatvruli gadawyvetiT organ-
uladaa Cawerili mcxeTis urbanul qsovilSi. kinoTeatris garda, nagebo-
ba Zeglis dacviT funqciasac iTavsebs. kinoTeatris pirveli sarTulis
Seminul sivrceSi istoriuli mcxeTis zRude-galavanSi CarTulii erT-er-
Ti ZiriTadi karibWis e.w. „aragvis karis“ (V-VI ss.) monumenturi naS-
Tebia. isini 1965-1967 wlebSi, kinoTeatris mSeneblobisas, gamovlinda da
arqiteqtorTa gadawyvetilebiT kinoTeatris arqiteqturul struqturaSi
moeqca. ase, rom samuzeumo funqcia kinoTeatr „karibWes“, SeiZleba iTqvas,
Tavidanve mieniWa.
STambeWdavia sakuTriv arqeologiuri Zeglis arqiteqtura da masStabi.
Tlili qviT mopirkeTebuli kedlebi masiuri koSkiTaa daculi. kariWes
asawev-dasawevi kari unda hqonoda. aRmoCnda, rom „galavani karibWiTurT
ufro adreul namosaxlarze da samarovanzea daSenebuli. aq gaiTxara
IV-V ss. saxlebis kedlebis riyis qvis safuZvlebi, saRvine qvevrebi, sameur-
neo xaroebi, I-II ss. erTi ormosamarxi, sami kramit-samarxi da TerTmeti
qvevr-samarxi. samarxebSi aRmoCnda Tixis xeladebi, vercxlisa da brin-
jaos samkauli, sxvadasxva masalis mZivebi, romauli da parTuli mon-
etebi“3. am mravalfeniani arqeologiuri kompleqsis gamovlenam realurad
ganapiroba da gansazRvra kidec kinoTeatris arqiteqtura. „samive Zegli
2 „karibWes“ kulturuli memkvidreobis Zeglis statusi 2009 wlidan hqonda miniWebuli
(25.12.2009 #3/204), iseve rogorc mcxeTis muzeum-nakrZalSi Semaval kompleqsebs (samTav-
ros namosaxlari da samarovani, samefo akldama, pitiaxSTa armazisxevisW rezidencia)
3 bulia m., janjalia m., „mcxeTa“, Tb., 2000, gv. 80
54
10. mcxeTis muzeumi, 2020 w.
(samarovani, nasaxlari, karibWe) friad mniSvnelovan masalas gvawvdis gvi-
anantikuri da adrefeodaluri xanis mcxeTis istoriis Sesaswavlad Zv.w.
I saukunidan vidre ax.w. VIII saukunis 30-ian wlebamde, rodesac mcxeTis
zRude-galavani da TviT qalaqis mosaxleobac, unda vifiqroT, mtris Se-
mosevisa da darbevis sagani gaxda. ... ganxilul ZeglTagan yvelaze ukeT
cxadia yvelaze axalgazrda Zegli-karibWe aris Semonaxuli. 6 m. sisqis
alizis kedeli, masze miSenebuli karibWis orive bastioni. amaT Soris
moTavsebuli mokirwyluli quCa da qalaqSi Sesasvlelis qvaTlilebiT
nagebi kedlis naSTebi, Tavisi monumenturi xasiaTiT mnaxvelze did STabe-
Wdilebas stovebs. es aris bednieri SemTxveva, rodesac saSualeba gveZle-
va 1500 wliani xandazmulobis Semdeg uSualod vWvretdeT Cven winapar-
Ta didi samSeneblo xelovnebis erT-erT brwyinvale nimuSs. swored am
garemoebam ganapiroba gadawyvetileba misi dacva-Senaxvis aucileblobis
Sesaxeb. farToekraniani kinoTeatris ti piuri proeqti individualuriT
Seicvala, axali proeqtis (avt. g. jabua da sxv.) mixedviT karibWe maRal
svetebze dayrdnobil mayurebelTa darbazis qveS unda moeqces, ise rom
Zeglis daTvaliereba yoveli mxridan daubrkoleblad SeiZlebodes“,4 -
vkiTxulobT mcxeTis arqeologiuri eqspediciis 30 wlisTavisadmi miZR-
vil statiaSi, romelic uSualod „aragvis kars“, misi aRmoCenis istoriasa
da arqeologiuri Zeglis Seswavlas exeba.
bunebrivia, rekonstruqciisa da samuzeumo adaptaciis proeqtiT kinoTe-
atrSi integrirebul arqeologiur Zegls, iseve, rogorc Tavad kinoTea-
tris Senobas, unda SenarCuneboda Tavisi istoriul-arqiteqturuli Ri-
rebuleba. mcxeTis istoruli karibWe imTaviTve mcxeTis mudmivmoqmedi
eqspoziciis nawilad iqna moazrebuli. aseve, mniSvnelovani iyo sabWoTa
periodis ori monumenturi keramikuli panos SenarCunebac, romelTagan
erTi - „saqarTvelo“ - Senobis fasadzea da aqtiur rols asrulebs
misi mxatvruli saxis SeqmnaSi, meore - „berikaoba“ ki interierSi. pano-
Ta kompoziciebi da maTi Sinaarsi mcxeTis muzeumis misiasa da momavali
eqspoziciis im gzavnilebsac exmianeba, romlebic winaswar iqna saagentos
samuzeumo samsaxuris mier damuSavebuli - mcxeTa saqarTvelos uZvelesi
dedaqalaqi da mcxeTa, rogorc qristianobis uZvelesi kera saqarTvelo-
4 kalandaZe a., boxoCaZe a., „aragvis kari (mcxeTis arqeologiuri eqspediciis 30 wl-
isTavisTvis)“, Zeglis megobari, #15, 1968, gv. 20, 21, 25, 26
55
 Si. sabWoTa periodSi Seqmnili panos Tematika saqarTvelos itoriisa da
kulturis swored am mniSvnelovan aqcentebs Seicavs. sveticxovlisa da
„sveti cxovelis“ Temis garSemo ganviTarebuli kompozicia - xelovnebis,
vazis, damwerlobis, aRmSeneblobis, samSoblos dacvisa da momavali Tao-
bebisTvis am memkvidreobis gadacemis simboluri gzavnilebiTaa gajere-
buli. panos kideebSi ganTavsebuli amonaridebi „qarTlis cxovrebidan“
ki Segvaxsenebs: „mcxeTos aRaSena qalaqi Sesakrebelsa Soris mtkvrisa
da aragvisasa da uwoda saxeli Tvsi mcxeTa“ da „rameTu qalaqi mcxe-
Ta gandidebul iyo umetes yovlTasa da uwodes deda-qalaqad“. yofili
kinoTeatris, dRes ki muzeumis Senobis pano, muzeumSi Sesvlamde „amza-
debs“ mnaxvels uZvelesi qveynis, misi dedaqalaqis, qarTuli saxelmwifosa
da aTaswleulebis uwyveti istoriis gasacnobad. (sur 10)
cxadia, aseTi Senobis samuzeumod adaptacia umarav sirTulesa da ga-
mowvevasTanaa dakavSirebuli. 2014 wels kulturuli memkvidreobis saa-
gentom kvlav gamoacxada konkursi mcxeTis axali muzeumis adaptacia-gan-
viTarebis proeqtze. konkursSi monawile kompaniaTagan (Sps „si Ti bi“, Sps
„arko 04“, Sps „inJinruli azri“, i.m. vaxtang zesaSvili, Sps „arqiteqsi“, Sps
„T.a“, Sps „arqiteqsi“ .upiratesoba Sps „arqiteqsi“-s proeqts mieniWa. sur. 11
11
56
msoflio bankisa da iuneskos eqspertebi aqtiurad CaerTvnen procesSi.
amasTan,munici paluri ganviTarebis fondma da msoflio bankma sruli mzao-
ba gamoxates finansuri da eqspertuli mxardaWera gaewiaT proeqtisTvis.
mcxeTis muzeumi msoflio bankisa da munici paluri ganviTarebis fondis
mier mesame regionuli ganviTarebis programis farglebSi moeqca, romlis
erT-erT mizansac saqarTvelos mcxeTa-mTianeTisa da samcxe-javaxeTis re-
gionebSi turistuli infrastuqturis ganviTareba warmoadgenda. amgvarad,
iuneskos rekomendaciebiT, msoflio bankis eqspertebis, munici paluri gan-
viTarebis fondisa da saagentos TanamSromlobiT momzadebuli axali
davalebis safuZvelze, 2016 – 2017 wlebSi, kinoTeatr ,,karibWe“-s rekon-
struqciis da samuzeumo adaptaciis proeqti damuSavda.
saproeqto davalebaSi vkiTxulobT: „axali samuzeumo funqcia savaraudod
moiTxovs gafarToebis, damatebiTi moculob(eb)is gaCenis saWiroebas. mi-
uxedavad imisa, Tu rogori gadawyveta iqneba moZebnili proqtirebisas -
miSeneba, axali moculobis gaCena Tu sxva - sakiTxi ar SeiZleba gadawydes
arsebuli Senobis iersaxis Seuferebeli cvlilebis, misi ganuyofeli el-
ementebis gadafarvisa da Seusabamo gadakeTebis xarjze. .. gansakuTrebu-
li yuradReba unda mieqces kinoTeatris Senobis Tavdapirveli koncefci-
is xazgasmas da misi srulfasovnad aRqmis SesaZleblobas... sasurvelia
proeqtirebis periodSi saproeqto jgufis mier gaTvaliswinebuli iqnas
kinoTeatris Senobis proeqtis avtoris mosazrebebi axal saproeqto gad-
awyvetasTan dakavSirebiT“.
kinoTeatris Senoba qalaqis mWidro ganaSenianebaSia CarTuli, aqvs mcire
zomis ezo, aRniSnuli viTareba rekonstruqciisTvis arcTu saxarbielo
realobas qmnida. verc simaRleSi moxdeboda misi ganviTareba. arsebuli
Senobis moculoba ki samuzeumo infrastruqturisTvis sakmaris farTobs
ver iZleoda. amitom daemata erTi fligeli, Seminuli kedlebiT, romelmac
axali arqiteqturuli moculoba da, Sesabamisad, damatebiTi farTi gaaCina,
magram ar daarRvia saerTo mxatvrul-arqiteqturuli struqtura. (sur. 12)
kinoTeatris samuzeumod adaptaciis proeqtSi gaTvaliswinebulia Tana-
medrove muzeumis srulfasovani funqcionirebisaTvis saWiro yvela mimar-
Tuleba Sesabamisi funqciuri sivrceebiT (mudmivi da droebiTi gamofen-
ebisTvis, fondebisTvis, saganmanaTleblo programebisTvis, sakonferencio
darbazi, sakonservacio-sarestavracio laboratoria, specializirebuli
samecniero biblioTeka, samuzeumo kafe), Senobis aRWurva Tanamedrove
sistemebiT (gaTboba-gagrileba-kondencireba).
kinoTeatr ,,karibWe“-s rekonstruqciis da samuzeumo Senobad adaptaciis
proeqti (Semsrulebeli aii p ,,saqarTvelos memkvidreoba“) dadebiTad Se-
fasda iuneskos msoflio memkvidreobis centrisa da misi mrCeveli orga-
nizaciis - „ICOMOS”-is mier. daiwyo proeqtis ganxorcielebac.
paralelurad, saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis erovnuli
saagentosa da saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis erToblivi proeqtiT 2016
wlis 14 dekembers simon janaSias saxelobis saqarTvelos muzeumSi gaix-
sna gamofena - axali muzeumis mudmiv eqspoziciamde - „mcxeTis muzeumis
saganZuri~, romelzec eqsponirebuli iyo didi mcxeTis arqeologiuri
saxelmwifo muzeum-nakrZalis Zvirfasi liTonebis koleqciaSi daculi
300-ze meti eqsponati. mniSvnelovani iyo, rom aq gamofenil artefaqtebs
57
 eleqtro faris fila

8-8
7-7
8-8
4,080

7-7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
345 635 430 570 axali fila Cilerebis700 700 700 4,080
39 ganTavsebis adgilebis CvenebiT
1,042 345 635 430 570 700 700 700

20X60 sm zomis damcavi rk/b.-is kedeli

555 716

230
85 390 100 390 100 sayrdeni kedeli

287

297

297
180
E
E
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ekrani arsebuli saZirkvlis baliSi 6-6
6.11 m2
6-6
saxanZro avzi

420
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20.79 m2
420 54.97 m 2

48.36 m2 zona 9
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+4.66 samzareulo
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EDUCATIONAL AREA kvanZi
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54.77 m2
kvanZi
2
-3.85 118.62 m -3.85 6.79 m2
Tarjimnis
oTaxi
25.15 m2 INTERPRETER
26

25 1
sakonferencio darbazi

26 x 17 = 449
ROOM 24 2
CONFERENCE HALL
zona 7 22
23 3

745
marTvis
gamofenis mosamzadebeli 21 1
4-4 4-4

22 x 17 = 374
22 4
25.29 m2 oTaxi 20 2
pulti
745

20.00 %
4-4 EXIBITION PREPARATION AREA 19 3 4-4 TECNICAL
UNIT
21

20
5

6
18 4
pandusis qvemo arsebuli 19 7

11.83 m2 10.76 m2 kuratoris oTaxi 17 5

+4.66 18 8
CURATOR 16

15
6

7
betonis konstruqcia 3.90 m2
17 9 R
25
teqnikuri saTavso 2
TECHNICAL STUFF
13.41 m 14 8 mowesrigdes Caisxas
16

15
10

11
13 9 sawyobiE
savaraudo sacavi
12 10 axali rk?betonsi baliSi WAREHOUSE
14 12
arsebuli iatakis niSnuli 51sm-iT aiwevs maRla
POSSIBLE STORAGE
+4.66 orive pandusis baqanze da maT gagrZelebaze arsebul
-3.85
holebSi, droebiT sagamofeno darbazSi,
22.02 m2

13
9.95 m2 gamofenis mosamzadebel sacavSi da kinoTeatris
sacavi teqnikuri saTavso B

11
yofil foieSi. ix. k-04 da konstruqciul naxazSi.
B STORAGE TECHNICAL STUFF

200
3,892
k-04
3-3 3-3
200

kvanZi
3,892

3-3 3-3 20.00 % 20.00 % +4.66

20.00 % 56.26 m2
betonis kibe moewyos adgilze A
A

228
228

saSxape
SPECIAL

E' SHOWER

E' +4.66
18.59 m2

250
laboratoria (sveli)
-3.56
250

teqnikuri saTavso LABORATORY (WET ZONE)

TECHNICAL STUFF
sruli klimatiT aRWurvili sacavi 14.04 m2 31.74 m2
21.60 m2
D' +5.13 +5.58 +6.04
D' 5.50 m2 WC
5.25 m2
sacavi
dasaSvebia sacavis mowyoba STORAGE
tenianobis reJimis gareSe laboratoriis oTaxSi arqeologiis sacavi
daematos erTi mdf-is kari ARCHEOLOGICAL STORAGE

mocemuli sqemis mixedviT

sivrce urikebis da kibeebis 177.23 m2
dasaSvebia sacavis mowyoba Sesanaxad +4.66
tenianobis reJimis gareSe STORAGE FOT PORTABLE TECHNIC 2-2 2-2

740
saWiroa kuratoris oTaxis Canacvleba holi
2-2 2-2 liTonis bade qarxnulad SeRebili
740

HALL
droebiTi sagamofeno
-3.56
laboratoria (mSrali)
LABORATORY (DRY ZONE) TEMPORARY EXIBITION cvalebadi simaRlis sul - 180m2
dgarebi Camagrdes arsebul rkina-betonis iatakze
27.10 m2 da Semdeg moewyos iatakis Seficvra. (ix. f. a66)
+4.66 2
70.29 m
45.73 m2
+5.13

16.52 m2 30.13 m2
190 +5.58
numizmatikis sacavi C'
NUMISMATIC STORAGE 50.22 m2
C' 53.84 m2
pandusis qvemo arsebuli eTnografiuli da saxviTi xelovnebis sacavi
ETHNOGRAPHIC AND FINE ARTS STORAGE
+6.57 +8.17
holiE axali koleqciis sacavi
betonis konstruqcia HALL ISOLATOR FOR RECIEVING OF
EXIBITION
mowesrigdes Caisxas 19 1
gamofenis mosamzadebeli oTaxi
EXIBITION PREPARATION AREA

19 x 16 = 300
axali rk?betonsi baliSi 18 2 #toPZvalue +6.04

607
17 3
biblioTeka
16.75 m2 16 4
5.36 m2
607

LIBRARY 2
arqeologiis sacavi
15 5 13.66 m
25.01 m2 ARCHEOLOGICAL STORAGE 33.70 m2 14

13
6

7
+4.66 sakarantino
zona
arqeologiis sacavi 12 8 DISINFACTION
ARCHEOLOGICAL STORAGE CHAMBER
11 9

11.17 m2
+4.66
daculi derefani 28.95 m2
PROTECTED CORRIDOR 20.00 %
B'

10
71
B'
71

A'
A'
20.00 % 20.00 % 56.40 m2
18

17

16

15

14

13

12

11

10

18 x 15 = 270
20.00 % 20.00 %
1-1 8-9 8-9 1-1
1-1 8-9 8-9 1-1

10mm-iani lameqsis minis moajiri sul 7.2m2

6 x 15 = 90

74

1
74 648 278 603 595 593 607 295
648 278 603 595 593 607 295
3,693
3,693
1' 2' 3' 4' 5' 6' 7' 8' 9'
1' 2' 3' 4' 5' 6' 7' 8' 9'

7-7

8-8
7-7

8-8

GSPublisherVersion 148.0.100.100
GSPublisherVersion 148.0.100.100

12
8-8

8-8
7-7

7-7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

4,080 4,080
345 635 430 570 700 700 700 345 635 430 570 700 700 700

E E
teqnikuri saTavso
TECHNICAL ROOM 468.20
29.81 m2
6-6 -0.75 6-6 6-6 6-6
420

420
56.56 m2

#toPZvalue
bileTebi da gasaxdeli
TICKET OFFICE AND CLOAKROOM

312 22.86 m2 20.68 m2

D5-5 6.49 m2
gasaxdeli
CLOAKROOM
5-5 D5-5 5-5

7
muzeumis maRaziaE 7 x 16 = 114
sawyobiE MUSEUM SHOP
sayrdeni kedeli WAREHOUSE
5.43 m2
moculoba dazustdes adgilze
zona 6
2 -0.75
29.79 m
630

630
±0.00 vizitorTa holi
95.70 m2 LOBBY FOR VISITORS
fexsawmendis ormo 3sm.
+8.59

180
60

20.00 %
C C
k-07
±0.00 cxauri kvanZi
112.66 m2
holi
HALL
211.49 m2
26
saganmanaTleblo sivrce
25 1
EDUCATIONAL AREA
26 x 17 = 449

sagamofeno sivrce 24 2
EXIBITION AREA 23 3
745

745
4-4 22 4 4-4 4-4 20.00 % 4-4
21 5

20 6
sayrdeni kedeli 19 7

moculoba dazustds adgilze zona 5 zona 4 18 8

30.94 m2
91.44 m 2
zona 1 20.45 m2 17

16
9

10 moixsnas arsebuli granitis k-03

gamofenis 15 11
filebi sul 301m2 kvanZi
14 12
winasityvaoba kolona damuSavdes
qviSacementis xsnariT 468.20
265 moCarCvoebsi Semdeg da
13

B Seilesos miuxenuri lesviT B

200

200
3,892

3,892
3-3 10mm laminirebuli minis moajiri 3-3 3-3 3-3
simaRle 50sm. moajiris farTi 20.00 % 20.00 %
Seadgens 24.8m2 20.00 %
A A
49.5 grZivi metri
228

228
15
E' E'
7.21 m2 sagamofeno sivrce
EXIBITION AREA menejeri
teqnikuri oTaxi
250

250
MANAGER
TECHNICAL ROOM 11
WC WC
18.26 m2 4.39 m2

480

485
10
zona 3. 9

44.69 m2 8
2
კარიბჭე, საგამოფენო დარბაზი. 4.58 m
D' 7
D'
კიბე 1 6

kuratoris oTaxi 5 moixsnas arsebuli bazaltis filebi sul 335m2

CURATOR kibis dgarebi 11.40 m2
4

3
da dasawyobdes misi Semdgomi gamoyenebis mizniT
10.39 m2 2 buRalteria
1 ACCOUNTANT

150

145
detalis kvanZi ix. a-70
zona 2 zona 2
396.53 m2 adreuli agraruli periodi 10

2-2 2-2 2-2 2-2

740

740
9
ZONE 8

EARLY AGRICULTURAL PERIOD 7

468.09

10 x 15 = 150
300
Sexvedrebis oTaxi 6

11.04 m2 MEETING ROOM 5

18.97 m2 4

sagamofeno sivrce 47.17 m 2 3 50.47 m2

32.63 m2 ±0.00 EXIBITION AREA
2

+7.86
damlageblis oTaxi
CLEANING SERVICE ROOM
holiE
130
kibis dgarebi HALL
administraciis holiE
C' ADMINISTRATION HALL
97.52m2 81.54m2
C'
kuratori
კარიბჭე, საგამოფენო დარბაზი. CURATOR

1,100
კიბე 2
WC
19.06 m2
6
5
4
3
2
1

6.68 m2 29.30 m2 10mm laminirebuli minis moajiri

simaRle 90sm. moajiris farTi 19 1

19 x 16 = 300

800
18 2
Seadgens 10m2
607

607
17 3

±0.00 11.1 grZivi metri 16 4

16-iani SvelerebiT moewyos kibis CarCo da baqnis CarCo.
15 5
4 cal 8X8 sm milkvadratebze daeyrdnos kibis baqani
14 6
4X4 sm kuTxovenebiT. moewyos safexurebi, romelSic xis
13 7 ficari unda Calagdes. baqanic xis ficriT mopirkeTdes.
monitoringis samsaxuri 12 8 moewyos liTonis moajirebi 110 sm simaRlis milkvadratisgan.

generatori
MONITORING SPECIALIST 11 9 ZiriTadi sayrdenebi moewyos 4X6 sm milkvadratisgan. damatebiTi
10.21 m2 vertikaluri moajiris struqtura moewyos 2X4 sm milkvadratisgan.
moajiris saxeluri Sesruldes masiuri xis naWrisgan 8X4 sm.
dacvis oTaxi kibis, baqnis da moajiris konstruqcia damagrdes xis iatakebze
SEQURITY 2 liTonis samagrebiT maRali xarisxis xraxnebiT.
-0.15 17.15 m

B' B'

10
71

71
A' A'

20.00 % 20.00 %
20.00 % 20.00 % 20.00 % 20.00 %
1-1 8-9 8-9 1-1 1-1 8-9 8-9 1-1

74
6 x 15 = 90
648 278 603 595 593 607 295 74
6

3,693 648 278 603 595 593 607 295

3,693
1' 2' 3' 4' 5' 6' 7' 8' 9' 1' 2' 3' 4' 5' 6' 7' 8' 9'
Cilerebi
7-7

8-8

7-7

8-8
GSPublisherVersion 148.0.100.100 GSPublisherVersion 148.0.100.100

58 59
 14 12 2016 14. ixileT mcxeTis katalogis bmuli
16:00
gamofenam „mcxeTis muzeumis saganZuridan“ farTo sazogadoebis didi in-
teresi gamoiwvia. es droebiTi gamofena mcxeTis axali muzeumis mudmivi
s. janaSias saqarTvelos muzeumi, rusTavelis gamziri 3
3 rustaveli avenue, s. Janashia Museum of Georgia
saqarTvelos kulturisa da ZeglTa dacvis saministro
Ministry of Culture and MonuMent ProteCtion of GeorGia
saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis erovnuli saagento
national aGenCy for Cultural HeritaGe Preservation of GeorGia
saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi
GeorGian national MuseuM
eqspoziciis gaxsnamde umanspinZlebs damTvalierebels da kidev erTxel
Seaxsenebs mcxeTis muzeumSi daculi saganZuris gansakuTrebul istori-
13 ul-mxatvrul Rirebulebasa da mniSvnelobas.

saagentos muzeumebisa da muzeum-nakrZalebis samsaxurma mcxeTis axali

saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumSi Cautarda sakonservacio-sarestavracio muzeumis eqspoziciis koncefciis da, zogadad, muzeografiuli program-
samuSaoebi. sur. 13 is damuSavebis paralelurad, mcxeTis axali muzeumisadmi miZRvnili
samecniero konferencia „muzeumi da kulturuli memkvidreoba VI“ saer-
gamofenis gaxsniTvis moewyo saagentos mier momzadebuli katalogis - TaSoriso formatSi 2019 wels Caatara. samdRiani konferenciis mizani
„didi mcxeTis arqeologiuri saxelmwifo muzeum-nakrZalis koleqciidan” mcxeTasTan dakavSirebuli uaxlesi samecniero kvlevebis axali muze-
(avtorebi: irma doliZe, vaxtang nikoleiSvili, nikoloz maisuraZe) - prez- umis eqspoziciebSi asaxva iyo. am mimarTulebiT muSaoba momdevno welsac
entaciac. sur. 14 gagrZelda.

2020 wels dasrulda kinoTeatr ,,karibWe“-s rekonstruqciis da samuze-

umo adaptaciis proeqtiT mimdinare samuSaoebi (Semsrulebeli kompania
„java“) da rvawliani pauzis Semdeg mcxeTis muzeumis koleqciebi mis
axal, ukve mudmiv samyofels daubrunda. am dRis aRsaniSnavad 2020 wlis
20 oqtombers axladrekonstruirebul muzeumSi moewyo pirveli droebiTi

60 61
 15 16

gamofenac „ZeglTa dacvis mexsierebis istoriidan“, romlis naxvac damT-

valierebels, qveyanaSi Seqmnili pandemiis gamo, mxolod onlain hqonda.
sur. 15
16. mcxeTis muzeumi, 2020 w.
kinoTeatr „karibWes“ samuzeumo Senobad adaptacia-rekonstruqciis
samuSaoebis paralelurad, 2020 wlidan daiwyo muzeumis eqspoziciis kon-
cefciis, interieris dizainis proeqtisa da marTvis gegmis momzadeba (Sems-
rulebeli aai p „saqarTvelos memkvidreoba“ da estonuri kompania „KOKO
Architektd OU“). igi xorcieldeba munici paluri ganviTarebis fondis mier
msoflio bankis dafinansebiTa da saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreo-
bis dacvis erovnuli saagentos monawileobiT. Semdgomi, damamTavrebeli
etapi, ukve am proeqtis ganxorcieleba da muzeumis srulfasovani fun-
qcionirebaa. sur. 16

mcxeTis muzeum-nakrZali, romelic qveynis erT-erTi gamorCeuli muzeumia,

amavdroulad moazrebulia samecniero da saganmanaTleblo centrad, ro-
melmac srulyofilad unda warmoaCinos rogorc muzeumSi daculi kole-
qciebi, ise mcxeTis msoflio da erovnuli mniSvnelobis arqiteqturuli
da arqeologiuri memkvidreoba.

bibliografia

1. doliZe i., nikolaiSvili v., maisuraSvili
n., „didi mcxeTis arqeologiuri-saxel-
mwifo muzeum-nakrZalis koleqciidan -
muzeumi, istoria, artefaqti“, Tb., 2016
2. saqarTvelos istoriisa da kulturis
ZeglTa aRweriloba, t. 5, Tb., 1990
3. bulia m., janjalia m., „mcxeTa“, Tb., 2000
4. kalandaZe a., boxoCiZe a., „aragvis kari
(mcxeTis arqeologiuri eqspediciis 30
wlisTavisTvis)“, Zeglis megobari, #15,
1968

62 63
64 65
 Irma Dolidze include tourist infrastructures and education programs, using the current archaeological excava-
tions as “exhibitions” in the open air of the Great Mtskheta State Archaeological Museum–Re-
National Agency for Cultural Heritage Preservation of Georgia serve.
Head of the Museum and Museum-Reserves Unit,
Doctor of Art History The Samtavro Burial Grounds are among the largest necropolises in the Caucasus with thou-
sands of graves from different periods between the 2nd millennium BC to the 7th and 8th centuries
AD. There are mound-type and in-ground, late-Antique qvevri burials, tile-burials, double-sloped
MTSKHETA roofed graves and stone sarcophaguses covered with a large flat stone, sometimes arranged in

MUSEUM-RESERVE several layers. There are abundant archaeological materials found in the graves at the Samtavro
burial grounds, such as clay, metal and glassware; bronze and iron weapons and equipment; per-
sonal adornments, etc. that make up a significant part of the Mtskheta Archaeological State Muse-
um-Reserve. Consequently, a considerable place has been given to these in the present catalogue.
The first scientific archaeological excavations in the Mtskheta re-
gion were carried out in the 1870s and have been continued since
Armaztsikhe–Bagineti – was the residence of the Kings of Kartli (Iberia) and the ancient
that time. However, previous materials that had been discovered
Mtskheta acropolis. According to “Kartlis Tskhovreba” (“The Life of Kartli”), it was built in the
there prompted the government to create the Museum of Local His-
3rd century BC by King Parnavaz of Kartli. Structures from different periods that served various
tory in 1955, on the top floor of Catholicos Anton’s Palace (18th
purposes have survived and cover an area of 30 hectares in terraces, fenced with an adobe brick
century) located in the yard of Svetitskhoveli Cathedral. A first ex-
wall with towers. These include a pillared hall from the 2nd -1st cc. BC; a two-roomed structure
hibition was created and opened to public in 1959.
from the 1st-6th cc. AD; a six-apse temple (3th c. AD); bath-houses (2nd - 3rd cc. AD); a wine cellar
with kvevris; and the remains of a hall-type church from the 7th-8th centuries. Archaeological ex-
In 1977 the Museum of Local History of Mtskheta was expand-
cavations started here at the end of the 19th century and the site is still being studied. As a result
ed to become the Mtskheta Art and Historical-Architectural Mu-
of recent archaeological research, several settlement from the 2nd- 4th centuries AD have been
seum-Reserve, according to a Resolution by the Board of Min-
discovered. For today, the rehabilitation and conservation of the Armaztsikhe archaeological site
isters, on September 14th. The new institution would include the
has been completed.
most important archaeological sites of the Late Antique epoch in
Mtskheta, including Armaztsikhe-Bagineti, Samtavro Valley and
The Armaziskhevi Residence of the Pitiakhshes (3 km from Mtskheta) is an important site
Armaziskhevi. Since 2008, the Great Mtskheta Archaeological
within the Great Mtskheta Archaeological State Museum-Reserve. It includes the palace of the
State Museum-Reserve is part of the National Agency for Cultural
Pitiakhshes (Eristavi) (2nd-4th centuries); its modern Roman-type bath house; and their tombs.
Heritage Preservation of Georgia.
These are hewn stone sarcophaguses and burial vaults. Gold and silver adornments decorated
with precious stones – diadems, necklaces, rings, bracelets, earrings, glass and silver ware-were
Approximately 24,000 objects are preserved in the Mtskheta Mu-
discovered in these rich tombs. Unique artefacts from Armaziskhevi are preserved in the National
seum-Reserve. Most are archaeological artefacts found in Mtskhe-
Museum of Georgia. Archaeological research on this site began in the 1930s and is still ongoing.
ta and its outskirts as a result of excavations. The chronological
New archaeological objects from different periods are being identified, and work to create an
range of the objects is very wide - from the 4th millennium BC to
infrastructure is being carried out simultaneously.
the Late Middle Ages. The artefacts reflect the every-day life of
ancient Mtskheta through skillfully-crafted jewelry, glassware and
The mausoleum-type tomb (1st century AD) is a constituent component of the Museum-Reserve.
crockery; adornments of exquisite beauty; and also luxury items
It is an independent architectural structure, created from well-hewn stone. When it was identified
that reflect the high living standards of Mtskheta residents in the
in the 1950s, it had been looted, however dozens of artefacts have since been discovered in the
Antique era. In addition to the archaeological collections, the Mu-
tomb - gold jewelry, glassware and crockery, gems and beads. These are now kept in the National
seum exhibits fine arts and ethnological collections. For these rea-
Museum of Georgia.
sons the Great Mtskheta Archaeological State Museum-Reserve is
one of the most outstanding museums in Georgia.
In 1992 the Museum changed its location, and moved from the Palace of Anton Catholicos to the
former building of the Mtskheta Municipality. The museum has been operating in this building
Importantly, along with the preserved movable cultural heritage, it
for 20 years. After the Mtskheta Municipality building was sold, in 2012 the collections and the
includes and unifies the most important archaeological and archi-
administration of the Museum have been moved to the temporary location (Mtskheta, Aghmash-
tectural sites of the pre-Christian period in Mtskheta and its out-
enebeli str. #135).
skirts. These include the Samtavro burial grounds and settlement
(3rd millennium BC – 11th- 13th cc. AD); Armaztsikhe-Bagineti
Naturally, the new building for the Mtskheta Museum, which would take into account all the
(2nd-1st cc. BC - 7th - 8th cc. AD), which was the residence of the
necessary components of the modern museum infrastructure, was vital both functionally (storage
Kings of Kartli. The Armaziskhevi residence of Pitiakhshes (Eri-
facilities, conference halls, spaces for temporary exhibitions and educational programs, cafes,
stavi) in the 2nd to 4th centuries; the tomb of the 1st century AD.
etc.) and from a technological point of view.
These cultural heritage monuments are of great significance and

66 67
 At the same time, work started on the project of a new building of the Mtskheta Archaeologi-
cal Museum, in 2011 the agency had already announced a competition for the preparation of a
sketch project. Its construction was planned in the vicinity of the former theater in Mtskheta (on
the Aragvi coast). According to the sketch project of the new building of the Mtskheta Museum
(performer: “Architectural Group and Partners”), the museum functionally included the House
of Justice. Only one segment of the entrance space of the two-story building was dedicated to
it. The construction of a new museum started in 2012 with this project. This process was carried
out intensively within the framework of the rehabilitation of the city of Mtskheta. At that time,
the construction of various buildings on the shores of Aragvi, near the World Heritage Site, Sve-
titskhoveli Cathedral, had already been completed. In the case of the Mtskheta Museum, only
the foundation was laid. The process was soon stopped. Based on the negative assessment of the
World Heritage Committee and the relevant recommendations, the Georgian side suspended the
construction of a new museum building (2012-2013) the Mtskheta Museum was again left with-
out a building.
Given the current circumstances, at the initiative of the National Agency for Cultural Heritage
Preservation of Georgia, in 2013, the Mtskheta Museum was given the long-inactive cinema
“Karibche”, which contained the remains of the historic gate of Mtskheta discovered during the
construction of the cinema. After the Soviet period, the building was no longer functioning and
was in dire condition.
While the previous project of the museum involved the planning of a new building on free land,
in this case the reconstruction of a building already with its own history and value, involved in the
dense development of the city (Gate Lane # 1) and museum adaptation is the priority.
The cinema built in the 60s and 70s of the XX century (chief architect G. Jabua) is a distinc-
tive example of Soviet modernism. Surrounded by World Heritage Sites, directly adjacent to the
Samtavro Monastery and the Samtavro Valley, this massive, two-storey Cube-shaped building
is organically inscribed in the urban fabric of Mtskheta, not only in location but also in scale,
volume, form and artistic solution. In addition to the cinema, the building also has a monument
protection function. In the glazed space of the first floor of the cinema there are monumental
remains of one of the main gates included in the historical Mtskheta fence, called “Aragvi Gate”
(V-VI centuries). They were discovered during the construction of the cinema in 1965-1967 and
were included in the architectural structure of the cinema by the decision of the architects. So, the
museum function was given to the cinema “ Karibche “ from the very beginning.
Naturally, the archeological monument integrated into the cinema, as well as the cinema building
itself, with the project of reconstruction and museum adaptation had to preserve its historical-ar-
chitectural value. The historical gate of Mtskheta was considered as a part of the permanent ex-
position of Mtskheta from the very beginning. It was also important to preserve two monumental
ceramic panels from the Soviet period, one of which - “Georgia” - is on the facade of the building
and plays an active role in creating its artistic form, the other - “Berikaoba” in the interior. The
compositions of the panels and their content echo the mission of the Mtskheta Museum and the
messages of the forthcoming exposition, which were pre-developed by the Agency’s Museum
and Museum-Reserve Unit - Mtskheta is the ancient capital of Georgia and Mtskheta is the old-
est center of Christianity in Georgia. Clearly, adapting such a building to a museum is fraught
with many difficulties and challenges. In 2014, the Cultural Heritage Agency again announced
a competition for an adaptation-development project for the new Mtskheta Museum. From the
companies participating in the competition. Priority was given to the project of “Architex” Ltd.
The Municipal Development Fund of Georgia and the World Bank expressed their full readiness
to provide financial and expert support for the museum project. Moreover, the Mtskheta Museum
68
was included in the Third Regional Development Program by the World Bank and the Municipal
Development Fund. Thus, in 2016-2017, the project of reconstruction and museum adaptation of
the cinema “Karibche” was developed.
The project of adapting the cinema to the museum envisages all the directions necessary for the
full functioning of the modern museum with appropriate functional spaces (For permanent and
temporary exhibitions, foundations, educational programs, conference hall, conservation-resto-
ration laboratory, specialized scientific library, museum cafe), equipping the building with mod-
ern systems (heating-cooling-condensation).
At the same time, the joint project of the National Agency for Cultural Heritage Preservation of
Georgia and the Georgian National Museum opened an exhibition at the Simon Janashia Museum
of Georgia on December 14, 2016 - before the permanent exhibition of the new museum - More
than 300 exhibits are preserved. It was important that the artefacts exhibited here were conserved
and restored at the Georgian National Museum.
For the opening of the exhibition there was a presentation of the catalog prepared by the Agen-
cy - “From the collection of the Great Mtskheta State Archaeological State Museum-Reserve”
(authors: Irma Dolidze, Vakhtang Nikolaishvili, Nikoloz Maisurashvili).
The exhibition “Treasury from Mtskheta Museum” aroused great interest of the general public.
This temporary exhibition will host the visitors before the opening of the permanent exhibition of
the new Mtskheta Museum and once again reminds us of the special historical-artistic value and
significance of the treasures preserved in the Mtskheta Museum.
In 2020, the ongoing works on the project of reconstruction and museum adaptation of the cin-
ema “Karibche” were completed and after an eight-year pause, the collections of the Mtskheta
Museum returned to its new, already permanent residence. To celebrate this day, on October 20,
2020, the newly reconstructed museum hosted the first temporary exhibition from the “Memories
from the History of Heritage Preservation”, which was open to the public only online due to the
pandemic in the country.
In parallel with the adaptation-reconstruction of the Karibche Cinema as a museum building, the
preparation of the museum’s exhibition concept, interior design project and management plan
began in 2020 (performed by the NARP “Georgian Heritage” and the Estonian company “KOKO
Architektd OU”). It is implemented by the Municipal Development Fund of Georgia with the
funding of the World Bank and with the participation of the National Agency for Cultural Heri-
tage Preservation of Georgia. The next, final stage is the implementation of this project and the
full functioning of the museum.
Mtskheta Museum-Reserve, which is one of the most distinguished museums in the country, is at
the same time considered a scientific and educational center, which should perfectly present the
collections preserved in the museum, as well as the architectural and archaeological heritage of
Mtskheta.
Mtskheta is the ancient capital of Georgia and its oldest center of Christianity. Outstanding ex-
amples of Georgian architecture are found in the city, some of which are listed as the Monu-
ments of UNESCO World Cultural Heritage. These include the Mtskheta Jvari Monastery, the
Svetitskhoveli Cathedral and the Samtavro Monastery. Archaeological and architectural sites of
the Mtskheta Museum-Reserve are part of this historical-cultural context. These rich museum
collections are some of the best witnesses of Georgia’s long history.
69
 nato gengiuri
saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos
saxelmwifo universiteti,
xelovnebis istoriis mimarTulebis profesori,
xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori
kinoTeatri
"karibWe"
mcxeTaSi - sabWoTa
modernizmis
arqiteqturuli
nimuSi
kinoTeatr „karibWis“ proeqtis Seqmnisa da mSene-
blobis ambavi ar iyo Cveulebrivi. mcxeTam, am is-
toriulma qalaqma Tavisi „jadosnobiT“ imoqmeda
sabWoeTis ukve damkvidrebul midgomebze kinoTea-
trebis arqiteqturis mimarT: 1965 wels, mcxeTaSi
kinoTeatris mSenebloba rom gadawyda, ar iyo gan-
sazRvruli specialurad am adgilisTvis gakeTebu-
liyo individualuri arqiteqturuli proeqti. ki-
noTeatris mSenebloba ti piuri proeqtis mixedviT 1. kinoTeatri `karibWe“. 1970-iani wlebis foto
daiwyo. Tumca sabolood mTeli sabWoeTis masS-
tabiT gansxvavebuli nageboba miviReT. maSindel-
ma midgomebma gavlena moaxdina proeqtze. rogorc adgilisadmi midgoma Secvala. axla Zeglis movla-Senaxvis aucilebloba
cnobilia, sabWoTa kavSirSi ti piuri proeqtebi im aSkara iyo da kinoTeatris aSenebis proeqtzec ar Tqves uari. aman gamo-
dros popularuli iyo. ti piuri mSeneblobebi aCqa- iwvia SenobaSi 2 funqciis gaerTianeba: muzeumisa da kinoTeatrisa. 1966
rebda, aiafebda da aiolebda saqmes, radgan mza pro- wels Seiqmna Senobis axali proeqti. 1960-iani wlebi sabWoTa arqiteqtu-
eqtiT, standartuli, betonis qarxanaSi Camosxmuli ris axali etapia – omis Semdgomi modernistuli arqiteqturis periodi,
arqiteqturuli konstruqciebiT da elementebiT kerZod, misi pirveli etapi. sabWoTa modernizmi ukve wlebia did interess
Sendeboda sxvadasxva daniSnulebis Senobebi. maT iwvevs ucxoeTSi, ewyoba gamofenebi, ibeWdeba statiebi, wignebi, magram CvenSi
ricxvSi Sedioda kulturis dawesebulebebic – is jer kidev saTanado yuradRebis gareSea darCenili. unda iTqvas, rom
klubebi, kulturis saxlebi Tu kinoTeatrebi. bune- qarTulma xuroTmoZRvrebam am epoqaSi Tavisi kvali datova da is Ses-
brivia, iseTi istoriuli adgili, rogoric mcxeTaa wavla-gamomzeurebas saWiroebs. winamdebare naSromiT gvinda garkveuli
Tavidanve sxva midgomas moiTxovda da ara ti piuri wvlili SevitanoT modernizmis periodis qarTuli arqiteqturis Seswav-
proeqtis Cadgmas samTavros taZris siaxloves. lis saqmeSi.

Tumca mcxeTis miwam, romelic aTaswleulebis isto-
riul fenebs inaxavs, „Tavad ineba“ sxvagvarad wasu-
liyo saqme: saZirkvelis gaTxris dros Zveli nangre-
vebi aRmoCnda da arqeologiurma kvlevam Caanacvla
mSenebloba. gaiTxara mcxeTis uZvelesi karibWe –
„aragvis kari“1, romelic CrdiloeTis mxridan Semo-
dioda qalaqSi. arqeologiuri Zeglis arsebobam am
1 kalandaZe a., boxoCaZe a., aragvis kari, Zeglis megobari, #15, Tb., 1968, gv. 17-26
miuxedavad imisa, rom mcxeTis kinoTeatri kulturuli memkvidreobis Zeg-
lebiT savse, Zveli qalaqis qsovilSi unda Caweriliyo, arqiteqtorebi ar
wasulan gardasul epoqaTa xuroTmoZRvrebis mibaZvis gziT da Senobas
modernistuli arqiteqturuli forma mianiWes. aSenda 400 adgiliani ki-
noTeatri da es erTaderTi kinoTeatri aRmoCnda maSin sabWoTa kavSiris
masStabiT, romelic Tavis TavSi muzeumsac moicavda. kulturuli memkvi-
dreobis Zeglis da Tanamedrove arqiteqturis gaerTianeba im droisaTvis
sruliad axali iyo. es momenti ganapirobebda nagebobis unikalurobas.
kulturuli memkvidreobis Zeglis arqiteqturul proeqtSi CarTva Semd-
gom, 1970-ian wlebSi, sabWoTa modernizmis meore nimuSSi, Telavis Teatris

70 71
 mSeneblobisasac, orientiri gaxda. ni-
Sandoblivia, rom Telavis Teatrzec
igigve arqiteqturuli jgufi muSaob-
da.

mcxeTis kinoTeatr-muzeumis proeqtis

Seqmna da ganxorcieleba daevala me-4
saxelosnos arqiteqtorebs: g. jabuas
(mTavari arqiteqtori), konstantine me-
maniSvils, giorgi zaqaraias da evge-
2
ni cxakaias, romelic am saxelosnos
xelmZRvanelobda. amaTgan kote me-
maniSvili arqeologTa jgufSic mu-
Saobda da man Seasrula mcxeTis ax-
ladgamovlenili karibWis anazomebi
da naxazebi.

ori funqciis gaerTianebis amocana

arqiteqtorebma orsarTulianobis
daxmarebiT gadawyvites: pirvel sar-
3 Tulze, sadac arqeologiuri Zegli
iyo, sami mxridan Seminuli samuzeu-
mo darbazi ganTavsda, xolo meore
sarTuli kinodarbazma daikava (sur.
1-5). Senobis orive grZivi mxridan gan-
lagebuli pandusebi meore sarTuls
ukavSirdeboda, magram Sida sivrc-
eSic ganTavsda kibe. pirveli sarTu-
li meores daukavSirda xveuli kibiT,
romlis spiraluri xveuli, msubuqi
proporciebi mxatvruli aqcentia da
4 modernizmis epoqis sada, geometriul
formebSi dinamikuri, cocxali notebi
Seaqvs (sur. 5). aseTi „haerovani“, la-
mazad „moqneuli“ spiraluri kibeebi
qarTuli modernistuli arqiteqtu-
ris Tavisebureba gaxda da 1960-iani
wlebidan gvxvdeba (sastumro „iveria“,
lisis tbis sabagiro sadguri da sxva).
sabWoTa modernizmis arqiteqturisT-
vis niSandoblivi Senobis arqiteqtu-
5 ruli moculoba: Seminuli qveda sar-
Tulis simsubuqe da gamWvirvaleba
upirispirdeba meore sarTulis yru,
2. kinoTeatri „karibWe“. 2020 wlis daunawevrebeli kedlebis simZimes. ki-
foto
nodarbazis daxrili iataki Seminuli
3. kinoTeatris naxazebi. 1966 fasadebidanac ikiTxeba (sur. 1, 2). mis
4. kinodarbazis xedi mayurebelTa paralelurad da mis msgavsad daxri-
mxares lia nagebobis brtyeli gadaxurvac.
5. kinoTeatr-muzeumis interieris yovelive Senobis „diagonaluri“ si-
kibe
luetis ganmsazRvrelia.
6. kinoTeatri „rosia“ moskovSi, 1961
msgavsi silueti im periodSi aSenebul sxva kinoTeatrebisas Camogavs,
Tumca mcxeTisa ar aris romelime maTganis zusti asli. mxedvelobaSi
maqvs moskovis kinoTeatrebi. rogorc viciT, omis Semdgomi modernizmis
epoqa sabWoTa kavSirSi ti piuri mSeneblobebiT xasiaTdeba da es mxolod
sacxovrebel korpusebs ar exeba. ti piuri proeqtebi sazogadoebrivi Se-
nobebisTvisac muSavdeboda. maT Soris iyo kinoTeatrebic. Tumca moskovis
da regionebis proeqtebi gansxvavdeboda yovelTvis. sabWoeTis dedaqala-
qisTvis calke ti piuri proeqtebi iyo Seqmnili, xolo regionebisTvis sxva,
ufro mokrZalebuli. rogorc Cans, qarTvelma arqiteqtorebma, romelTac
ori funqcia unda gaeerTianebinaT erT SenobaSi da gansxvavebuli pro-
eqti unda SeeqmnaT, im drois gamorCeuli nimuSis kompoziciidan aiRes
magaliTi da gadaakeTes adgilobrivi amocanebis mixedviT. saqme isaa, rom
moskovSi, puSkinis moedanze, 1961 wels gaixsna tevadobiT yvelaze moculo-
biTi, 2500 adgiliani kinoTeatri „rosia“ (sur. 6). es iyo pirveli farToe-
kraniani kinoTeatri, romelic gaixsna moskovis me-2 saerTaSoriso kino-
festivalisTvis da am festivalis mTavari darbazi gaxda2 arqiteqtorebi:
iuri Severdiaevi, dimitri solopovi da elmira gajinskaia. kinoTeatris
kompoziciaSi ganviTareba hpova konstantine melnikovis ideebma, romelmac
1927-1929 wlebSi rusakovis klubis proeqti Seqmna3. Seminuli foies da
2 Иванова Д., Типовые кинотеатры советского модернизма , М.., 2017, с. 8
3 Броновицкая А., Малинин Н., Казакова О., Москва. Архитектура советского модернизма 1955 – 1991 гг.
Справочник-путеводитель. М.: Garage, 2016, С. 49-51

72 73
 taZris siaxloves, Tanamedrove Seno-
bis ageba did sifrTxiles moiTxovda
da bunebrivia im dros gavrcelebuli
ti piuri midgomebi, iseve, rogorc be-
tonis mza, qarxanaSi Camosxmuli for-
mebi, ar gamodgeboda. Senobis zomebis
Semcireba, mis winasaxesTan SedarebiT,
erT-erTi amocana iyo. rogorc batoni
kote memaniSvili ixsenebs, isini See-
cadnen Senoba simaRleSi ar yofili- 8
yo aqcentirebuli, raTa ar gamxdariyo
dominanturi garemoSi da konfliqtSi
ar Sesuliyo samTavros taZris pro-
porciebTan6. meore mxriv ki Senobas
ukve arsebuli arqeologiuri Zegli
unda gadaexura da Tavis TavSi kino-
7. mcxeTis kinoTeatr-muzeumis da moskovis kinoTeatr Teatric moecva. amitom proeqtirebi-
„pervomaiski“ ganakveTebi sa da mSeneblobis procesSi axali
gadawyvetebis Zieba gaxda saWiro. ma-
galiTad, optimaluri simaRlisaTvis 9
fasadebidanve aRqmadi daxriliatakiani kinodarbazis Serwymis idea pir- gadaxurvis sayrdeni ortesebri koWe-
velad aq gamoCnda da mere es kompozicia safuZvlad daedo kinoTeatrebis bi adgilze gakeTda, individualuri
moskovur ti ps. mcxeTis kinoTeatri Tu 1966 wels daproeqtda, moskovSi proporciebiT, raTa gadaxurvis fila
1969 wels aSenda kinoTeatri „pervomaiski“ (sur. 7), romelic aseve kinoTe- Securebuliyo da simaRle moegoT.
atr „Россия“ kompozicias amuSavebs da ti piuri moskovuri kinoTeatrebis saxanZro usafrTxoebis maSindeli
mSeneblobas udebs saTaves. misi arqiteqtorebi arian solopovi (muSaob- normebidan gamomdinare, gaCnda gark-
da „Россия“ proeqtzec) da kazarnovski4. misi arqiteqturuli kompoziciis veuli arqiteqturuli detalebic, ro-
safuZvelSi mayurebelTa darbazis mZlavri solisebri formaa, daxrili melmac ara marto funqciuri aramed
amfiTeatriT da safasado mxares mTlianad Seminuli foieTi. arqiteq- mxatvruli datvirTvac SeiZina: Seno-
torebs ar gamouyenebiaT mosapirkeTebeli masala da datoves SiSvlad bis gareT, cali mxridan xveuli kibe 10
betonis samSeneblo konstruqciebi. mayurebelTa darbazis moculoba ga- daproeqtda, rogorc Senobis daclis
reT gadaxurvasaviT iWreba da imavdroulad foies saxuravia. kinoTeatr damatebiTi saSualeba. amave dros Ta-
„rosias“ proeqtis adaptaciis Sedegia ara mxolod „pervomaiski“, aramed visi „haerovani“ formebiT xveulma ki- 8. mcxeTis kinoTeatr-muzeumis fasa-
moskovis msgavsi ti pis sxva kinoTeatrebic: „varSava“, „minski“, „baltika“ bem simsubuqe Seitana arqiteqturul dis keramikuli pano "saqarTvelo".
da „vitiazi“5. masebSi. unda iTqvas rom xveuli kibe, fragmenti
romelic aq interierSic gvaqvs da 9. mcxeTis kinoTeatr-muzeumis in-
amdenad, rogorc vxedavT, mcxeTis kinoTeatr-muzeumis mSeneblobisas Tavi- terieris keramikuli pano "beri-
eqsterierSic, im dros swored qarT- kaoba". fragmentebi
dan aris aridebuli regionebisTvis gankuTvnili mokrZalebuli formebis, vel arqiteqtorTa sayvareli motivi 10. mcxeTis kinoTeatr-muzeumis in-
ti piuri proeqtiT mSenebloba da is moskovur proeqtTan,kerZod,kinoTeatr xdeba. zemoT aRiniSna kidec, rom 1960- terieris keramikuli pano "beri-
„rosiasTan“ aris kavSirSi. Cans, misi daproeqtebis periodis paralelurad, 1970-iani wlebis sxva qarTul arqiteq- kaoba". fragmentebi
moskovSic xdeba SemuSaveba sabWoTa qveynis dedaqalaqisTvis gankuTvnili, turul nimuSebSic gvxvdeba da vfiq-
msgavsi kompoziciuri sqemis proeqtisa (pervomaiski, 1969), romelic iqaur rob, SesaZloa, Tbilisuri saxlebis
ti piur kinoTeatrebs daedo safuZvlad. mcxeTis SenobaSi, kompoziciis xveul kibeTa formiT aris STagone-
arqiteqturul detalebSi, aseve gaformebaSi, Cven vxedavT qarTveli ar- buli7. aRsaniSnavia agreTve, bunebrivi
qiteqtorebis Tavisufal midgomasa da interpretacias: pirvel rigSi es qvis filebiT mopirkeTebuli kedlebi,
ganpirobebulia Senobis istoriul qalaqTan Sexamebis amocaniT. ramde- xis masalis gamoyeneba interierSi da
nadac aq arqiteqturuli amocanis sirTules ara mxolod arqeologiuri
monapovari, aramed garemoc ganapirobebda: istoriul qalaqSi, samTavros

6 batonma kotem proeqtze muSaoba gaixsena

4 Гольдштейн А., Кинотеатр «Первомайский», Архитектурное творчество СССР, Вып. 2, М.: Стройиздат, Cveni piradi saubrisas
1974.С. 72 7 gengiuri, n., axali modernizmi qarTul sabWoTa arqiteqturaSi, tradicia da inovacia
5 Иванова Д., dasax. naSromi, gv. 26-29 – me-20 saukunis xelovneba, t. VI, Tb. 2015, gv. 202-216

74 75
 aseve, dekoratiuli keramikuli panoebi, romlebic erTi mxriv sabWoTa
monumentalizmis farglebSi jdeba da meore mxriv, erovnul xelovnebas
ukavSirdeba. maTze visaubrebT amjerad.
arqiteqtor g. jabuas CanafiqriT, mTavar safasado mxares gamomaval ke-
delze, specifikuri SriftiT unda yofiliyo warwera „kinoTeatri ka-
ribWe“. mas eskizic hqonda Sesrulebuli. Tumca mxatvrebma, romelTac am
kedlis gaformeba daevalaT, sxvagvarad isurves da aq monumenturi kera-
mikuli pano ganaTavses. panoze muSaoba, Senobis dasrulebis Semdgom, 1972
wels daiwyo. rogorc viciT, es iyo sabWoTa arqiteqturaSi monumenturi
panoebis epoqa. Tumca unda iTqvas, rom zogierTma qarTvelma ostatma
sabWoTa monumentalizmis epoqaSi, xelovnebis am dargSi Taviseburebebi
Seitana da gansxvavebuli mxatvruli saxe mianiWa mas. erT-erTi aseTi
gamorCeuli nimuSi, Cveni azriT, swored kinoTeatr karibWis keramikuli
panoebia (sur. 1, 8, 9, 10).
kinoTeatri ori keramikuli panoTia Semkuli – erTi mis fasadzea, saxel-
wodebiT „saqarTvelo“ (sur. 1, 8), meore ki „berikaoba“ interierSia ganTav-
sebuli (sur. 9, 10). panoze muSaobdnen mxatvrebi: romualdo cuxiSvili,
irakli gabaSvili, vladimer gelaSvili, rodam meliqiZe. mTavar fasadze,
romelic moednisken iyureba, ganTavsebulia didi pano saxelwodebiT „sa-
qarTvelo“ (zoma – 7,5x17m.). panos centrSi warmodgenilia simetriulad
gantotili xe, romelic uZveles simbolos – sicocxlis xes ganasaxierebs
da migvaniSnebs mcxeTasTan dakavSirebul sakralur ambavze sveticxovlis
Sesaxeb. kompoziciis sxva gamosaxulebebic ukavSirdeba saqarTvelos is-
torias da kulturas: xis qvemoT sveticxovlis taZaria gamosaxuli, ro-
gorc saqarTvelos sulierebis, qristianobis centri. es simbolo sabWoTa
periodisaTvis uCveulo siaxlea da stalinis periodis socialisturi
klasicizmis Semdgomi cvlilebebis maCvenebeli. cnobilia, rom sabWoTa
kavSiri, ideologiuri saxelmwifo, romelmac Tavisi ideologiisgan axa-
li religia Seqmna, qristianul simboloebs Tavidanve brZola gamoucxa-
da da monumenturi xelovneba ki gaazrebuli hqonda, rogorc propagan-
dis nawili. kinoTeatris pano sabWoTa periodis xelovnebis istoriul
konteqstSi gaazrebuli, naTlad warmoaCens Tavis mniSvnelobas: is aris
axali etapis, e.w. „daTbobis“ periodis nimuSi. aqamde, warmoudgeneli iyo
msgavsi xasiaTis da simbolikis xelovnebis nimuSis Seqmna da Senobis
safasado mxares ganTavseba. sainteresoa panos Sesrulebis teqnika: is
erTi zomis keramikuli filebisgan ar aris Sedgenili da amiT gansxvav-
deba sxva msgavsi teqnikis qmnilebebisgan, romelic SemogvrCa. keramikuli
filebi sxvadasxva zomisaa, da maTi forma xSirad kompoziciis Semadgene-
li gamosaxulebebis moxazulobiTaa ganpirobebuli. es filebi Tavisebur
ferwerul „naxats qmnis“ da figurebis msubuq reliefurobasTan erTad,
Tavisebur iers aZlevs kompozicias. safasado pano Tavisi TematikiT Tu
istoriuli qalaqis garemos pasuxobs da samuzeumo funqcias exmianeba,
interierSi warmodgenili keramikuli kompozicia xelovnebasTan aris Si-
naarsobrivad dakavSirebuli: misi Temaa saqarTveloSi sanaxaobiTi kul-
turis tradiciuli, uZvelesi forma „berikaoba“. interieris panos – „beri-
kaoba“ – zomaa 3,8x17m. frizulad Carigebuli figurebi niRbebiT, xalxuri
sanaxaobisaTvis, TamaSisTvis gaTvlili sxva sagnebiT warmogvidgebian
TeTr fonze da interierSi sazeimo ieri SeaqvT. aq Sesrulebis teqnika
gansxvavebulia safasado panosgan: kompozicia „berikaoba“ erTi zomis
kvadratuli moWiquli filebiT aris Sedgenili.
76
kinoTeatr „karibWis“ panoebi erT-erTi uadresia me-20 saukunis qarTuli
monumenturi keramikuli dekoris istoriaSi da misi Seqmna saqarTveloSi
pirveli „dizaineruli umaRlesi skolis“ moRvaweobas ukavSirdeba. saqme
isaa, rom keramikosi romualdo cuxiSvili da sxva misi kolegebi, mowafeebi
iyvnen mxatvar daviT ciciSvilisa, romlis Zalisxmevis Sedegia samxatvro
akademiaSi 1959 wels dekoratiul-gamoyenebiTi xelovnebis fakultetis
daarseba. maswavleblis moRvaweobam tixruli minanqris, lurji sufrisa
da Zveli qarTuli feradi daCiTvis teqnologiis aRdgenis mimarTulebiT,
mowafeebis interesebic da SemoqmedebiTi mimarTulebac gansazRvra. erov-
nuli xelovnebisadmi interesma imdroindel sabWoTa monumentalizmSic
SeaRwia da Taviseburi nimuSebi mogvca. amis pirveli magaliTebi gaxldaT
daviT ciciSvilis studentebis sadi plomo namuSevrebi, romlebic swo-
red arqiteqturuli dekoris mimarTulebiT Seiqmna. pirveli saxelmwi-
fo dakveTa ki iyo pano, romelic mcxeTis kinoTeatrisas uZRoda win da
sanatorium likanisTvis8 Seqmna romualdo cuxiSvilma. gamorCeuli iyo
keramikuli pano „lurji sufra“, romelic sasadiloSi iyo warmodgenili.
mcxeTis kinoTeatris panoebisTvis keramika saxelganTqmul koniakovis
faiansis qarxanaSi daamzades. masze muSaoba ramdenime wels gagrZelda.
es panoebi ukve maSin Sefasda rogorc unikaluri namuSevari9. garda amisa,
kinoTeatr „karibWis“ da borjomis sanatorium „likanis“ panoebi aseTi
saxis arqiteqturuli dekoris uadresi magaliTebi iyo. 1970-ian wlebSi ke-
ramikuli panoebiT gaformeba ise farTo movlena ar aris, rogorc mozaika,
magram saqarTveloSi mas mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia: keramikuli panoe-
biT formdeba kulturis da dasasvenebeli saxlebi, sxva sazogadoebrivi
Senobebi (mag. pionerTa banaki „ciskari“ cxvariWamiaSi, „Cais pavilioni“
quTaisSi, gudauris belvederis pano da sxva), avtobusebis gaCerebebi (ma-
galiTad, gaCereba sof. boriTTan, sof. ruxTan10 da sxva), gamorCeulia Tbi-
lisis metropolitenis sadguris „isani“ interieri11. unda iTqvas, rom ama-
ve periodSi keramikuli mozaikis teqnikac mkvidrdeba smaltis mozaikis
gverdiT. amdenad, kinoTeatris „karibWe“ panoebi arqiteqturuli keramikis
sawyisi etapis amsaxveli nimuSebia. Zveli drois maiolikisagan gansxvave-
biT, 1960-iani wlebis nimuSebSi keramikis axali SesaZleblobebis mimarTu-
lebiT eqsperimentebi SeiniSneba. Semdgom ki qarTvelma ostatebma erTma-
neTs Seuxames figurebis reliefuroba da mozaika (mag. metropolitenis
sadgur „teqnikuri universitetis“ panoebi). ukve maSinve iqna SemCneuli,
rom saqarTveloSi monumenturi keramikis ganviTareba erovnul xelovne-
bas daefuZna da ar axasi aTebs arc erT respublikas. 1960-1970-iani wle-
8 cuxiSvilTan erTad sanatoriumis gaformebaze koordinirebulad muSaobda xelovanTa
jgufi. aq mxatvarTa jgufma Seqmna sakurorto zonis sinTezuri xasiaTis gaformeba:
erTiani midgomiT Sesrulda keramikuli panoebi, iatakze dasadgami larnakebi, kedlis
dekoratiuli TefSebi, keramikiT gaformebuli wyaroebi, skamebi, dekorSi gamoyenebuli
iyo Weduri liToni, xe, Weduri panoebi, Weduroba, romelSic Casmuli iyo feradi smalta,
rogorc Zvirfasi qvebi. imave jgufma ufro adre, 1960-iani wlebis bolos Seasrula
borjomis wyaros keramikuli biuveti (aRar arsebobs). Р. Воронов, Р. Цухишвили – керамист,
художник, педагог. Советское Декоративное Искусство, 6, 1983. с. 108
9 Воронов Р., dasax. naS. gv. 108
10 Palavandishvili N., Prents L. In: Baubezogene Kunst Georgien. Mozaiken und Sowjetmoderne 1960 bis 1990,
Berlin, 2019. S. 210-2011
11 gengiuri n., Tbilisis metropolitenis sadgurebis arqiteqtura – warsuli da Tana-
medroveoba, akademia, #8, 2020; germanul enaze: N. Gengiuri. Architektur der U-Bahn-Stationen von
Tbilisi – Vergangenheit und Gegenwart. In: Underground Architecture revisited, Berlin, 2020
77
 bisTvis qarTuli monumenturi keramika iseTive erovnuli movlenaa, ro-
gorc „litvuri vitraJi, estonuri tyavi, Turqmenuli xaliCebi da sxva“12.
dRes Cven varT mowme kinoTeatr karibWis“ ormagi funqciis Secvlisa: mim-
dinare gadakeTeba mas mxolod muzeumad aqcevs. gadakeTebis dros moxerx-
da Senobis ZiriTadi kompoziciis da monumenturi panoebis SenarCuneba.
es mniSvnelovania, radgan, rogorc vxedavT, mcxeTis kinoTeatri „karibWis“
mxatvrul-istoriuli mniSvneloba udaoa: is aris qarTvel arqiteqtorTa
da mxatvarTa Semoqmedebis nayofi, sabWoTa periodis gamowvevebis amsax-
velic da adgilobrivi, erovnuli mxatvruli skolis Taviseburi pasuxic
am gamowvevebze. muzeum-kinoTeatri aris ara mxolod im epoqis mowmoba,
aramed omisSemdgomi modernizmis im arqiteqturis nimuSi, romelic ar-
qeologiuri Zeglis da Tanamedrove arqiteqturis dakavSirebis maSindel
midgomas gviCvenebs.
me-20 saukunis qarTul xelovnebis didi nawili swored sabWoTa epoqas
emTxveva. am periodidan bevri ram davkargeT, magram rac darCa, sifrTxi-
liT midgomas, zrunvas, SenarCunebas saWiroebs. darwmunebuli var, momaval
Taobebs saSualeba unda mivceT me-20 saukunis qarTuli xelovnebac, ara
mxolod ambad moTxrobili icodnen, aramed gardasuli epoqebis xelovne-
bis Zeglebis msgavsad, TvalsaCino nimuSebiT ixilon.
12 Воронов,Р. dasax. naS., gv. 112
78
Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgia State University,
Department of Art History,
Professor, Doctor of Art History
CINEMA
HALL
“KARIBCHE” IN
MTSKHETA - SOVIET
MODERNISM
ARCHITECTURE
In 1965, the construction of a movie theater
in the historic City of Mtskheta began with a
typical project. During the excavations of foun-
dation, old ruins were found and construction
works were replaced by the archeological stud-
ies. The ancient Mtskheta Gate - Aragvi Gate
(which once was a part of the Late Antique Pe-
riod fence) was excavated.
However, construction of movie theater was
not given up: two functions were combined in
the building: a museum and a movie theater.
The new design of building was created in 1966
(Chief Architect: Grisha Jabua, the Architects:
Konstantine Memenishvili, Gia Zakaria, Evge-
ni Tskhakaia). Although the Mtskheta Movie
Theater was to be fitted in the structure of old
city, full of cultural heritage sites, the architects
did not opt for the way of imitating the archi-
tecture of bygone eras, and gave the building a
modernist architectural form. A 400-seat movie
theater was built. In the Soviet Union, it was
the only museum-containing building.
The combination of a cultural heritage monu-
ment and modern architecture was a complete
novelty in those times and this is the reason
(along with other aspects), of uniqueness of the
building. The architects decided to solve a task
of combining the two functions through appli-
cation of double-story design: on the first floor,
at the location of archaeological monument,
the museum hall was arranged, glazed on three
sides, and the second floor was occupied by the
movie hall.
Nato Gengiuri
It seems that for the architects, the archetype
for planning the movie theater was the Rossiya
Movie Theater opened in Moscow, in 1961, the
revised design of which later became the basis
for construction of typical Moscow movie the-
aters (the first example was the Pervomaisky
Movie Theater, 1969). The Mtskheta design
precedes the construction of typical Moscow
movie theaters. Its appearance is defined by
interesting architectural details - ramps on two
longitudinal sides of the building, as well as
light exterior and interior stairs. Such a cir-
cular staircase can be found in the modern-
ist buildings of Georgian architecture of that
time, reminding us of the light spiral staircas-
es of old Tbilisi houses and providing a pecu-
liar look to the buildings of those times (Ho-
tel “Iveria”, Lisi Lake cable car station, etc.).
The movie theater is decorated with two ce-
ramic panels - one on its facade, called “Geor-
gia”, and the other - “Berikaoba”, located in the
interior. Artists such as Romualdo Tsukhishvi-
li, Irakli Gabashvili, Vladimer Gelashvili and
Rodam Melikidze worked on the panel. Mon-
umental panel is a typical phenomenon for the
Soviet modernism era. However, the Mtskheta
Movie Theater is still distinguished by a few
aspects: it is one of the earliest examples of
panels made of ceramic tiles. Secondly, the
theme of the panels is out of touch with ideolo-
gy, reflecting the national culture and spectacle,
albeit, with a characteristic for the Soviet mon-
umentalism look.
79
 zaza iaSvili
(a)ai p ,,saqarTvelos memkvidreoba“,
mTavari arqiteqtori
mcxeTis
arqeologiuri
muzeumi
kinoTeatridan
muzeumamde
mcxeTis arqeologiuri muzeumisTvis SerCeul Se-
nobas TavisTavad saintereso istoria aqvs. es gax-
lavT yofili kinoTeatris nageboba, romlis pro-
eqtis avtori aris grigol g. jabua. kinoTeatri
agebulia XX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi da kargad asa-
xavs im periodis avangarduli arqiteqturis stils.
nageboba kargad aris morgebuli gaTxrebis dros
aRmoCenil mcxeTis uZveles karibWes. es Senoba ara
mxolod kinoTeatris funqcias asrulebda, aramed
icavda arqeologiur Zegls gare zemoqmedebisgan.
Senobis arqiteqtura sada da sworxazovania. mas
ucnaur iers aZlevs samayureblo darbazis iatakis
diagonaluri msuye xazi, romelic wamyvani elemen-
tia da kargad aris gamoyenebuli Zeglis garedan
aRqmisTvis. amavdroulad, swored es diagonali
qmnis araerTgvarovan STabeWdilebas. Senobis mTa-
vari fasadi aqcentirebulia mis Sublze moTavse-
buli monumenturi panoTi. Samotis es monumenturi,
feradi, mravalfiguriani laqa kargad asaxavs sab-
WoTa periodis esTetikis magaliTs.
arsebul nagebobaSi ar iyo sakmarisi farTi Tana-
medrove muzeumis moTxovnebis dasakmayofileblad.
aSkara iyo, rom unda gakeTebuliyo axali miSeneba,
romelic SeiTavsebda damatebiT funqciebs. Cvenma
jgufma 2 sxvadasxva saproeqto winadadeba daamuSa-
va, sadac pirvel variantSi aqcenti iyo arsebuli Se-
nobis ZiriTad RerZze, romelic nawilobriv Crdil-
Si tovebda panos, rogorc Senobis wamyvan dekors.
meore varianti SedarebiT sada da araagresiulia.
ZiriTadi idea iyo, is rom kidev erTxel arsebuli
kinoTeatris diagonaluri xazi gagvemeorebina, Tun-
dac sxva sibrtyeSi. unda mogveZebna iseTi midgoma,
romelic ar gamoiwvevda arsebul SenobasTan kon-
fliqts, amitomac Cven aviReT kinoTeatris Senobis
wamyvani sibrtye, gverdiTa fasadi da gadavitaneT
80
miSenebis gegmarebis konturSi. (sur. 1, 2, 3).
axali minaSeni iTavsebs Tanamedrove muzeumis hols, sainformacio daxls,
samuzeumo maRazias, mosasvenebel hols, romelic ukavSirdeba sagamofe-
no sivrceebs. sagamofeno sivrced gamoyenebulia mcxeTis Zveli karibWis
darbazi, romelic logikur bmaSia minaSenis axal darbazTan. karibWis
sivrceSi damTvalierebeli imoZravebs Sekiduli pandusiT, rac saSuale-
bas miscems vizitors srulad aRiqvas Zeglis masStabi da amavdroulad
daaTvalieros am sivrceSi ganTavsebuli artefaqtebi. gamofenis preludia
daiwyeba holSive, sadac mecnierebis mier damuSavebuli teqstebi da ga-
mosaxulebebi Tanamedrove cifruli mediis saSualebebiT iqneba warmod-
genili. rasakvirvelia mecnierebma unda daamuSaon gamofenis koncefcia
da dahyon Tematurad, ise rom muzeumis -1 sagamofeno sarTuli logikur
gagrZelebas warmoadgendes. vfiqrobdiT, rom -1 sarTulze gamofena Rvinis
Temas mieZRvneboda, Tumca es jer kidev ganxilvis sagania, miTumetes rom
muzeumSi pirvel rigSi aucilebelia mtkvar-araqsis kulturis warmoCena,
saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis uwyvetobis Temis gaSla, qristianuli
religiis miReba da misi mniSvneloba saqarTvelos istoriisTvis. vfiq-
robT, rom am ti pis mesijebi, unda iyos mcxeTis arqeologiuri muzeumis
wamyvani Tema.
muzeumSi gaTvaliswinebulia droebiTi sagamofeno darbazi, romelic sa-
muzeumo logikis mixedviT holTan axlos unda iyos ganTavsebuli, Tumca
Cven es piroba gamiznulad davarRvieT da droebiTi sagamofeno meore
sarTulze ganvaTavseT, sadac aseve aris gaTvaliswinebuli kafe terasiT,
sakonferencio darbazi da muzeumis sacavebi. saproeqto jgufis azriT,
aseTi ti pis gadawyvetas amarTlebs, upirvelesyovlisa kinoTeatris arse-
buli gare pandusebi. erTi pandusi pirdapir ukavSirdeba sacavebs. amgva-
rad, sagamofeno nivTebs damoukidebeli Sesasvleli aqvT. meore pandusi
ukavSirdeba droebiT sagamofeno sivrces, sakonferencios da muzeumis
kafes. am sivrceebis Tanaarseboba erT sarTulze prioritetuli iyo Cveni
koncefciisTvis. amave sarTulzea saganmanaTleblo sivrce. srulyofili
saganmanaTleblo programis Camosayalibeblad arqiteqtorebma muzeumSi
gaiTvaliswines ramdenime Tematuri zona. 1. saganmanaTleblo sivrce meo-
re sarTulze damoukidebeli SesasvleliT, 2. mcire saleqcio darbazi -1
sarTulze, 3. gare zona sadac sabavSvo arqeologiis ganviTarebaa SesaZ-
lebeli.
muzeumis sacavebTan mWidro kontaqtSia samecniero sivrce da mcire la-
boratoria. aseve gaTvaliswinebulia muzeumis administraciis zona yo-
fili kinoTeatris foies CaSenebul sarTulSi. am sivrcis antresolidan
Cans Samotis feradi pano, romelic kinoTeatris foieSi arsebobs.
rasakvirvelia, muzeumSi gaTvaliswinebulia yvela Tanamedrove standar-
tebis Sesabamisi sainJinro komunikaciebis qseli, romelic muzeums uz-
runvelhyofs gaTboba-gagrilebis, ventilaciisa da tenianobis reJimebiT.
Zalian mniSvnelovania samuzeumo ganaTeba. saerTo ganaTebis sqema damuSa-
vebulia, Tumca misi koreqtireba da ufro detaluri damuSaveba moxdeba
muzeografiis koncefciis da sagamofeno dizainis proeqtis dasrulebis
Semdeg. erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi Tema gaxlavT dacvis da saxanZro sig-
nalizaciis sistemebi, romelic aRWurvilia Tanamedrove teqnologiebiT.
81
 1 3

proeqtirebis dros erT-erT rTul sakiTxs warmoadgenda arsebuli Se-

nobis da misi miSenebis dominanturi adgilmdebareoba mcxeTis urbanul
qsovilSi. swored amis gamo axali miSeneba gakeTda erTsarTuliani, xolo
orive Senobis gadaxurvis fenilebze moewyo mwvane safari.

muzeumi srulad aris adaptirebuli SSm pirTaTvis, rogorc sagamofeno

sivrceebi, aseve sacavebi da rekreaciuli Tu saganmanaTleblo zonebi.

Cveni azriT, mcxeTis muzeums ufro saganmanaTleblo misia ekisreba vidre

samecniero, amitom is Riaa nebismieri ti pis damTvaliereblisTvis, rasac
isic adasturebs, rom muzeumis sacavebis daTvaliereba saeqskursio mar-
Sutis nawils Seadgens. vizitors saSualeba eqneba daaTvalieros sacavi
da gaecnos muzeumis muSaobis specifikas. am princi pze unda iyos awyo-
bili gamofenis koncefciac, romelic Tematurad iqneba dayofili da ga-
erTiandeba arqeologiur zonasTan. multimediuri teqnologiebis gamoye-
nebiT SesaZlebeli gaxdeba ara mxolod artefaqtebis, aramed istoriebis
gacocxlebac. kidev erTxel vamaxvilebT yuradRebas saganmanaTleblo
sivrceebis mravalferovnebaze da maT multifunqciurobaze. (sur. 4,5)

amgvarad, qalaqi mcxeTa am muzeumiT SeiZens saganmanaTleblo da dasasve-

nebel adgils, romelic miizidavs yvela ti pis vizitors da sainteresod
warmoaCens saqarTvelos politikuri da religiuri ganviTarebis istorias.

2
82 83
 miroslav niJo
arqiteqtori, interieris dizaineri, animatori,
Nizio Design International studiis damfuZnebeli
mcxeTis
muzeumis
Senobis
ganaxleba
TbilisSi arsebuli polonuri institutis TxovniT,
arqiteqturulma studia ,,Nizio Design International“-ma,
saqarTvelos mcxeTis muzeumisaTvis daamuSava mo-
dernistuli nagebobis ganaxlebisa da gafarToebis
koncefcia. Tavdapirvelad, koncefcia 2019 wlis 27
marts, saprezidento sasaxleSi saqarTvelos prezi-
dent salome zurabiSvils waredgina Tavad studi-
is damfuZneblis, arqiteqtor miroslav niJos mier.
Sexvedras Tbilisis polonur institutsa da sa-
qarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis er-
ovnul saagentosTan TanamSromlobiT organizeba
gauwia saqarTvelos prezidentis kancelariam.
Nizio Design International-is mier SemuSavebuli kon-
cefcia „cocxali istoriis gakveTilis“ formulas
efuZneba. arqiteqtorebis mizani iyo, daproeqteba
iseTi saxis nagebobisa, romelic damTvalierebels
qarTuli kulturuli memkvidreobis artefaqtebis
aRmoCenisa da interpretirebis SesaZleblobas mi-
scemda.
arsebuli Senobis ganaxleba
koncefciis ZiriTadi arsi mdgomareobs mcxeTis
Zveli kinoTeatris modernistul-funqcionaluri
Senobis ganaxlebaSi, misi dadebiTi mxareebis win
wamowevasa da struqturis Tanamedrove moTxovneb-
Tan misadagebaSi.
miroslav niJos xelmZRvanelobiT momuSave arqi-
teqtorTa jgufma waradgina winadadeba, romlis mi-
xedviTac unda SenarCundes yofili kinoTeatris
Senobis unikaluri arqiteqturuli elementebi da
ornamentuli motivebi, kerZod: nagebobis interiersa
da eqsterierSi arsebuli spiraluri kibe, fasadis
84
figuratiuli reliefuri Semkuloba da yofili kinoTeatris foies safa-
sade feradovani keramikuli mozaikuri pano. saboloo, ganaxlebuli sa-
xiT, nageboba gamofenebisa da sxvadasxva RonisZiebaTa gamarTvis adgilad
iqceva.
ganaxlebuli dizainis Senoba
koncefcia gulisxmobs, rom ganaxlebul Senobas Tan unda axldes Taname-
drove, axali dizainis struqtura _ Ria fondsacavi. erTad es ori obieq-
ti samuzeumo kompleqsis or frTas warmoqmnis, romelTa Sorisac gare
moedani eqceva. moedani iqceva Sexvedrebisa da artistul RonisZiebaTa
adgilad. mas erTgvari, lapidariumis saxe miecema da Senobis minis fasa-
dis meSveobiT, interierSi gamofenili eqsponatebi moednis orive mxrida-
nac STambeWdavad iqneba aRqmadi. aseTi gadawyvetis meSveobiT, samuzeumo
koleqciis gacnoba SesaZlebeli iqneba rogorc muzeumis vizitorebisT-
vis, aseve, Senobis gare damTavliereblebisTvisac.
axali funqciebi: gamofenebi,
RonisZiebebi da ganaTleba
proeqtis mixedviT, ganaxlebuli nageboba axlad daproeqtebul struqtu-
ras centraluri elementiT daukavSirdeba, romelSic mTavari darbazi da
Sesasvleli iqneba ganTavsebuli. sagamofeno da RonisZiebaTa sivrceSi
stumrebi pandusis meSveobiT moxvdebian, romelic mTavari darbazidan
miemarTeba da gars uvlis Zveli kedlis naSTebs - muzeumis simbolur
safuZvels.
garedan, pirveli sarTulis minis fasadis miRma SesaZlebeli iqneba ar-
qeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad gamovlenili, adreuli Sua saukuneebiT
daTariRebuli qalaqis karibWis naSTebis xilva. pandusis gavlis Semdeg,
stumrebi ganaxlebul spiralur kibeze moxvdebian, romelic kinoTeatris
yofil foieSi ganTavsebul droebiTi sagamofeno sivrcisaken miemarTeba.
am sivrces saganmanaTleblo darbazisagan mijnavs qarTuli folkloris
motivebis mqone keramikis dekoriT Semkuli, sakmaod eqstraordinaruli
kedeli. saganmanaTleblo oTaxis interieris mxridan igive kedeli sa-
proeqcio ekrans warmoadgens. iatakis saxasiaTo daxris gaTvaliswinebiT,
sivrcem SesaZloa kvlavac Seasrulos kinematografiuli funqcia. daxri-
li iatakis mqone auditoriaSi ganTavsdeba piedestalebi da eqspozitore-
bi, sadac warmodgenili iqneba eqsponatebi. yofili kinodarbazis iatakis
ZiriTadi nawili doneebad daiyofa da amdenad, damoukidebeli sagamofeno
oTaxi warmoiqmneba. artefaqtebi ganTavsdeba iatakSi CaSenebul Seminul
saeqspozicio vitrinebSi. amrigad, damTvaliereblebs SeeZlebaT Tavi ar-
qeologebad warmoidginon, romlebic gaTxris process akvirdebian.
85
 oTaxi haerSi
yofili kinoTeatris Senobis korpusi, detalebisa da morTulobebisgan
Tavisufali iqneba da minis farTo zedapirebiT daifareba, romlebic, Tavis
mxriv, samuzeumo koleqciisTvis fons warmoqmnis. stumrebi CarTulebi iq-
nebian performansSi, romelSic gamofena scenis, xolo, artefaqtebi Txro-
bis mTavari gmirebis funqcias Seasruleben. ganaxlebis Semdeg, nagebobis
interieri orsarTuliani iqneba. zeda sarTuli sam nawilad daiyofa: mud-
mivi da droebiTi sagamofeno sivrceebi da saganmanaTleblo sivrce. zeda
sarTulis monumentur bloks kargad ganaTebuli minis fasadi eqneba, rac
misi haerSi livlivis STabeWdilebas Seqmnis.
monumenturi eqspozitori
miroslav niJos da misi jgufis mier daproeqtebuli axali Senoba, ro-
gorc arqiteqturuli kompleqsis nawili, Tanamedrove samuzeumo sacavad
iqceva, samecniero da administraciuli daniSnulebis sivrceebiT. mozrd-
ili, Seminuli fasadis wyalobiT, nagebobas monumenturi saeqspozicio
vitrinis saxe eqneba. aq gamofenili iqneba eqsponatebi, romelTac mzis
Suqi ar daazianebs, magaliTad, qvis arqiteqturuli detalebi. sxva isto-
riuli obieqtebi ki miwisqveSa sarTulze iqneba Senaxuli. arqiteqtorebma
wamoayenes sakonferencio darbazis mowyobis idea. aseve, SemogvTavazes
msoflios uZvelesi, Rvinis dayenebis qarTuli tradiciisadmi miZRvnili,
Rvinis mudmivi gamofenis mowyoba.
formis simartivisa da simsubuqis wyalobiT, Senoba irgvliv arsebuli
parkis organuli nawilia. kompleqsis arqiteqturas gaamdidrebs kedlebsa
da minis zedapirebze proecirebuli multimediuri prezentaciebi, arqeo-
logiur gaTxrebTan mimarTebiT sagangebod iqneba mowyobili gamofenebi;
yovelive amis meSveobiT ki damTvalierebels SesaZlebloba eqneba isto-
riaSi CaerTos da Tavadac samecniero aRmoCenaTa Tanamonawiled iqces.
arsebuli struqturis ganaxlebisa da axali Senobis daproeqtebis wyalo-
biT, mcxeTis muzeumi dinamiuri saganmanaTleblo da samecniero centri
gaxdeba. mimzidveli audio-vizualuri sagamofeno teqnologiebis daxmare-
biT ganaxlebuli Senoba axal identobas SeiZens. Nizio Design International-is
mier daproeqtebul Tanamedrove nagebobasTan erTad, Zveli struqturac
cocxal arqiteqturul da kulturul organizmad iqceva, romelic xels
Seuwyobs istoriuli memkvidreobis dacvas, codnis xelmisawvdomobas da,
aseve, gaaumjobesebs socialur urTierTobebs.
arqiteqtoris biografiuli monacemebi
arqiteqtori miroslav niJo umTavresad sajaro sivrceebis proeqtebiTaa
cnobili: muzeumebi, istoriuli gamofenebi, warmodgenebi, memorialuri Zeg-
lebi, scenografiebi. misi monawileobiT daproeqtda varSavis ajanyebis
muzeumis ZiriTadi gamofena.
86
aRniSnuli muzeumi poloneTSi yvelaze xSirad monaxulebadi kulturuli
instituciaa. am muzeumSi ganxorcielebuli samuSaoebisaTvis, 2006 wlis
ivlisSi miroslav niJo Rirsebis oqros jvriT iqna dajildovebuli. po-
loneli ebraelebis istoriis muzeumis SeqmnaSi Setanili wvlilisTvis,
2015 wels miroslav niJo dajildovda kulturis sferoSi damsaxurebis
brinjaos medliT - Gloria Artis.
2002 wels daarsebul kompanias - Nizio Design International arqiteqturuli
proeqtebis, Zveli struqturebis ganaxlebis proeqtirebisa da eqspozi-
ciaTa mowyobis xangrZlivi gamocdileba aqvs. kompaniis arqiteqtorTa
gundi CarTulia qveynis yvelaze mniSvnelovani kulturuli sivrceebis
ganviTarebaSi. arqiteqtorebi uzrunvelyofen kompleqsur momsaxurebas -
sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxva, Tematuri kvlevebi, konceptualuri wina-
dadebebis SemuSaveba, detaluri proeqtebis momzadeba da arqiteqturuli
zedamxedvelobiT warmarTuli fizikuri samuSaoebi. studia muSaobs sag-
amofeno sqemebis damuSavebasa da muzeumebis arqiteqturul proeqtebze.
Nizio Design International-is mier mowyobili gamofenebi, uaxlesi teqnolo-
giebisa da mxatvruli saSualebebis balansiT, istoriis rekonstruirebas
axdens. am yovelives meSveobiT, gamofenis damTvalierebeli erTdroulad
iRebs codnasa da esTetikur gamocdilebas, rac kargad warmoCindeba ma-
galiTad, poloneli ebraelebis istoriis muzeumis ZiriTadi gamofenis
SemTxvevaSi. amave TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa markovaSi mdebare, ulmas
ojaxis muzeumis (muzeumi eZRvneba im polonelebis xsovnas, romelTac meo-
re msoflio omis periodSi ebraelebi gadaarCines) Senoba da eqspozicia.
studia qmnis gamofenaTa sqemebsa da muzeumis arqiteqturul proeqtebs.
TiToeul proeqts Tan axlavs sociologiuri da qalaqgegmarebasTan da-
kavSirebuli kvlevebi. samecniero-kvleviTi samuSaoebi xels uwyobs sa-
muzeumo kompleqsebis im ti pis proeqtebis Seqmnas, romlebic qalaqis da-
gegmarebas kargadaa morgebuli (magaliTad, varSavis 1020 wlis brZolis
muzeumis WiSkari, an gros rozenis sakoncentracio banakis memorialuri
monumenti - „qvis jojoxeTi“).
studiis miRwevebis CamonaTvali aseve aerTianebs saqalaqo sivrceebSi
droebiTi gamofenebis mowyobas („smolenskis portretebi“ an „Tavisufle-
bis estafeta“ varSavaSi), mravalbiniani saxlisa da rekreaciis obieqtebis
proeqtebs qalaq bidgoSCSi, magaliTad, ,,Zoom Natury“ rekreaciuli parki
- ianov lubelskSi (Janów Lubelski), romelsac 2015 wels uZravi qonebis sa-
erTaSoriso jildo mieniWa, rogorc saukeTeso evropuli dasasvenebeli
arqiteqturuli nagebobis proeqts.
amas garda, miroslav niJos studias ekuTvnis ganaxlebis msxvili pro-
eqtebic. magaliTad, 2015 wels studia dajildovda uZravi qonebis saer-
TaSoriso jildoTi, multidisci plinaruli proeqtisTvis - valbJixSi
mdebare yofili maRaros - “Julia” gardaqmna mecnierebisa da xelovnebis
centrad - „Old Mine - Science and Art Centre”. amasTanave, studias miRebuli aqvs
`oqros weros~ jildo xmelnikSi mdebare yofili sinagogis ganaxlebis
proeqtisTvis; yofili sinagoga transformirda saganmanaTleblo da sa-
muzeumo sivrced (`Świętokrzyski Shtetl”), sadac studiis mier SemuSavebuli
eqspoziciaa warmodgenili.
studia muSaobs im ti pis obieqtebis, an saqalaqo sivrceebis ganaxlebis
87
 koncefciebze, romelTa formebi da funqciebi aRar Seesabameba adgilo-
brivi sazogadoebis moTxovnebsa da molodinebs, Secvlili pirobebisa da
garemoebebis gamo. samecniero, Tematuri kvlevebi da maTze damyarebuli
proeqtebi emsaxureba aseTi adgilebis potencialis, maTi konkurentun-
arianobisa da mimzidvelobis zrdas, investorebisa da turistebisaTvis.
Nizio Design International-s ekuTvnis mixnevSi (Michniów) mdebare polonuri
soflebis wamebis mavzoleumis (Mausoleum of the Martyrdom of Polish Villages)
proeqti. 2011 wels proeqts evropis uZravi qonebis jildo mieniWa, 2016
wels ki msoflios erT-erT umniSvnelovanes arqiteqturul proeqtad
dasaxelda. 2018 wlis ivnisSi Nizio Design International-is mier momzadebuli
proeqtis mixedviT gaixsna polonuri aryis muzeumi, mudmivi gamofeniTa da
komerciuli sivrceebiT (mag. restorani da aryis bari `ZONI~, bari `WuWu~,
maRazia `Alembik~).
poloneTis arqiteqturuli studiis TanamonawileobiT Seqmnili da ganvi-
Tarebuli, poloneTis sazRvrebs gareT arsebuli, yvelaze mniSvnelovani
sazogadoebrivi dawesebuleba, ganxorcielebis momdevno etapze gadadis.
holodomor-genocidis erovnuli muzeumis Senobis mSeneblobis meore
fazis arqiteqturuli proeqti, Nizio Design International- is TanaavtorobiT,
ukrainis dizainis studiis - Project Systems LTD mieraa momzadebuli. axla
proeqts meTvalyureobas uwevs dizainis Tanaavtori orive studia. ufro
metic, miroslav niJos studiam, Haley Sharpe Design Ltd erTad, daiwyo muSaoba
muzeumis gamofenis dizainze.
kievis holodomor-genocidis erovnuli muzeumi, erT-erTi yvelaze mniS-
vnelovani da didi muzeumia, romelic amJamad centralur da aRmosav-
leT evropaSi Sendeba. 2020 wlis maisSi studiebs Soris gaformebuli
xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, Project Systems LTD da Nizio Design International pa-
suxismgebelni arian zedamxedveloba gauwion damtkicebuli samSeneblo
samuSaoebis arqiteqturuli da dagegmvis gadawyvetilebebTan Sesabami-
sobas da uzrunvelyon proeqtis saavtoro zedamxedveloba samSeneblo
samuSaoebis ganxorcielebasa da muzeumis mSeneblobasTan dakavSirebuli
samuSaoebis Sesrulebaze.
memorialis dizainis amosavalia, peCoris lavris axlos mdebare, dnepris
xeobis ferdobis teqtonikasa da landSaftTan Senobis Serwymis kon-
cefcia. peCoris lavra ukrainis istoriasTan unikaluradaa dakavSirebu-
li. muzeumis Senoba mdebareobs TvalTaxedvis wamyvan RerZze, romelic
ukrainis teritoriaze ssr kavSiris xelisuflebis mier 1932-1933 wleb-
Si ganxorcielebuli holodomoris - SimSiliT genocidis msxverplTa
xsovnisadmi miZRvnili, sanTlis formis Senobiskenaa mimarTuli.
Senobis forma vizualurad warmoadgens holodomoris Sesaxeb, ganzrax
dafaruli simarTlis gansajaroebas. muzeumis Senobis arqiteqturuli
proeqti, rogorc ukrainaSi holodomoris msxverplTa memorialis mSeneb-
lobis II etapis nawili, ukrainulma studia Project Systems LTD-ma, polonur
studia Nizio Design International-Tan TanaavtorobiT moamzada.
miroslav niJo aris 2018 wels Seqmnili mudmivi samuzeumo gamofenis, wi-
naswari, konceptualuri dizainis avtori. gamofenis saboloo koncefcia-
sa da detalur dizains Seadgens miroslav niJos studiis gundi - Nizio
Design International-i Haley Sharpe Design Ltd - sTan TanaavtorobiT.
88
rac Seexeba Senobis arqiteqturas, samuSaoebis moculoba, romelSic miro-
slav niJos studiaa CarTuli, moicavs gamoyenebuli teqnologiebisa da
damamTavrebeli masalebis SerCevaze zedamxedvelobas da maT Sesabami-
sobas dizainis gadawyvetilebebTan, agreTve damasrulebeli samuSaoebis
Sesabamisi teqnologiis gamoyenebas da Sesabamisi sainJinro aRWurvilo-
bis gamoyenebis uzrunvelyofas. Nizio Design International, aseve, SeimuSavebs
interieris dizainis (mag. avejis, ganaTebis) winadadebebs da amzadebs
damasrulebeli masalebis nimuSebs. aseve, mimdinareobs arastandartuli
arqiteqturuli gadawyvetilebebisTvis momzadebuli prototi pebis miRe-
bis procesi. muzeumis Senobis mSeneblobis dros arqiteqturuli gad-
awyvetilebebis ganxorcielebaze zedamxedvelobasTan dakavSirebuli
samuSaoebi dasruldeba 2021 wlis dekembrisTvis.
jer-jerobiT Catarda samuSaoebi kievis holodomor-genocidis erovnu-
li muzeumis samSeneblo moedanze, romlis mizanic arsebuli ferdobis
gamagreba da dacvaa, agreTve muzeumis Senobis Rrma saZirkvlisa da fun-
damentis dasruleba. dasrulebulia qveda filis, aseve kedlebisa da
svetebis vertikaluri elementebi yvelaze dabal doneze. aseve, II doneze
mimdinareobs auditoriumis da struqturuli elementebis mSenebloba.
mdinare dnepris mxridan daiwyo avtosadgomis mSenebloba; samuSaoebi
mimdinareobs safexmavlo gadasasvlelze, romelic parkingidan muzeumis
Senobisken miemarTeba.
gvirabi aSenda qalaqis mxridan (lavrskas quCidan). is arsebul memorial-
ur sanTels daakavSirebs dagegmili muzeumis bolo nagebobasTan.
amJamad sruldeba gvirabis fskeris sadguris mSenebloba, romlis kedleb-
zec iwyeba fasadis mopirkeTebasTan dakavSirebuli satesto samuSaoebi.
aseve Catarebulia sainJinro samuSaoebi SenobisTvis komunaluri mom-
saxurebis miwodebisaTvis. am droisaTvis dasrulebuli samSeneblo da
sainJinro samuSaoebi iZleva momdevno etapze gadasvlis saSualebas, anu
sarTulebis daSenebis SesaZleblobas, sadac dagegmilia gamofenisaTvis
gamiznuli farTebis Seqmna.
89
90 91
 Mirosław Nizio
Architect, Interior designer, Sculptor,
Art Patron and Animator of the Social Life of Warsaw’s Praga District,
the Founder of the Ftudio Nizio Design International

At the request of the Polish Institute in Tbilisi, Nizio Design

International architectural studio developed a concept for the
revitalisation of a modernist facility with a modern extension
intended for the Museum of Mtskheta in Georgia. The concept
was presented for the first time by the owner of the studio him-
self, architect Mirosław Nizio, before the President of Georgia
Salome Zourabichvili during his visit in the Presidential Palace
in Tbilisi on March 27, 2019. The meeting was organised by the
Chancellery of the President of Georgia in cooperation with the
Polish Institute in Tbilisi and the National Agency for Cultural
Heritage Preservation of Georgia.

The concept developed by Nizio Design International is based on the

formula of a “living history lesson”. The aim of the architects was to
create a facility that will give the visitors an opportunity to discover
and interpret the artefacts that are a part of Georgian cultural heritage.

REVITALISATION OF
THE EXISTING BUILDING

The primary assumption of the concept is to revitalise the modern-

ist-functionalist building of the former cinema in Mtskheta, empha-
sise its advantages and adapt the structure to new needs. A team of
architects working under the direction of Mirosław Nizio proposed
preserving the unique and striking original elements of architecture
and ornamentation of the former cinema building, that is: spiral
staircases inside and outside of the facility, figurative relief adorn-
ment on the facade and colourful ceramic surface decoration on the
wall of the former cinema foyer. The building in its final, revitalised
form will serve as an exhibition and event venue.

A NEWLY DESIGNED FACILITY

The concept assumes that the revitalised building will be accompanied by a modern, newly de-
signed structure – an open museum storage. Together, these two facilities will constitute two
wings of the museum complex, with an outdoor square between them. The square will become a
place for meetings and artistic activities. The items stored in the museum interior will be impres-
sively exhibited through a glass façade on both sides of the square in the form of a lapidarium vis-
ible from the outside. Such a solution allows for introducing the visitors and those who observe
the structure from the outside to the issues presented in the museum.

92 93
 A MONUMENTAL EXPOSITOR

The new building designed by Mirosław Nizio and his team, constituting a part of an architectural
complex, will be a modern museum storage facility with areas intended for scientific and admin-
istrative purposes. Thanks to the large glass façade walls, the structure will have the unique shape
of a monumental exhibitor. Artefacts which cannot be damaged by sunlight, such as architecture
details made of stone, will be presented here. The remaining historical objects will be stored
below the ground level. The architects suggested creating an auditorium, as well as a permanent
wine exhibition devoted to the Georgian winemaking tradition – one of the oldest winemaking
traditions of the world. The pure and light form of the building constitutes an integral part of the
surrounding park. Due to the architecture of the complex, enriched with appropriate multimedia
presentations projected on walls and glass surfaces, and exhibition solutions designed specifical-
ly for the Museum, referring to archaeological excavations, the visitors will be able to immerse
themselves in history, feeling as if they were participating in scientific discoveries.

Because of the revitalisation of the existing facility and designing of a new building, the Muse-
um of Mtskheta will become a dynamic education and science centre. With the use of attractive
audio-visual and exhibition techniques, the revitalised building will gain a new identity. Together
with the modern structure designed by Nizio Design International, it will become a living ar-
chitectural and cultural organism that promotes preservation of historical heritage and access to
knowledge, as well as enhances social interactions.
NEW FUNCTIONS: EXHIBITIONS, EVENTS AND EDUCATION

The design assumes that the revitalised building will be connected with the newly designed one
by a central element, where the main hall and the entrance will be located. The visitors will en-
ter the exhibition and event facility through a ramp that leads from the main hall and surrounds
the wall relics which are the symbolic foundations of the museum. From the outside, it will be
possible to observe excavations of the city gate foundations dating back to the early Middle Ages
through the glass façade on the ground floor. After crossing the ramp, the visitors will reach the
revitalised spiral staircase which will lead them up to the temporary exhibition area located in the
former foyer of the cinema. An extraordinary wall covered with ceramic decoration with Geor-
gian folk custom motifs separates this area from the educational room. Looking at the same wall
when inside the educational room, it is a projection screen. Thanks to the characteristic sloped
floor, the space can still perform its cinematic function. The raked floor auditorium will house
pedestals and expositors on which the exhibits will be presented. Main part of the floor in the for-
mer cinema room will be levelled and thus a separate exhibition room will be created. Artefacts
will be placed in glass expositors built into the floor. This way, the visitors can feel as if they are
some archaeologists observing the excavations.

LEVITATING BLOCK

The body of the former cinema will be free from details and set-offs and filled with large glass
surfaces, constituting a background for the museum collection. The visitors will participate in
a performance in which the exhibition is the stage and the impressively presented artefacts are
the main characters of the story. After the building is revitalised, its interior will consist of two
storeys. The upper storey will be divided into three spaces: permanent exhibition area, temporary
exhibition area and educational area. The monumental block of the upper storey will be settled on
a thoroughly lit glass façade, which will look as if the block was levitating.

94 95
 ARCHITECTS’ BIO

Mirosław Nizio is an architect who is mainly recognised for de-

signs of public spaces: museums, historical exhibitions, shows,
commemoration monuments, scenographies. He co-designed and
built the core exhibition of the Warsaw Rising Museum which is
the most frequently visited cultural institution in Poland and for
the works on which he received the Gold Cross of Merit in July of
2006. For his contribution to the making of the POLIN Museum
of the History of Polish Jews in 2015 Mirosław Nizio was hon-
oured with the Bronze Medal for Merit to Culture – Gloria Artis.
The company Nizio Design International opened in 2002 boasts
long-standing experience of designing and completing architec-
tural, revitalisation, and exhibition projects. The studio’s associate
teams of architects deal with developing the most essential cultural
spaces in the country by providing comprehensive services – from
opinion polls, case studies, to developing concept proposals, pre-
paring detailed designs, through architect supervision and actual
construction. The studio creates exhibition schemes and architec-
tural museum designs. The exhibitions designed by Nizio Design
International reconstruct history balancing the latest technologies
and artistic means of exhibition. To the effect that, having seen the
exhibition, the viewer is enriched with the knowledge and aesthetic
experiences, as is the case with the Core Exhibition of the POLIN
Museum, and the building and exhibition of the Ulma Family Mu-
seum of Poles Saving Jews in World War II in Markowa. The stu-
dio creates exhibition schemes and architectural museum designs.
Each project is supported by sociological and urban plan studies.
The research work helps to produce designs of museum complex-
es that are well correlated with the urban layout (e.g. the Gate to
the 1920 Battle of Warsaw museum or the commemorative monu-
ment “Stone Hell” KL Gross-Rosen). The studio’s scorecard also
includes the development of temporary exhibitions in urban spaces

96 97
 (“Smoleńsk Portraits” or “Relay Race to Freedom” in Warsaw), design of an apartment building
in Bydgoszcz, and recreation facilities, e.g. the innovative Zoom Natury Recreational Park in
Janów Lubelski which in 2015 was granted the International Property Award for the best Europe-
an Leisure Architecture building design.
Also, Mirosław Nizio’s studio takes the credit for major revitalisation projects, e.g. the win-
ner of the 2015 European Property Award: a multidisciplinary project to transform the former
Coal Mine “Julia” in Wałbrzych into the Old Mine – Science and Art Centre, or the winner of
the “Gold Crane” award for revitalisation of the former synagogue in Chmielnik, home to the
“Świętokrzyski Shtetl” educational and museum facility featuring a studio-designed exhibition.
The revitalisation concept proposals developed by the studio apply to facilities or essential urban
areas whose shapes and functions do not meet the expectations and requirements resulting from
the changing conditions and needs of the local community. The research, case studies, and the
ensuing designs serve to augment the potential of such places, their competitiveness and attrac-
tiveness to investors and tourists. Nizio Design International is responsible for the design of the
Mausoleum of the Martyrdom of Polish Villages in Michniów which in 2011 was honoured with
the European Property Award and in 2016 was named one of the world’s most important archi-
tectural projects to look forward to. In June 2018, the Museum of Polish Vodka was opened with
a permanent exhibition and commercial spaces (i.e.: Restaurant and vodka bar ZONI and WuWu
bar, Alembik shop) completed according to the Nizio Design International project.
The most important public facility outside Poland being co-created and co-developed by
a Polish architectural studio is now entering the next phase of implementation. The archi-
tectural design of the National Museum of the Holodomor-Genocide building under the
second phase of construction was drawn up by the Ukrainian design studio Project Systems
LTD with the co-authorship of Nizio Design International. Now, the project is also being
supervised by both studios – the co-authors of the design. Moreover, Mirosław Nizio’s stu-
dio, together with Haley Sharpe Design Ltd, have commenced works on the design of the
Museum exhibition.
ship of Haley Sharpe Design Ltd.
As far as the architecture of the building is concerned, the scope of works in which Mirosław
Nizio’s studio is involved includes i.a. supervision over the selection of technologies and fin-
ishing materials deployed, and their consistency with design solutions, as well as ensuring that
the appropriate technology of finishing works is applied and suitable engineering equipment is
used. Nizio Design International is also developing proposals for interior design (e.g. furniture,
lighting), and preparing samples of finishing materials. The process of accepting the prototypes
prepared for non-standard architectural solutions is also in progress. Works related to the super-
vision over the implementation of architectural solutions during the construction of the Museum
building are scheduled to be finished by December 2021.
So far, works have been carried out on the construction site of the National Museum of the Ho-
lodomor-Genocide in Kyiv, the aim of which was to reinforce and secure the existing slope, as
well as to complete deep foundation work and bedding for the foundation of the Museum build-
ing. The bottom slab has been completed as well as the vertical elements of walls and columns
at the lowest level. An auditorium and structural elements at level II are also under construction.
From the side of the Dnieper River, the construction of a parking lot has commenced; works are
also underway on the pedestrian crossing leading from the parking to the Museum building.
A tunnel has been built from the side of the city (from the Lavrska Street). It will link the existing
Candle of Memory monument with the planned final Museum building.
Within this scope, the construction of the tunnel bottom station is currently being finalised, on
the walls of which the tests related to the façade cladding have started. Engineering works have
also been carried out in relation to the ducting for the provision of utilities to the building. The
already completed construction and engineering works allow for the commencement of the next
phase, i.e. the erection of storeys, where spaces intended for exhibition purposes are planned to
be created.

The National Museum of the Holodomor-Genocide in Kyiv is one of the most important and
the largest museums which are currently being built in Central and Eastern Europe. Under the
contract signed between the studios in May 2020, Project Systems LTD and Nizio Design Inter-
national are responsible for overseeing the compliance of the approved construction works with
the architectural and planning solutions and provide the project authors’ supervision over the
implementation of construction and finishing works related to the Museum construction.

The starting point for the design of the Memorial is the concept of blending the building into the
tectonics and landscape of the Dnieper valley slope in the vicinity to Pechersk Lavra – a place
linked with the history of Ukraine in a truly unique way. The Museum building is located on the
axis leading from the viewpoint to the existing candle-shaped monument commemorating the
victims of the Holodomor – the genocide through famine brought about on the territory of today’s
Ukraine by the USSR authorities in 1932-1933.

The form of the building is an image of the idea of bringing to light the deliberately hidden truth
about the Holodomor. The architectural design of the museum building as part of phase II of the
construction of the Memorial to Holodomor Victims in Ukraine was developed by the Ukrainian
studio Project Systems LTD with co-authorship of the Polish studio Nizio Design International.

Mirosław Nizio is the author of the preliminary conceptual draft design of the permanent Muse-
um exhibition created in 2018. The final concept of the exhibition and the detailed design will be
drawn up by the team of Mirosław Nizio’s studio – Nizio Design International with the co-author-

98 99
100 101
102 103
 The Museum of Mtskheta

104 105
 eka kaWarava
saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis
dacvis erovnuli saagento,
muzeumebisa da muzeum-nakrZalebis samsaxuri,
ufrosi specialisti, istoriis doqtori
mcxeTis
axali
muzeumi - xedva1 nawili I
saqarTvelos uZvelesi da pirveli dedaqalaqi –
mcxeTa - qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis istorii-
saTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis mqonea2. (ix.
bmuli)
saukuneTa manZilze, mcxeTaa qarTlis (iberiis) same-
fos dedaqalaqi (Zv.w. IV-III-ax.w.IV-Vss.), qveynis poli-
tikuri, kulturuli da religiuri centri, brinjaos
xanidan moqmedi savaWro-sataranzito magistralis
– „didi abreSumis gzis” mniSvnelovani Semadge-
neli, xelosnobisa da vaWrobis maRalganviTrebu-
lobis, multikulturalizmis, qarTvelebTanNer-
Tad ebrauli, sparsuli, berZnul-romauli Tu sxva
diasporebis Tanaarsebobis dasturi. mcxeTasTanaa
dakavSirebuli winareqristianuli xanis qarTuli
religia, uZvelesi msoflios cocxal enaTa Soris
- qarTuli ena, unikaluri damwerloba, qristiano-
bis saxelmwifo religiad aRiareba, qarTuli ekle-
siis Seqmna, mcxeTa ,,qarTuli“ ierusalimia. mcxeTaa
1 warmodgenili koncefcia momzadda dizainis proeqtis momzadebamde, rogorc SeTava-
zeba dizainis proeqtisaTvis. Cven vaqveynebT mcxeTis axali muzeumis Cveneul xedvas.
am droisaTvis dizainis proeqtze muSaoba procesSia. Cveni koncefciis yvela im na-
wilSi, sadac sadReisod proeqtis avtorebis mier gaTvaliswinebulia Cveni xedva, da
ris gamoc madlierebas gamovTqvamT, sagangebodaa aRniSnuli. Tumca, aqve unda iTqvas,
rom Cveni xedva mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba dizainis proeqtis am droisaTvis mowode-
buli versiisagan (metwilad Sinaarsiis nawilSi). aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom warmodge-
nili Sinaarsis momzadeba, interdisci plinarul codnas saWiroebs, ris Taobazec Cven
rekomendacia gavuwieT Semsrulebels. muSaobis procesSi, rodesac sakiTxi scdeboda
Cvens profesiul kompetencias, konsultaciisaTvis mivmarTavdiT Sesabamisi dargis
profesionalebs. rCevisa da konsultaciisTvis uRrmesi madloba - batonebs - iulon
gagoSiZes, vaxtang nikolaiSvils, qalbatonebs nino RambaSiZes, dali CitunaSvils,
azrTa gaziarebis, TanamSromlobis, mxardaWerisa da TanadgomisaTvis udidesi mad-
loba Cems kolegebs – irma doliZes, giorgi WeiSvils, nino SiolaSvils, TaTia Tev-
doraSvils, mariam uSxvans, eka TabukaSvils, salome xmiadaSvils, mariam sosaniZes,
romelTa samecniero naSromebi Cveni naSromis SinaarsTan konteqstSi, amave publika-
ciaSia warmodgenili
2 https://www.atinati.com/news/5f58c4094a6eb80038e9df42
106
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mefeTa da kaTalikosTa aRsaydrebisa Tu samu-
damo gansasveneblis alagi.
rogoria Cveni molodini mcxeTis axali muzeumis mimarT?
rogori unda iyos esoden didi mniSvnelobis mqone, qveynis uZvelesi de-
daqalaqisadmi miZRvnili muzeumi?
dizainis proeqtze momuSave estonuri jgufis mxriv Cvens mimarT igive
kiTxva daisva. Cveni mosazreba - mcxeTis axali muzeumi unda iyos sainte-
reso (rac amavdroulad gulisxmobs informaciuls), mimzidveli, komfor-
tul-ergonomiuli, STambeWdavi da momavalze orientirebuli – srulad
iqna gaziarebuli maTis mxriv3.
cxadia, mcxeTis mniSvnelovnebis masStaburobidan gamomdinare amocana
rTulia. SevecdebiT Tanmimdevrulad warmovadginoT mcxeTis muzeumis
Cveneuli xedva.
1. mniSvnelovania sakiTxi - iqneba es mxolod arqeologiuri, diaqronuli,
rogorc manamde, da rogoricaa saqarTvelos muzeumTa umravlesoba –
arqeologiur-eTnologiuri xasiaTis, Tu es unda iyos arsebulTagan
sruliad gansxvavebuli, rogorc Sinaarsobrivi, ise vizualuri Tval-
sazrisiT muzeumi.
Cveni azriT, mcxeTis istoriul-religiur-kulturuli mecnierulad dada-
sturebuli sabuTianoba, misi mniSvnelovneba qarTuli saxelmwifosaTvis,
savsebiT sakmarisi argumentia saimisod, rom mcxeTis muzeumi iyos sruli-
ad gamorCeuli da gansxvavebuli.
axali muzeumi, unda iqces qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis istoriis efeq-
turi interpretaciis sivrced, man unda ganmartos uZvelesi qarTuli sa-
xelmwifos raoba, misi saSualebiT unda Seityos damTvalierebelma qar-
Tuli saxelmwifoebriobis istoriis arsi, gaecnos qarTuli kulturis
im umTavres aqcentebs, rac uZravi da moZravi, materialuri da aramate-
rialuri kulturuli memkvidreobis saxiT, arsebobis manZilze Seuqmnia
qarTvel ers da sadReisod qveynis simdidres da siamayes warmoadgens. man
unda asaxos yvela is umTavresi Rirebuleba, rac qarTvelur eTnokultu-
ras Seuqmnia, msoflio civilizaciisaTvis gauziarebia an jerac gasazia-
rebeli aqvs, is unda iqces saqarTvelos erTiani samuzeumo marSrutis
sawyisad da gidad.
mcxeTis muzeumi Tematuri, interierisa da saeqspozicio dizainis Tval-
sazrisiT, calsaxad unda gansxvavdebodes Sinaarsobrivad msgavsi, sa-
qarTveloSi arsebuli samuzeumo sivrceebisagan.
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, Zvelisgan gansxvavebiT, is veRar iqneba mxo-
lod arqeologiuri muzeumi da am cvlilebam asaxva mis saxelwodebaSic
unda hpovos.
3 Main Values of the Museum - Words that could describe future museum: interesting (which also means informative),
attractive, comfortable-ergonomic, impressive, future-oriented., Stage - Task 1 Design of the exhibition concept
107
 2. mcxeTis muzeumi ar unda iyos statikuri muzeumi, Cveni mizania, is iqces
maqsimalurad dinamiur, aqtivobebiT datvirTul instituciad, romelic
saeqspozicio-SemecnebiT-saxelovnebo-saganmanaTleblosTan erTad,
ufro farTo Sinaarss SeiZens. misi faseuloba unda gansazRvros misma
qmedunarianobam da ara mxolod masSi daculma eqsponatebma. Cveni Se-
Tavazebis Tanaxmad, muzeumma unda SeiTavsos sainformacio, kulturul-
samecniero centris, amave Sinaarsis siaxleebis daanonsebisa da prezen-
tirebis, sakoncerto, art studios, sasuveniro, speqtaklebis, filmebis,
fotosesiebisა da modis Cvenebebis, saukeTeso lokaciis mniSvneloba,
esTeturi TvalsazrisiT gamorCeuli gastronomiulი da rekreaciuli
zonis funqcia4. muzeumma, aseTi mravalfunqciuri datvirTvis safuZ-
velze, unda SeZlos Tavis Senaxva, xeli Seuwyos qveyanaSi turistuli
nakadebis zrdas, adgilobrivi produqciis realizacias, qveynis rekla-
mireba-popularizacias.
gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqtori, rom Cven ar vqmniT mxolod sadRei-
so muzeums. Cven vqmniT muzeums, romelic iqneba mudmivi Sinaarsobrivi
da teqnologiuri ganaxlebis SesaZleblobebis mqone. mcxeTis muzeumma
grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi unda SeinarCunos qveynis gamorCeulad sainte-
reso da mimzidveli muzeumis statusi. am TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebuli
aqcenti unda gakeTdes X, Y, Z (X, Y, Z Generation) TaobaTa, wina TaobaTagan
gansxvavebul interesebze, rac saintereso SinaarsTan erTad, Tanamedrove
teqnologiebis danergvas, interaqtiulobas iTvaliswinebs.
mcxeTis axali muzeumis SemTxvevaSi, mkafiod Cans Tanamedrove teqnolo-
giebis samuzeumo cxovrebaSi CarTvis aucilebloba, rogorc saeqspozicio,
ise sainformacio, samecniero, saxelovnebo-saganmanaTleblo nawilSi. aseT
viTarebaSi gasaTvaliswinebelia muzeumis Sinaarsi da am Sinaarsis inter-
pretirebisas interaqtiulobis gaTvaliswineba, misdami konkretuli teq-
nologiebis morgeba. amavdroulad mcxeTis muzeumis sivrcis ukmarobis
gaTvaliswinebiT, eleqtronuli formatis gaaqtiureba, kargi gamosavalia.
sadReisod samuzeumo praqtikaSi, vizitoris mozidvis mizniT, warmatebiT
gamoiyeneba “pro-displei” produqtebi (Pro Display products), holografiuli
proeqciebi, interaqtiuli mina, amonaTebuli eqspozitorebi da sxva. Tana-
medrove teqnologiebs mcxeTis muzeumSi, saagentos TanamSromlebis - Ta-
Tia TevdoraSvilisa da mariam uSxvanis avtorobiT, amave publikaciaSi
calke Tavi eTmoba5, amdenad Cven mxolod mcirediT SemovifarglebiT.
mcxeTis axali muzeumis SemTxvevaSi, mxedvelobaSia misaRebi is mniSvne-
lovani faqtori, rom samuzeumo koncefcia ergeba axali muzeumis, manamde
sruliad sxva funqciuri datvirTvis mqone, rekonstruirebul Senobas;
4 Cveneba, fotosesia - karibWis fonze, multifunqciuri saeqspozicio sivrce, muzeumis
gare xveuli kibe, garesivrce, Ria kafes terasa. am sivrceebis, am mizniT gaqiraveba, erTis
mxriv muzeumisTvis damatebiTi Semosavalia, meores mxriv, muzeumis popularobis zrdis
kargi SesaZlebloba. Cveni survili-SeTavazeba - Senobis banis erTian konceptualur
konteqstSi gaTvaliswinebis Taobaze, nagebobis konstruqciuli mocemulobidan
gamomdinare SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda. daikarga unikaluri, 360°-iani xediT tkbobisa da
mravali RonisZiebis Catarebis damatebiTi da gamorCeuli SesaZlebloba
5 ix. aqve TaTia TevdoraSvili, mariam uSxvani, „Tanamedrove teqnologiebi da mcxeTis
muzeumi“, gv. 204
108
rac cxadia, araerT sirTules qmnis Senobis funqciuri ganawilebis, ra-
cionalurobisa da ergonomiulobis6 TvalsazrisiT.
mcxeTis axali muzeumis sivrce, misi Sinaarsis masStabTan Seusabamod
mcirea. amdenad, muzeumis Sinaarsis erTiani mkafioobisTvis gaTvaliswi-
nebuli unda iyos TiToeuli detalisa Tu elementis amocana, funqciuri
Tu miznobrivi datvirTva, SesaZlo samizne jgufebis mravalferovneba
da interesi, maTis mxriv, miwodebuli informaciis aRqmis SesaZleblobis
sworad gaTvla.
Cveni SemsruleblisaTvis miwodebuli SeTavazeba, iTvaliswinebda saqarT-
velos sxva muzeumebTan paralelizmis aridebas, rogorc Sinaarsis, ise
saeqspozicio masalisa7 da dizainis TvalsazrisiT, muzeumis SinaarsTan
SesabamisobaSi Tanamedrove teqnologiebis zomier ganawilebas, qveynis
kulturuli memkvidreobis irib Tu pirdapir linkebs.
winamdebare naSromi, amave krebulSi gamoqveynebul Tematurad da Sinaar-
sobrivad metad mdidar, samecniero safuZvelTan erTad, uSualod Cveni, mu-
zeumebisa da muzeum-nakrZalebis samsaxuris TanamSromlebis, naSromebTan
erTobliobaSi emsaxureba mizans, saboloo Sedegad miRebul iqnas Tana-
medrove moTxovnebis Sesabamisi, saintereso, gamarTuli infrastruqturis
mqone muzeumi, konkurentunariani ara mxolod saqarTvelos masStabiT.
muzeumis warmatebulobisTvis, swor funqciur ganawilebasTan erTad, gan-
sakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs interieris dizains.
muzeumis interieris dizaini
muzeumis interieris dizaini unda iyos Senobis saerTo vizualur mxares-
Tan, kerZod, XX saukunis avangardul, sada arqiteqturul stilTan (arqi-
teqtori gr. jabua), axali proeqtiT (avt. zaza iaSvili) gaTvaliswinebul,
garesivrcis sada da martiv formebTan Tanxmobasa da SesabamisobaSi.
vfiqrobT, is kargad moirgebs Tanamedrove, mkacr, minimalistur formebs,
or ZiriTad kontrastul _ Savsa da TeTr, da neitralur monacrisfro
fers, ganaTebis efeqtur sistemas. am saxis interierSi saintereso iqneba
XX saukunis minimalizmisa da Tanamedrove stilis Sereva-aqcentireba, maT
Soris samuzeumo avejis, aqsesuarebis da furnituris dizainis gaTvalis-
winebisas.
6 ergonomika – mecnierebis dargi, romlis mizania Sromisa da yofa-cxovrebis
maqsimalurad komfortuli pirobebis Seqmna
7 es sakiTxi jer kidev XX s-is 20-30-ian wlebSi miaCnda mosagvareblad dimitri SevardnaZes,
samuzeumo saqmis pirvel `menejers“. dimitri SevardnaZe iyo pirveli, vinc samuzeumo
saqmes saqarTveloSi kompleqsurad miudga da am midgomis ganxorcielebasac Seudga.
samwuxarod mas ar dascalda kargad gaazrebuli da wamowyebuli samuzeumo programis
gansruleba, ris Sedegsac dResac vimkiT. problema sadReisod aramxolod kvlavac
aqtualuria, aramed damatebiTi sirTuleebia Seqmnili, m. S. erT-erTia muzeumebs Soris
arasworad gadanawilebuli koleqciebi. sakiTxi kvlavac mougvarebeli rCeba
109

Sinaarsis mniSvnelovnebaze aqcentirebuli, Tanamedrove gadawyveta, sain-
teresosTan erTad, gansxvavebuli da kontrastuli iqneba qveynis danar-
Cen, eTnikur elementeb-Sereul dizaineruli xerxebisgan.
muzeumis sada formebi efeqtebis, maT Soris ganaTebis, rogorc xelovnu-
ris, ise bunebrivis aqtivobiTa da intensivobiT, maqsimalurad saintereso
unda gavxadoT.
110
pano - saxelwodebiT "saqarTvelo"
muzeumis fasadis monumenturi, keramikuli panos, saxelwodebiT ,,saqarTve-
lo“8, ikonografiul-simboluri datvirTva TavisTavad gvkarnaxobs muzeu-
mis Sinaarss. sabWoTa modernistuli arqiteqturis es SemTxveviTi moce-
muloba kargad unda iqnas gamoyenebuli.
sasurvelia sainformacio dafis an sxva formiT damTvaliereblisaTvis
ganmartebuli iyos panos simbolika. panos siuJeti aSkarad gamoxatavs am
namuSevris SemqmnelTa erovnul TviTSegnebas da am TviTSegnebidan gamom-
dinare saqarTvelos simbolur gaazrebas, romlis erT-erTi umTavresi re-
ligiuri da politikuri centri mcxeTaa. panos centraluri, miTologiuri
xati sicocxlis xea, romelic qarTvelTa rwmena-warmodgenebis mixedviT
samoTxis centrSia amozrdili. panos sicocxlis xe erTgvari dedaboZia,
razedac aluzias am xis orive mxares moTavsebuli borjRali, dedabo-
Zis ornamentis umTavresi simbolo qmnis. am sicocxlis da amavdroulad
8 panos „saqarTvelo~ avtorebi: irakli gabaSvili, roman cuxiSvili, rodam meliqiZe,
vladimer (vova) gelaSvili
111
 samoTxis xis qveS viTardeba qarTvelTa materialuri da sulieri yofa.
sainteresoa kuTxeebSi moTavsebuli cxovelebi, erTgvari replika qarTul
taZrebze gamosaxuli oTxi saxarebis aRmniSvneli cxovelis, rac Cveni
qristianuli arqiteqturisTvis tradiciulia.

mcxeTis muzeumis sazogadoebrivi sivrceebi

Tanamedrove muzeumis vizitori, muzeumisgan ara mxolod sulier, aramed

yofier moTxovnaTa dakmayofilebasac saWiroebs da moelis. mcxeTis mu-
zeumis Sida da gare sivrcem, masSi ganTavsebuli sazogadoebrivi servi-
sebiT (holi, sasuvenire da wignebis maRazia, daxuruli da Ria kafe, sveli
wertili) unda SeZlos am amocanis Tavi maqsimalurad ergonomiulad
gaarTvas.

- holi

• vizitorisTvis srulfasovani informaciis miwodeba;

samuzeumo hols gansakuTrebuli datvirTva gaaCnia. is uqmnis damTvalie-
rebels pirvel STabeWdilebas, man unda SeZlos vizitoris maqsimalurad
mokle droSi komfortuli momsaxureba, unda ikisros muzeumis mTavari
gzamkvlevis roli.
muzeumma vizitors, muzeumis holSi moxvedrisTanave unda SesTavazos sa-
siamovno garemo da momsaxureba, miawodos misTvis saintereso informacia,
Seuqmnas Sesabamisi ganwyoba – ganwyoba, rom es, swored is aris, risi mo-
lodinic mas hqonda, da ufro metic....
• bileTebis gayidva (maT Soris winaswar SemuSavebuli diferencirebu-
li sistemiT, rac gulisxmobs sxvadasxva servisebis gansxvavebul gan-
fasebas);
• samuzeumo sareklamo beWduri produqciis realizacia (afiSa, flaeri,
muzeumis gidi da sxv.);
• gidis (qarTuli da ucxoenovani) momsaxureba, audiogidi da aplikacia
(-ebi) smartfonebisTvis;
• muzeumSi arsebul damatebiT momsaxurebaTa SeTavazeba (biblioTeka,
saganmanaTleblo programebi, kafe da sxv.);
• SeTavazebebi SSm pirebisaTvis maTi kategoriebis gaTvaliswinebiT;
• samuzeumo sivrceebis (multifunqciuri droebiTi gamofenebis sivrce,
sakonferencio, kafe) gaqiravebis pirobebi da SeTanxmeba.

sainformacio mravalfunqciuri daxlis (Information Desk) dizaini unda mxedvelobaSia misaRebi, is mniSvnelovani faqtori, rom damTvalierebeli
iyos minimalisturi, martivi da funqciuri. mis funqciaSi Sedis Semdegi amave - mTavari holis sivrcidan, tovebs muzeums – amdenad relevanturi
servisebi: iqneba, Tu, mcxeTis muzeumi - saqarTvelos samuzeumo marSrutis sawyisisa
da gzamkvlevis misiasac Seasrulebs.

112 113
 - saqarTvelo - saukeTeso turistuli SeTavazeba

muzeumis SesasvlelSive, holis sare-

kreacio zonaSi, iq, sadac vizitors
dayovnebis saSualeba eZleva, garde-
robTan momijnave kedelze, unda da-
montaJdes didi ekrani.

am ekranisTvis unda momzaddes vizu-

alurad maqsimalurad efeqturi vi-
deo-rgoli SinaarsiT - saqarTvelo,
rogorc turistuli SeTavazeba. vi-
deomasalaSi aisaxeba qveynis bunebis
mravalferovneba, unikaluroba - mTa
- zRva - (erTsa da imave dRes SesaZ-
lebelia sriali mTaSi - curva zRva-
Si), eqstremaluri turizmi, gamorCeu-
li materialuri da aramaterialuri
kulturuli memkvidreoba, muzeumebi
da muzeum-nakrZalebi, Rvinisa da gas-
tronomiuli turebi, erovnuli musika,
erovnuli cekva da sxva.
Cveni mizania, rom vizitor(-eb)i moxi-
blos ara mxolod sakuTriv mcxeTis
muzeumma, aramed vizitorma muzeumi
Cveni qveynis istoriiTa Tu Taname-
droveobiT, kulturiT, kulturuli
memkvidreobiT, damatebiTi RirsSesa-
niSnaobebisa Tu sxva muzeumebis mona-
xulebis surviliT datovos.
damTvalierebels, samuzeumo sivrcis
datovebamde, unda mieces qveynis de-
daqalaqsa Tu mis sxvadasxva mxareeb-
Si arsebuli regionaluri muzeumebis,
kulturuli memkvidreobis Zeglebis,
turistuli marSrutebis, turebisa
da servisebis Sesaxeb srulfasova-
ni informaciis miRebis SesaZleblo-
ba. muzeumma unda SeZlos Sesabamisi
SeTavazebebis marketinguli Tval-
sazrisiT sworad miwodeba. am ideis
ganxorcielebas moemsaxureba Taname-
drove teqnologiebi, videorgolebi,
gzamkvlevebi, sareklamo posterebi,
bukletebi, flaerebi, diskebi da sxva
marketinguli xerxebi da saSualebe-
bi. sainformacio masalebis aplika-
ciebi momzaddeba Sesabamis institu-
ciebTan TanamSromlobiT (turizmis,
Rvinis, daculi teritoriebis saagentoebi, gastronomiis asociacia, Rvi-
nis kompaniebi, sastumroTa holdingebi, sarestorno biznesi, turistuli
kompaniebi, Tu sxva).
am mizniT, SesaZloa teqnologiuri TvalsazrisiT gamoyenebuli iyos:
1. holis sivrceSive ganTavsebuli saqarTvelos ruka (eleqtronuli an
printi) da “Touch Screen“-ebi, sadac CaitvirTeba Sinaarsobrivad diferen-
cirebuli, teqsturi da vizualuri informacia;
2. ,,Multi Touch Interface“ - erTiani, didi zomis ekrani, romelic saSualebas
iZleva erTdroulad, ramdenime adamianma miiRos sxvadasxva saxis in-
formacia.
3. an orive.
vizitors am formiT Semdegi xasiaTis informaciis miRebis SesaZlebloba
aqvs:
1. mcxeTisa da mcxeTis Semogarenis kulturuli memkvidreoba, maT Soris
saagentos daqvemdebarebaSi arsebuli, istoriuli didi mcxeTis arqeo-
logiuri da arqiteqturuli kompleqsebi - samTavros arqeologiuri
veli da baiaTxevi, armazcixe (bagineTi), mcxeTis akldama, qarTlis eris-
TavTa (pitiaxSTa) armazisxevis rezidencia da mcxeTis karibWe (aragvis
kari);
2. mxareebis mixedviT, saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis Zeglebi;
3. qveynis (maT Soris saagentos) muzeumebi da muzeum-nakrZalebi;
4. qveynis turistuli infrastruqtura (sastumroebi, kvebis obieqtebi, eq-
skursiebi, gastronomiuli da Rvinis turebi, transportiT momsaxureba,
eqstrimaluri turizmi, da sxv.), amave sivrcidan dajavSnis SesaZleblo-
ba;
5. qveynis kulturul-inteleqtualuri cxovreba (qveyanaSi mimdinare da
dagegmili kulturuli RonisZiebebi - gamofena, opera, kino, Teatri, kon-
certi, saRamo da sxva), amave sivrcidan dajavSnis SesaZlebloba;
6. axalgazrdobis gasarTobi obieqtebi;

114 115
 amave sivrceSi SesaZlebelia sakuTriv muzeumis
ufaso – beWduri gzamkvlevis am formiT montaJi

7. suvenirebis, wignebis, gastronomiuli da Rvinis Tu sxva savaWro obieq-

tebi.

amasTanave, am informaciis safuZveli erTjeradad momzaddeba, mudmivad

ganaxldeba siaxleebiT, xolo gamoyeneba SesaZlebeli iqneba rogorc saa-
gentos, ise qveynis yvela muzeumsa Tu muzeum-nakrZalSi. aseTi mraval-
ferovani formiT miwodebuli informacia xelSemwyobi faqtoria qveynis
popularizaciisa da turizmis zrdisa, rac Tavis mxriv, sabolood qveynis
ekonomikaze aisaxeba.

mcxeTis axali muzeumis mTavari gzavnilebi

interpretirebuli da efeqturad vizualizebuli formiT unda iyos

mcxeTis muzeumis saeqspozicio sivrce unda gaixsnas holSive, maqsimal-
mitanili damTvaliereblamde. am miznis misaRwevad interaqtiuli ekra-
urad efeqturad teqstualizebul-vizualizebuli gzavnilebiT. mkafio
ni e. w. Multi Touch Interactive Screen - saukeTeso arCevania.
gzavnilebi (mag. saqarTvelo – mevenaxeoba-meRvineobis samSoblo, qarTu-
li damwerloba – erT-erTi – msoflioSi arsebul uZveles damwerlobaTa
aq CatvirTuli informaciis mizania, vizitors drois mokle monakveTSi,
Soris da sxva), romlebic Seesabameba Sinaarss – saqarTvelos wvlili
gaacnos Cveni qveynis warsulis yvela ZiriTadi monapovari, romelic aTas-
msoflio civilizaciaSi – an saqarTvelo da msoflio civilizacia. gzav-
wleulTa manZilze garesamyarosTan intensiuri urTierTobis miuxedavad,
nilebis Sinaarsma msoflio civilizaciis umTavres monapovarTa nusxaSi
TviTmyofadi saxiT Camoyalibda. aRniSnulis sabuTianobis dasturi amave
efeqturad unda moaxdinos qarTveluri wvlilis aqcentireba. aRniSnuli
muzeumis saeqspozicio sivrceebia, sadac am kulturis safuZvelis gans-
sabolood aseve STambeWdavad aisaxeba muzeumisa, da zogadad qveynis po-
xeulebuli saxiT xilvaa SesaZlebeli.
pularizaciis xarisxze9.
eleqtronuli formatis Sinaarsi konceptualurad unda Camoyalibdes.
• Sesavali - qveyana, romlis istoriuli dedaqalaqic saeqspozicio
gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos qveynis politikur-kulturuli istoriis
sivrceSia warmodgenili - saqarTvelo - ZiriTadi aqcentebi eleqtro-
umTavaresi aqcentebi da muzeumTan dakavSirebuli informacia. eleqtro-
nul formatSi damTvalierebels unda miewodos informacia im qveynis
nuli formatisaTvis gasaTvaliswinebuli masalis Sinaarsis ukeT aRsaq-
Sesaxeb, romlis istoriuli dedaqalaqi da religiuri centric umTav-
melad, warmovadgenT savaraudo, pirvelad Tematur CamonaTvls, romelic
res saeqspozicio sivrceSi iqneba warmodgenili. sivrcis moculobis
ase gamoiyureba10:
simciris gamo, am Sinaarsis informacia unda CaitvirTos muzeumis hol-
Si, eleqtronul formatSi. mdidari Tematuri Sinaarsi sainteresod
10 aRsaniSnavia, rom rogorc mudmivi saeqspozicio Tematikis, ise eleqtronuli for-
matis Sesabamisi, samecniero safuZvelis didi nawili momzadebuli da gamoqveynebu-
9 SeniSvna: es unda iyos „saqarTvelo - turistuli SeTavazeba“ - siaxlovesa da bmaSi lia winamdebare, mcxeTisa da mcxeTis muzeumisadmi miZRvnil krebulSi `muzeumi da
- rodesac Sedgeba saboloo, sruli CamonaTvali unda SeirCes yvelaze xmamaRali maT kulturuli memkvidreoba VI-VII, 2021~. es informacia aseve unda inaxebodes mudmivi
Soris. iqneba mxolod efeqturi mesijebi da ara interpretacia. gamofenis Sesavalis, biblioTekis, sakonferencio, saganmanaTleblo da Sexvedrebis

116 117
 • uZvelesi wyaroebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb vizualuri masalis darTviT;
• ucxoelebi saqarTvelosa da qarTvelebis Sesaxeb;
• qarTvelTa eTnogenezi da interaqcia uZveles civilizaciebTan;
• qarTuli saxelmwifo - politikuri istoriis umTavresi aqcentebi;
• qveynis samxedro istoria da TavdacviTi arqiteqtura;
• kulti da religia saqarTveloSi;
• saero da sasuliero xelisufleba;
• qarTuli saeklesio da saero samarTali;
• qarTuli eklesiis istoria – ZiriTadi aqcentebi;
• saero da saeklesio samosi;
• qarTuli ena da damwerloba, xelnaweri da nabeWdi (stamba) wigni, qar-
Tuli literaturis Sedevrebi;
• qarTuli ganaTlebisa da kulturis centrebi qveynis SigniT da mis
gareT;
• qarTuli xelovneba - qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis Zeglebi, saxviTi da
Weduri xelovneba, musika da musikaluri sakravi, qarTuli mravalxmia-
noba, sagalobeli, cekva (piqtogramidan erovnul baletamde);
• qarTuli miTosi, miTo-ritualuri sistema, miTologiuri personaJebi,
xalxuri Tqmulebebi, zRaprebi da sxva;
• saqarTvelo - Rvinis samSoblo;
• qarTuli gastronomiuli kultura;
• mcxeTis muzeumis (yofili kinoTeatris) Senoba - sabWoTa modernizmis
nimuSi, Senobis arqiteqtori - informacia masze da mis sxva proeqtebze,
Tanamedrove rekonstruqcia-adaptacia.

am sivrceSi warmodgenili eleqtronuli formatis saSualebiT unda Sei-

tyos damTvalierebelma qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis istoriis arsi, ga- - Ria fondsacavi - pirveli precedenti saqarTve-
ecnos qarTuli kulturis im umTavres aqcentebs, rac uZravi da moZravi, los samuzeumo praqtikaSi
materialuri da aramaterialuri kulturuli memkvidreobis saxiT qveynis
simdidres da siamayes warmoadgens.

aRniSnuli formatis teqnikuri uzrunvelyofa gaTvaliswinebulia dizai-
nis proeqtiT.
eleqtronul formatSi, aplikaciebis formiT momzadebuli masalebi unda
eqvemdebarebodes Tematur Tu Sinaarsobriv mudmiv ganaxleba-Sevsebis re-
Jims, rac aseve, unda gaiTvaliswinos dizainis proeqtma. (vfiqrobT, ukve
CatvirTuli masalebis ganaxlebis garda, TandaTanobiT unda moxdes eleq-
tronuli informaciis XIX-XX saukuneebisa da Tanamedrove xelovnebisa
da kulturis TematikiT Sevseba-gamdidreba). vimedovnebT, am amocanis teq-
nikuri gadawyvetis saukeTeso, optimalur SemoTavazebas, dizainis proeq-
tis momzadebis procesSi TanamSromlobis Sedegad miviRebT.
sivrceebis eleqtronul mexsierebaSi
,,The ideal archaeological museum should try to find some way
to incorporate its storage into the exhibition...” Josho Brouw-
ers. 2016
Tanamedrove muzeografiuli xedviT, idealuria is arqeologiuri muzeu-
mi, romelic axerxebs fondsacavis saeqspozicio nawilSi integrirebas.
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, Cveni rekomendaciiTa da dizainis koncefciiT,
gaTvaliswinebulia saqarTveloSi pirveli precedenti - muzeumSi Ria
fondasacavis sivrcis Seqmna.
Ria fondsacavi ganTavsebuli iqneba nulovan sarTulze. fondsacavis
„Riaoba“ gulisxmobs Seminul fondsacavs da damTvaliereblis mxriv
masze wvdomisa da daTvalierebis SesaZleblobas. dizainis proeqtiT,
gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos am sivrcisadmi, rogorc srulfasovani sa-

118 119
 - muzeumis suvenirebisa da wignebis maRazia

eqspozicio segmentisadmi midgoma (rac gulisxmobs Ria fondsacavis saeq-

spozicio koncefciis sxva danarCeni saeqspozicio koncefciebis msgavsad
momzadebas).

fondsacavis holis sivrceSi adgili unda daeTmos eleqtronul sainfor-

macio dafebsa da ,,Multi Touch Screen“-s, TemiT ,,arqeologiuri kulturebi
saqarTveloSi“, sadac erTian konteqstSi iqneba warmodgenili eleqtronu-
li ruka arealisa da TiToeuli kulturis novaciis demonstrirebiT. aqve
unda CaitvirTos mokle, mkafio da lakonuri informacia saqarTveloSi
dadasturebuli yvela arqeologiuri kulturis, am kulturaTa gavrcele-
bis, maxasiaTeblebis, informacia mcxeTis arqeologiuri gaTxrebis TiT-
qmis 150 wliani istoriis da eqspediciebis monawile mecnierebis Sesaxeb,
Sesabamisi sademonstracio masalebis (saarqivo fotomasala, Canaxati, es-
kizi, dokumentacia da sxv.) darTviTa da Tanamedrove vizualizaciis xer-
xebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
aqve, srulfasovani informaciis TanxlebiT, unda CaitvirTos mcxeTis mu-
zeumSi daculi artefaqtebi 3D formatSi. es gaaadvilebs rogorc ar-
tefaqtiT dainteresebuli piris masalaze wvdomis SesaZleblobas, aseve
Seamsubuqebs fondis mcvelis saqmianobas.
suvenirebisa da wignebis maRaziis dizaini unda iyos iseTive martivi
da minimalisturi rogorc sxva danarCeni. muzeumis sasuvenire sivrcem
damTvalierebels unda SesTavazos Sinaarsobrivad da esTeturad gans-
xvavebuli, xarisxiani da gemovnebiani produqcia. es iqneba muzeumisaTvis
damatebiTi Semosavlis wyaro. sasuvenire produqciis SerCevis sakiTxi
SeTanxmebuli unda iyos saagentos samuzeumo mimarTulebasTan.
sxva danarCenTan (arqeologiuri da eTnografiuli artefaqtebis replika,
gastronomiuli suvenirebi, Rvino da sxv.) erTad, saganmanaTleblo seg-
mentis specifikis gaTvaliswinebiT, sasurvelia saxviTi, teqstilisa da
TojinebisaTvis Sesabamisi damatebiTi eqspozitorisa da stendebis gaT-
valiswineba.
amave sivrceSi iqneba ganTavsebuli garderobi da seifi piradi nivTebi-
saTvis. dizainis proeqti iTvaliswinebs Cvens SeTavazebas.

vfiqrobT, saeqspozicio sivrceebis simciris pirobebSi, es kargi SesaZle- ix. dizainis proeqtis videoanimacia
blobaa didi masalis erT sivrceSi gaSlis, interpretirebis, informaci-
is miRebisa da ganwyobisa Tu emociis SeqmnisaTvis, saintereso momavali
TaobebisaTvis. amavdroulad, es iqneba Sesavali Ria fondsacavSi eqsponi-
rebuli, kompleqsebad CaSlili koleqciebisaTvis. dizainis proeqti iTva-
liswinebs Cvens SeTavazebas, rogorc Ria fondsacavTan, aseve fondsacavSi
mobiluri aplikaciebis gamoyenebis praqtikis danergvasTan dakavSirebiT.

es damatebiTi saintereso atraqcia, sainteresod momzadebuli sainterpre-

tacio teqstiTurT (rogorc zrdasrulTaTvis, ise bavSvebisTvis), gazrdis
yvela asakobrivi Tu socialuri jgufis ineterss muzeumis mimarT. es
iqneba erTgvari SesaZlebloba muzeumis ,,kulisebis“ wvdomisa, rac yo-
velTvis metad intimuri da sainteresoa. sainformacio segmenti, teqniku-
ri saSualebebiTurT, unda Seesabamebodes dizainis erTian minimalistur
tendencias.
avtori - eka xunwaria

es iqneba Ria fondsacavis pirveli precedenti Cvens qveyanaSi, mcxeTis

muzeumis sxvaTagan gamorCeulobis saintereso detali. ix. dizainis pro-
eqtis videoanimacia

120 121
 - muzeumis kafe (Sida da gare)

mcxeTis muzeumis sareabili-

tacio-samuzeumo adaptaciis
proeqtiT (avt. zaza iaSvili)
saeqspozicio segmentis garda,sa-
konferenciosa da art- studios
sivrceebis siaxloves ganTavse-
bulia samuzeumo daxuruli da
Ria kafes sivrceebi. es garemoe-
ba metad komfortulia rogorc
rigiTi damTvaliereblisTvis,
ise saganmanaTleblo Tu samec-
niero seqtorisTvis. es sare-
kreacio zona kargi saSualebaa
rogorc dasvenebis, ise samuSao
procesis xelSewyobisaTvis.

muzeumis kafe unda iyos naTeli, gamWvirvalobis efeqtiT, minimalisturi,

Savi da monacrisfro TeTri, foTlovani mcenareebiT gamwvanebuli. gas-
aTvaliswinebelia, mcxeTaSi erovnuli samzareulos siWarbe, amdenad mu-
zeumis kafes SeTavazeba unda iyos gansxvavebuli - deserti (tkbili da
aratkbili), originaluri formiTa Tu SefuTviT miwodebuli erovnuli
tkbileuli – CurCxela, felamuSi, orbelianebis nugbari da sxv., grili da
cxeli sasmelis mravlferovneba.

meniu unda iyos daxvewili da saintereso, rogorc gastronomiuli, ise

esTeturi TvalsazrisiT.
mTeli wlis manZilze datvirTva. aseve, gasaTvaliswinebelia daCrdilva-
gagrileba zafxulis periodSi. sicxeSi Crdilisa da sasiamovno garemos
Seqmnis mizniT, gasaTvaliwinebelia terasis Warbad gamwvaneba.

gamorCeulobidan gamomdinare, sasurvelia, muzeumis kafes qveynis gas-

tronomiul turSi CarTva. aseTi ti pis kafe kidev erTi Strixi iqneba mu-
zeumis gansxvavebulobisa11. zedmetad migvaCnia aRniSvna, raoden Sedegiania
am saxis servisebis srulfasovani formiT SeTavazeba.

- biblioTeka - laboratoria - art studio -

- sakonferencio darbazi -
kafes momsaxurebaSi sasurvelia mcirewlovani (3 wlamde) bavSvebis gaT-
valiswineba (meniu da aveji mcirewlovanTaTvis). sasurvelia sasiamovno
aRniSnulis garda, muzeumma unda SeiZinos da SeiTavsos samecniero da sa-
musika (Sesabamisi teqnikuri aRWurva, repertuaris SerCeva musikismcod-
xelovnebo-saganmanaTleblo datvirTva, rasac Tavis mxriv uzrunvelyofs
neebis konsultaciiT), interneti, samuzeumo eleqtronul informaciasTan
masSi proeqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli biblioTekis, sarestavracio labora-
wvdoma.
toriis, art studiosa da sakonferencio sivrceebi.
muzeumisaTvis metad momgebiania kafes gare sivrceSi ganviTarebis SesaZ-
lebloba. terasaze ganTavsebuli Ria kafe, garSemortymulia kulturuli
memkvidreobis ZeglebiT datvirTuli SesaniSnavi xediT. sasurvelia tera- 11 gastronomiasTan dakavSirebiT informacia ixileT amave krebulis rubrikaSi ,,qarTuli
sis ara mxolod sezonuri gamoyeneba, aramed gamaTboblebiT aRWurva da gastronomiuli kultura“

122 123
 - biblioTeka gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos Tanamedrove sabiblioTeko teqnologiebi da
teqnikuri saSualebebi (eleqtronuli biblioTeka, kompiuterebi, skaneri,
printeri da sxva), eleqtronuli kavSiri Sesabamis samecniero institu-
ciebTan, wvdoma muzeumis sxva sivrceebSi arsebul eleqtronul masalas-
Tan da msgavsi funqciuri datvirTvis sivrceebTan (art studio, sakonfe-
rencio, laboratoria, mudmivi eqspoziciis SesavalisaTvis moazrebuli
sivrce (proeqtiT droebiTi sagamofeno)12.

sasurvelia periodulad es sivrce davuTmoT bavSvebs - wignis samyaros-

Tan asocirebuli wamaxalisebeli TamaSebis, programebis SeTavazebiT, mag.
“patara wignis moyvaruli”, SesaZlebelia ,,wignis moyvarulTa sazogadoe-
bis“ Seqmna, ,,wignis kiTxvis dReebis“ daweseba -,,vikiTxoT erTad“, gamom-
cemlobebTan kavSirSi sabavSvo wignebis prezentireba, avtorebis mowveva,
samomavlo auditoriis mozidvis mizniT art studios programebis pre-
zentireba-reklamireba. amave proeqtis ganxorcieleba, SesaZlebelia stu-
dentebis gaTvaliswinebiTac, Teatraluri universitetisa da Teatraluri
saxelosnoebis monawileobiT. gasaTvaliswinebelia DSesabamisi inventari.

- sakonferencio
mcxeTis muzeumis sivrceSi, samecniero segments unda Seeqmnas kvlevisaT-
vis aucilebeli da komfortuli pirobebi, relevanturi samecniero in-
formaciisa da aparatis gamoyenebis maqsimaluri SesaZleblobiT. sakonferencio sivrcis erT-erT ke-
delze (mag. marcxniv) sasurvelia gan-
aseTad Cven migvaCnia muzeumis biblioTekis sivrce. proeqtiT biblioTe- Tavsdes Ria stendi an daxli, sadac
kis sivrce 33.70 kv. m-s Seadgens. es sivrcec sxva danarCenis msgavsad unda mudmivad iqneba prezentirebuli saa-
iyos minimalisturi, muzeumis personalisa Tu sxva danarCeni momxmarebli- gentos publikaciebi, aseve drodadro
saTvis maqsimalurad komfortuli. mimdinare konferenciebis sxvadasxva
saxis sakonferencio TematikasTan
dakavSirebuli sademonstracio masa-
lebi.

xolo mopirdapire kedelze sasurve-

lia damontaJdes sakidi, cvalebadi
retrospeqtivisaTvis (fotomasala, sa-
konferencio Tematuri fotogamofe-
nebi, afiSebi da sxva vizualuri masa-
lebi).

marTvis gegmiT gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos sakonferencio sivrcis sxva-

dasxva inteleqtualuri xasiaTis saqmianobiT maqsimalurad datvirTva.

muzeumis sakonferencio sivrce aRWurvilia funqciuri specifikis Sesa-

bamisi Tanamedrove teqnologiiT (Targmanis uzrunvelyofa, proeqtori,
ekrani, yursasmeni). mniSvnelovania, rogorc saerTaSoriso, ise regionalu-
ri konferenciebisaTvis, monawileTa distanciuri CarTvis SesaZleblobis
gaTvaliswineba.

12 gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos muzeumSi arsebuli samecniero wignadi fondi da misi

gazrdis SesaZlebloba, Tumca sabiblioTeko sivrcis moculobis simciridan gamomdi-
nare, es zrda metad unda iyos eleqtronul formatze orientirebuli

124 125
 sakuTriv saagento yovelwliurad
atarebs ramdenime sxvadasxva mimarTu-
lebis samecniero konferencias (samu-
zeumo, arqeologia da eTnologia) da
sesias. es sivrce SesaZloa daitvir-
Tos, rogorc saagentos, ise sxva, mo-
mijnave dawesebulebebis samecniero
konferenciebiT, saagentos samomavlo
proeqtebis, gegmebis ganxilva-prezen-
taciebiT, sxvadasxva Sinaarsis sa-
leqcio Tu saangariSo programebiT,
saagentos eqspediciebis mier ganxor-
cielebuli gaTxrebis Sedegad axali
ganaTxari masalebis demonstrireba-
ganxilvebiT, treningebiTa da sxv.
art-studioSi ganxorcilebulma programebma bavSvur cnobier, fsiqo-emo-
amave sivrceSi, SesaZlebelia gaimarTos filmebis Cvenebebi saleqcio da ciur samyaroze maqsimalurad pozitiuri zemoqmedeba unda moaxdinos.
sabavSvo-saganmanaTleblo programebTan konteqstSi, maT Soris bavSvebis axali muzeumis saganmanaTleblo segmentma unda SeZlos bavSvebSi krea-
daintereseba-mozidvis mizniT stereo-kinos SesaZleblobis variantis gan- tiulobis motivireba da ideebis generireba.
xilvac.
am miznis miRwevis xelSemwyobi faqtoria komfortuli studios sivrce,
sworad dagegmili SemoqmedebiTi programebiTa da aqtivobebiT, am aqtivo-
- art studio13 bebis Sedegad Seqmnili produqciis eqsponirebiTa da realizaciiT, wamaxa-
lisebeli konkursebiT, rewvis festivalebSi monawileobiT, dajildoebis
sxvadasxva formebis SemuSavebiT. aseTad migvaCnia sxvaTagan gansxvavebu-
li, esTetikiT gamorCeuli, erovnuli TviTSegnebisa da motivaciis amaR-
lebaze orientirebuli saganmanaTleblo programebi, kerZod - kaligrafia,
qarTuli teqstili (ornamenti, erovnuli samosi, batika, lurji sufra da
sxv), Tojinebi da sxv., – Teoria da praqtika.

muzeumis art studio unda moemsaxuros bavSvebis codnis, gemovnebis, war-

mosaxviTi da SemoqmedebiTi unarebis ganviTarebas, niWieri bavSvebis ga-
movlena-waxalisebas, SesaZloa profesiis arCevansac. maqsimalurad unda
iyos gaTvaliswinebuli adgilobrivi da mcxeTis axlo Semogarenis mos-
wavle Tu axalgazrduli resursi.

avtori – eka xunwaria

13 ix. aqve mariam sosaniZe, `art studio“, gv. 194

126 127
 qarTuli kaligrafiis skola14 – masterklasebi, moswavleebis momzadeba
profesionali kaligrafebis mier, monawileoba rogorc adgilobriv, ise
qveynis gareT kaligrafiis festivalebSi. sasurvelia, swavleba mimdina-
reobdes saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis istoriasTan konteqst-
Si15.

qarTuli teqstili – Teoria (istoria) da praqtika - xatva, eskizebis Seq-

mna, qarTuli ornamenti, eskizebis mixedviT sxvadasxva produqciis damza-
deba, batika, qsovilze beWdva, printi. qsova, kerva, qargva – eTnikur motiveb-
ze nairgvari sasuvenire produqciis damzadeba-realizacia;

avtori – eka xunwaria avtori – eka xunwaria

qarTuli Tojinebi – qsova, qargva – eTnikuri motivebis gamoyenebiT. Teo-

ria - qarTuli ornamenti, qarTuli kostiumi. lurji sufra16

Teoria - istoria, ornamenti - simbolika, teqnologia

praqtika - xatva, damzadeba

avtori – asmaT saRiriZe

14 https://drive.google.com/file/d/19LO2-gWOWkRCwioLgQpzDFDw_wlp91sl/view
15 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=72Vnlis80i8 16 https://www.facebook.com/159963724685877/videos/193772391305010

128 129
 - Zerwva – bma samuzeumo keramikul koleqciasTan Teoria – qarTuli
rewva – meTuneobis historia

mesame sarTulze TanamSromelTaTvis saofised moazrebul sivrceebs So-

ris, erTi sivrce Sexvedrebis sivrcea, romelic SesaZloa funqciurad
ormagi SinaarsiT daitvirTos – rogorc uSualod muzeumis TanamSro-
melTaTvis, ise samuSao SexvedrebisaTvis (maT Soris, adgilobrivi Ta-
namSromlebis garda, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneben muzeumebisa da
muzeum-nakrZalebis samsaxuris TanamSromlebi). am sivrcis Sesabamisi ave-
am sakiTxze metad ar SevCerdebiT, vinaidan saboloo dargebis SerCeva jer jiTa da teqnikuri aRWurvis dros saWiroa am SeniSvnis gaTvaliswineba
kidev msjelobis sagania da amavdroulad am sakiTxis Sesaxeb sagangebo da am mizniT ioli adaptaciis SesaZlebloba (portatuli aveji, teqnika).
naSromi momzadda m. sosaniZis mier17. aseve, amave sivrceSi sasurvelia iyos wvdoma muzeumis eleqtronul bi-
blioTekasTan, holisa da mudmivi sagamofeno sivrcis SesavlisTvis gaT-
garda sabavSvo produqciis eqsponirebisa, art-studios programebis me- valiwinebuli eleqtronul fomatSi arsebul masalebTan.
nejmentiT gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos muzeumis droebiT sagamofeno
sivrceSi Sesabamisi profilis gamofenebisa da samecniero konferencie-
bis inicireba-organizeba (rac marTvis gegmiTac unda iyos gaTvaliswine-
buli), sakonferencio masalebis amsaxveli publikaciebis momzadeba. aseve,
Mmonawileoba rewvis adgilobrivsa Tu saerTaSoriso festivalebSi. es
mimarTuleba iqneba muzeumis saeqspozicio da sakonferencio sivrceebis
datvirTvis damatebiTi saintereso saSualeba.

- samuSao Sexvedrebis sivrce rekomendaciebi da mosazrebebi

Cveni umTavresi amocanaa mcxeTis samuzeumo sivrceSi, samecniero safuZ-

velze dayrdnobiT, saeqspoziciod sabolood SerCeuli Tematikis mTeli
sisavsiT, sainteresod interpretireba da Tanamedrove teqnologiebis gaT-
valiswinebiTa da gamoyenebiT efeqturi vizualizacia.

ukve aRiniSna, rom mcxeTis axali muzeumis saeqspozicio sivrceebi sav-

sebiT unda gansxvavdebodes Sinaarsobrivad msgavsi, saqarTveloSi arse-
buli samuzeumo sivrceebisagan, rac unda ganapirobos – Sinaarsisa da
formis erTobliobis originalurma interpretaciam.

muzeumis saeqspozicio nawilis pirveli aseTi gansxvavebulobis elemen-

tia, mcxeTis karibWe – aragvis kari - arqeologiur-arqiteqturuli Zegli,
romlis arsebobac maqsimalurad kargad unda iqnas muzeumis sasarge-
blod gamoyenebuli.

1. aragvis kari - mcxeTis karibWe

mcxeTis axal muzeums, sxva muzeumTagan gansxvavebul, gamorCeul iersa-

17 ix. aqve mariam sosaniZe, `art studio~, gv. 194

130 131
 xes aniWebs gvian antikuri da adre feodaluri mcxeTis zRude-galavnis
mniSvnelovani fragmenti, aragvis karad wodebuli erT-erTi karibWe, ro-
melic mcxeTas aragvis mimarTulebiT CrdiloeTis mxaresTan akavSirebs.
karibWis aRmoCena, 1965 wlisaTvis am adgilas kinoTeatris mSeneblobasTa-
naa dakavSirebuli. XX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi gadawyda, rogorc karibWis
SenarCuneba, ise kinoTeatris mSenebloba. kinoTeatris ti piuri proeqti
individualuriT Seicvala (avtori arq. gr. jabua da sxv). axali proeqtiT
karibWe maRal svetebze moeqca, karibWis Tavze kinodarbazi ganTavsda da
amgvarad Zegli damTvaliereblisaTvis yovelmxriv miswvdomi gaxda18.
eqvs metris sisqis kedelze miSenebuli iyo karibWis ori bastioni. bas-
tionebs Soris moqceuli iyo mokirwyluli quCa (romelsac bordiuriT
gamoyofili fexiT savali viwro biliki miuyveboda) da qalaqSi Sesas-
vlelis qvaTlilebiT nagebi monumenturi kedlis naSTebi. karibWis ali-
ziT nageb koSkebs Soris unda yofiliyo asawevi, mZimed SeWedili kari,
romelsac savaraudod qaravnebis gasatareblad aRebdnen, mgzavrebisTvis
karibWeSi mcire zomis Sesasvleli kari iyo gaWrili. aragvis kari samSe-
neblo xelovnebis SesaniSnavi nimuSia. Zeglis gawmendis dros mis doneze
da siRrmeSi gamovlinda kulturuli fenebi (samarovani, namosaxlari),
Zv.w. II s-dan ax.w. VIII s-mde xana.
Zegls gaaCnia mniSvnelovani arqeologiur-istoriuli da arqiteqturuli
Rirebuleba, rac, Cvenis azriT, maqsimalurad unda iyos gamoyenebuli. sa-
survelia, rogorc dizainis, ise sarestavracio proeqtma dramaturgiuli
TvalsazrisiT gaiTvaliswinos Zeglis maqsimaluri CarTuloba saeqspo-
zicio konteqstSi, da Cveni mosazrebebis garda damatebiTi kreatiuli in-
iciativebi SemogvTavazos.
- damTvalierebeli karibWis SesasvlelSi unda moxvdes, iseve, rogorc
didi xnis win, amave karibWeSi, datvirTuli ucxotomeli xvdeboda
Zvel dedaqalaqSi, aragvis kariT. aq moxvedrisTanave unda gacocxld-
es imitirebuli qalaqi - amoZravdnen datvirTuli aqlemebis qarav-
nebi, gacocxldes didi-patara, mdidari-Raribi, mebaJe, vaWar-xelosani,
18 kalandaZe al., boxoCaZe a., aragvis kari, Zeglis megobari, #15, Tb., 1968
132
vaWrobis scenebi, multikulturuli mcxeTa Tavis JReradobiT (sxva-
dasxva ena, m.S. berZnul-arameuli, musika, simRera, vaWrobis scenebi)
- cocxali qalaqi. amas unda mivaRwioT holografikuli proeqciis
(Holographic projection – magaliTi – Amsterdam Museum of Canals) meSveo-
biT. es xerxi iqneba Zalian efeqturi, STambeWdavi da ganwyobis Sem-
qmneli.
Zegli garSemortymulia Sekiduli pandusiT, rac misi srulad daTvalie-
rebis SesaZleblobas iZleva. Zeglis irgvliv, am pandusis qveda sivrceSi
iqmneba sxvadasxva zomis siRrm(eeb)i. Cven rekomendacias vuwevT am siRr-
meebis aTvisebas, vinaidan migvaCnia, es iqneba dizaineruli TvalsazrisiT
efeqturi da amavdroulad muzeumis uzomod mdidari saeqspozicio Si-
naarsis gadanawilebis saSualeba. dizainis proeqts vTavazobT Semdeg
mosazrebas:
- am siRrmeebSi sasurvelia Zveli mcxeTis TavdacviTi arqiteqturis
Zeglebis 3D formatSi rekonstruqcia – gegmebi, sasimagre-Tavdacvi-
Ti nagebobebi, aqcentiT galavansa da kariWeebze (iqve, Zeglis saxiT
cocxali ilustraciaa), xidebi da sxv.; aseve, sadac siRrme naklebia
feradovani, ilustrirebuli, teqstiT daprintuli an interaqtiuli
–,,Interactive Glass“- minis amonaTeba, xolo, sadac meti siRrmea damon-
taJdes didi moculobis eqspozitorebi - ,,Showcase-Expositor“- karib-
Wis ganaTxari masalebiT, ,,Switchable Display Cases“ da ,,Touch screen“-ebi
teqsturi da vizualuri masaliT.
Tematika - ,,karibWis“ istoria, misi aRmoCena, grafikuli da fotomasalis
TanxlebiT, aq gamovlenili arqeologiuri masalis eqsponirebiT.
133
 I sarTuli - multifunqciuri saeqspozicio sivrce19

sxva muzeumTagan ganmasxvavebeli iqneba mcxeTis muzeumis multifunqciu-

ri, iolad adaptirebadi sivrce. am sivrcis jamuri moculobaa 152.17 kv.m,
is arsebuli proeqtiT sagamofenodaa moazrebuli. Cveni SeTavazebaa, es
iyos multifunqciuri sivrce, Tanamedrove teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT,
aseve, saWiroebidan gamomdinare, transformireba-adaptaciis SesaZleblo-
biT droebiT sagamofeno, saprezentacio, auditoriumis, miRebebis, Cvenebebis,
sakoncerto da kino-Teatris darbazis sivrceebad.

mivyveT funqciur SeTavazebas Tanmimdevrulad:

saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis erovnul saagentos, misi

saqmianobis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, mudmivad esaWiroeba sivrce, sadac
SesaZlebeli iqneba droebiTi gamofenebis, miRebebisa da prezentacebis
gamarTva. am sivrceSi, SesaZlebeli unda iyos, rogorc sakuTriv, saagen-
tos mier organizebuli gamofenebis, aseve, igive datvirTvis RonisZiebebis
Catarebis mizniT gaqiraveba, kulturuli proeqtebis ganxorcieleba-pre-
zentireba, sxvadasxva xasiaTis miRebebis gamarTva.

rogorc zemoaRniSnul RonisZiebebTan konteqstSi, ise damoukideblad, sa-

survelia amave sivrcis auditoriumad, sakoncerto da kino-Teatris dar-
bazebad adaptirebis SesaZleblobis ganxilvac. es iqneba saagentosTvis
bevri problematuri sakiTxis gadawyveta (sivrcis Zebna-daqiraveba, xarji
da a.S.), xolo muzeumisaTvis popularizaciis, aqtivobisa da damatebiTi
Semosavlebis miRebis SesaZlebloba. spoziciis – “Temporary Art Display Walling” and “Cubes” - saukeTeso saSualebaa.

es saeqspozicio sivrce feriT, formiT, inventariT Tanabrad unda moergos

- droebiTi sagamofeno sivrce sruliad gansxvavebuli xasiaTisa da stilis, mudmivad cvalebad gamo-
fenebsa da prezentaciebs. es sivrce teqnikurad unda iyos mzad swrafi
reeqspoziciisaTvis, arqeologiuri, xelnawerebis, teqstilisa Tu WurWlis
(keramikuli, faifuri, mina), ise avangardul Tu ultraTanamedrove ferwe-
ruli namuSevrebis Tu sxva ti pis masalebis efeqturad eqsponirebisaTvis.

es sagamofeno segmenti mudmivad unda iyos datvirTuli sxvadasxva ti-

pis gamofenebiT. saeqspozicio sivrcis mudmivi ganaxlebis SesaZleblo-
bisaTvis, sasurvelia Sesabamisi dizainis moZravi stendebis “Movable Walls”
- damzadeba. es Segviqmnis sxvadasxva ti pis gamofenebis mowyobisTvis meti
mobilobis SesaZleblobas da araerTferovani garemos aridebis, cvaleba-
di sivrcis Seqmnis saSualebas mogvcems. moZravi stendebi da kubebi reeq-
am mizniT, unda daitvirTos eleqtronuli formatisgan Tavisufali, yve-
la kedeli; damzaddes martivi konstruqciebi, romlebic sxvadasxva ti-
pis zemoaRniSnul gamofenebs moemsaxureba da gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba
19 sadReisod miCneulia, rom mudmivi eqspoziciis sivrce arasakmarisia da es sivrcec
sivrcis, eleqtronuli formatisgan Tavisufali kedlebis, gayolebasa da
dizainis proeqtiT mudmiv saeqspozicio sivrcedaa moazrebuli, Cven Cvensave mosaz-
rebaze vrCebiT da am sivrcis Cveneul xedvas vaqveynebT sivrcis centrSi asawyob-dasamontaJeblad. vgulisxmobT, ZiriTad dizain-

134 135
 Tan Sesabamisi formisa da feris portatul eqspozitorebsa da stendebs,
sxvadasxva formisa (Display Cubes, etc.) da zomis sadgamebs, horizontalur
da vertikalur vitrinebs, Seminulsa da minis gareSe.

sagangebod aRvniSneT portatuli, vinaidan droebiTi gamofenis konteqst-

idan gamomdinare, gasaTvaliswinebelia martivi konstruqciis, minimalis-
turi dizainis saeqspozicio furnitura, SesaZlebeli unda iyos martivi
demontaJi da saeqspoziciodan sasawyobe sivrceSi gadatana da piriqiT.
aseve, sakidebis moqnili sistema, advilad morgebadi sxvadasxva ti pis, zo-
misa da wonis namuSevrebis kedlebze gansaTavseblad, sxvadasxva kompo-
ziciebis Seqmnis SesaZleblobiT, aseve moqnili da efeqturi, Tanamedrove
ganaTebis sistemiT. avtori - eka xunwkaria

- multifunqciurobis momdevno komponentia

saprezentacio da auditoriumis funqcia
es sivrce advilad adaptirebadi iqneba sxvadasxva xasiaTis RonisZiebebis
Casatareblad. martivi iqneba misi prezentaciebisa da oficialuri miRebe-
bisaTvis morgeba. amavdroulad, es SesaZloa amave RonisZiebebis Tanmxle-
bi gamofenebis fonzec moxdes.
II sarTulze gaTvaliswinebulia sakonferencio darbazi, romlis mocu-
loba arc Tu ise didia. amis gamo sagangebod aRvniSnavT auditoriumis
mniSvnelobas – xalxmravali leqciebisaTvis, amasTanave SesaZlebeli iqne-
ba sakonferencio sivrcis datvirTulobis dros, msgavsi ti pis RonisZie-
bis paralelur reJimSi Catareba. saWiroeba mxolod sivrcis moculobas-
Tan Sesabamisi, komfortuli skamebis raodenobaa, rac aseve saWiroa sxva
aqtivobebisaTvisac.
- musikaluri sivrce
aqtivoba. SesaZlebelia Teatraluri da musikaluri sabavSvo programebis
momzadeba-Catareba. am mimarTulebis marTva saagentos resursiT SesaZ-
lebelia, ar saWiroebs damatebiT TanamSromlebs. saWiroa mcire zomis
roialis SeZena. axalgazrdobis mozidvisa da dainteresebis, muzeumis po-
pularizaciis mizniT SesaZlebelad migvaCnia, Ria sivrceSi Tanamedrove
musikis koncertebis gamarTva.
- kinoCvenebis sivrce
am sivrceSi sasurvelia gaTvaliswinebuli iyos didi ekrani an monitori,
romlis meSveobiTac SesaZlebeli iqneba sxvadasxva xasiaTis (samuzeumo,
dokumenturi, samecniero-popularuli, samecniero) kinoproduqciis premie-
rebis, retorospeqtivis, ganxilvebis mowyoba. ix. bmuli, samuzeumo filmi
- ufliscixe - kldeSi nakveTi qalaqi

amave sivrcis datvirTva drodadro sasurvelia sxvadasxva ti pis musi- es aris Cveni SeTavazeba multifunqciuri sivrcis dasatvirTad. mraval-
kaluri saRamoebiT, SexvedrebiT, koncertebiT (klasika, jazi, musikaluri funqciuri xasiaTi am sivrces, da am sivrcis meSveobiT sakuTriv muzeums,
folklori Tu sxv.) dargTan dakavSirebuli samecniero konferenciebis, aqcevs popularul, moTxovnad da mudmivad datvirTul mniSvnelovan kul-
gamofenebis koncertebis TanxlebiT Catareba da mravali sxva musikaluri turul habad. zemoaRniSnulis xelSemwyobi faqtoria muzeumis Ria da

136 137

daxuruli kafe, Ria terasa da garesivrce. vfiqrobT, mizanSewonilia gare-
sivrcis sxvadasxva xasiaTis RonisZiebebTan Sesabamisi Sinaarsis, saeqspo-
zicio mizniT aTviseba.
mcxeTis axali muzeumis Sida Tu gare-sivrcis, drodadro, analogiuri
profilis RonisZiebebisaTvis sxvadasxva instituciebisaTvis daTmoba da
gaqiraveba, muzeumisTvis damatebiT Semosavlis wyarod iqceva. erTianoba-
Si, yovelive zemoaRniSnuli, dadebiTad aisaxeba muzeumis mniSvnelovnebis,
datvirTvisa, da Sesabamisad popularizaciisa da Semosavlebis zrdaze,
qveynis samomavlo ganviTarebaze.
rogorc aRvniSneT, muzeumma maqsimal-
urad srulad unda asaxos qarTuli sa-
xelmwifoebriobis politikuri, religi-
ur-kulturuli, Tu social-ekonomikuri
istoria, rac TavisTavad qveynis umdi-
dresi warsulidan da masTan Sesabami-
sobaSi arsebuli saTqmelidan gamomdi-
nare arc Tu ise iolad misaRwevia (am
amocanis sirTulis sailustraciod ze-
moaRniSnuli gzavnilebi da warmodgeni-
li krebulis Sinaarsi kmara).
138
nawili II
mcxeTis muzeumis
mudmivi eqspoziciis
konceptualuri
xedva-mosazrebebi
mudmiv saeqspozicio nawilSi, mcxeTasTan dakavSire-
biT gasaTvaliswinebeli da sademonstracio masa-
lis moculoba usazRvroa. Sinaarsis moculobasTan
saeqspozicio sivrcis disproporciis gamo,umTavres
sirTules Sinaarsis Tematuri aqcentebis sworad
gansazRvra warmoadgens. Tumca arc am SemTxvevaSi
ixsneba umTavresi problema – sivrcis deficiti,rac
Tavis mxriv ara mxolod saeqspozicio nawilTan,
aramed muzeumis srulyofil funqcionirebasTanaa
kavSirSi, kerZod ki, droebiTi sagamofeno
(multifunqciuri) sivrcis mdebareobis sakiTxis,
Cveni SeTavazebis Tanaxmad gadawyvetasTan.
am problemis mogvarebis erTaderT gzad,
Tanamedrove teqnologiuri saSualebebis,
or saeqspozicio sivrceSi gadanawileba da
srulad aTviseba gvesaxeba. es aris arsebuli
proeqtiT droebiT sagamofenod (mkafioobisTvis
pirobiTad vuwodoT zona A) da Ria fondsacavad
(pirobiTad - zona B) gaTvaliswinebuli sivrceebi.
eleqtronuli formatisaTvis moazrebuli Tematika,
bmaSi eqspozitorebsa Tu saeqspozicio sivrceSi
prezentirebul artefaqtebTan, xels Seuwyobs maT
srulfasovan interpretirebas.
139
 eqspoziciis eleqtronuli formati
eleqtronuli formatisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli masala Semdegnairad naw-
ildeba:
1. ZiriTad TematikasTan dakavSirebuli sqemebi, gegmebi, rukebi, sairigacio
sistema, saero da sakulto xuroTmoZRvrebis Zeglebi, arqiteqturuli
detalebi, grafikuli da 3D rekonstruqcia, audio-video masala, animacia.
am ti pis masalebi, SinarsTan SesabamisobaSi gaTvaliswinebuli unda
iyos A da B zonebSi (ix. proeqti, gv. 142).
diferencireba samecniero da popularul segmentebad. es masalebi
misawvdomi unda iyos muzeumis biblioTekis, sakonferencio, Sexvedrebis
da saganmanaTleblo sivrceebSi.
saeqspozicio Tematikis prezentirebis saukeTeso arCevanad, migvaCnia
Semdegi Tanamedrove teqnologiuri saSualebebi:
- Multi Touch Interactive Screen - 3D grafikuli audio-vizualuri rekonstruqcia
- animacia - audio gidi;
- Table Touch Screen – 3D grafikuli, audio-vizualuri rekonstruqcia

2. masala,romelic aseve mcxeTasTanaa kavSirSi,aucileblobas warmoadgens
da erTiani konteqstis nawilia, magram ver xerxdeba saeqspozicio
sivrceSi eqsponatebis saSualebiT demonstrireba. aseTad migvaCnia
- mag. mcxeTis etimologia, geografiuli mdebareoba, mcxeTasTan
dakavSirebul-asocirebuli bibliuri cnobebi, ucxouri da qarTuli
naratiuli saistorio wyaroebis cnobebi (qcxba, moqcevai..), aseve Temebi -
mcxeTa – qalaqi nekropolisi da dedaqalaqobamdeli mcxeTa (ix. qveviT).
es masala gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos zona A-Si (ix. proeqti, gv. 142).
- Touch Screen - 3D grafikuli, audio-vizualuri rekonstruqcia
- audio-gidi da smartfon-aplikacia
- proeqtiT, droebiT sagamofenod moazrebuli sivrcis - zona A-s -
moculoba 70.29 kv.m-a. es sivrce emijneba Senobis Zvel konodarbazSi
gansaTavsebel, sadReisod mudmivi eqspoziciis sivrced miCneul - zona
B-s, proeqtiT - Ria fondasacavs.

3. epigrafikis Zeglebi - rogorc wyaro. es masala eleqtronul formatSi

gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos zona A-Si. eqsponireba SesaZlebelia
holisa da derefnul sivrceebSi (ix. proeqti, gv. 142).

4. mcxeTis konteqstSi, qarTuli civilizaciis saintereso aqcentebTan

dakavSirebiT, muzeumSi warmodgenili sxvadasxva samecniero dargebis
(anTropologia, arqeologia, eTnologia, istoria, xelovnebaTmcodneoba,
enaTmecniereba, da sxv.) specialistebis Cawera da vizualuri masalebis
darTviT saleqcio xasiaTis video-rgolebis damzadeba. am Canawerebis
yureba-mosmena SesaZlebeli iqneba individualuri mcire ekranebisa da
yursasmenebis saSualebiT. es xerxi kargia, rogorc informaciis miReba-
gavrcelebis, ise qarTuli samecniero sferos sxvadasxva dargebis
specialistebis cocxali kulturuli memkvidreobis danarCeni
samecniero samyarosTvis ukeT gacnobisa da popularizaciisaTvis, rac
Tavis mxriv qarTuli samecniero resursis eqsportis kargi saSualebacaa
da axali samecniero kontaqtebis gaCenis damatebiTi SesaZlebloba. am
formatSi SesaZlebelia mcxeTasTan dakavSirebuli informaciis mudmiv
reJimSi gafarToeba-ganaxleba. es masala gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos
zona A-Si (ix. proeqti, gv. 142).

5. eqsponirebuli artefaqtebis axlos naxvis, detalurad daTvalierebis

da maT Sesaxeb sruli informaciis gacnobis SesaZlebloba. es masala
gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos zona B-Si (ix. proeqti, gv. 142).

6. erovnul muzeumSi daculi eqsponatebis im nawilis vizualizacia,

romelTa transferic ver xerxdeba. es masala gaTvaliswinebuli unda
iyos zona B-Si (ix. proeqti, gv. 142).

eleqtronul formatSi momzadebuli masalebi unda eqvemdebarebodes

Tematur-Sinaarsobriv Sevseba-ganaxlebis reJims. am formatSi SesaZlebelia
mcxeTasTan dakavSirebuli didi moculobis informaciis ganTavseba,

140 141
 dizainis TvalsazrisiT - zona A eqspozitorebis damatebiT, aseTi formiT
warmogvidgenia

zona B
zona A

am sivrcis mTavari amocana, vizitorisaTvis didi moculobis informaciis

iolad aRqmadi, mkafio aqcentebiT, sainteresod da cocxlad miwodebaa.
ilustraciisaTvis warmodgenili formati, mTavari saeqspozicio sivrcis
diaqronizmisgan gaTavisuflebisa da Tematuri gantvirTvis saSualebas
iZleva. amavdroulad, gvaZlevs saSualebas, SevinarCunoT muzeumis
funqcionirebisa da sicocxlisunarianobisaTvis aucilebeli – droebiTi
sagamofeno - mravalfunqciuri sivrce.

142 143
 aq sasurvelia warmodgenili iyos mudmivi gamofenis Sesavali (winasityvaoba)
- mcxeTa erTian konteqstSi, garkveul epizodebSi eqspozitorebSi
gamofenili masalisa da virtualuri interpretaciis TanxlebiT. kerZod,
zeviT warmodgenili eleqtronuli formatis masalebidan Semdegi -
##1,2,3,4:
• sqemebi, gegmebi, rukebi, grafikuli da 3D rekonstruqcia, audio-video
masalis is nawili, rasac mudmivi saeqspozicio sivrce ar iTxovs (#1)
• samecniero Sinaarsis masala, romelic ar eqvemdebareba vizualizacias
(#2)
• epigrafikis Zeglebi da informacia maT Sesaxeb (#3).
• cocxali kulturuli memkvidreoba – audio-video rgolebi mecnierebis
monawileobiT (#4).
amave sivrceSi unda iyos gatanili
- saeqspozicio Tema - mcxeTa – qalaqi nekropolisi – samarovani –
samarxebis ti pologia, dakrZalvis wesi da poza, samarxeuli inventari,
aRapi – samarx(eb)i naCvenebi ara Cveulebriv, aramed dakrZalvis
droisaTvis arsebuli mdgomareobis rekonstruqcia, samosiTa da
samarxeuli inventariT,samarxis Sesaxeb sainteresod interpretirebuli
informaciis darTviT.
- saeqspozicio Tema - ... mcxeTis dedaqalaqobamde
es iqneba mTavari saeqspozicio Sinaarsis – mcxeTa – saqarTvelos
istoriuli dedaqalaqi - Sesavali
demonstrirebis xerxi - eqspozitori eleqtronuli formatis TanxlebiT
eqspozitorSi mcire raodenobiT warmodgenili umniSvnelovanesi ganaTxari
masala
eleqtronuli teqnologiis saSualebiT, Temis diferenciacia, didi moc-
ulobis masalis gaSla-interpretacia da vizualizacia srulfasovnad
iqneba SesaZlebeli.
adre da Sua brinjaos xana (Zv. w. III - II aTasw.), gvian brinjaosa da
adre rkinis xana (Zv. w. II - I aTasw.) (samTavro, zemo avWalis, wiwamuris,
144
narekvavis, werovnis, nabaRrevis samarovani da namosaxlarebi). Txroba -
gvian brinjaos xana1 - maRalganviTarebuli brinjaos metalurgia
demografiuli suraTi - aRmosavleT saqarTvelos socialur-
ekonomikur, kulturul ganviTarebaSi sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufebis
adgilmonacvleobiT gamowveuli mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi (Zv.w. II aTasw.
meore nax. _ I aTasw. dasawyisi) – Zv.w. VI s. - Zv.w. IV saukunis Sua xanebi
– demografiuli krizisi. Zv.w. IV s. II nax. - III s. dasawyisi _ ,,urbanuli
afeTqeba” – ganviTarebis aRmavloba mtkvris xeobaSi, gansxvavebuli
ti pologiis qalaquri dasaxlebebis aRmoceneba – srulad eleqtronuli
formati.
- sacxovrebeli kompleqsi da misi rekonstruqcia - banursaxuraviani,
sayrdeni boZi, dedaboZis Casadgmeli ormo, puris sacxobi Rumeli,
samsxverplo, kera, sameurneo ormo da sxv. – srulad eleqtronuli
formati.
- sabrZolo iaraRi (culi, maxvili, satevari, xelSubi, Subispiri, mSvild-
isari, isrispiri) - Zv.w. I aTaswleulis pirveli naxevriT daTariRebuli
brinjaos saxelosnoebis arsebobis dasturi – eqspozitori da
interpretacia eleqtronul formatSi.
- meurneobis dargebi, sameurneo iaraRi da WurWeli - mevenaxeoba-
meRvineoba, mebostneoba, mebaReoba; vazis sasxlavi danebi, qvevri,
saritualo saRvine WurWeli da sxv. - saxeobriv-qronologiur WrilSi
- eqspozitori da interpretacia eleqtronul formatSi
- kulturuli vazi - wi pwebi _ ,,mwvane~ da ,,rqawiTeli~ da sxv. –
eqspozitori da interpretacia eleqtronul formatSi.
- samarovani – ti pologia, dakrZalvis wesi (ormosamarxi, inhumaciuri,
kenotafi, jgufuri), aRapis wesi, samarxeuli inventari (Tixis WurWeli,
liTonis samkauli, iaraRi) – grafikuli rekonstruqcia - eleqtronuli
formati.
- mokle informacia vizualuri masalis darTviT da linkebi saitebze
(armazcixe, armazisxevi, akldama);
- brinjaos plastika da sartylebi (Zv.w. VIII-VII ss) - anTropomorfuli
brinjaos qandakebebi, iTifaluri figurebi – interpretacia-
vizualizacia kultis nawilSi (ix. qveviT).
1 SeniSvna* - 1. preistoriuli xana maqsimalurad SemWidroebuli formiT unda gadmoices
SeniSvna* - 2. am Temis Sesabamisi eqsponatebis eqsponirebisaTvis optimalurad migvaCnia
proeqtiT droebiT sagamofeno sivrced miCneuli mcire darbazis marcxena frTis
siRrme
145
 adre rkinis xana
- ZvelaRmosavluri wyaroebi - qarTvelur tomTa politikuri erTeulebis
arsebobis dasturi (muSqi – mosxi – mesxi...) da roli aRmosavlur-
qarTuli saxelmwifos SeqmnaSi - eleqtronuli formati.
saeqspozicio sivrceSi – saqarTvelos istoriuli dedaqalaqi – mcxeTa -
gakeTdeba saeqspozicio TvalsazrisiT umTavresi aqcentebi.
mcxeTis muzeumis mudmiv saeqspozicio sivrceSi unda aisaxos sami ZiriTadi
Tema2:
1. mcxeTa - saqarTvelos istoriuli dedaqalaqi;
2. mcxeTa - saqarTvelos religiuri centri;
3. multikulturuli mcxeTa3.
mudmivi gamofenis saeqspozicio Tematika warmodgenili unda iyos ori
ZiriTadi formiT:
- pirveli da umTavresi - istoriuli dedaqalaqi, religiuri da
multikulturuli centri - TematikasTan SesabamisobaSi eqspozitorebSi
warmodgenili eqsponatebi, garkveul epizodebSi virtualuri
interpretaciis TanxlebiT.
- meore – zemoaRniSnuli eleqtronuli.
mudmivi eqspoziciis sivrce - unda moemsaxuros Temis - saqarTvelos
uZvelesi dedaqalaqi mcxeTa (Zv.w. IV-III-ax.w. IV-Vss.) umTavresi aqcentebis
efeqtur da emociur gaSlas.
qarTuli saxelmwifos uZvelesi dedaqalaqis da misi sulieri centris
prezentireba, misdami miZRvnili muzeumis umTavres (yofili kinodarbazis)
sivrceSi moxdeba. amas Cvens mier moazrebuli samuzeumo marSrutic
uwyobs xels – damTvalierebeli, jer qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobisa
da dedaqalaqobamdeli mcxeTis istorias, xolo Semdeg unikaluri
artefaqtebiT gamyarebul am istoriis aqcentebs gaecnoba.
Cvens xelT arsebuli arqeologiuri masala ar iZleva muzeumis sasurveli
gansxvavebulobis mkafio gamokveTis saSualebas. amdenad, eqsponirebis
gamorCeuloba ufro metad Sinaarsobriv-vizualuri
interpretaciis (Sinaarsobrivi aqcentebi, interieris, saeqspozicio
2 SeniSvna* - 1. am SemTxvevaSi viTvaliswinebT baton iulon gagoSiZis rCevas
3 SeniSvna**- 2. mcxeTis multikulturuloba SesaZloa TavisTavad aisaxos ZiriTad
TemebSi da arc iyos gamocalkevebis saWiroeba (sabolood saeqspozicio masala
gvikarnaxebs) an piruku, man SeiTavsos mniSvnelovani epizodebi savaWro gzis, import-
eqsportisa da religiisa Tu oqromWedlobis Tematikidan
146
inventaris (eqspozitorebis) da ganaTebis dizaini (Suq-Crdilis TamaSi),
dizaineruli efeqtebi, teqnologiebi) amocanaa. es sivrce rogorc
Sinaarsobriv-sainterpretacio da vizualuri TvalsazrisiT, ise
dinamizmiTa da eqspresiulobiT, efeqturobiTa da moulodnelobebiT unda
gamoirCeodes sxva am ti pis saeqspozicio sivrceebisagan. aq miRebuli
STabeWdileba unda iyos mkafio da xangrZlivi.
mudmivi eqspoziciis sivrce - Zveli
kinodarbazi (arsebuli proeqtiT
Ria fondsacavad gaTvaliswinebuli sivrce)
mudmivi eqspoziciisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli samoqmedo areali
warmodgenilia 177.23 kv.m., terasuli ganlagebis sivrciT, rac manamde aq
arsebuli kinoTeatris darbazis konstruqciiTaa gapirobebuli - ix. gv.
142, proeqti (zona B). dizaineruli TvalsazrisiT, erTi mxriv, SemzRudveli
mocemulobaa, Tumca amavdroulad, saeqspozicio gegmarebis TvalsazrisiT,
bunebrivad gansxvavebuli sivrcis SemoTavazebaa. CvenTvis sasurveli
Sedegi miRweuli iqneba saintereso saeqspozicio Tematuri aqcentebis da
am aqcentebTan Sesabamisi eqsponatebis,aseTive saintereso sainterpretacio
masalis, esTeturi dizainisa da Tanamedrove teqnologiebis sinTeziT.
eqsponirebis xelovnebam am sivrceSi kulminacias unda miaRwios.
am darbazSi gamoyenebuli unda iyos konteqstTan relevanturi yvela
teqnologiuri saSualeba, raTa SevZloT saTqmelis srulfasovnad
gadmocema. unda ganTavsdes:
interaqtiuli ekrani - Multi Touch Interactive Screen, romelic eleqtronul
formatSi zemoaRniSnuli Semdegi masalebis prezentirebis saSualebas
mogvcems (ix. eleqtronuli formati ##5-6)
4. eqsponirebuli artefaqtebi – 3D formati, daTvaliereba, informacia,
rekonstruqcia;
5. erovnul muzeumSi daculi mcxeTa-samTavros eqsponatebi,igive formatSi.
147
 samuzeumo koleqciis TiToeuli eqsponatis detalurad dasaTvaliereblad,
Sesabamisi informaciis gasacnobad,interaqtiuli video-kedeli optimaluri
saSualebaa. amdenad, Cven meti SesaZlebloba mogvecema saeqspozicio
segmentis sainterpretacio teqstebiT gadatvirTvisgan aridebisa da
saeqspozicio nawilis efeqturobis aqcentirebisa. amave formatSi
SesaZlebelia dazianebuli eqsponatis 3D rekonstruqcia. audio-gidi.
Table Touch Screen - 3D grafikuli, audio-vizualuri rekonstruqcia
warmovadgenT Sinaarsobrivi TvalsazrisiT umTavres saeqspozicio Tem-
atikas
- saeqspozicio Tema - mcxeTa saerTaSoriso savaWro
gzebis gasayarze - abreSumis gza
iberiis samefo - amierkavkasiis, aRm. anatoliis, xmelTaSuazRvispirul -
axlo aRmosavluri oikumenes Crdilo-aRmosavluri forposti. savaWro
gzebis gzasayari - sxvadasxva warmomavlobisa da kulturis mosaxleobis
mcire sivrceSi lokalizeba - saxelmwifoebriobis Seqmnis safuZveli.
148
interaqtiuli ruka - saerTaSoriso savaWro urTierToba - import-
eqsporti - numizmatikiT aqcentireba - am gzis rekonstruqcia masStaburad,
saqarTvelos gaTvalsaCinoebiT - Cveneba efeqturi xerxiT.
mcxeTis ganviTareba-mowinaveobis xelSemwyobi piroba - geografiuli
mdebareoba (mdinareebis aragvisa da mtkvris gaswvriv - saerTaSoriso
savaWro gzebis gzasayari. savaWro gza muxranze. „sabaJo“,mcxeTaSi gamavali
gza muxranidan RarTiskaris gavliT, romelic mcxeTis xidis gavliT md.
mtkvris marjvena sanapiroze xvdeboda... aq gamavali saerTaSoriso savaWro
gzebi: samxreTidan (artaSatidan) CrdiloeT kavkasiaze mimavali, abreSumis
didi gza, romelic Zv. w. II saukunidan moqmedebda, iwyeboda CineTidan
da saqarTvelos (kerZod mcxeTis) gavliT Savi da xmelTaSua zRvebis
napirebisaken miemarTeboda.
demonstrirebis xerxi
Interactive Screen - 3D grafikuli, audio-vizualuri rekonstruqcia - titri
– audio-gidi, smartfon-aplikacia; bavSvebis dainteresebis mizniT rukis
interaqtiulobisa da vizualuri efeqtebis gamoyeneba.
Tema unda momzaddes dargis specialistis CarTulobiT (istoriuli
geografia).
es nawili, SesaZloa, sxva Tematur komponentebTan erTad (ix. qveviT –
savaWro gza, import-eqsporti, oqromWedloba, religia) iqces saeqspozicio
Temis – multikulturuli mcxeTa – Semadgenlad.
aseTi adgilebi aqac da sxva TemebSic TvalsaCinoebisTvis gansxvavebuli
feriTaa moniSnuli.
• elinisturi kultura saqarTveloSi. gavrceleba Savi zRvisa da
saxmeleTo - wina aziasTan kavSiris gziT. adreelinisturi xanis
mniSvnelovani qalaquri ti pis dasaxlebebi - samadlo, nastakisi,
aRaiani, cixiagora, sarkine, urbnisi.
• saerTaSoriso savaWro urTierToba - import-eqsporti - damadasturebeli
Sesabamisi eqsponatebi + efeqturi vizualizacia.
kavSiri - egvi ptis saxelosno centrebTan, aRmosavluri Zvirfasi qvebis
adgilobriv saoqromWedloebSi farTo gamoyeneba, importuli saqonlis
siuxve: siriuli minis WurWeli, keramika, numizmatika, torevtika, gli ptika,
terakotuli plastika. berZnuli ti pis savaWro-satranzito WurWlis
(amforebi, saTevze langrebi, sanelsacxeblebi) damzadeba. elinisturi
tradiciebi safeiqro warmoebaSi – vertikaluri saqsovi dazga; elinisturi
samoneto sistemis SemoReba. elinisturi samSeneblo wesebis gavrceleba,
qvisa da brinjaos qandakebebi da reliefebi.
demonstrirebis xerxi
- eqspozitor(eb)Si Tematikis Sesabamisi eqsponatebi – numizmatika, keramika,
torevtika, gli ptika, terakotuli plastika – efeqturi vizualizacia,
saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa gavlenis, multikulturalizmis, import-
149
 eqsportis eqsponatebiT STambeWdavi asaxva-aqcentireba Semdgari (RarTiskar-bebris da wiwamuris cixeebi, sarkine-savane,
naqulbaqev-zemo avWala). erTiani sistemis mTavari Semadgeneli
- saeqspozicio Tema - mcxeTa - qarTlis (iberiis) dedaqalaqi (Zv. w. IV-III Sida cixe (armazcixe). armazis galavani (30 ha, sisqe 2,6 - 3,0 m, sim.
- ax. w IV-V ss.), sadac „RmerTni RmerToben da mefeni mefoben“ 6-8 m) safortifikacio samSeneblo-xuroTmoZRvruli kulturis
ganviTarebulobis dasturi - qvaTlilebis mSrali wyobiT, aliziT
Sesavali amoyvanili, oTxkuTxa koSkebi da a.S.;

- iberiis uZvelesi dedaqalaqi - samefo rezidencia - ,,qarTli“, Semdgom-
Si armazad wodebuli, ,,dedacixe“ - akropolisi, eTnarqi - eponimi qarT-
losi, misi moRvaweoba, STamomavloba... bibliuri warmomavloba.
- Zv. w. VI-V ss-Si mcxeTa (Tavdapirveli „qarTli“) qalaquri ti pis samo-
saxlo. mcxeTis damoukidebeli ubnebi: mcxeTa, armazi, mogvTakari, sar-
kine, wiwamuri da sxva. Zveli samosaxlo ubnebis ganviTareba qalaqebad.
• maRalganviTarebuli samSeneblo-xuroTmoZRvruli kultura.
(armazcixis „svetebiani darbazi“, pitiaxSTa rezidencia - antikuri
abano, qvis akldama, warmarTuli taZari, antikuri xanis svetisTavebi,
bazebi, lavgardnebi da sxva.); mcxeTaSi damzadebuli ori saxis kramiti;
mxatvarTuxucesis da xuroTmoZRvris Tanamdeboba (wyaro);
• xelosnobis dargebi – dargebis simravle da mravalferovneba;

TiToeuli am naqalaqari ubnidan, saukeTeso masala sailustraciod - mag.
samadlo-nastagisis masala (Zv.w IV-II ss.); aseve, <<Zveli mcxeTis>> sakiTx-
isaTvis - elinisturi xana - samadlo-nastagisi - qalaqis Sida cixe - sa-
madlo, nastagisi – sakuTriv qalaqi. Zv.w IV-III ss. qarTlis mefeTa rezi-
denciis savaraudo adgili. yofiTi da sakulto nivTebi, sayofacxovrebo
da samSeneblo keramika, samkauli da iaraRi.
Zv.w IV-III ss. saqarTveloSi mxatvruli keramikis maRalganviTarebuli
warmoeba. aRm. saqarTveloSi uZvelesi kramiti (Zv.w. IV-III ss.), ricxvis aRm-
niSvneli berZn.(ionuri) aso-niSnebiT da sxva.
xelosnuri warmoeba – oqromWedloba da Tvlebis gaTla-damuSaveba, minis
warmoeba, mWedloba-zeinkloba, meTuneoba.
meurneoba – mevenaxeoba (armazisxevi – 50-mde qvevri, marani, zvari, saRvine
WurWeli, samkauli), mecxoveleoba – cxvrisTaviani qandakebebi (armazisxevi,
samTavro), mecxeneoba – ubelo cxeni –(mcxeTis akldama), ZaRli (samTavro)
da sxv.
SeniSvna: Sesavali da momdevno Tema - mcxeTa - iberiis dedaqalaqi (Zv. w.
IV-III - ax. w IV-V ss.) - animaciis saSualebiT erTiandeba.

„qvevri“ asocirebuli vazTan, yurZenTan, RvinosTan - nayofierebis Rv- SeniSvna: sademonstraciod SesarCevia Sinaarsis materialuri dasturi.
Taebis atributikasTan. WurWelze asaxuli cxovelebisa da frinvelebis danarCeni - Tematuri animacia.
gamosaxulebebi, saritualo ferxulebi, asocirebuli nayofierebis tradi-
ciul kultebTan, nadirobisa da laSqrobis sadidebel sanaxaobasTan – es demonstrirebis xerxi - Tematuri animacia.
SesaZloa calkeuli ubnebis masalebis erTobliobiT religiis nawilis
sainterpretaciod iqnas gamoyenebuli. (ix. qveviT – kulti da religia). mcxeTa da misi Semogareni - daarsebis istoria - mcxeTamdeli
dasaxlebebi da maTi gaerTianeba
- mcxeTa - iberiis dedaqalaqi (Zv. w. IV-III - ax. w IV-V ss.)
,,... RmerTni RmerToben da mefeni mefoben“ strabonis ,,geografia~ - ,,...iberia
kargadaa dasaxlebuli metwilad
politikuri, kulturuli da religiuri centri, savaWro-satranzito rogorc qalaqebad, ise dabebad, ise
magistralis Semadgeneli,xelosnobisa da vaWrobis maRalganviTarebulobis, rom aq gvxvdeba kramitis saxuravebi
multikulturalizmis dasturi, mcxeTasTanaa dakavSirebuli da xuroTmoZRvrebis wesiT
winareqristianuli xanis qarTuli religia, kultebisa da religiaTa agebuli saxlebi, bazrebi, da sxva
sinkretizmi, qarTuli ena da damwerloba, qristianobis saxelmwifo sazogadoebrivi Senobebi~.
religiad aRiareba, qarTuli eklesiis Seqmna. mcxeTaa ierusalimis modeli,
mefeTa da kaTalikosTa aRsaydrebisa da samudamo gansasveneblis alagi
da sxva. iberiuli qalaqi - yvela momdevno Tema unda iyos am CamonaTvalis
ganmarteba vizualuri masalis darTviT.

• mcxeTa - qarTlis (iberiis) samefos politikuri centri - antikuri

xanis didi mcxeTa - Zv. w. IV s-is damlevi. mcxeTa - qalaqis mSenebloba,
dedaqalaqis ori nawili - „armaziT kerZi qalaqi“ da „muxnariT kerZi
qalaqi“;

• didi mcxeTis erTiani TavdacviTi sistema - ubnebis cixe-simagreebisagan

150 151
 visurvebdiT, es yovelive erTianad, warmodgenili yofiliyo animaciuri wyaroTmcodne, xelovnebis istorikosi) CarTviT.
filmis meSveobiT,magaliTad - ,,erTi dRe antikur mcxeTaSi“ - antikuri xanis
yoveldRiuri yofis rekonstruqciiT. cxadia Cven ver SevqmniT absolutur rekonstruqcia unda iyos kavSirSi eqspozitorTan, sadac eqsponirebuli
realobas, Tumca am xerxiT metad davaaxlovebT damTvalierebels iqneba Tematurad Sesabamisi - am mosaxleobis yofis amsaxveli materialuri
Soreul warsulTan, metad sainteresos da cocxals gavxdiT mas. aseve, kulturis gamorCeuli nimuSebi.
am ti pis rekonstruirebisas SesaZleblad migvaCnia praqtikaSi miRebuli
paraleluri masalebis gamoyeneba da gaTvaliswineba. SeniSvna* - am SemTxvevaSi, umjobesi iqneba animaciis saSualebiT, gakeTdes
erTi sruli versia - antikuri qalaqi - gegma - centri - yoveli zemo
dramaturgia Semdegi formiT warmogvidgenia: CamoTvlili komponentiT - antikuri xanis cxovrebis wesi – ganaTleba,
saqmianoba, garToba – dResaswauli - nadimi-sufra – musika – cekva - sakvebi,
TiToeuli ubnis (Tundac arazusti),an erTis4,romelic metadaa Seswavlili sasmeli, sacxovrisi, higiena – antikuri abano, wodebrivi da profesiuli
da danarCenis dasaxelebebis rukaze moniSvna- gaTvalsaCinoebiT,grafikuli diferenciaciaciis gaTvaliswinebiT da a. S.
rekonstruqcia da qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiT Cveneba - es unda iyos
naCvenebi 3D grafikuli gamosaxulebis saSualebiT - ganaSenianebis animaciaSi gamoyenebul, saitebad moazrebul nawilsa da ukve arsebul
procesi grafikuli animaciis saSualebiT,Semdeg maTi xidebiT erTmaneTTan reabilitirebul muzeumebze yvelgan iyos Sesabamisi linki - mag. aris es
dakavSireba (a. afaqiZis mosazrebis Tanaxmad), gadasvla uSualod mcxeTasa da es, SegiZliaT ixiloT aq da aq. animacia unda eyrdnobodes samecniero
da mis akropolisze, armazcixe, antikuri qalaqi misi yvela maxasiaTebliT - safuZvels, Tumca garkveulwilad dasaSvebia paraleluri masalebis
galavani, karibWeebi, moedani, sakulto da sxvadasxva funqciuri datvirTvis moSveliebiT warmosaxviTi rekonstruqcia.
mqone saero nagebobebi, savaWro saxlebi, sastumroebi/fundukebi, antikuri
abanoebi – armazisxevis abano 3D grafikuli rekonstruqcia, sacxovrebeli
ubnebi mTis kalTebze, barSi saxelosnoebi (mravaldargobrivi xelosnuri - saeqspozicio Tema - qarTuli saxelmwifoebrioba
warmoeba: sameTuneo, m.S. calke meqvevreoba, samSeneblo keramika - kramiti, - farnavazi da es farnavaz iyo pirveli mefe
aguri, wyalsadeni milebi da sxv. aqcenti - mcxeTuri kramiti, minis
adgilobrivi warmoeba, oqromWedloba),
qarTlSi, qarTlosisa naTesavTagani"
xilis baRebi da venaxebi, sasaflaoebi,
aristokratiis ubnebi - linki -
qarTul saistorio samecniero sivrceSi, farnavazis realobis Taobaze,
armazcixe da armazisxevi.
Tanxmoba jerac araa miRweuli. Cven savsebiT viziarebT angariSgasawevi
qarTveli istorikosis, niko berZeniSvilis mosazrebas. leonti mrovelis
antikuri mcxeTis sociumi, eTnikuri
Tanaxmad, farnavazia qarTvelTa saxelmwifos Semqmneli. man gandevna
da profesiuli TvalsazrisiT
(da daRupa dampyrobeli (azoni), qarTls „aRÃada xarki da Wiri ucxoTa
Wreli mosaxleoba, sxvadasxva enaze
naTesavTagan“, qarTlosisa da egrosis wili qveynebi gaaerTiana, qveyana
moubari didi da patara... es unda
politikurad da administraciulad dayo (saerisTaoebad dayofa, samefo
iyos antikuri qalaqis ,,erTdRiani“
da saerisTao xarkis daweseba...), mcxeTa mozRuda da Seqmna armazis kerpi
cxovrebis ilustrireba - qalaqisa,
„Tavsa zeda qarTlisasa“, mis dros qveyana moSenda, aRkveTa qarTlSi
romelic TviT gviyveba Tavis Sesaxeb.
mravalenianoba. farnavazma Seqmna mwignobroba qarTuli.
aq unda moxdes iseTi STambeWdavi
efeqtis Seqmna damTvaliereblisTvis,
leontis Tanaxmad, farnavazis dros da farnavazis meoxebiT Seiqmna
TiTqos is marTlac inacvlebs
qarTvelTa saxelmwifo, qarTuli teritoriiT, qarTuli eniT, qarTuli
antikur samyaroSi. es saintereso
weswyobilebiT (Tumca nasesxebiT), qarTuli sarwmunoebiT, qarTuli
iqneba yvela asakis vizitorisaTvis.
mwignobrobiT da qarTveli mefiT. es niSnebi sakmao da aucilebelia
unda momzaddes mcire formatis
g. gamyreliZis rekonstruqcia, kulturuli „naTesavis“ individualobisaTvis. iqve sqolioSi istorikosi
scenari Sesabamisi specialistebis
topoarqeologiuri leqsikoni Semdeg komentars akeTebs: „...Cveni TemisaTvis arsebiTi mniSvneloba ara
(arqeologi, eTnologi, istorikos-
aqvs imas, Tu ramdenad realur-istoriulia leontis mier mocemuli
suraTi, arc imas aqvs amJamad CvenTvis arsebiTi mniSneloba, Tu romeli
saukunis mweralia leonti mroveli VIII-IX-sa, Tu XI-sa. CvenTvis amjerad
4 mag. sarkine - mcxeTidan 8-10 km., md. mtkvris marcxena sanapiro, Zv.w. II-I ss-is isic sakmaoa, rom leonti saSualo saukunis qarTveli mweralia da
qvaTlilebiTa da aliz-aguriT nagebi, kramitiT gadaxurul SenobaTa naSTi. aqvea sruliad garkveuli politikuri Sexedulebis mqone piri“ (n. berZeniSvili,
aRmoCenili meRvineoba-mevenaxeobis mfarveli RvTaebis _ dionisesa da sxv. terakotuli
saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, w. II, Tb., 1965, gv. 8), rasac Cvenc savsebiT
gamosaxulebebi. dasavleTiT (,,grZeli mindori~) aRmoCenilia rkinis sawarmos naSTebi:
rkinis widebi, naxevarfabrikatebi, rkinis madnis natexebi, rkinis culebi, weraqvebi, veTanxmebiT5.
cecxlisagan Zlier deformirebuli rkinis nivTebi, liTonis sadnobad gankuTvnili
Tixis WurWeli (tigeli) da sxv. savaraudod, sarkine dedaqalaqs liTonis iaraRiT,
abjriT da saoqromWedlo nawarmiT amaragebda 5 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_wIe6AWxAsU

152 153
 msoflio precedentebis gaTvaliswinebiT araerTi qveynisa Tu qalaqis - saeqspozicio Tema - qarTuli ena, damwerloba -
daarsebaa legendasTan dakavSirebuli (romis magaliTic kmara). Cven, Cveni mwignobroba
saxelmwifo interesebidan gamomdinare, leontiseuli cnoba, iqneba es miTi,
legenda Tu realuri ambavi maqsimalurad unda gamoviyenoT qveynis sa-
sargeblod. farnavazma ... ganavrco ena qarTuli
aqcentirebuli unda iyos, elinizmis epoqis antikuri samyaros miRma - ,,... da arRara izraxeboda sxva ena qarTlsa Sina, Tvinier qarTulisa” -
darCenili,elinistur samyarosTan politikuri,ekonomikuri da kulturuli
urTierTobis gavlena da asaxva iberiisa da kolxeTis social-ekonomikur qarTuli enis saxelmwifo statusi. mcxeTis roli da mniSvneloba qarTu-
ganviTarebasa da politikur wyobaze, kulturasa da ideologiaze. li literaturuli enis Camoyalibebis procesSi da am procesis mTavari
aqcentebi.
• aleqsandre makedoneli, azo ... antioqos pirveli da sxva - dasavlur-
aRmosavluri gavlena - saqarTvelo uZveles msoflio civilizaciaTa - ena – multikulturalizmis dasturi - ,,da iyvnes qarTls esreT aRreul
politikur movlenaTa WrilSi. Zveli msoflios udides politikur ese yovelni naTesavni, da izraxeboda qarTlsa Sina equsi ena: somxuri,
moRvaweTa, Tundac ,,miTiuri” Sexeba qarTvelur samyarosTan zrdis qarTuli, xazaruli, asuruli, ebrauli da berZnuli. ese enani icodes
Cveni qveynis mniSvnelobas da interess misdami. (ix. amave publikaciaSi yovelTa mefeTa qarTlisaTa.”… `q.cx-ba~.
g. qavTaraZis naSromi).
giorgi merCule - ,,qarTlad friadi queyanaÁ aRiracxebis romelsaca Sina
• farnavazi - farnavazianTa dinastia - saxelmwifo - qveynis mowyoba qarTuliTa eniTa Jami Seiwirvis da locvaÁ aResrulebis“. ioane zosime
- administraciuli dayofa, dasavlur-aRmosavluri modelis sinTezi, - ,,qarTulisa enisaTvis”. (ix. amave publikaciaSi Tavi - ,,ena, damwerloba,
religia (ix. qveviT) - damwerloba (ix. qveviT) da a. S. kargad da mwignobrobA~).
srulad gaSlili narativis safuZvelze.
farnavazma ... Seqmna mwignobroba qarTuli
demonstrirebis xerxi - Tematuri animacia.
damwerloba – multikulturalizmis dasturi. mcxeTis samive ubanze
farnavazTan dakavSirebuli Tematikis interpretaciis erTaderT (samTavro – ori Zvelebrauli da erTi berZnuli epitafia; aramzisxevSi –
saSualebad, wyaroebis monacemebis safuZvelze Seqmnili realisturi berZnul-arameuli epitafia (bilingva), arameuli stela, arameuli warwera
animacia gvesaxeba - farnavazTan dakavSirebuli realiebis swori da avgarozis oqros furclebze, berZnuli warwera vercxlis langarze,
mkafio aqcentebis dasmiT. berZnuli warwerebi beWdebisa da balTis Tvlebze, falauri warwera
vercxlis pinakze; armazcixe – ori TiTosityviani arameuli warwera
aqcentebi: kedelSi CaSenebul qvaTlilebze, ramdenime arameuli warwera sarkofagis
vercxlis WurWlebze, da sxv.) armazuli – arameulis saxecvlili
am periodis umniSvnelovanesi damwerloba, grakliani.
aleqsandre makedoneli
politikuri figurebi saqarTvelos
konteqstSi - al. makedoneli, antioqos
pirveli da sxva;
qarTuli damwerloba
farnavazTan dakavSirebuli
freska-pompei realiebi (Tavgadasavali bavSvobidan
`ara uwignoni iyvnen qarTvelni JamTaca Sina vidre farnavazamde. werdnen
moyolebuli, ganZi - bavSvebisTvis
igini uxucesTa weriliTa, ese igi qurumTa maT, romelTaca uxucesTa da
iqneba saintereso da saqarTvelos
xevisberTa uxmoben werilni xucesni pirvelsa Jamsa qmnil ars werilisagan
istoriiT dainteresebis motivaciis
ebraulisa da qaldeurisa da msgavsica arian asoTa maTTa Cveni xucurni“6.
wyaro) - m.S. aRmosavleT-dasavleT
saqarTvelos gaerTianeba,quji - linki
antioqos I interpretacia uaxlesi samecniero monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT -
- noqalaqevis muzeumi ... farnavazis
reformebi - SinaarsiT bevrad gvian
Seqmnil formulasTan Sesabamisoba -
ena, mamuli, sarwmunoeba.
6 SemTxveviT gadavawydi am cnobas. arsebuli informaciiT, es cnoba daculi iyo
Teimuraz bagrationis ,,SemecnebaTa matianeSi», romelic bagrationTa samefo saxlis
biblioTekaSi iyo daculi. es wigni mari brosem Targmna da 1836 wels frangulad
gamosca. am cnobas misi mniSvnelovnebidan gamomdinare gverdi ver avuare, Tumca
sakiTxi sakvlevi da dasazustebelia – e. k.

154 155
 sadReisod arsebuli Sedegebi - linki - grakliani7.

qarTuli anbanis sami saxeoba8

erovnuli kulturuli memkvidreobis Zegli (aRniSnuli statusi 2015

wels mieniWa saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis erovnuli
saagentos mier); kacobriobis aramaterialuri kulturuli memkvidreoba
(2016 wlis 30 noembers iuneskom kacobriobis aramaterialuri kulturuli
memkvidreobis warmomadgenlobiT nusxaSi Seitana qarTuli anbanis sami
saxeoba).

avtori levan zazaraSvili

7 https://www.atinati.com/news/60430fb3f2482b0038972056
8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bCWDIbzW8gw ixileT bmuli

156 157
 demonstrirebis xerxi - Tematuri animacia.

aqcenti – qarTuli anbanis sami saxeoba9 –

saweri mowyobilobebi mcxeTidan

d. maisuraZis ilustracia
anbanisa da mcxeTis saweri mowyobilobebis efeqturi interpretacia-
vizualizacia

• mcxeTaSi mopovebuli saweri mowyobilobebis aRmoCenis mixedviT 4

lokaluri adgili ikveTeba: 1. samTavros samarovani, 2. baiaTxevis
samarovani. sveticxovlis taZris ezo da 4. mcxeTa-qalaqi.

atraqcia - anbanTan Sexebis SesaZleblobiT - interaqciis damatebiTi

SesaZlebloba, rac bavSvebisTvis iqneba metad saintereso.

qarTuli kaligrafiuli skola - istoria -

vizualizacia
dazogvisa da originaluri eqsponirebis
atraqcia – teqnologiis CarTviT – `vweroT qarTulad“– eleqtronuli mizniT – eqspozitori iatakis gaswvriv.
saweri dafa da qarTuli asoebis gamoyvanis SesaZlebloba – saintereso
ucxoeli vizitorebisaTvis10. alternativa – mxolod eleqtronuli
formati
mwignobroba qarTuli – mniSvnelovnebis garda, momgebiani saeqspozicio
Temaa. kargi SesaZlebloba mravali efeqturi xerxiT moxdes demonstrireba. sademonstracio saSualeba – didi skrini
qarTuli damwerlobisa da mwignobrobis mniSvnelobis aqcentirebisaTvis, eqspozitorTan
TvalsaCinoebisaTvis sasurvelia iyos warmodgenili qarTuli mwerlobis
Sedevrebis qvemoCamoTvlili ramdenime nimuSi da mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT qarTul enasTan, damwerloba-
gamorCeuli qarTuli xelnawerebis nimuSebi (originali an asli). nimuSebad mwignobrobasTan dakavSirebuli
ulamazesi qarTuli xelnawerebi - SesaniSnavi saeqspozicio masalaa yvela informaciis siRrmiseulad gasacnobad,
TvalsazrisiT, rogorc Sinaarsobrivi, ise vizualuri. mudmivi eqspoziciis SesavalisTvis
gaTvaliswinebul (e.w. droebiT sagamofeno
demonstrirebis xerxi – transferis SemTxvevaSi eqspozitori (aslic sivrceSi), biblioTekisa da sakonferencio
SesaZlebelia) da eleqtronuli formati – saeqspozicio sivrceSi adgilis sivrceebSi gamoyenebul eleqtronul
formatSi am informaciis CasatvirTad
gaTvaliswineba. (ix. amave publikaciaSi Tavi
9 ix. amave publikaciaSi Tavi - ,,ena, damwerloba, mwignobroba“ - „ena, damwerloba, mwignobroba“).
10 https://drive.google.com/file/d/19LO2-gWOWkRCwioLgQpzDFDw_wlp91sl/view?usp=sharing

158 159
 saeqspozicio Tema - qarTuli oqromWedloba -
mcxeTuri saoqromWedlo tradicia

- qarTuli oqromWedlobis uZvelesi tradiciis mimoxilva ZiriTad aqcen-

tebad – saistorio wyaroebi11, bibliuri cnobebi, qarTuli saoqromWed-
lo kulturis ganviTarebis qronologia da etapebi, saoqromWedlo
centrebi – saxelosnoebi;

- oqromWedloba – sazogadoebis maRalganviTarebuli esTeturi moTx-

ovnis, multikulturalizmis, sociumis diferenciaciis dasturi;

- mcxeTuri saoqromWedlo tradicia – mcxeTa – saoqromWedlo osta-

tobis damnergav-gamavrcelebeli - ,,mcxeTuri” formebi, rac sxvagan ar
Cans. iberiis mefeebis Zvirfasi di plomatiuri ZRvenis Sinaarsi – msxvi-
li saoqromWedlo saxelosnoebis savaraudo arseboba - saxelmwifoe-
brivi mniSvnelobis samefo dawesebulebebi;

- samSvenisiT moTxrobili istoria – armazisxevi, armazcixe, akldama.

samkauli -

- samkaulis funqciuri datvirTva – 1. esTeturi; 2. Zalauflebis insignia

(samefo gvirgvini, ski ptra, tiara) da 3. religiuri daniSnuleba (amuleti,
jvari, avgarozi);

- damuSavebis xerxi - Camosxma, glinva, Tegva, kveTa, rCilva, mineralebis

damuSaveba;

- teqnika - gavarsi – cvara, filigrani, inkrustacia, poliqromuli, tix-

ruli minanqari.

mcxeTuri nimuSebis mxatvrul-esTetikuri Rirebuleba - qarTuli

oqromWedlobis mniSvneloba msoflio saiuveliro xelovnebaSi.

uaRresad efeqturi masalaa vizualuri TvalsazrisiT da misi maqsimaluri

11 mosinikebi, mosxebi, tibarenebi, xalibebi, Tubalebi – bibliuri cnoba. urartus mefis,

argiSTis diaoxSi laSqrobis (Zv.w. VIIIs.) nadavli (41 mina oqro (daaxl. 20 kg.), 37 mina
vercxli da 10 aTasi mina spilenZi) – wyaro – adreklasobriv saqarTveloSi Zvirfasi
liTonebis mopoveba-damuSavebis - dasturi. miTi argonavtebis Sesaxeb – oqros sawmisi
– oqromravali kolxeTi – linki – vanis muzeumi da a. S.

160 161
 aqcentirebaa saWiro. zogadad, oqros nivTebi gansakuTrebulad ixdens animaciuri xerxis gamoyenebiT 3D-s
kontrastuli muqi foniTa da ganaTebiT aqcentirebas. saSualebiT modelirebuli, antikuri
periodis qalbatoni irgebs, ixdens
mcxeTuri saoqromWedlo kulturis demonstrireba aseve SesaZlebelia Tu exeba (samkauli, varcxniloba,
Sinaarsobrivad ramdenime Temis sainterpretaciod. es Temebia antikuri parfiumeriis gamoyeneba). animaciis
xanis: saSualebiT SesaZlebeliaMqalbatonis
varcxnilobis, Tavisa da kisris
- insignia – Zalaufleba, religia, socialur-profesionaluri moZraobis plastiur-Senelebuli
diferenciacia - mcxeTuri sociumis struqtura; aqcentireba,igive xerxiT SesaZlebelia
mamakacisa da bavSvis (SesaZloa ojaxis)
- qarTuli di plomatia; Sesabamisi atributikiT warmodgena
da sabolood antikuri xanis ojaxis
- esTeturi - samkauli, garderobi (samosi), aqsesuari, parfiumeria. prezentireba.

- qali, kaci, bavSvi - ojaxi; - linki armazisxevi – samkaulis eqsponirebisas sasurvelia armazisxevis
qalis umdidresi samarxebis (#6,#7) monapovaris, aseve mamakacis - asparug
erisTavis (misi portretianad) eleqtronuli rekonstruqcia - samarxeuli
inventariTurT. linki - erovnuli muzeumi.

sasurvelad migvaCnia gavarsis teqnikaze maxvili, am teqnikis amsaxveli

videorgolis damzadeba sainterpretacio teqstis darTviT, gavrcelebis
arealis CvenebiT (irani - saqarTvelo - etruskebi - romi - videorgoli).
videorgolis saSualebiT, Tanamedrove oqromWedlebis, mecnierebis,
specialistebis mier gadmocemuli iqneba qarTuli oqromWedlobis
mravalsaukunovani istoria. mniSvnelovania, rom naCvenebi iyos antikuri
tradiciebis qristianulSi integrireba da formireba. Tanamedrove
oqromWedlebis CarTva sasurvelia imdenad, ramdenadac, maT SeuZliaT
gavarsis teqnikis cocxlad Cveneba, amavdroulad moxdeba maTi saqmianobis
popularizacia...

erT-erTi aqcenti - uZvelesi minanqari – (ix. amave publikaciaSi n. qebula-

Zisa da n. kalandaZis naSromi).

bavSvi - TamaSi - saTamaSo saeqspozicio Tema - kulti da religia

samkaulis aqcentirebis mizniT Semdegi arsad saqarTveloSi, ise kargad, rogorc armazcixe-
formiT eqsponireba-interpretireba mcxeTaSi ar Cans religiaTa dapirispireba, maTi
- qali - 3D animacia – samkaulis daaxloeba da Serwyma (sinkretizmi)
mravalferovneba, samosi da samosis
aqsesuari (fibulebi, sakinZebi...), g. qavTaraZe
parfiumeria (sanelsacxeble, sasresi..)
sarke, socialuri statusi, wigniereba es Tema warmodgenili unda iyos erTian mTlianobaSi - animaciis meSveobiT
(penali,stilosebi,samelne),saqmianoba- –Sesabamis eqspozitorebTan bmaSi
yofa.
saeqspozicio sivrceSi interpretirebisTvis vrceli da rTuli Temaa. Tumca
3D animaciis paralelurad misi kompleqsuri da profesionaluri interpretireba-vizualizaciis
SesaZlebelia meqanikuri xerxis SemTxvevaSi, mcxeTis muzeums sxva muzeumTagan mkveTrad gamoarCevs.
gamoyenebiT,efeqturad ganaTebul Sou- misi saeqspozicio koncefciis samecniero safuZvelis mosamzadeblad
keisSi,moZravi,koleqciis im konkretuli aucilebelia dargis saukeTeso specialistis(-ebis) gaTvaliswineba. am
ti pologiis demonstrireba,romelsac Tematikis saeqspozicio sivrceSi interpretirebis erTaderT saSualebad

162 163
 animacia warmogvidgenia.
saeqspozicio Tema - kulti da religia sasurvelia gaerTiandes erT
animaciur formatSi, mokle da amavdroulad Zalian STambeWdavi, mistiuri
pasaJebis saxiT,kadrebad - Sesabamis eqspozitorebTan bmaSi. mniSvnelobidan
gamomdinare ama Tu im aspeqtze met-naklebi aqcentiT.
am Temas or ZiriTad nawilad (##1,2) – (winare qristianuli da qristianuli)
moviazrebT da warmovadgenT.
qveTema #1 - rwmena-warmodgenebi uZveles xanaSi
ZiriTadi Tematuri aqcentebi12:
animizmi
,,...da ityodes dambadeblad qvaTa da ZelTa, spilenZsa da rkinasa da
rvalsa, gamoberviT ganWedilsa. RmrTad Tayuansa scemdes. eseni icodes
cisa da queynis Semoqmedad.“
,,mkvidrTa qarTlosianTa didi sasoeba aqunda kerpTa mimarT“ - qcxba
winaqristianuli religiuri sistema
bomonni, RvTis saxlebi – taZrebi, taZari sakerpo, mzis msaxurni, qurumni
kerpTani, mecnierni sjulisani, mogvebi – qcxba
antikuri astraluri panTeoni - antikuri xanis saqarTvelo ganviTarebuli
miwaTmoqmedebisa da saqalaqo cxovrebis qveyanaa - diferencirebul
funqciaTa mqone astraluri RvTaebebiT.
ciur mnaTobTa Tayvaniscema - ,,msaxur mzis, mTovarisa da varskvalvTa
xuTTa“ - astraluri simbolika - mze,mTvare,xuTi varskvlavi; Tayvaniscemis
obieqti - qarTlosis saflavi.
jvarxati – qarTlis samefoSi Semavali istoriul-eTnografiuli mxareebis
mTavari salocavebi – mTis mwvervalebze jvrebis aRmarTva - qcxba
ierarqia – uzenaesi – morige RmerTi – mTvare RmerTi – mama RmerTi,
mTvaris RvTaeba - mTvare - meomari mamakaci - wminda cxoveli xari -
simbolika - xaris rqebi. xari-mxvneli - miwaTmoqmedeba, xari-mwarmoebeli
(buRa) - nayofierebis kulti.
mzis RvTaeba - qalRmerTi igive mzeqali, didi deda nanas kulti - qaluri
sawyisi - qalbarbali da a.S. simbolika - kviristavi, disko, borjRalo.
12 SeniSvna - es CamonaTvali ar gulisxmobs calkeul Temebs, es aris ZiriTadi aqcentebis
CamonaTvali, rac unda iyos erTian Temad warmodgenili.
164
kviria - simbolika - RvTis-karviani - karavi - RvTisSvilebi
- aleqsandre makedoneli – grZeldeba ciur sxeulTa Tayvaniscemis
tradicia; azo gaci da gaimi.
- winaparTa kulti – qarTlosis saflavi – farnavzis saflavi –
armazcixisa da samadlos akropolisebis ,,ufalTa” akldamebi.
- qarTuli warmarTuli panTeoni - `RmerTni didni, soflis mpyrobelni,
mzisa momfenelni, wvimisa momcemelni da queynis naSobTa gamomzrdelni”
– nayofierebis astraluri RvTaebebi.
- mTvare RmerTi – armazi - farnavazianTa kulti. farnavazma ,,Seqmna
kerpi didi saxelsa zeda TÂssa“.
- zadenis kerpi - farnajomi: ,,...aman aRaSena cixeni zadeni, da Seqmna kerpi
saxeliT zaden da amarTa zadens.“ cecxlTayvaniscema – farnajomma
- ,,Seiyvara sjuli sparsTa, cecxlis msaxureba, moiyvanna sparseTiT
cecxlis msaxurni da moguni, da dasxna igini mcxeTas, adgilsa mas,
romelsa aw hqvian moguTa, da iwyo cxadad gmobad kerpTa. amisTvis
moiZules igi mkvidrTaA qarTlisaTa, rameTu didi sasoeba aqunda
kerpTa mimarT.“
- strabonis oTxi gene – qurumebi – sataZro miwaTmflobeloba – taZ-
reulni.
- xalxuri rwmena-warmodgenebi – dedaboZi, keria, solaruli ornamenti,
mzis samiwaTmowmedo kalendari, xis Tayvaniscema, sveti cxoveli,
dedaboZi; magiuri ritualebi dedaboZis irgvliv, sagvareulo-saxalxo
dResaswaulebis cikli, xaris kulti da sxv.
Tematuri animacia
1. qarTuli astraluri kultebi dakavSirebuli iyo sicocxlisa da
nayofierebis xis TayvaniscemasTan, romelic iTvleboda RvTaebaTa, igive
mnaTobTa sadgomad (da ara mxolod). erT-erTi gamosaxulia TrialeTis
vercxlis Tasze (Zv.w. II aTasw. Sua xanebi). msgavsi gamosaxulebebi
dasturdeba sxva ganaTxar masalaSic.
2. qarTuli religiuri aRqma SesaniSnavadaa asaxuli I aTaswlulis
brinjaos sartylebze. efeqturi iqneba animaciaSi mcxeTis muzeumis
koleqciis brinjaos sartylebis grafikul-animaciuri ametyveleba.
TrialeTis vercxlis Tasis figurebis, mcxeTis eqspediciis samTavros
kolxuri brinjaos culebis moxatulobis grafikis, sicocxlis xis
simbolos, ciuri mnaTobebis simbolikis gamoyeneba.
farnavazi - mTavari RvTaeba - armazi - warmarTuli panTeoni
armazis qandakeba mcxeTis pirdapir qarTlis mTaze - armazis mTa –
,,kerpi igi armazsa Tavsa zeda qarTlisasa“ - ,, ...dga kaci erTi spilenZisa,
da tansa missa ecua jaWvi oqrosi da Tavsa missa Cabalaxi myari, da Tualni
165
 esxnes zurmuxti da bivrili, da xelTa misTa aqunda xrmali brwyinvale,
viTarca elva.“ Zveli mTvaris RvTaeba, liTonis antropomorfuli qandakeba,
sxva RvTaebebis TvisebebiT aRWurvili spilenZisgan Camosxmuli, meomari
mamakaci - oqros abjriTa da muzaradiT, Tvalebis magivrad Zvirfasi
TvlebiTa da maxviliT. SesaZlebelia armazis rekonstruqcia moZraobis
gaTvaliswinebiT (ix. g. qavTaraZis naSromi - meqanika-aleqsandria).
warmarTuli panTeoni - triada - armazi, oqros kerpi gaim, vercxlis kerpi
ga(ci). wm. ninos cxovrebis avtoris Tanaxmad, „...kualad iyo marjueniT
missa kaci oqrosi da saxeli misi gaci, da marcxeniT missa udga kaci
vercxlisa da saxeli misi gaim, romeli igi RmerTad uCndes ersa mis
qarTlisasa.“
qristianobis damkvidrebamde II-III ss-Si, saqarTveloSi gavcelebulia
beWedi sabeWdavebi, romlebzec gamosaxulia armazis ti pis kanonizirebuli
mebrZoli mxedris ti pi. mokle wamosasxamiTa da gasxivosnebuli
gvirgviniT, fexaweul cxenze, cxenis win dgas cecxlovani bomoni, iqvea
gveleSapSemoxveuli sicocxlis xe. analogiuri gamosaxulebebia
cixiagoris sataZro kompleqsis Zv. w. IV-III ss-is Tixis bulebze,rac uzenaesi
RvTaebis ikonografiuli ti pis mdgradobaze miuTiTebs. mogvianebiT mas
anacvlebs wm. giorgis ikonografiuli saxe.
mTvare – armazi – triumfaluri jvris periodi - wminda giorgi –
ikonografia – cixiagoris sataZro kompleqsze aRmoCenili Tixis bulebi
(Zv. w. IV-III ss.)

ainina da dananas/daninas kerpebi - „da dajda saurmag mcxeTas mefed da

umata yovelTa simagreTa mcxeTisa da qarTlisaTa, da man Seqmnna orni
qveTema #2 - qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad
kerpni: ainina da danana, da ahmarTna gzasa zeda mcxeTisasa“ (qarTlis
aRiareba da mcxeTa
cxovreba, I, gv. 47).
es Tema warmodgenili unda iyos erTian mTlianobaSi - animaciis meSveobiT
farnavazTan dakavSirebuli realiebi.
–Sesabamis eqspozitorebTan bmaSi
warmarTuli ierarqia, qurumi,
ZiriTadi Tematuri aqcentebi*:
mRvdelmsaxurni, taZreulni.
qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad aRiareba - erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi
warmarTuli taZari - eqsterier-
movlena saqarTvelos istoriaSi. axali etapi qveynis politikur-
interieris grafikuli rekonstruqcia.
kulturul da socialur cxovrebaSi. mwignobrobis, literaturisa da
mecnierebis, xuroTmoZRvrebis, tixruli minanqris, ferweris (freskuli
ritualis rekonstruqcia – armazis
mxatvroba, miniatura), xatwerisa da reliefuri qandakebis aRmavloba.
dResaswaulis ilustrirebis sa-
SualebiT
mcxeTaSi, rogorc saqarTvelos mTavar qristianul centrSi mdebare
mag. sarkines erT-erTi taZari muzeumSi, aucilebelia qristianuli kulturisa da xelovnebis saTanado
topoarqeologiuri leqsikono, warmarTuli ritualis efeqturi
warmoCena. gamomdinare iqidan, rom Tavad mcxeTis muzeumis fondebSi
g. leJavas rekonstruqcia rekonstruqcia musikaluri
qristianuli masala arcTu didi raodenobiTaa warmodgenili,aucilebelia,
gaformebiT – wyaro - ninos cxovreba.
rom mcxeTasTan dakavSirebuli qristianuli nimuSebi sxva muzeumebidan
(erovnuli muzeumis fondebi) iqnas gamoTxovili (transferi).
antikuri xanis warmarTul panTeons didi dResaswaulebi unda hqonoda.
aRnisnulis dasturia armazisadmi miZRvnili, wm. ninos cxovrebaSi daculi
sainteresod migvaCnia im ti pis masalis Cveneba, romelic antikurobidan
cnoba: `.. aha, esera, iyo xma oxrisa da sayvirisa. gamovida eri uricxvi
da warmarTuli msoflxedvidan qristianobaze gadasvlas kargad aCvenebs
viTarca yuavilni velisani, da zari saSineli gamovidoda, da jereT
- nivTebi, romelTa ikonografiaSic warsulSi damkvidrebuli niSan-
mefe arRa gamosrul iyo da viTarca moiwia Jami, iwyo sivltola da
simboloebis qristianuli gadaazreba ikveTeba. magaliTad: eqsponatebi
midamomalva yovlisa kacisa, SiSiTa safarvelsa Tvissa Seivltoda. da,
Tevzis, Ruzis, kurdRlis, frinvelebis, jvris gamosaxulebebiT; aseTebia
aha myis gamovida dedofali nana, da neliad movidoda eri, da Seamkunes
ZiriTadad, beWdebi, sabeWdavebi, minis WurWeli, V-VI ss. saflavis qvebi,
yovelni folocni TviToferiTa samoseliTa da furcliTa. da iwyo
stelebi; es masala ara mxolod qarTuli, aramed, zogadad qristianuli
yovelman erman qebad mefisa. maSin gamovida mirian mefe sazareliTa da
xelovnebis adreuli etapis ZiriTad mimarTulebebs Zalian kargad
Tual-SeudgamiTa xilviTa... da aRivsnes mTani igi droSebiTa da eriTa,
warmoaCens da mcxeTis muzeumis eqspozicis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani
viTarca velni yuaviliTa...“
elementi iqneba.
wyaros ar Semounaxavs dResaswaulis Semdgomi ganviTarebis suraTi.
• winare qristianuli xana da qristianuli gavlena
Tumca arsebulidanac cxadad Cans sadResaswaulo ritualis scenaris
tradiciuli Tanmimdevruloba da masStaburoba. wyaros monacemis
ebrauli Temi - ebraelTa mier qristianuli siwmindeebis Semotana mcxeTaSi
safuZvelze dResaswauli rekonstruirebulia n. RambaSiZis naSromSi
- wm. elia winaswarmetyvelis xaleni (mosasxami). uflis kvarTi.
“Армази и Капунна – Эллинизированные боги Грузии”, ... 2010.

166 167
 iudaisturi Temis istoria saqarTveloSi - ltolvili ebraelebis
ramdenime talRa, qarTlSi Semosvla da gansaxlebis areali, saqmianoba,
socialuri statusi. maTi siwmindeebi: Zveli aRTqmis wignebi, Tora, elia
winaswarmetyvelis xaleni; saflavis qvebis warwerebi; mcxeTaSi gansaxleba-
saqmianoba,socialuri statusi,ebrauli ti paJebis,iudaisturi simboloebis
da a. S. CvenebiT; macxovris jvarcma, eliozis dedis godebis scena, aseve
eliozisa da longinoz karsnelis mier ierusalimidan macxovris kvarTis
Camotana,kvarTis SemobrZaneba mcxeTaSi,sidonias epizodi da a.S. - erTianad
unda iyos naCvenebi.
• RvTismSoblis wilxvedri saqarTvelo - Zalian mokled, kadrebad
saeklesio tradiciis, Zveli qarTuli da ucxouri wyaroebis safuZvelze
dayrdnobiT miiCneva rom saqarTvelo RvTismSoblis wilxvedri qveyanaa
- gadmocemis mixedviT, rodesac mociqulebma wili iyares, vis sad unda
eqadaga axali rjuli, qarTlis moqceva RvTismSobels ergo, magram RvTis
nebiT mas ufleba ar mieca ierusalimi daetovebina, radgan angelozma mas
micvaleba auwa. (wyaro: qarTuli - leonti mroveli, berZnuli - stefane
aToneli, da sxv.). aqve wminda andria pirvelwodebulisa da yovladwminda
RvTismSoblis samoRvaweo urTierTkavSiri.
• qristianobis pirveli mqadageblebi - Zalian mokled - kadrebad
marSrutis CvenebiT
mociqulTa saqarTveloSi qristianobis qadagebis faqti - qarTuli
eklesiis avtokefaliis safuZveli. andria pirvelwodebuli - awyuris
RvTismSobelis xati; efrem mciris, origenis, evsevi kesarielis, epifane
kvi prelis, epifane konstantinopolelis cnobebiT rukaze eleqtronulad
mociqulebis saqarTveloSi mimosvlis marSrutebis Cveneba. saqarTveloSi
andria pirvelwodebulis moRvaweoba arqologiuradaa dadasturebuli.
aseve, mociqulebis svimon kananeli, mataTas marSruti.
• pirvelqristianebis anu „faruli qristianobis“ kvali saqarTveloSi -
Zalian mokled
qristianuli Temebi qarTlis samefoSi/mcxeTaSi, qristianuli samarxebi,
eklesiebi da sxv. Sida qarTlSi, nastakissa da ZalisSi sacxovrebeli
saxlis SigniT aRmoCenili II-III ss. qristianuli eklesiis naSTebi.
adreqristianuli xanis samarxebi saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi:
mcxeTaSi, JinvalSi, afxazeTSi. magaliTad: erwo-TianeTSi III s. erT-erT
samarxSi aRmoCenilia monograma laTinuri warweriT: „ieso qriste - rto
mSvidobisa“. rev marTali (III s.) - Cvil bavSvTa msxverplad Sewirvis
akrZalva armazis RvaTaebisadmi, qristianuli gavleniT.
„faruli qristianobis“ dasturi eqsponatebis saxiT - samarxeuli
inventari (sasurvelia es eqsponatebi iyos gamoTxovili da kargad
gaTvalsaCinoebuli)
- wm. nino - jvari - vazis nasxlavi - cxoveli sveti
warmarTuli triada, armazisadmi miZRvnili warmarTuli dResaswauli,
ninos locva - jvari - vazis nasxlavi - bomonebis ngreva - rekonstruqcia
168
wyaros monacemebis safuZvelze. aseve wm. ninos, mirianTan da nanasTan,
cxovel svetTan dakavSirebuli realiebi (didi iqneba interesi sabavSvo
auditoriis mxrivac). aqcentiT - warmarToba - sinkretuli elementebi -
qristianoba.
es yovelive, animaciis saSualebiT efeqturad da STambeWdavad erTian
formatSi unda iyos vizualizebuli.
• sveti cxoveli – sveticxoveli
eqspoziciis am monakveTSi eqsponirebisaTvis, sasurvelia erovnuli
muzeumis fondebidan im masalis gamoTxova, romelic mcxeTis (jvari,
sveticxoveli da sxv.) teritoriazea aRmoCenili da araa erovnuli
muzeumis mudmiv eqspoziciaSi gatanili. sveticxovlis taZarSia daculi
jvari Zelicxovelis nawiliT.
aq inaxeba qarTuli qristinuli xelovnebis Casaxvisa da ganviTarebis
umniSvnelovanesi, saetapo Zeglebi - marmarilos stela mcxeTis jvridan,
sveticxovlis konsoli, sveticxovlis da samTavros taZrebis kankelebis
fragmentebi, eklesiis modeli, araCveulebrivi naqargobis nimuSebi da sxv.
am masalis kompaqturad ganTavsebiT Zalian saintereso, cxovelxatul
eqspoziciis monakveTs miviRebT. realurad,dResdReobiT,Cven qristianobaze
eqsponatebis gareSe gviwevs Txroba, maSin rodesac es masala organulad
Caewereba mcxeTis narativSi.
demonstrirebis xerxi - Tematuri animacia
es masala unda iyos bmaSi Multi Touch Table Screen-is masalasTan - qristianuli
mcxeTis xuroTmoZRvreba. sasurvelia sasuliero musikis gaTvaliswineba,
gaJRereba mobiluri aplikaciis an audio gidis saSualebiT (SerCeviT).
demonstrirebis saSualeba - Multi Touch Table Screen-i, sadac sveticxovlis
garda aseve, Tema - ,,mcxeTa – qarTuli ierusalimi“ - mcxeTa wminda
ierusalimis modeli - CaitvirTeba (qristianuli mcxeTis xuroTmoZRvrebis
sxva nimuSebis (samTavro, jvari da a. S.) gaTvaliswinebiT (ix. qveviT)
sveticxovelis kompleqsi - demonstrirebis xerxi - 3D grafikuli rekon-
struqcia – eqsterieri-interieri
– pirveli, xis, vaxtang gorgaslis droindeli qvis bazilikuri ti pis
eklesia da sakaTedro taZari - sataZro kompleqsi: eklesia, galavani
da Sig datanili TavdacviTi/saxizari adgilebi, karibWe, samreklo,
marani, sasaxleebi, sakaTalikoso sasaxle, biblioTeka, saeklesio pirTa
sacxovreblebi. aqcenti freskul mxatvrobaze. sveticxovelSi mefeTa
da kaTalikosTa kurTxeva, sveticxoveli mefeTa da kaTalikosTa
gansasvenebeli.
169
170 171
 qveTema - qarTuli eklesiis avtokefalia Sesabamis artefaqtebTan erTad.

- iudaizmi - ebrauli Temi - ebraelTa mier qristianuli siwmindeebis

V s. II naxevari - vaxtang gorgasali da masTan dakavSirebuli realiebi, Semotana mcxeTaSi - arqeologiuri masaliT dadasturebuli mcxeTaSi
mironis xarSva-kurTxeva sveticxovlis taZarSi – qarTuli eklesiis aRmoCenili arameuli da ebrauli warwerebi.
avtokefaliis niSani; miqael mTavarepiskoposi - petre kaTalikosi –
saepiskoposoebi – aqcentebad. - zoroastrizmi - mazdeanoba - folklorSi Semonaxuli kvali.

- SeniSvna: es Tema SesaZlebelia Zalian mokled da vizualuri nawilis
aqcentirebiT iyos gadmocemuli - kadrebad,rom es Sinaarsi qronologiur
WrilSi, erTian konteqstad iyos aRqmuli.
- iakob xucesi - SuSanikis martviloba - pirveli dramatuli nawarmoebi
msoflioSi.
- miTras - mzis RvTaebis kulti (aqemeniduri irani, romauli samyaro).
Sesabamisi TvalsaCinoeba m. S. Ggli ptikuri.
- elinisturi gavlena - elinisturi kultebi (artemide, apoloni, dionise
da sxv.); ,,Tavsa zeda mcxeTisasa” berZnul-romauli nayofierebis
RvTaebis – afrodites qandakeba - romelic aRmarTa rev marTalma.

gli ptikuri masalebis eqsponireba sasurvelia moxdes gansxvavebuli

qveTema - mcxeTa - "axali ierusalimi" dizaineruli xerxebis gamoyenebiT. es masala unda Seivsos erovnuli
muzeumis gli ptikis safondo Sesabamisi masalebiT.*

qristianobisdroindeli mcxeTis ganaSenianeba.
qarTlSi qristianobis gavrcelebam da saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebam
mTlianad Secvala mcxeTis ganaSenianeba da gegmareba; mcxeTa - mcxeTa
wminda ierusalimis modeli - „meore ierusalimi“. (qristianuli taZrebi:
sveticxoveli, samTavro, antioqia, geTsamania, mcxeTis jvari da sxv. mTavari
aqcenti unda gakeTdes sveticxovlis (rogorc sakaTalikoso taZari) da
samTavros (rogorc samefo rezidenciis adgili) taZrebze da a.S.)
- ena da damwerloba – ix. zeviT – exla - gv. 21-22; gverdebi dazustdeba
sabolood roca ganisazRvreba gverdebis raodenoba
- savaWro satranzito gza – import-eqsporti – gli ptika, torevtika, mina,
keramika, numizmatika - ix. zeviT – exla - gv. 11-12; gverdebi dazustdeba
sabolood roca ganisazRvreba gverdebis raodenoba
damatebiTi rekomendaciebi

demonstrirebis xerxi ix. zeviT (Multi Touch Table Screen-i da 3D grafikuli

rekonsrtruqcia)

saeqspozicio Tema - multikulturuli mcxeTa13

- politikuri aspeqti –

(erT-erTi mag. qarTul-romauli urTierToba da mcxeTa)

pontos mefe miTridate, pompeusi, armazcixis danebeba - brZola - iberTa

marcxi - ZRveni: oqros nivTebi da mZevlebi. zavi. qarTli - romaelTa
mokavSire da megobari, kavkasionis dacva. farsman qvelis sapatio miReba
romSi - detalurad - animacia) da a. S. saqarTvelo msoflio politikis
nawili.

- religiuri aspeqti -
1. eqspozitorebi ar unda iyos eqsponatebiT gadatvirTuli. Aaqcenti um-
informacia da vizualuri masala mcxeTasTan konteqstSi - am Temebis
niSvnelovanes da sxva muzeumTagan gamorCeul masalasa da Sinaarsze;
virtualurad momzadeba Zalian sainteresod da efeqturadaa SesaZlebeli
- sxvadasxva ti pis keramikuli WurWeli, sameurneo da sabrZolo iaraRi
– Sesavalis nawilSi – ,,dedaqalaqobamdeli mcxeTa” – eqsponirebuli
13 ix. amave publikaciaSi Tavi ,,multikulturuli mcxeTa~, sadac warmodgenilia k.
calkeul eqspozitorebSi – ganviTarebis WrilSi,saetapo mniSvnelobaze
maCabelis, q. ramiSvilis, m. mSvildaZis, m. Serozias, q. diRmelaSvilis, a. gabunias da
sxva naSromebi aqcentirebiT – es xerxi Tavidan agvaridebs am masalebis diaqronul

172 173
 formatSi mudmiv gameorebas da msgavsebas sxva am ti pis eqspoziciebTan, - siyvaruli antikur saqarTveloSi – romantiuli elementebi - mcxeTis
miTufro, rodesac Ria fondasacavSi koleqciebi samarxebis mixedviT magaliTi – zevaxis da karpakis siyvarulis istoria.
srulad iqneba gaSlili. aq warmodgenili (da ara mxolod) TiToeuli
eqsponatis Sesaxeb informaciis gacnoba SesaZlebeli iqneba interaqtiul
ekranSi CatvirTuli aplikaciis meSveobiT, ar iqneba minawerebis
saWiroeba, damTvalierebeli ufro met da saintereso informacias
gaecnoba interesis saganze da ara mxolod atribucias.

- damTvaliereblis metad dainteresebis mizniT, saWirod migvaCnia

saeqspoziciod iseTi eqsponatebis SerCeva, romlebic sxva muzeumebSi
saerTod araa gamofenili, an naklebadaa aqcentirebuli da
amavdroulad saintereso da mniSvnelovania. aseTad gvesaxeba lurji
minis mravalwaxnagebi - romelTa eqsponirebac sagangebo Zalisxmevas
saWiroebs - grafika, ganaTeba, gamadidebeli da a. S.. es masala unda
Seivsos erovnuli muzeumis gli ptikis safondo Sesabamisi masaliT da
eqspoziciaSi gatanili iyos arealis CvenebiT14.

- antikuri xanis xelovneba - erTiani suraTia Sesaqmneli –

ilustraciisTvis musika15

mcxeTis akldamaSi aRmoCenili Camosxmuli, brinjaos mcire qandakeba –

pani – saintereso rogorc, siZvelis, damzadebis teqnologiisa da Sinaarsis „...erT mSvenier dRes broweulis lorTqo
TvalsazrisiT; fesvebi kadnierad gahkveTen qvian balavars
da sarkofagis aTaswlovani sigrilidan
samTavros samarovnis salamuri - (Zv. w. XII-XI ss.) „patara mwyemsis saflavi“ kvlav amogizgizdeba „viT bazma gauqrobeli“
(iv. javaxiSvili). salamuri simon janaSias saxelobis saxelmwifo – Cvili, umweo, samaradiso xma: - Zevax
muzeumSia daculi. sagangebod, kvlevis mizniT, aJRerebulma salamurma sicocxleo Cemo!“
mxolod oTxi bgera gamosca. aRmoCnda Camoyalibebuli da gamarTuli
tetraqordi, romelic TiTqmis aTaswleulebiT uswrebs win berZnuli guram asaTiani
tetraqordebis Camoyalibebas. es salamuri gacilebiT met saidumloebas
inaxavs. sakravis sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT daxris Sedegad miiReba Svidi - serafita - saintereso iqneba, serafitis vizualis rekonstruqcia.
gansxvavebuli tetraqordi, rac saboloo jamSi warmoadgens bgeraTa missave saflavis qvis warweraSi asaxuli informacia SesaZloa misive
sistemas - (m. SilakaZe, „qarTuli xalxuri sakravebi da sakravieri musika“, instalaciiT iqnas gaxmovanebuli (idea ekuTvnis nino SiolaSvils);
Tb., 1970).
- iberiuli samosi da aqsesuari – rekonstruqcia eleqtronul formatSi
SesaZlebelia saeqspozicio sivrceSi salamuris saintereso konteqstSi,
aseve saintereso xerxiT aJRereba. sasurvelia sxva (mcxeTuris garda)
musikalurTan dakavSirebuli qarTlis teritoriaze aRmoCenili,
Tanadrouli ganaTxari masalebis Tavmoyra da erTiani suraTis
(,,orkestris”) Seqmna. msgavsi ti pis instalacia muzeums gaxdis metad
sainteresosa da interaqtiuls.

14 lurji minis mravalwaxnagebis Sesaxeb ix. amave publikaciaSi q. r. ramiSvilis da a.

gabunias naSromebi
15 ix. amave publikaciaSi m. erqvaniZisa da s. xmiadaSvilis naSromebi

174 175
 mcxeTis muzeumi unda iyos materialuri da aramaterialuri, cocxali
kulturuli memkvidreobis esTetur-SemoqmedebiTi Semkrebi, SinaarsiT
brinjaosa da rkiniT, oqros, TafliTa da RviniT, eniTa da anbaniT,
zRapriTa Tu legendiT, proziTa Tu poeziiT, cekviTa Tu simReriT, miTiTa
Tu realobiT efeqturad gadmocemuli saqarTvelosa da misi istoriuli
dedaqalaqis istoria, samecniero safuZvelze damyarebuli, esTeturad
ganxorcielebuli warmosaxva, momavalze orientirebuli warsuli.
am formiT Cven mogvecema SesaZlebloba srulafasovnad warmovaCinoT
Cveni qveynis unikaluri istoria da kultura, gavaCinoT da gavzardoT
misdami mravalmxrivi interesi.
avtori madlobas uxdis TanamSromlobisa da animaciuri da video
masalebis mowodebisaTvis:
mweralTa saxls - 2018 wlis frankfurtis wignis bazrobaze saqarTvelos
stumari qveynis proeqtisaTvis qarTuli anbanis Sesaxeb JWT Metro-s
momzadebuli animaciuri video-rgolis linkiT sargeblobis nebarTvisaTvis;
daviT maisuraZes - qarTuli kaligrafiis amsaxveli video-rgolebiT
sargeblobis nebarTvisaTvis;
levan zazaraSvils – 2018 wlis frankfurtis wignis bazrobaze saqarTvelos
stumari qveynis proeqtisaTvis qarTuli anbanis Sesaxeb momzadebuli
animaciuri video-rgolis linkiT sargeblobis nebarTvisaTvis;
naSromSi aseve gamoyenebulia Sinaarsis Sesabamisi vizualuri internet-
masala da video-rgolebis linkebis
176
bibliografia
1. afaqiZe a., mcxeTa, Tb., 1959
2. afaqiZe a., mcxeTa, qarTuli sabWoTa en-
ciklopedia, t. VII, Tb., 1984
3. afaqiZe a., qalaqebi da saqalaqo cxovre-
ba Zvel saqarTveloSi, I, Tb., 1963
4. berZeniSvili n., saqarTvelos istoriis
sakiTxebi, t. I, Tb., 1964
5. berZeniSvili n., saqarTvelos istoriis
sakiTxebi, t. III, Tb., 1966
6. gagoSiZe i., qarTveli qalis samkauli,
1981
7. gvasalia j. qarTuli kulturis…isto-
ria, Tb., 1995
8. kikviZe i., miwaTmoqmedeba da samiwaTmo-
qmedo kulti saqarTveloSi, Tb., 1976
9. lomTaTiZe g., saqarTvelos mosaxleo-
bis kultura da yofa, I-XIII ss., Tb., 1977
10. lorTqifaniZe o., Zveli qarTuli civi-
lizaciis saTaveebTan, Tb., 2002
11. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, I, Tb,
1970
12. surgulaZe ir., miTosi, kulti, rituali
saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2002
13. topoarqeologiuri leqsikoni, Tb., 2013
14. qavTaraZe g., termin ,,qarTlis” arsisa da
warmomavlobis sakiTxisaTvis, istorii-
sa da eTnologiis institutis Sromebi,
XII-XIII, Tb., 2012-2013
15. qavTaraZe g., mcxeTis uZvelesi adgilm-
debareobisa da saxelwodebis sakiTxi-
saTvis, istoriisa da eTnologiis insti-
tutis Sromebi, XII-XIII, Tb., 2012-2013
177
 Eka Kacharava the main values that Georgian ethnoculture has created, shared to the world civilization, or still
has to share, it should become the beginning and guide of the unified museum route of Georgia.
National Agency for Cultural Heritage Preservation of Georgia,
Museums and Museum-Reserves Service, Senior Specialist Mtskheta Museum should be different from other museum spaces in Georgia in terms of thematic
Doctor of History interior and exhibition design.

1. Due to the above, the new museum in Mtskheta, unlike the old one, can no longer be just an
THE NEW MUSEUM archeological museum, and this modification must be reflected in its name as well.

OF MTSKHETA - CONCEPT 2. Mtskheta Museum should not be a static museum. Our goal is to make it as dynamic as
possible, full of activities, which will obtain a wider content together with exposition cog-
nitive-art-education. Its value should be determined by its capacity and not by the exhibits
The ancient and first capital of Georgia - Mtskheta - is of excep-
preserved in it. According to our offer, the museum should be compatible and be presented as
tional importance for the history of Georgian state system. For
the informational, cultural-scientific center, as well as the best location for announcement and
centuries, Mtskheta has been the capital of the Kingdom of Kartli
presentation of news of the same content, concert, art studio, souvenir shop, movies, photo
(Iberia), the political, cultural and religious center of the country,
sessions and fashion shows1, also the function of aesthetically distinctive gastronomic and
is a witness of the Bronze Age trade-transit highway - the “Great
model recreation area.
Silk Road”, confirmation of the high development of handicrafts
and trade, multiculturalism, the existence of Jewish, Persian, Gre-
The museum should be able to sustain itself on the basis of such a multifunctional workload, it
co-Roman or other diasporas together with Georgians. Mtskheta is
has to promote the growth of tourist flows in the country, sell local products, advertise and pop-
associated with the Georgian religion of the pre-Christian era, the
ularize the country.
Georgian language and unique script among the living languages
of the ancient world, the recognition of Christianity as the state
3. It should be noted that we do not create a museum just for today. We are creating a museum
religion, the creation of the Georgian Church, Mtskheta is a “Geor-
that will have the abilities for constant updates in terms of content and technology. In the
gian” Jerusalem. Mtskheta is a place of enthronement or eternal rest
long-term perspective, the Mtskheta Museum should maintain the status of a unique and
for the kings and Catholicos of Eastern Georgia.
attractive museum of the Country. In this regard, special emphasis should be placed on the
interests of the X, Y, Z generations, different from previous generations, which is primarily
What are our expectations for the new museum in Mtskheta? What
related to the introduction of modern technologies in the museum. In the case of the new
should a museum of such an importance, dedicated to the ancient
Mtskheta Museum, the necessity of incorporating modern technologies in the museum life is
capital of the country, look like? According to the above mentioned,
clearly realized, both in the exposition and in the information, scientific, arteducational part.
it is clear how difficult is a problem we are dealing with. Consid-
In such a situation, the content of the New Mtskheta Museum should be considered and spe-
ering all this, we will try to consistently present our vision of the
cific technologies should be adapted to the content respectively.
Mtskheta Museum.
Today, most museums successfully use pro-display products, holographic projections, interactive
• An important issue - will it be only archeological, diachronic, as
glass, illuminated showcases and many more to attract visitors. The separated chapter will be
back and like most of the museums of Georgia - of archeologi-
dedicated to the modern technologies in the Mtskheta Museum, authored by the staff of the agen-
cal-ethnological nature, or it has be completely different from the
cy - Tatia Tevdorashvili and Mariam Ushkhvani, accordingly we will say it in a nutshell.
existing ones, both, in terms of content and visual.
In order to successfully achieve our goals, along with other technological means, we need to
In our opinion, the historical-religious-cultural, scientifically prov-
prepare applications and introduce a culture of smartphone applications in the Mtskheta Muse-
en documentation of Mtskheta, its importance for the Georgian
um, loading up the museum with events with distinctive content throughout the year, maximum
state is a perfect argument for the Mtskheta Museum to be com-
advertising popularization of museum exhibits through social networks, active cooperation with
pletely distinctive and exceptional.
science and culture figures, involvement of large publishing houses in various projects.
The new museum should become a space for effective interpre-
In the case of the new museum in Mtskheta, an important factor which has to be taken into
tation of the history of Georgian state system, it should explain
account is that the museum concept fits into the previously reconstructed building of the new
the existence of the ancient Georgian state, the visitor should
museum with a completely different functional load, which obviously creates many difficulties
learn the essence of the history of Georgian state system, get ac-
in terms of rationality and ergonomics of functional distribution of the building. Otherwise, both,
quainted with the main accents of Georgian culture: immovable
and movable, tangible and intangible cultural heritage that have
been created by Georgians during its existence and today is the 1 Fashion show, photo session - on the back of the Gate, multifunctional exhibition space, exterior spiral staircase
wealth and pride of the country. The museum should reflect all of the museum, balcony, outdoor, open cafe terrace. Renting these spaces for this purpose is an additional income
for the museum on the one hand, and a good way to increase the museum’s popularity on the other.

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 the context and the functional zoning would be different in many cases. Interior design is of par-
ticular importance for the success of the museum, along with proper functional distribution.
INTERIOR DESIGN OF MUSEUM
The interior design of the museum should be in harmony with the general visual aspect of the
building, in particular, with the avant-garde, plain architectural style of the 20th century, with
the plain and simple forms of the surrounding space provided by the new project (author Zaza
Iashvili).
We think it will fit well with modern, austere, minimalist forms, with two main contrasting colors
- black and white, and a neutral monochromatic color, an effective lighting system. This type of
interior will be interesting to mix-accent 20th century minimalism and modern style, including
while considering the design of museum furniture, accessories and facilities.
An emphasis on the importance of content and a modern solution, along with being interesting,
it will be different and contrasting from the rest of the country’s ethnic elements — mixed design
techniques.
The plain forms of the museum should be made as interesting as possible by the effects, including
lighting, both with artificial and natural activity and intensity.
PUBLIC SPACES OF MTSKHETA
MUSEUM
A visitor in a modern museum expects the museum to meet not only spiritual but also existing
needs. The interior and exterior of the Mtskheta Museum should be able to cope with this task
as comfortably as possible with the public services (hall, souvenir and book store, indoor and
outdoor cafe, bathroom) located in it.
- HH HALL
The hall of museum has a special meaning. It makes a first impression on the visitor, it should be
able to provide a comfortable service to the visitor in the shortest possible time, it has to take the
role of the main guide of the museum.
The museum should offer the visitor a comfortable environment and service as soon as he/she
enters the hall of the museum space, provide him/her with interesting information, create the
appropriate mood - the feeling that this is exactly what he/she was expecting to, and even more...
The design of the information multifunctional desk should be minimalist, simple and at the same
time functional. Its function includes the services as follows:
Provide complete information to the visitor:
• Ticket sales (including a pre-designed differentiated system that involves different rates for
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different services);
• Realization of advertising printed products of museum (flyer, museum guide, etc.);
• Offer Guide (Georgian and foreign language), audio guide and additional services available
in the museum (library, educational programs, cafe, etc.);
• App(s) for smartphones;
• Offers for people with disabilities according to their categories;
• Terms and agreement of renting museum spaces (multifunctional temporary exhibition space,
conference hall, cafe).
It is important to take into account the fact that the visitor leaves the museum from the same -
the main hall space - thus, it will be relevant if the Mtskheta Museum - will fulfill the mission
of being the guide and beginning of the museum route. Our goal is to fascinate the visitor(s)
not only by the Mtskheta Museum itself, but also leaving the visitor the museum with a stronger
interest in the history or modernity, culture, cultural heritage of our country, wanting to visit its
sights and other museums as well. Before leaving the museum space, the visitor should be able to
get complete information about the regional museums, cultural heritage sites, tourist routes, tours
and services in the Capital or in different parts of the country. Information material applications
can be prepared in collaboration with relevant institutions. (national tourism agency, national
wine agency, Protected Areas Agencies, Travel Companies, Hotel Holdings, Restaurant Business,
Gastronomic Tours, and etc.).
The museum should be able to deliver relevant offers correctly from a marketing point of view.
This idea will be implemented through the modern technologies, videos, guides, advertising post-
ers, booklets, flyers, CDs and using other marketing techniques and tools.
For this purpose, the following can be used from a technological point of view:
1. Map of Georgia located in the hall space (electronic or print) Touch Screens where textual and
visual information will be loaded:
2. To be placed in the so-called Multi Touch Interface - A single, large screen that allows multi-
ple people to receive different types of information at once.
3. Or both.
Here the visitor should receive the following information:
1. Cultural heritage of Mtskheta and its suburbs, including the historic Mtskheta archeological
complexes under the Agency - Samtavro Archaeological Valley and Bayatkhevi, Armaztsikhe
(Bagineti) Mtskheta Akldama, Armaziskhevi Residence of Kartli Eristavi and Mtskheta Gate
(Aragvi Gate);
2. Georgian cultural heritage monuments according to the regions;
3. Museums and museum reserves of the Country (including Agency);
4. Tourist infrastructure of the country (hotels, food facilities, excursions, transport services,
extreme tourism, etc.), the possibility of booking from the same space; 5) Cultural-intellec-
tual life of the country (current and planned cultural events in the country - exhibition, opera,
cinema, theater, concert, evening, etc.), the possibility of booking the service using the same
space;
5. Youth entertainment facilities;
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 6. Souvenirs, books, wine and other shopping items.
7. The information segment, with technical means, should be in line with the minimalist design
trend
- SOUVENIR AND BOOK STORE OF MUSEUM
The design of a souvenir and book store should be as simple and minimalist as any other. The
souvenir space of the museum should offer the visitor the product of different content, aesthetics,
quality and taste. It will be a source of additional income for the museum. The issue of selection
of souvenir products should be agreed with the direction of museum of the agency.
In the same space will be placed a wardrobe and a safe for personal items.
- MUSEUM CAFE (INDOOR AND OUTDOOR)
In addition to the exhibition segment by the of the Mtskheta Museum Rehabilitation Adaptation
Project, there are indoor and outdoor cafe spaces near the conference and art studio spaces in mu-
seum. This circumstance is very comfortable for ordinary visitors as well as for the educational or
scientific sector. This recreation area is a good way to, both, relax and facilitate the work process.
The museum cafe should be bright, with a transparent effect, with minimalist, black and purple-
white, planted original deciduous plants.
The abundance of national cuisine in Mtskheta should be taken into account, so that the menu
offer of the museum cafe should be different - dessert (sweet and unsweetened), national sweets
provided in exquisite form or packaging - Churchkhela, Felamushi, Orbeliani nugbari and other,
cold and hot drinks. The menu should be sophisticated, interesting both from a gastronomic and
aesthetic point of view.
It is advisable to consider children (under 3 years) in the service of the café (menu and furniture
for children).
Preferable nice music (appropriate technical equipment, selection of repertoire in consultation
with music experts), internet, with the possibility of access to museum electronic information.
It is very beneficial for the museum to have the opportunity of development in the outdoor space
of the cafe. The open-air café on the terrace is surrounded by a magnificent view filled with cul-
tural heritage sites. It is desirable to not only seasonaly use the terrace, but also to equip it with
heaters and to load it up all year round. Also need to consider shading-cooling system and the
need for tents during the hot summer months. Excessive landscaping of the terrace should be
considered as well in order to create shade and a pleasant environment.
Due to its distinctiveness, it is advisable to consider taking the Museum Café on a gastronomic
tour of the country. Having this type of cafe will be another highlight of the museum’s specificity.
It will be superfluous to mention how effective it will be to offer these types of services in a full
form.
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– LIBRARY - LABORATORY - ART STUDIO - CONFERENCE
HALL -
In addition, the museum should acquire and include scientific and artistic-educational workload,
which in turn means the library envisaged by the project, restoration laboratory, art studio and
conference space.
- LIBRARY
The scientific segment in the space of the Mtskheta Museum should be provided with the nec-
essary and comfortable conditions for research, with the maximum possibility of using relevant
scientific information and equipment.
This is what we consider the library space of museum should be used for. According to the proj-
ect, the library space is 33.70 sq.m. This space, like the rest, should be minimalist, as comfortable
as possible for the museum staff or other users.
Modern library technologies and technical means (electronic Library, computers, scanner, print-
er), electronic connection with relevant scientific institutions, access to electronic material in
other areas of the museum and similar functional load spaces should be considered (art studio,
conference hall, laboratory).
It is advisable to periodically give this space to children - by offering promotional games, pro-
grams related to the world of books, for example “Little Book Lover”, it is possible to “create
a book lovers’ community”, “Book Reading Days” - “Read together”, present children’s books
in connection with publishing houses, invite authors, present-advertise Art Studio programs in
order to attract future audiences. The same project can be implemented with the participation of
students, with the participation of the Theater University and theater workshops.
Relevant inventory should be considered.
* Attention should be given to the scientific book fund of the museum and the possibility of
increasing it, however, due to the small size of the library space, this increase should be more
focused on the electronic format.
- CONFERENCE HALL
It is desirable to place an open stand or counter on one of the walls (on the left for instance) of
the conference space, where the publications of the agency will be constantly presented, as well
as various types of conferences from time to time together with demonstration materials related
to the topic. And put the hanger on the opposite wall for a variable retrospective (photographs,
conference thematic photo exhibitions, posters and other visual materials).
The management plan should provide for maximum workload of the conference space with var-
ious intellectual activities.
The conference space should be equipped with modern technology appropriate to the functional
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 specifics (translation support, projector, screen, headset). Among them, it is important to hold
technical conferences for both, international and regional purposes, participate without physical
presence in order to remotely involve several participants at the same time.
The agency itself holds several scientific conferences in various fields each year (museum, arche-
ology and ethnology). This space might be occupied by scientific conferences of the Agency and
other neighboring institutions, discussion-presentation of future projects, plans of the Agency,
lectures or reporting programs of various contents, excavations carried out by the expeditions
of the Agency, demonstration-discussions of new excavated materials as a result of excavations
carried out by the expeditions of the Agency, trainings etc.
- ART STUDIO
The art studio of the museum should serve the development of children’s knowledge, taste, imag-
inative and creative skills, the identification and encouragement of talented children, and perhaps
the choice of future profession. Local or nearby Mtskheta students or youth resources should be
considered as much as possible.
The programs implemented in Art Studio should have the maximum positive impact on the chil-
dren’s conscious, psycho-emotional world. The educational segment of the new museum should
be able to motivate creativity in children and generate ideas.
A conducive factor in achieving this goal is a comfortable studio space, with well-planned cre-
ative programs and activities, with the display and sale of products created as a result of these
activities, encouraging competitions, and the development of various forms of rewards.
We consider such programs to be different from others. In particular, Georgian textiles - theory
(history) and practice (painting, creating sketches, making various products according to these
sketches, printing on fabric, printing). Calligraphy, Ornament, Costume, Dolls - Theory and Prac-
tice; Knitting, embroidery - making various souvenir products based on ethnic motives; Sculpting
- a link to the ceramic material of the open fund, etc.
We will not dwell on this issue as the selection of the final fields is still under discussion and at
the same time an extraordinary paper on this issue is being prepared by our staff.
In addition to exhibit children’s products, the management of art studio programs should include
the organization of relevant profile exhibitions and scientific conferences in the temporary exhibi-
tion space of the museum (which should also be included in the management plan), preparation of
publications reflecting conference materials. Exhibitions - Textile, Costume, Dolls, Rug, Carpet,
Embroidery, Toys. This direction will be an additional interesting means of filling the exhibition
and conference spaces of the museum.
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- WORKPLACE SPACE
Among the office space for staff on the third floor, there is a single meeting space that may be
functionally loaded with dual content - both directly for museum staff and for business meetings
(in addition to local staff, it will be used by the staff of Museums and Museum-Reserves as need-
ed.) With the appropriate furniture and technical equipment of this space, it is necessary to take
into account this note and the possibility of easy adaptation (portable furniture, equipment).
BATHROOMS
The bathroom, together with the rest, should fit into the unified design context (color, shape,
lighting, furniture, accessories).
EXHIBITION SEGMENT OF
THE MUSEUM
Our main task is to make an interesting visualization in the museum space of Mtskheta on the
basis of science, with the fullness of the themes finally selected for exposition, and to effectively
visualize and take into account and use modern technologies.
It should be noted that the exhibition spaces of the new Mtskheta Museum should be completely
different from the similarly existing museum spaces in Georgia, which should be conditioned by
the original interpretation of the combination of content and form.
The first element of such a difference in the exposition part of the museum is the Mtskheta Gate
- Aragvi Gate - an archeological-architectural monument, the existence of which should be used
in favor of the museum.
- ARAGVI GATE - MTSKHETA GATE
The new museum of Mtskheta is given a different and distinctive look from other museums by
an important fragment of the late ancient and formerly feudal Mtskheta border-fence, called as
Aragvi Gate, one of the gates, which connects Mtskheta to the direction of Aragvi to the north.
The discovery of the gate by 1965 is connected with the construction of a cinema in this place.
In the 60s of the 20th century, it was decided to maintain both the gate and the construction of a
cinema. The typical project of a cinema was changed by an individual (author archaeologist G.
Jabua and others). With the new project, the gate was turned into high columns, a cinema hall was
placed on top of the gate and thus the monument became accessible to the viewer in every way2.
There were built two bastions on the six-meter-thick wall of the gate. There was a paved street
between the bastions (which was followed by a narrow footpath separated by a border-stone) and
the remains of a monumental wall built of hewn rocks at the entrance to the city. There should
2 Kalandazde Al., Bokhochadze Al., Aragvis Kari, friend of the monument, N15, Tb., 1968
185
 have been an easy to lift, heavily clamped door between the towers built by the mud brick of the
Gate, which was supposedly used for caravans, and a small entrance to the gate had been cut for
passengers. Aragvi Gate is a perfect example of construction art. During the process of cleaning
the monument, cultural layers (cemetery, settlement) were revealed at its level and depth, from
the II century BC to the VIII century AC.
After the completion of the rehabilitation works of the museum, restoration of the Aragvi gate is
planned.
The monument has important archeological-historical and architectural value, which, in our opin-
ion, should be used as much as possible from the museum point of view. It is desirable that
both the design and the restoration project take into account the maximum involvement of the
monument from a dramatic point of view in an exposition context, and offer additional creative
initiatives in addition to our views.
- The visitor must enter the entrance of the gate just as a foreigner loaded at the same gate met a
long time ago through the Aragvi gate in the old capital. As soon as you get here, the simulated
city should be revived - the caravans of loaded camels should move, the big-small, rich-poor,
customs, merchant-craftsmen, trade scenes should be revived, multicultural Mtskheta with its
sound (various languages, Greek-Aramaic, music, song, trade scenes) - a living city. We must
achieve this through holographic (Holographic projection – example – Amsterdam Museum
of Canals) projection. This method will be very effective, impressive and mood-creating.
This time, according to the new project, the monument is surrounded by a hanging ramp,
which allows full viewing. Around the monument, depths of different sizes are formed in the
lower space of the hanging ramp. We recommend that these depths be explored, as we believe
that this will be a design-efficient and at the same time, extremely rich means of redistribut-
ing the museum’s exposition content. We offer the following opinion to the design project:
- In these depths it is desirable to reconstruct the monuments of Old Mtskheta defensive archi-
tecture in 3D format - plans, fortification-defensive structures, focusing on the fence and gate
(there is a living illustration of the monument), etc. Also, where the depth is less, illuminate
colored, illustrated text or interactive glass, and where there is less depth, install large vol-
ume showcase-expositors (Switchable display cases) and touch screens with text and visual
material (refer to the sample).Theme “Gate” - the history of the Aragvi gate, its discovery,
accompanied by graphic and photographic material, exposing the archaeological material
found here.
It should be noted that more of these materials will be published in the collection of “Museum and
Cultural Heritage VI-VII” dedicated to Mtskheta and Mtskheta Museum.
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I FLOOR -
From the main entrance, the viewer enters the I zone within the hall space.
ZONE I - EXHIBITION INTRODUCTION
• The main messages of the new museum of Mtskheta
The exhibition space of Mtskheta Museum should be opened at the entrance - Hall, with the most
effective textualized-visualized messages. Clear messages, with the content - Georgia’s contri-
bution to world civilization - or Georgia and world civilization, should be placed on the wall (or
walls) of the main entrance of the exhibition space using the most effective visualization method
- Final Solution - Design project. Impressive illustration-demonstration of Georgian contribution
to the list of the greatest achievements of world civilization, in the end also impressively reflects
on the degree of popularization of the museum and the country in general.
I FLOOR - MULTIFUNCTIONAL EXHIBITION SPACE
The multifunctional, easily adaptable space of the Mtskheta Museum will be distinctive from
other museums. As we have mentioned, the museum should reflect the political, religious-cultural
or socioeconomic history of the Georgian state system as fully as possible, which is not easy to
achieve due to the rich past of the country and in accordance of what is said. (the above messages
and the contents of the collection are sufficient to illustrate the complexity of this task).
The total volume of this space is 152.17 sq.m. Our suggestion is that this be a multifunctional
space, using modern technologies, and, if necessary, it should be possible to transform-adapt this
space into temporary exhibition, presentation, auditorium, receptions, shows, concert and cinema
hall spaces.
Let’s follow the functional offer consistently:
1. This main space will explain both the main messages and the existence of the ancient Geor-
gian state. Realizing that one space is not enough to handle such a large-scale task, we have
an offer for a design project - this task can be solved with the help of modern museum tech-
nologies.
Through the electronic format presented in this space, the visitor should learn the essence of the
history of Georgian state system, get acquainted with the main accents of Georgian culture, which
are the wealth and pride of the country in the form of real and movable, tangible and intangible
cultural heritage.
In order to better understand the content of the material for the electronic format, we present an
approximate, first thematic list, which looks like as below:
History of Georgian state system, main emphases of political history, ethnogenesis of Georgians,
Georgian myth, myth-ritual system, mythological characters, folk tales, fairy tales, Georgian folk
ornament and its symbols, music and musical instrument, worship, pre-Christian and Christian re-
ligions in Georgia, Georgian Language and Script, Georgian Literature, Monuments of Georgian
187
 Architecture of Early Christian and Christian Periods, History of the Georgian Church, Secular
and Ecclesiastical Authorities, Secular and Ecclesiastical clothes, Georgian Secular and Ecclesi-
astical Law, Military History and Defense Architecture, Georgia - Homeland of Wine, Georgian
Cuisine, Georgian polyphony and folk dance ... This is an incomplete list of the interesting topics
that should be presented in this space.
the exposure fittings of simple construction, minimalist design should be considered, it should
be possible to move from the simple exhibition to the warehouse space and vice versa. Also, a
flexible system of hangers, easily adjustable to place works of different types and sizes on the
walls, with the ability to create different compositions, as well as a flexible and efficient, modern
lighting system.

Rich thematic content should also be interestingly interpreted, effectively visualized, and deliv- • The next component of multifunctionality is the presentation and auditorium function
ered in such a complete form to the visitor. One wall of the space will be loaded for this purpose.
We think that Multi Touch Interactive Screen is the best choice to achieve this goal. This space will be easily adaptable for holding various events. It will be easy to customize it for
presentations and formal receptions. At the same time, this may happen in the context of exhibi-
Materials prepared in the form of applications in electronic format should be subject to thematic tions accompanying the same events.
or substantive constant updating-filling mode, which should be taken into account by the design
project. (we think that in addition to updating the already uploaded materials, electronic informa- On the second floor there is a conference hall, the volume of which is not so big. Because of this,
tion on the topic of XIX-XX centuries and contemporary art and culture should be supplemented we emphasize the importance of the auditorium - for crowded lectures, in addition, it will be pos-
little by little). We hope to get the best, optimal quick fix for the technical solution of this task as sible to hold similar events in parallel during the congestion of the conference space.
a result of cooperation in the design project preparation process.
The need is just a certain number of comfortable chairs, which is also needed for other activities.
Due to the content of its activities, the National Agency for Cultural Heritage Preservation of
Georgia constantly needs a space where it will be possible to hold temporary exhibitions, re-
ceptions and presentations. In this space it should be possible to hold exhibitions organized by
the Agency, as well as cultural projects in general, to hold receptions. Both in the context of the
- MUSICAL SPACE
above events and independently, it is desirable to consider the possibility of adapting the same
space as an auditorium, concert and cinema halls.
Filling the same space from time to time is desirable for different types of music evenings, meet-
ings, concerts (classical, jazz). Accompanying scientific conferences related to the field, exhi-
At the same time, it is possible to rent this space to hold the same type events.
bitions, concerts and many other musical activities. It is possible to prepare and conduct music
children’s programs. This direction can be managed with the resources of the Agency, it does not
It will solve many problematic issues for the Agency (space search-rent, expenses, etc.), and pro-
require additional staff. There is a need to purchase a small piano. In order to attract and interest
vide an opportunity for the museum to gain popularity, activity and additional revenue.
the youth, we consider it possible to hold contemporary music concerts in the open space in order
to popularize the museum.
- TEMPORARY EXHIBITION SPACE
- FILM SHOWING SPACE
This exhibition segment should be constantly loaded with different types of exhibitions. For the
possibility of constant updating of the exhibition space, it is desirable to make movable walls of
In this space it is desirable to have a large screen or monitor in the center of the right wall from the
appropriate design. This will allow us to organize more types of exhibitions with more mobility,
main entrance. It will be possible to arrange premieres, retrospectives, reviews of various types
avoid a heterogeneous environment and create and update a constantly changing space. Tempo-
of films (museum, documentary, popular science, science), as well as showings in the context
rary art display walling and cubes are the best means of re-exposition.
of lecture and children’s educational programs, including the possibility of stereo film to attract
children.
This exhibition space with color, shape, inventory should be equally adapted to completely differ-
ent character and style, constantly changing exhibitions and presentations. This space should be
This is our offer for loading multifunction space. Expect additional or different opinions from
technically ready for quick re-exposure, for the effective display of archeological, manuscripts,
design projects. We think that we will get an optimal consequence as a result of discussion-recon-
textiles and tableware (ceramic, porcelain), as well as avant-garde or ultra-modern paintings or
ciliation of opinions in the work process. Thus, the possibility of adapting the space for different
other materials.
purposes should finally be determined by the design project in agreement with us.
For this purpose, load all walls free of electronic format. Simple constructions should be made,
The multifunctional character of this space, and through this space to museum itself, makes it a
which will serve the different types of the above-mentioned exhibitions and will be envisaged for
popular, in demand and constantly loaded important cultural center. The museum cafe and open
the space, to follow the walls free from electronic format and to be assembled in the center. We
terrace provided by the project will contribute to the above.
mean portable exhibitors of the same shape and color as the main design - stands, display cubes
of different shapes and sizes, horizontal and vertical showcases, glassed and without glass.
Altogether, all the above-mentioned will have a positive impact on the importance of the mu-
seum, the workload, and consequently the increase in its popularity and revenue, and the future
Special mention was made of the portable, since in the context of the temporary exhibition,

188 189
 development of the country. In this way, we will have the opportunity to fully present the unique
history and culture of our country, to arouse and increase the various interest in it.
- PERMANENT EXHIBITION
On the second floor, according to the project, a temporary exhibition space with a space of 70.29
sq.m. is prepared. This space is adjacent to the permanent exhibition space, located on the same
floor, due to its architectural body, to be placed in the space of the old cinema hall, with a volume
of 177.23 sq.m. (open fund with existing project) These two spaces should serve the effective
and emotional development of the community - Mtskheta, the ancient capital of Georgia (IV-III
BC – IV-V AC).
The presentation of the ancient capital of the Georgian state and its spiritual center will take place
in the main space of the museum dedicated to it. This is facilitated by our museum route - the
visitor first will get acquainted with the history of Georgian state system and Mtskheta, and then,
the accents of this history backed by unique artefacts.
The archaeological material at our disposal does not allow us to distinguish the desired differ-
ence. Thus, the distinctiveness of the exposure is more a matter of content-visual interpretation
(content accents, interior, exhibition inventory and lighting design, design effects, technologies).
The desired result will be achieved with different and interesting exposition thematic accents and
exhibits, as well as interesting interpretive material, aesthetic design and effective use of modern
technologies. The art of exposure must culminate in this space.
•
In the project “temporary” exhibition space, it is desirable to provide an introduction to the per-
manent exhibition (preamble), where Mtskheta will be presented in the unified context.
Mtskheta - Political and Religious Center of the Kingdom of Kartli - Royal City – where
“Kings Reign and Gods are Gods”
The main task is to deliver a large amount of information to the visitor with easily perceptible and
interesting, clear accents. For the same purpose, specialists of different scientific fields (anthro-
pology, archeology, ethnology, history, art, linguistics, etc.) should be recorded in the context of
Mtskheta in connection with the interesting accents of Georgian civilization and video lectures
should be made by adding visual materials. Watching and listening to these recordings will be
possible through individual small screens and headphones. This method is good both, for receiv-
ing and distribution information, as well as for better acquaintance and popularization of living
cultural heritage with specialists of different fields of Georgian scientific field for the rest of the
scientific world, which in turn, is a good way to export Georgian scientific resources and addi-
tional opportunities for new scientific contacts.
Materials prepared in electronic format should be subject to constant updating, both in terms of
content and thematics.
- The main thing (old cinema hall) - the space provided for open fund protection by the existing
project
190
PERMANENT EXHIBITION - PART OF THE EXPOSITION
This space, as mentioned, should be thematically and design-wise different from this type of ex-
hibition space. The area of activity is presented with 177.23 sq.m. with a terrace layout, which is
due to the construction of the existing cinema hall. Design is a limiting factor on the one hand,
but at the same time, the exhibition offers a naturally different space in terms of planning. The
main difficulty in organizing this exhibition space is to determine the thematic content, which
should be the basis of its distinctiveness. The thematic accents made through the best archeolog-
ical artefacts should be unequivocally preferred. Based on the thematic content, the best samples
of exhibits and methods of interpretation will be selected. During the selection process materials
stored in the funds of the Mtskheta-Samtavro of the National Museum should be taken into ac-
count.
Effective interpretation and visualization of this volume and value of material requires exhibits of
appropriate design, lighting systems and, most importantly, adequate space where all of this can
be properly spread. No other exhibition space in the museum is relevant and sufficient for the full
and effective display of this material.
INTERACTIVE VIDEO WALL
In the same space, in case of interest, generally, to view the collections or each exhibit in detail
and to get the relevant information, it would be good to use an interactive video wall or applica-
tion. Consequently, we will have more opportunities to avoid overloading the exposition segment
with interpretive texts and emphasize the efficiency of the exposition part.
This exhibition space should be as interesting, active and dynamic as possible.
To illustrate our vision, we present a few examples.
Tomb(s) - not in the standard graphic and skeletal display, but in a reconstruction of the condition
at the time of entombment, a life-size replica of a mannequin (mullah) in clothing and funeral
items. A tomb should be selected in a way that allows us to interpret an interesting, heroic or
romantic story. In that same place, graphic image of the skeleton, electronically or otherwise,
interestingly interpreted information about the tomb (it is possible to take into account the audio
effect in order to increase the impression);
Mtskheta - City Necropolis - cemetery - typology of funerals, entombment rules, posture, in-
ventory, funeral feast and prayer - this information can be accessed through the app loaded in an
interactive video wall.
Woman - 3D animation - diversity of jewelry, clothes and clothing accessories, perfumery, liter-
acy, being. We think it will be effective to expose-interpret the jewelry collection of this period
in a unified context. Possible to use a mechanical method in a different form of show case to
effectively illuminate the group of collections (for example jewelry, aromatic oil vessel, detail of
clothes) fits in using the animation method in case if it touches a woman of antiquity in a specific
episode of time. The animation tempts the plastic-slow accentuation of a woman’s hairstyle, head
and neck movement, in the same way it is possible to present a man and a child (possibly a fam-
ily) with appropriate attributes.
191
 Child(ren) - Toy, game, amulet and more. the museum. The 3D printer increases the degree of interactivity of the museum.

Information about each of the exhibits presented here will be available through the app loaded in
the interactive video wall and there will be no need for captions and the visitor will learn more
and more interesting information on the subject of interest and not just the attribution.
Faith- Believes - Religion - Ritual, etc.
It is possible to make copies of museum exhibits as souvenirs. In particular, during the tour of
the museum, the visitor will select the exhibitor of his/her choice, made in his/her presence and
participation, with the logo of the agency on it. This service must be included in the ticket price.
It is an interesting attraction, especially for children, and on the other hand a good advertisement
for the museum.

(on the same floor with a pre-Christian it is possible to link to the berikoba panel) The design project should take into account our conceptual vision, museum technologies applica-
ble to the Mtskheta Museum and also, most importantly, the possibility of future updates of these
Feast - Supra - Food - Drink technologies, both technical and substantive.

Entertainment - Music-instrument (sound of shepherd’s pipes), Dance As a result, we get a distinctive, modern, multifunctional - (informational, scientific, cultural-ar-
tistic-educational, recreational-gastronomic) equipped with the most comfortable, functional and
Script - Parnavaz - Greek-Aramaic-Jewish epigraphic monuments, writing equipment, three dynamic cultural-museum center in the country.
types of alphabet.
Materials of the Scientific Conference “Museum and Cultural Heritage” dedicated to Mtskheta
Booklore and Scribes - Pagan-Christian. and Mtskheta Museum, published in the same name publication, will significantly contribute to
the achievement of these goals and will form the basis.
As for the design solution of this space, in terms of efficiency, as mentioned above, should be
completely distinctive, both in terms of content-interpretation and visual. The impression gained
through this space should be clear and long lasting. The content and presentation form should be
determined by the design project in agreement with the Agency.

END OF THE MUSEUM ROUTE

Open Fund - the first precedent in the museum practice of Georgia

,,The ideal archaeological museum should try to find some way to incorporate its storage into the
exhibition...“. Josho Brouwers. 2016

From the main entrance of the first floor - the hall space, through the stairs, the visitor will be
able to reach the ground floor, where the open fund will be located. “Openness” of the repository
means the glassed open fund and the visitor’s access to it. The design project should consider this
space as a full fledged exhibition space approach (which means preparing the open fund exposi-
tion concept like other exposition concepts).

Considering the above, we offer the following solution to the design project:

- On the ground floor (exhibition space defined for wine themes by the project) with a total
space of 87.84 sq. m. (62.55 sq. m. + 25.29 sq. m.) to place an open fund. This will be an
additional interesting attraction, which will increase the interest of all age or social groups
towards the museum with a well-prepared interpretive text (for both adults and children). It
will be a type of opportunity to access the museum “behind the scenes”, which is always very
intimate and interesting. This will be the first precedent of an open fund in our country, and
distinguished in this respect as well.

For the design project, we offer the placement of a 3D printer in the relevant space of the mu-
seum. The 3D printer can be used in many ways for the benefit of the museum, including in the
creative programs of Art Studio, it is the best means of not only visual but also actual contact with

192 193
 mariam sosaniZe funqcionalurad datvirTuli studios sivrce axali teqnologiuri
samuzeumo navigaciebiT, Tanamedrove tendenciebis interpretaciiTac ga-
saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis morCeuli unda iyos. art studioSi minimaluri, funqcionaluri avejis
dacvis erovnuli saagento, gamoyeneba msubuq, sxvadasxva ti pis saqmianobisTvis iolad adaptirebad
muzeumebisa da muzeum-nakrZalebis interiers Seqmnis da amasTanave kargad miesadageba saerTo struqturas.
samsaxuris TanamSromeli, xelovnebaTmcodne magidis, skamis Tu karadis SerCevisas gasaTvaliswinebelia, maTi Tana-
medrove da praqtikuli xasiaTi, faqtura da feri. amave sivrceSi unda
ganTavsdes Seminuli vitrinebi, sadac ganTavsdeba qarTuli teqstilis
art istoriis amsaxveli saeqspozicio masala.

studio saganmanaTleblo programis didi nawili fizikurad iqneba gansaxorcie-

lebeli, amdenad, samuSao sivrce saWiroebs komfortul samuSao magidas.
ZiriTadi ganaTebis garda, magidis ganTavsebis adgilas funqciuri san-
Tanamedrove muzeumebis ganuyofeli funqciu- aTebis ganlageba aqcentirebuls gaxdis individualur samuSao areals.
ri Semadgenelia organizebuli saganmanaTleblo
sivrceebi, romlebic aRWurvilia Tanamedrove te- saganmanaTleblo sivrceSi mosuli bavSvebisTvis, sxvadasxva saxis vizua-
qnologiebiT. Tanamedrove teqnologiebi, meTodebi, luri masalis CvenebisTvis Tu sxva damatebiTi aqtivobebisaTvis, saWiroa
xelsawyoebi iZleva masalebis interpretirebisa didi ekranis ganTavseba. am formiT SemecnebiT-saganmanaTleblo masalebis
da danergvis uamrav saSualebas saganmanaTleblo demonstrireba efeqturi da STambeWdavi iqneba. verbalurTan SedarebiT,
programebSi. vizualurs meti mimzidveloba da yuradRebis mi pyrobis unari aqvs, gansa-
kuTrebiT Tu gaviTvaliswinebT Cvens samizne jgufebs.
mcxeTis muzeumis „art studio“-s SemecnebiT-sa-
ganmanaTleblo programebis samizne jgufebia mo-
zardebi, axalgazrdebi (samuzeumo programebi yve-
la asakobriv jgufs moicavs da gaTvaliswinebulia
rogorc dawyebiTi, aseve sabazo - saSualo asakis
moswavleebisTvis). saganmanaTleblo programis mi-
zania mozardebs Seuqmnas sabaziso safuZveli, daex-
maros maT xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargis mimarT
interesisa da niWis gamovlenasa da samomavlo
orientirebaSi.

muzeumSi bavSvTa saganmanaTleblo programebis

ganxorcieleba unda warimarTos ori ZiriTadi
mimarTulebiT:

I. vizitor bavSvTa jgufebis erTjeradi miReba da

masze morgebuli programis ganxorcieleba;

II. dainteresebul adgilobriv bavSvTa gawevrianeba

- pirobiTad „muzeumis megobrebi“ - jgufSi, sad-
ac SesaZlebeli iqneba saganmanaTleblo programis
ganxorcieleba studiuri formatiT.

muzeumis interieris es sivrce organuli gagr-

Zeleba unda iyos im maqsimalurad sada, funqciuri
datvirTvis mqone arqiteqturul-mxatvruli kon-
cefciisa, romelsac mcxeTis samuzeumo koncefciis
avtori moiazrebs1.
mcxeTis muzeumis saganmanaTleblo sivrcis mowyobis saproeqto renderi

1 ix. aqve, e. kaWarava, mcxeTis axali muzeumi - xedva, gv. 106

194 195
 sawyis etapze, programiT gaTvaliswinebuli Sesabamisi masalis am formiT
miwodeba gazrdis interess da aRqmis unars. rac Tavis mxriv aisaxeba cno-
bismoyvareobaze, masalis siRrmiseulad gacnobis survilze da SemecnebiT
process metad interaqtiuls gaxdis. ekranis win unda moewyos komfor-
tuli sivrce, sadac mozardebi miiReben vizualur masalasTan Sesabamis
Teoriul codnas. aseTi datvirTvis adgilisTvis ukeTesi iqneba Tu mox-
erxebuli, mozardebze morgebuli, aveji ganTavsdeba. samuSao da damxmare
masalebis Sesanaxad CaSenebul karadaSi gamoyofili unda iyos sivrce
dafebis, planSetebis, qaRaldebis da sxva aqsesuarebisaTvis. sasurvelia
e.w “work Station“-is (magida - saTavsoebiT) ti pis samuSao magidis damzadeba. qsovilis „dasaCiTi“ yalibebi
es gaaCens damatebiT komfortul saTavsoebs masalebis Sesanaxad. nino brailaSvilis wignidan „aseTi maxsovs saqarTvelo“
gamomcemloba „xelovneba“, Tbilisi, 1990w.

mcxeTis muzeumSi gansaxorcieleblad

gaTvaliswinebuli saganmanaTleblo programis 2. teqstili2 - Teoriuli informacia: literaturuli wyaroebisa da
ZiriTadi Tematika vizualuri masalebis sainteresod miwodeba asakobrivi kategoriebis
gaTvaliswinebiT.

1. xatva (ferwera, grafika); lurji sufra, quilTis, qsovis, batikisa da qargvis teqnikis Seswavla.
2. teqstili: lurji sufra, quilTi, batika, qsova, qargva;
samuSao masalebi - qsovilis gadasaWimi xis mza ormagi wriuli da kvadrat-
3. Tojinebi; uli CarCo-dazga, tiloebi, nemsi, maxaTi, matylis saCeCi, specialuri saqargi
4. musika; Zafebi, matyli, qsovilebis nairsaxeoba
5. samsaxiobo xelovneba;
• lurji sufra - qarTuli kulturis erT-erTi Zalze saintereso fenome-
6. samkauli; ni, kulturuli memkvidreobis aramaterialuri Zeglad aRiarebuli, rom-
7. fotografia. lis damzadebis teqnologiuri procesis gacnoba da Tanamonawileoba
muzeumis saganmanaTleblo programis mniSvnelovani nawili iqneba.
programebis Tematurobidan gamomdinare saWiroebebi

1. xatva (ferwera, grafika) - praqtikuli muSaoba.

samuSao masalebi - dafa, tilo, akvareli, guaSi, funjebi, fanqrebi, qaRaldi,

muyao, TabaSiris modelebi, kompoziciis asawyobi aqsesuarebi.

2 TabukaSili e. - saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis erovnuli saagento -

saganmanaTleblo samsaxuris ufrosi specialisti

196 197
 samuSao masalebi - tilo, saRebavi, qsovilis „dasaCiTi“ yalibebi, romel-
zec amotvifrulia reliefurad, dasatani ornamentebis figurebi. (suraTze
gamosaxulia qsovilis `dasaCiTi“ yalibebi nino brailaSvilis wignidan
(`aseTi maxsovs saqarTvelo“ gamomcemloba „xelovneba“ Tbilisi, 1990w).

3. Tojinebi3 - istoria, zogadi gacnobiTi informaciis miwodeba amavdrou-

lad praqtikaSi ganxorcieleba. Tojinebis Seqmnis istoria eTnosebis
gaTvaliswinebiT. vorqSofebis Casatareblad dargis profesionalebis
mowveva.

a) Tojinuri Teatris Sesaxeb informacia . sxvadasxva ti pis Tojinebis,

masalisa da xelsawyoebis gacnoba.

samuSao masala - Tojinebi, kompiuteri, proeqtori, masalebi, xelsawyoebi.

• qsovilebisa da qaRaldisagan adamianisa da cxovelebis figurebis ap-

likacia.

samuSao masala - feradi qaRaldebi, qsovilebi, faqturebi, mZivebi, biseri,

Rilebi, webo, feradi fanqrebi, makrateli.

• plastelinis figurebis damzadeba, anturaJiT.

samuSao masala - feradi plastelini, stekebi.

• teqstilis Tojinebis damzadeba.

samuSao masala - qsovilebi, faqturebi, matyli, saqsovi Zafebi, sakeravi

Zafebi, nemsi, maxaTi, makrateli, portatuli sakeravi manqana.

bavSvebs SesaZlebloba eqnebaT moargon maTTvis saintereso qsovilis

pirobiTi samosi, moxaton personaJebi, Seqmnan saxasiaTo ti paJebi.

• xelTaTmanis Tojinebis damzadeba.
samuSao masala - Tojinis damzadebuli sawyisi nawilebi, Rrubelis
burTebi, fule, xelTaTmanebi, windebi, faqturebi, nemsi, Zafi, makrateli, webo,
mZivebi, Rilebi.
• karkasiani Tojinebis damzadeba.
samuSao masala - Tixa, kabeli, rbili mavTuli, Rrubeli, kolgotebi, qso-
vilebi, faqturebi, Zafi, nemsi, webo, makrateli, samuSao iaraRebi (brtyeltu-
Ca, mrgvaltuCa, stekebi).
b) marioneti Tojinebi - saqarTveloSi warCinebul ojaxebSi danergili
iyo saojaxo speqtaklebis tradicia. vfiqrobT, es proeqti waaxalisebs am
tradiciis rekonstruqciasa da integrirebas; mniSvnelovnad gazrdis mo-
3 namiWeiSvili n. - Teatris reJsori; Tojinebis dizaineri; meTojine-msaxiobi; xelovne-
baTmcodne
zardTa interessa da motivacias. sasurvelia martiv siuJets morgebuli,
aseve martivi Tojinebis damzadeba da speqtaklebis Cvenebis gamarTva.
samuSao masalebi - Tojinis nawilebis damakavSirebeli saxsris liTonis
kavebi, silikoni, webo, saRebavebi, Zua, Tojinis ZafebiT samarTavi xis jvare-
dini mowyobiloba.
sasurvelia Seiqmnas mcire marionetebis TeatrisaTvis saWiro mowyobi-
lobebi, ris Sedegadac bavSvebs SesaZlebloba eqnebaT sakuTari Seqmnili
marioneti Tojinebi „gaacocxlon“.
saqarTvelos masStabiT, jerjerobiT arcerT muzeums ar aqvs msgavsi
proeqti - marionetebis Teatri muzeumSi. bavSvebisTvis mimzidveli da am-
avdroulad gansxvavebuli iqneba, rac ufro gauRrmavebs interess.
samuSao masala - scena an Sirma, ganaTebis wyaro, magidebi, Tojinebi, lep-
topi an musikaluri centri, dekoracia, rekviziti, kostiumebi.

198 199
 4. musika4
a) gakveTili - „ras gviyveba arqeolo-
gia musikaze“
Cveni polifoniuri simRera is pir-
veli qarTuli elementia, romelic
UNESCO-m aramaterialuri kulturu-
li memkvidreobis warmomadgenlobiT
nusxaSi Seitana. Sesabamisad, es mem-
kvidreoba, rogorc msoflio mniS-
vnelobis movlena, gansakuTrebul
zrunvas saWiroebs Cveni mxridan da,
swored amitom, uTuod mniSvnelovania
dainergos programa, sadac msmenels
saSualeba miecema sakravieri musikis
konteqstSi dainaxos mTeli es mem-
kvidreoba.
Tanamedrove muzeumi nebismieri gemovnebisa da interesebis mqone adamian-
isTvis unda iqces mimzidvel adgilad. es sivrce, ara mxolod Secnobas,
aramed, gantvirTvasa da dasvenebas, an sulac SemoqmedebiT inspiracias
unda emsaxurebodes. Sesabamisad, sxvadasxva Janris (xalxuri, klasikuri,
jazuri da sxv.) musikaluri Sexvedrebi muzeumSi, namdvilad Seqmnis cocx-
al SemoqmedebiT garemos, romelic gansakuTrebiT moTxovnadi gaxdeba.
5. samsaxiobo xelovneba - programis mizania monawile bavSvebs daex-
maros zogadad Teatraluri xelovnebis mimarT orientirebaSi da
misces mas sawyisi sasceno elementebis sabaziso codna: metyveleba,
moZraobis plastika, vokali, sasceno ganaTebis specifika, gaxmovaneba,
dekoracia.
zemoT CamoTvlil unarCvevebis aTvisebisa da gaTavisebis Semdeg, bavSvebi
maT gamoiyeneben marioneti Tojinebis sasceno gacocxlebisas.

gakveTilis arqiteqtonika:

prezentacia - saprezentacio masala mTlianad agebuli iqneba saqarTve-

loSi arqeologiuri gaTxrebisas aRmoCenil musikalur sakravebsa Tu
sakravTa gamosaxulebebze. aqcenti gakeTdeba maT JReradobaze, Janrul
datvirTvaze. aseve, yuradReba gamaxvildeba musikis funqciur daniSnule-
baze sazogadoebaSi.

saWiroebebi - specialurad gakveTilisaTvis sagangebod unda damzaddes

samuSao rveuli, sadac msmenelebi testirebis formatSi mosmenili masa-
lis dafiqsirebas SeZleben - es iqneba miRebuli codnis erTgvari Se-
jameba.
6. samkauli - arqeologiurad aRmoCenili samkaulebis „aslebis“ damza-
SemoqmedebiTi aqtivoba - gakveTilis bolos Catardeba musikaluri aq- deba martivi meTodebiT.
tivoba, sadac sinkretuli xelovnebis msgavsad, gaerTiandeba mcire qo-
reografiuli moZraobebi sasimRero formebTan. samuSao masalebi: Zua, Zafi mZivebi, nemsi, saRebavebi, samkaulis Sesakvrelebi.
b) marionetebis Teatri

Teatris arseboba TavisTavad warmoudgenelia musikaluri gaformebis

gareSe. am TvalsazrisiT kargi iqneba qarTuli klasikuri animaciebis,
sabavSvo operebis, operetebis, miuziklebis, filmebis gacocxleba, maTive
ganuyofeli musikaluri SedevrebiT (mag.: animaciebi „wuna da wruwuna“,
„CxikvTa qorwili“, sabavSvo operebi „iavnanam ra hqmna“, „qajana“ da sxv.).
esec Cveni mdidari memkvidreobaa, romelic nel-nela miviwyebas eZleva.
aseTi cocxali formiTa da saintereso interpretaciiT maTi inscenireba
udaod daainteresebs programaSi monawileebs.

g) cocxali musika muzeumSi

4 xmiadaSvili s. - musikismcodneobis doqtori; kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis

erovnuli saagento - saganmanaTleblo samsaxuri

200 201
 7. fotografia - saganmanaTleblo
kursSi am Temis Semotana sasurve-
lia, radgan fotografia dRes xe-
lovnebis damoukidebel dargadaa
miCneuli da martivad xelmisaw-
vdomia.
mocemul kursSi Sesuli iqneba fo-
tografiis ganviTarebis istoria pir-
veli fotoaparatis Seqmnidan dRemde.
fotografiis kursi bavSvebs daex-
mareba gaecnon SemoqmedebiTi fo-
tografiis safuZvlebs.
• kompozicia, feri, sinaTle, foku-
sireba.
• fotografiis elementebi : optika,
meqanika, qimia.
• praqtikuli samuSaoebi dargis
specialistebTan erTad: fotoga-
daReba, kompoziciisa da sinaTlis
momzadeba.
• mcxeTisa da misi Semogarenis, mcx-
eTis muzeumis koleqciebis foto-
fiqsacia.
202
Mariam Sosanidze
National Agency for Cultural Heritage Preservation of Georgia,
Museums and Museum-Reserves Unit, Employee, Art Historian
ART
STUDIO
The present paper reviews the space of educa- The following basic thematic directions of the
tional programs in Mtskheta Museum – “Art educational program are developed: drawing,
Studio“. The educational programs, relevant textile – blue tablecloth (“supra“), quilt, batik,
for specifically Mtskheta Museum are provid- embroidering, knitting; dolls, adornments, mu-
ed in the paper. There is implied theoretical sic, dramatic art, photography.
knowledge, as well as its practical implemen-
tation in the museum space, close inter-relation Recommendations are given for organization
of these programs and their benefit for informal of working space for each of the program, as
education and future professional orientation well as the conditions of their technical sup-
of local youth. port, required materials, accessories.
We present the plan and design of this space
with consideration of the educational programs
to be implemented in it. The program sets the
aim of creation the basic foundation for the
youth, visiting the Museum, helping them to
instigate an interest towards different spheres
of art, showing their talents and proper orien-
tation.
203
 TaTia TevdoraSvili viTvaliswinebT, rom SesaZlebelia yvela am teqnologiis danergva muzeu-
mis gaxsnis pirvelive etapze rTulad gansaxorcielebeli iyos. gaCndes
saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis finansuri, adamianuri resursis naklebobis problema da a.S. aqedan gamom-
dacvis erovnuli saagento, dinare, teqnologiebi ramdenime kategoriad davyaviT.
muzeumebisa da muzeum-nakrZalebis
samsaxuris TanamSromeli, xelovnebaTmcodne pirveli kategoriis qveS gaerTianda teqnikuri aRWurviloba, romelic
mariam uSxvani samuzeumo Txrobis uSualo Semadgeneli nawili iqneba. garkveul SemT-
saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis xvevebSi is warmodgenili eqspoziciis Sesaxeb damatebiTi informaciis
dacvis erovnuli saagento, miRebas gaxdis SesaZlebels. sxva SemTxvevebSi ki im informacias mogvaw-
muzeumebisa da muzeum-nakrZalebis vdis, romelic muzeumis fondebSi, eqsponatebis saxiT araa daculi, Tumca,
samsaxuris TanamSromeli muzeumis koncefciis mixedviT, maTze saubari aucilebelia.

meore kategoriis qveS erTiandeba teqnologiebi, romlebic aucilebeli

Tanamedrove
teqnologiebi
da
mcxeTis
muzeumi
istoriuli mcxeTis axali muzeumi mravalferovan,
multifunqciur sivrced unda Camoyalibdes. amis
aucilebel wina pirobas erTi mxriv, Tavad mcxe-
Tis kulturul-istoriuli mravalferovneba qmnis,
meore mxriv ki muzeumis multifunqciurobis auci-
leblobas Tanamedrove samuzeumo standartebi da
moTxovnilebebi gansazRvravs.
saWiroebis mqone damTvaliereblebis moTxovnilebebTan iqneba misadage-
buli. Tanamedrove samuzeumo praqtika icnobs SSm pirebis moTxovnile-
bebis gaTvaliswinebiT Seqmnil aplikaciebs, romlebic konkretuli sa-
Wiroebis mixedviT, damTvalierebels muzeumis eqspoziciis ukeT aRqmis
SesaZleblobas aZlevs. qvemoT, am aplikaciebze vrclad visaubrebT, manam-
de ki aRvniSnavT, rom samuzeumo sivrceSi amgvari aplikaciebis arseboba
aucilebelia da garkveul etapze maT danergvas da Semdgom etapobriv
ganaxlebas aucileblad unda Seewyos xeli.
mesame kategoriis qveS erTiandeba im ti pis teqnologiuri aRWurva, apli-
kaciebi, romlebic eqspoziciis gansxvavebuli rakursebiT aRqmis SesaZle-
blobas Seqmnis, bavSvebSi interesis gaRvivebas Seuwyobs xels da a.S.
holi

vfiqrobT, damTvalierebels muzeumis Sinaarsis

mravalferovnebaze pirvel rigSi, misive Senoba mia-
niSnebs. TviTon is faqti, rom socialisturi arqi-
teqturis Zegli samuzeumo sivrced adaptirda, ukve
Zalian saintereso pirveli nabijia kulturuli
mravalferovnebisa da Txrobis sxvadasxva mimar-
Tulebebis arsebobaze misaniSneblad.

muzeumis koncefciiT gaTvaliswinebuli mraval-

ferovani Tematikis srulyofilad gadmosacemad
samuzeumo sivrceSi mniSvnelovani da aucilebe-
li Tanamedrove teqnologiebis gamoyeneba iqneba.
teqnologiuri aRWurva uzrunvelyofs vizitorTa
interpretaciuli gamocdilebis Seqmnas da maTi
meSveobiT SesaZlebeli gaxdeba damTvalierebels
maqsimalurad amomwuravi informacia, Tanamedrove
standartebis mixedviT miewodos.
holis sivrceSi moiazreba e.w. Multi Touch Interface - ganTavseba (erTiani, didi
muzeumis aRWurvisTvis ramdenime saintereso, Ta- zomis ekrani, romelic saSualebas iZleva erTdroulad, ramdenime ada-
namedrove teqnologia iqna moazrebuli. amasTan, mianma miiRos sxvadasxva saxis informacia). misi meSveobiT SesaZlebeli

204 205
 iqneba vizitorisTvis qveynis istoriasa da kulturasTan dakavSirebuli
informaciis miwodeba - saqarTvelos ruka, iuneskos msoflio memkvidreo-
bis ZeglTa nusxaSi Semavali qarTuli Zeglebi, mcxeTisa da mcxeTis Semo-
garenis kulturuli memkvidreoba, mcxeTis muzeumis Senobis istoria, saa-
gentos SemadgenlobaSi Semavali muzeumebi da muzeum-nakrZalebi da a.S.

mniSvnelovania, rom ekrani ganTavsdes SSm pirebis xelmisawvdomobis gaT-

valiswinebiT.

holis sivrceSive, sainformacio daxlTan unda moxdes Semdegi informa-

ciis gacema:

• SSm pirebisTvis specialuri teqnikuri mowyobilobis darigeba SesaZ-

lebelia smartfonSi CaitvirTos aplikacia, an muzeumma Tavad daaxve-
dros SSm damTvalierebels mcire mowyobiloba (audio gidi), romelic
mTlianad maT saWiroebebzea morgebuli. aseTi aplikacia mag. autistu-
ri speqtris pirebs specialurad maTze morgebul foto da video masa-
las sTavazobs, eqspoziciis ukeT aRsaqmelad; mxedvelobis SezRudvis
mqone pirebisTvis mzaddeba specialuri audio Canaweri, romelic maT
muzeumis ZiriTadi specifikis, Tu mTavari mesijebis miRebaSi exmareba
da a.S.
mobiluri aplikaciebi
• muzeumis specialuri aplikacia eqsponatebis ukeT gasacnobad

sainformacio dafasTan vizitors miawodeben informacias aplikaciis Se-
saxeb, romelic konkretul sagamofeno masalaze ufro dawvrilebiTi in-
formaciis miRebis SesaZleblobas iZleva. magaliTad, radgan eqsponatebi
umravlesad arqeologiuri, mcire zomis nimuSebia, aplikaciam SesaZle-
bloba unda mogvces es eqsponatebi gazrdili masStabiT davaTvalie-
roT, CavuRrmavdeT detalebs, Sesrulebis teqnikur maxasiaTeblebs da a.S.
konkretul eqsponatTan smartfonis mitanisas, aplikaciaSi am eqsponatze
CatvirTuli yvela saxis informacia damTvaliereblisTvis xelmisawvdomi
unda xdebodes.
1. AR augmentirebuli realobis mobiluri aplikacia erTgvari audiovi-
zualuri gidia. is muzeumis koleqciebze damatebiTi informaciebis
sasurvel enaze miRebis, masalebis 3D modelSi warmodgenis saSualebas
mogvcems. aplikaciiT SesaZlebeli gaxdeba dazianebuli arqeologiuri
nivTebis virtualuri rekonstruireba, ganaxleba, nivTebis gacocxleba.
SesaZlebelia e.w. `uxilavi gamofenis~1 mowyobac, rac gamofenis Tematikis
mravalferovnad warmodgenis saSualebas Seqmnis.
2. specialuri saWiroebis mqone pirebze morgebuli mobiluri aplikacie-
bi:

• smenadaqveiTebuli pirebisTvis – vizualuri mxardaWera

• usinaTlo pirebisTvis – virtualuri gidi, audio mxardaWera
• smenadaqveiTebuli pirebisTvis – Jestebis ena
• Semcirebuli mobilobis mqonde pirebisTvis – augmentirebuli realoba

muzeumis aplikaciebi xelmisawvdomi unda iyos ucxourenovani vizitore-

bisTvis. sasurvelia, damTvaliereblebs SesaZlebloba hqondeT aplikacia-
Si Seavson sakuTari monacemebi: sqesi, asaki, warmomavloba, interesis sfe-
ro. amgvarad SesaZlebeli gaxdeba muzeumis samizne jgufis, maTi qcevis
wesisa da interesebis gansazRvra.

1 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yzSqDYzabkg&list=LLThHf3z6xLG_O9CuGpvVs0A&index=5&t=0s

206 207
 biblioTeka
gamomdinare iqidan, rom biblioTekaSi
eleqtronuli masalis arsebobacaa
gaTvaliswinebuli, garda Cveulebri-
vi, saZiebo kompiuterebisa, aq aucile-
beli iqneba sakiTxavad gankuTvnili
sqrinebis damontaJebac - savaraudod,
4/5 ekrani. aqve unda iyos gaTvalis-
winebuli, rom biblioTekis stumars,
sivrceSi yofnisas Tavisive leptopi-
Tac SeeZlos sabiblioTeko bazasTan
dakavSireba da masalis wvdoma. Tumca,
bunebrivia, es wvdoma muzeumis sivrc-
is datovebis Semdeg xelmisawvdomi
aRar unda iyos.
mTavari saeqspozicio sivrce
mcxeTis muzeumis koncefciis mixed-
viT gaTvaliswinebuli mravalfero-
vani masalis mixedviT mniSvnelovania,
rom mTavari saeqspozicio sivrcis
centrSi moewyos e.w. Multi Touch Inter-
face da masSi CaitvirTos informacia,
romelic muzeumSi eqsponatebis sa-
xiT ar aris warmodgenili.
Ria fondsacavi
Ria fondsacavis sistemis gaumjobesebi-
sa da mowesrigebis mizniT, sasurvelia
sivrcis saWiro raodenobis zonebad
dayofa.
Ria fondsacavTan sasurvelia ganTavs-
des Touch Screen da masSi srulad Cait-
virTos zonebisa da nomrebis mixedviT
dayofili masalebi, muzeumis fondSi
daculi eqsponatebis CamonaTvali da
zogadi monacemebi maT Sesaxeb. damTva-
lierebels unda hqondes SesaZlebloba,
rom ekranze airCios Sesabamisi katego-
ria da gaecnos am kategoriis qveS ga-
erTianebul, fondSi dacul eqsponatebs.
SesaZlebelia CaitvirTos zogadi in-
208
formacia nimuSebis daTariRebis, aRmoCenis TariRebis, aRmoCenis adgile-
bis da a.S. Sesaxeb.
aRniSnuli sistema xels Seuwyobs sasurveli nivTis swrafad da martivad
moZiebas rogorc muzeumis TanamSromlebis, aseve vizitorebis mxridan.
gasarTobi da SemecnebiTi TamaSebi art studiosTvis:
• aplikacia, sadac mcxeTisa da mcxeTis Semogarenis arqeologiur ub-
nebze SesaZlebeli gaxdeba arqeologiuri gaTxrebis virtualuri
warmoeba, muzeumis kuTvnilebaSi arsebuli masalebis aRmoCena, masa-
lis gawmenda da damuSaveba. am TamaSiT vaCvenebT Tu ra gzas gadis
eqsponati muzeumSi moxvedramde.
• xelovnebis Quiz-ebi.
3D printeri
3D beWdvis saSualebiT muzeumis vizito-
ri adgilze daamzadebinebs sasurveli
eqsponatis asls. 3D printeri usinaT-
loebs muzeumis eqsponatebze xelmisaw-
vdomobis saSualebas miscems.
mcxeTis arqeologiuri obieqtebis popularicazia
mcxeTis arqeologiuri obieqtebis - armazcixe-bagineTi, Zveli sacxovri-
sebi - 3D virtualuri rekonstruireba; romlis xilvac damTvalierebels
adgilzeve (am arqeologiur obieqtebze misvlisas) specialuri teqnikuri
mowyobilobis - Sesabamisi saTvaleebis meSveobiT SeeZleba;
muzeumis sainformacio dafa vizitors miawvdis informacias am saSuale-
bis Sesaxeb. aseve, SesaZlebelia aqve moxdes am teqnikuri aRWurvilobis
realizacia, Tumca, savaraudod, saWiro iqneba TviTon obieqtebze moewyos
Sesabamisi infrastruqtura, imisaTvis, rom xeli Seewyos VR -is saTanadod
muSaobas.
amdenad, mcxeTis muzeumis vizitori daaTvalierebs muzeums da iqve mii-
Rebs informacias mcxeTis arqeologiuri Zeglebis Sesaxeb, ris Semdegac
is ukve adgilze estumreba am Zeglebs da maTi virtualuri rekonstruq-
ciebis xilvis SesaZlebloba miecema.
209
 ribWis istoriis Sesaxeb warmosaxviT
STabeWdilebas Seuqmnis.

xSir SemTxvevaSi amgvari cifruli

ekranebi interaqciulia da damTva-
liereblis qmedebebis Sesabamisad
gamosaxuleba garkveul cvlilebebs
ganicdis. magaliTisTvis, - niu ior-
kis mecnierebis muzeumSi (New York
Hall Science Museum) mowyobilia kedeli,
romelic animaciis meSveobiT gare-
mos sxvadasxva saxeobas acocxlebs.
paralelurad, damTvaliereblis moq-
bagineTi, svetebiani darbazis bagineTi, eqvsafsidiani taZris rekon-
medeba, Jestikulacia garkveul cvli-
modeli struqcia
lebebs axdens am garemoze. am samgan-
zomilebiani gamosaxulebiT muzeumis
vizitorebs samyaroSi yvela qmedebis
urTierTkavSirze da balansis auci-
rogorc viciT, arsebobs mcxeTis arqeologiuri obieqtebis savaraudo leblobaze mouTxrobs.
rekonstruqciebis sqemebi. es absolutur safuZvels iZleva imisaTvis, rom
moxdes maTi interpretireba da damTvaliereblisaTvis VR - is meSveobiT maiamis mecnierebis muzeumSi (Phillip and
saTanado miwodeba. Patricia Frost Museum of Science) virtua-
luri akvariumia mowyobili, romelic
damTvalierebels zRvis mobinadreebs
karibWis Sesasvleli acnobs. gamosaxuleba amjeradac in-
teraqciulia da damTvaliereblis
CarTulobas iTvaliswinebs.

Tumca, Cven SemTxvevaSi, SesaZloa, am-

gvari interaqciuloba ar iyos saWi-
ro da mxolod garkveuli siuJetis
gacocxlebiTa da proeqciiT Semovi-
fargloT.

unda aRiniSnos, rom am ti pis kontentis SeqmnaSi SesaZlebelia Sesabamisi

mimarTulebis studentebis aqtiuri CarTuloba. magaliTisaTvis, SesaZle-
belia am mimarTulebiT safuZveli Caeyaros muzeumisa da umaRlesi saswav-
leblebis TanamSromlobas. am TanamSromlobis safuZvelze, SesaZlebeli
gaxdeba muzeumSi warmosadgen masalaze uSualod studentebma imuSaon.
amgvarad, axalgazrdebs SesaZlebloba eqnebaT miiRon kulturis sferoSi
CarTulobisa da muSaobis seriozuli gamocdileba.

rogorc koncefciaSia aRniSnuli, karibWis SesasvlelSi Zalian STambeW-

davi iqneba istoriuli konteqstis gacocxleba. amisaTvis, vfiqrobT, sa-
survelia karibWis Sesasvlelis gaswvriv holografiuli proeqciis mo-
wyoba. amisTvis, specialistebis mier damuSavebuli scenaris safuZvelze
unda momzaddes istoriuli narativis vizualizacia, rac vizitors pir-
dapir warsulSi mogzaurobis SesaZleblobas miscems da qalaqisa da ka-

210 211
 Tatia Tevdorashvili
National Agency for Cultural Heritage Preservation of Georgia,
Specialist at Museums and Museum-Reserves Unit,
Art Historian
Mariam Ushkhvani
National Agency for Cultural Heritage Preservation of Georgia,
Museums and Museum-Reserves Unit, Employee
MODERN
TECHNOLOGIES
AND
MTSKHETA
MUSEUM
New Museum of Mtskheta shall be formed as diverse, multifunc-
tional space. Necessary precondition for it, on the one hand, is
created by cultural-historical diversity of Mtskheta itself, and, on
the other hand, the multifunctionality of the Museum is defined by
modern museum standards and requirements.
In our opinion, primarily, the building itself will indicate to the di-
versity of the content of the Museum. The fact, that the monument
of Socialist architecture was adapted as the museum space, is al-
ready a very interesting first step for indicating the cultural diversi-
ty and different directions of narration.
For full-value presentation of diverse thematic provided by the con-
cept, use of modern technologies will be important and necessary in
the museum space. Technological equipment will ensure creation
of interpretative experience of the visitor. Through them it will be
possible to provide the visitor with exhaustive information accord-
ing to present-day standards.
Several interesting modern technologies were considered for equip-
ment of the Museum. We take into account that, it may be difficult
to introduce all of these technologies, at the first stage, as there may
appear the problem of lack of financial, human resources, etc. Thus,
we divided technologies into several categories.
Under the first category technical equipment is unified, which
will be the direct constituent component of museum narration. In
certain cases, this equipment will make it possible to receive addi-
tional information about the presented exhibition. In other cases,
it will provide the information, which is not preserved in museum
storages in the form of exhibits, but, according to the Museum con-
cept, narration about them is necessary.
Under the second category technical equipment is unified, which
will be tailored to the requirements of visitors with special needs.
212
Modern museum practice knows applications, created with consideration of the needs of people with
disabilities. According to special needs, these applications will provide the visitor with the opportu-
nity of better perception of the museum exhibition. Further we will cover the topic of these applica-
tions in more details; at this stage, we will say that existence of such applications in museum space is
necessary and their introduction at certain stage and further step-by-step renewal shall be facilitated.
Under the third category, technological equipment, applications are unified, which will create
the opportunity of perception of the exhibition from different perspectives, will facilitate instiga-
tion of interest in children, etc.
HALL
Installation of the Multi Touch Interface (one big display, which will allow receiving different
information simultaneously, by several visitors) is considered in the hall space. It will assist
provision of visitor with the information, related to the history and culture of the country – the
map of Georgia, Georgian monuments, List of Georgian monuments included in the UNESCO
World Heritage Monuments, cultural heritage of Mtskheta and Mtskheta surroundings, history
of Mtskheta Museum building, museums and museum-reserves under the management of the
National Agency for Cultural Heritage Preservation of Georgia, etc.
It is important to install the display with consideration of the accessibility for persons with dis-
abilities.
In the hall space, near the information desk, the following services shall be provided:
• Distribution of special technical equipment to persons with disabilities – application can be
downloaded into the smartphone, or Museum may arrange for the visitors- persons with dis-
abilities small equipment (audio guide), which will be tailored to their needs. e.g. for persons
with autist spectrum, such application offers photo and video materials, specially tailored to
them and for better perception of exhibition; for persons with impaired eyesight special audio
recording will be prepared which will help them to understand the main specificity of the
Museum, receiving of key messages, etc.
• Special applications for better perception of the exhibits - at the information board, the visitor
will receive information about the Museum application, which allows receiving more details
about specific exhibition materials. E.g. as the exhibits are mostly archaeological, small-size
samples, the application shall allow to view these exhibits in larger scale, to go into details,
view technical characteristic of processing, etc. When taking smartphone to the specific ex-
hibit, all information, uploaded in the application regarding this exhibit shall become avail-
able for the visitor.
VERSIONS OF MOBILE APPLICATIONS
AR – mobile application of augmented reality is a kind of audio-guide. It allows receiving of
additional information about the Museum collections in the desired language, presentation of
materials in 3D model. The application will make it possible to perform visual reconstruction,
renovation of the damaged archeological items, revival of objects. It is also possible to arrange
the so-called “invisible exhibition”, which will create the opportunity to present the topics of the
exhibition in more diverse, multi-faceted manner.
The mobile applications will be tailored to the needs of persons with special needs:
- Visual support - for persons with impaired hearing
- Virtual guide, audio support - for persons with impaired vision
213
 - The language of gestures - for persons with impaired hearing
- Augmented reality - for persons with limited mobility
The Museum applications shall be available for foreign-language visitors. It is desirable that the
visitors have the opportunity to fill in their data in the application: sex, age, origin, sphere of
interests. Thus it will be possible to define the target group of the Museum, their behavior and
interests.
LIBRARY
As far as the existence of electronic materials is also considered in the Museum library, in addi-
tion to common computers (provided for the search systems), it will be necessary to install the
screens intended for reading – supposedly 4-5 screens. Also, it shall be considered that the library
visitor will be able to connect his/her laptop to the library database and access materials while
being in the space. Naturally, this access shall not be available after leaving the Museum.
THE MAIN EXHIBITION SPACE
According to diverse materials, envisaged by the concept of Mtskheta Museum exposition, it is
important to arrange the Multi Touch Interface in the center of the main exhibition space and
upload there the information, which is not presented in the Museum in the form of exhibits.
THE OPEN STORAGE
For the purpose of improvement of the system of open storage and putting it into order, it is de-
sirable to divide the space into the zones of required quantity.
Near the open storage, it is desirable to install touch screen and upload there complete materials,
divided according to the zones and numbers, the list of exhibits, preserved in the storage and
general data about them. The visitor shall have the possibility to choose the relevant category on
the screen and familiarize with the exhibits, unified under this category. It is possible to upload
general information about dating of objects, dates of their discovery, places of discovery, etc.
The above-mentioned system will facilitate quick and easy searching of the desired object by the
Museum personnel, as well as the visitors.
ENTERTAINMENT AND EDUCATIONAL GAMES USING DESK
TOUCH SCREEN FOR ART STUDIO
1. Application, where it will become possible to virtually perform archaeological excavations
on archaeological sites of Mtskheta and Mtskheta surroundings, discover materials, owned by
the Museum, clean and process the materials. By means of this game, we will show what the
exhibit undergoes till it gets to the Museum.
2. Art Quizzes.
214
3D PRINTER
By means of 3D printing, the Museum visitor will be able to produce the copy of the desired
exhibit on-site. Also, the 3D printer will allow the persons with impaired vision to get access to
the exhibits of the Museum.
POPULARIZATION OF
ARCHEOLOGICAL SITES OF MTSKHETA
When visiting the Mtskheta archaeological sites – Armaztsikhe-Bagineti, ancient dwellings, by
means of special equipment – special glasses the visitor will be able to view the 3D virtual recon-
struction of these sites.
The Museum Information board should provide the visitor with the information about this equip-
ment. It is also possible to sell this equipment, but, supposedly, it will be necessary to arrange the
relevant infrastructure directly on the site, in order to facilitate proper operation of VR.
Thus, the visitor of Mtskheta Museum will view the Museum and firstly, there will receive the
information about archaeological monuments of Mtskheta. Afterwards, he/she will visit these
monuments and will be able to see their virtual reconstructions on site.
As we are aware, there exist hypothetical reconstruction sketches of Mtskheta archaeological
sites. That provides grounds for conducting of their interpretation for visitors properly, using VR
technology.
ENTRANCE TO THE GATE
As it is mentioned in the concept, it will be very impressive to revive historical context in the
entrance to the gate. For this purpose, in our opinion, it is desirable to arrange holographic pro-
jection along the entrance to the gate. Visualization of historical narrative shall be prepared based
on the scenario, developed by specialists. It will allow the visitor to travel directly in the past and
create the imaginary impression about the history of the city and the gate.
Often, such digital screens are interactive and the image have certain changes in accordance with
the actions of the visitor. E.g. in New York Hall Science Museum a wall is arranged, which, by
means of animation, revives different kinds of environment. In parallel, the visitor’s actions, ges-
tures make certain change in this environment. By means of this 3D image, the Museum retells to
the visitors about inter-relation of all actions in the world and necessity of balance.
In Miami Museum of Science (Phillip and Patricia Frost Museum of Science) virtual aquari-
um is arranged, which familiarizes the visitors with the dwellers of the sea. The image is, again,
interactive and envisages involvement of the visitor.
Nevertheless, in our case, such interactivity may not be necessary and we may limit by revival
and projection of certain plots.
It shall be mentioned, that active involvement of students of the relevant specialization is possible
in creation of content of this type. E.g. cooperation between the Museum and universities may
be established in this direction. On the basis of this cooperation, it will become possible for the
students to work with the materials, which shall be presented in the Museum. Thus, young people
will be able to get serious experience of involvement and working in the sphere of culture.
215
216 217
 KOKO
ARHITEKTID
KOKO arhitektid is the most renowned Baltic architecture and
project design management company with more than 20 years of
history and experience. Focusing on large scale developments and
city planning. In 2013 Grand PRIX Prize Winner in reconstruc-
tion architecture in European Union. Architecture firm is used to
work abroad, so far completed projects in Finland, Latvia, Russia,
Kazakhstan, France, USA; Germany, Georgia. In 2019 company
achieved multinationalism by 9 native languages in the office, and
common work was done in English.
Our company is focused on innovative and effective project solu-
tions and we have employed highly skilled and experienced ar-
chitects, interior architects, BIM project managers and strong 3D,
visualization department with ability to project and model all city
planning designs in form of animations and simulate in virtual real-
ity or augmented reality.
KOKO INTRODUCTION
Over the past 20 years, KOKO Architects has developed a portfo-
lio of new buildings, high-quality reconstructions and unique ex-
hibition designs. It is our passion to design unique environments
for museums, hospitality and residential areas. We established our
office with the construction of the Estonian pavilion at the World
Exposition in Hannover in 2000. Since that, KOKO has been re-
sponsible for more than 40 different museums architectural design,
including building architecture and exhibition design.
KOKO RANGE OF SERVICES INCLUDE
- Architectural design of the building
- Interior architectural design
- Design of the fit-out
- Lighting design
- Landscape architecture
- 3D visualizations
- BIM project coordination
- Structural engineering, MEP parts, automation design
218
Selected projects done in cooperation with MOTOR: VABAMU – museum of Freedom, Estonian
Maritime Museum - Seaplane Harbour, University of Tartu Natural History Museum, Estonian
Healthcare Museum, Estonian Maritime Museum - Fat Margareth, Enguri Attractions in Georgia,
Plauen Lace Museum in Germany, PROTO in Tallinn, Estonian Pavilion in EXPO 2020 Dubai,
Windtower Experience in Hiiumaa, Estonian Pavilion in EXPO 2000 Hannover, Georgian Pavil-
ion in EXPO 2017 Astana, Estonian History Museum in Great Guild Hall.
We established our office after the Estonian pavilion of EXPO2000 had been completed and we
started to receive numerous invitations to architectural competitions. The success of EXPO lasted
for several years and although the competition invitations did not really match with the concep-
tual nature of the World Exhibition building they arouse desire to get involved.
Some time later we re-designed recent fishing kolkhozy main building into an apartment build-
ing. The facade was to be covered in shades of red and orange. It took us by surprise that this kind
of awakening within the otherwise greyish colored residential area was perhaps a bit blinding as
soon enough we received a call from a person living two blocks from the site demanding to cancel
the painting and was even ready to kill for it. However, the arrival of colors had begun and today
this district in general is already perhaps a bit too colorful and gaudy.
EXPO2000 is long forgotten but if to look back at the essence of that success then the formula of
it has in general remained the same – to analyze the space and the impacts within. The concept
of the pavilion was born as a combination of restrictions and imaginable possibilities – Estonia
as a young country needed conceptual recognition, there were no worldwide known brands nor
products that could be linked to Estonia so the pavilion could as well be as high as the Germans
allowed so it would be seen over the European Boulevard as far as possible.
The past 20 years of real estate development have presented series of new trends that have also
influenced our work. The period of dwellings and villas was followed by spas and hotels when
hotels with water parks were being built in numbers in Estonia and in our neighbouring countries.
It was not a trend before nor did it last for long, however the owner of GO SPA hotel had a clear
vision that had a strong impact on our work. At the same time we developed our weakness for
re-thinking old buildings - one of the first of which was Fahle building that became a beacon and
an encouraging example to many others proving that even seriously decayed substance can end
up in reasonable outcome. Fahle building received its highest approval when listed for Design of
the Year by the London Design Museum. Our philosophy was verified once more when Mies van
der Rohe Foundation chose Roseni 7 carpenter workshop as one of the nominees for European
Union Prize for Contemporary Architecture.
The real estate boom that blossomed until its end in 2008 brought about a vast amount of ideas
for urban planning and clearly marked its position in public consciousness making it seem that
everyone was involved in real estate development. It had not happened before nor has it happened
later that one could discuss urban density and apartment planning with taxi drivers.
219
 ᲛᲪᲮᲔᲗᲘᲡ
The era of rebuilding was succeeded by the times of creating museums and meaningful exposi-
tions - we designed Museum for Puppet Arts, Estonian History Museum in The Great Guild Hall,
Tallinn TV Tower and Seaplane Harbour.

ᲛᲣᲖᲔᲣᲛ-ᲜᲐᲙᲠᲫᲐᲚᲘ
We have been able to solve several complicated situations and thus a number of buildings have been
completed. Thousands of people live in apartments and hundreds of thousands have visited the ho-
tels, millions have been to the expositions and museums. It is time to grow and use the experiences.

ᲮᲔᲗᲘᲡ
KOKO arhitektid is known in Georgia for creating the Enguri Tourism Attraction project, recon-
struction.

Design for Tbilisi TVTower, MtskhetaArcheological museum, GraklianiArcheological museum etc.

-ᲜᲐᲙᲠᲫᲐᲚᲘ
KOKO arhitektid has created a local company KOKO architects Georgia Ltd, for smoother works
organization in Georgia. 1

ᲛᲪᲮᲔᲗᲘᲡ
ᲛᲣᲖᲔᲣᲛ-ᲜᲐᲙᲠᲫᲐᲚᲘ
MTSKHETA MUSEUM-RESERVE

ᲪᲮᲔᲗᲘᲡ
Მ-ᲜᲐᲙᲠᲫᲐᲚᲘ
MUSEUM-RESERVE

1 http://www.koko.ee/en/projects/type/all-types

220 221
 MTSKHETA EXISTING MUSEUM BUILDING
MUSEUM-RESERVE
The existing building was planned as a cinema in the 70-ies of the last century and represents the
cultural monument of its era. The building is built on the archeological monument of one of the
mcxeTis gates of Mtskheta. The cinema was located in the central square. The existing building represents
two-storied reinforced concrete building, the second floor of which is based on the reinforced
muzeum-nakrZali concrete columns, the caisson roofing connects the construction and at the same time serves the
function of gate (archeological monument) protection roofing. The caisson inter floor roofing is
inclined to 6.5 degrees and represents the floor of the auditoria. The roofing of the auditoria is
a metal flange beam on which the light reinforced concrete plates are based. Later the inclined
STAGE - TASK 1 iron roofing was created on the ceiling. The building is decorated with limestone plates. The first
DESIGN OF THE EXHIBITION CONCEPT floor is paned with a showcase from three sides in order to view the archeological monument. The
glass showcase was arranged from the west of the second floor. The interior includes a ceramic
panel. The characteristic details of the building are west two bridges-ramp and round staircase on
the north façade. There is the wide staircase at the entrance of the cinema, which is connected to
INTRODUCTION the auditoria hall. It is worth mentioning that the inter floor roofing is quite high conditioned by
the function of the building. Building was redesigned and rebuilt, which made possible changing
the function to the building, particularly, transforming the cinema to the museum. At the same
LOCATION time, as the architectural model of its epoch, it contains the elements, the maintenance of which
are necessary.

Mtskheta Museum of the History of Georgian Statehood is located in the historic center (world
heritage site) of the town. Inhabited since before 1000 BC, Mtskheta has been historically an im-
portant center at the crossing of ancient trade routes. It was once the capital of the early kingdom
of Iberia and the center where Christianity was introduced in the 4th century, before becoming
the official State religion in 334. Its religious significance and the importance of its architec-
ture, archeological sites and archeological findings, rank Mtskheta a major site at National level,
as outstanding evidence of the Georgian culture from the 2nd Millennium BC to the present
era can be found. Mtskheta has international significance as a World Heritage site (“Historic
Monuments of Mtskheta”), comprising the three different religious complexes: St. Cross temple
“Jvari monastery”, Svetitskhoveli cathedral temple, Samtavro monastery. Mtskheta is located
22 kilometers north-west of Tbilisi, at the historic Shida Kartli, at the confluence of the rivers
Mtkvari and Aragvi. The establishment of Mtskheta was stimulated by the natural conditions and
the geographic location at the crossroad of the main roads. According to the archeological data,
the settlement in the current Mtskheta vicinity existed from III-II century BC (early and middle
Bronze Age). Mtskheta was the capital of Kartli Kingdom from the end of IV century BC to VI
century AD.

Source - Georgian Heritage “Terms of Reference Preparation of Mtskheta Archeological Muse-

um Exposition Concept, Interior Design and Management Plan”

Source - Georgian Heritage “Mtskheta Museum” project Explanatory note

222 223
 EXISTING MUSEUM COLLECTION TARGET GROUP AND AIM OF THE MUSEUM

Mtskheta Museum is not a thematic museum. It
is an interpretive space of almost 6000- year-old
collections related to the history of the country,
thus, its potential viewers are also of completely
different ages, interests, beliefs, education, vision,
skills and so on. The collection of the museum
will hold jewelry, numismatics, small miniature
plastics, architectural fragments, weaponry craft,
toys, belts, prints, writing devices, pottery, tool
of labor, glyptics, household items, inscriptions,
objects of general designation, various historical
documents.
Source - Comments by Irma Dolidze, PhD Mu-
seums and Museum-Reserves unit head / Nation-
al Agency for cultural heritage preservation of
Georgia
MAIN VALUES OF THE MUSEUM
As mentioned before Mtskheta Museum is not a thematic museum, but a museum of new gen-
eration, interactive and changing space attractive to many groups. It is an interpretive space of
almost 6000-year-old collections related to the history of the country , thus , its potential viewers
are also of completely different ages, interests, beliefs , education, vision, skills and so on.
Conference, library and meeting spaces of the Mtskheta Museum may become active and com-
fortable spaces with a scientific load. It must be considered that creation of a rich electronic
library for the urgent and constant enrichment is important, access to research centers, both local
and foreign, the local and international, conferences - hence the scientific community (academics,
students, pupils) in one - one of the most important target for us.
Museum should be meant for children and youth resource, interesting educational programs
(please refer to the concept of future collection and the article “Art Studio”) and modern events.
Mission of the Mtskheta Museum of the History of Georgian Statehood is to study-preserve, in-
terpret the history and culture of the ancient large Mtskheta indigenous population and pass to the
future generations, to protect, study and popularize Mtksheta cultural heritage monuments and
objects. It is notable that Mtskheta known as the second Jerusalem is one of the ancient centers
of Christianity and is represented by multiple monuments of national and world cultural heritage
categories (St. Cross temple “Jvari monastery”, Svetitskhoveli cathedral temple, Samtavro mon-
astery).

1. Mtskheta Museum should not be a static mu- Mtskheta museum should become one of the most important scientific and educational centers,
seum. Our goal is to make it as dynamic as which will demonstrate and make accessible collections stored at the museum (research, resto-
possible, full of activities, which will obtain a ration- conservation, exhibiting, interpretation, popularization) as well as the architectural and
wider content together with expositioncogni- archeological heritage of national and world importance of Mtskheta.
tive-art-education. Its value should be deter-
mined by its capacity and not by the exhibits Mtskheta Museum should become a business card of the country - here the visitor should get
preserved in it. According to our offer, the mu- acquainted with the main content of the country and its unique tourist opportunities, first of
seum should be compatible and be presented Mtskheta and its surroundings, then of Georgia as a whole, it should become a provider of other
as the informational, cultural-scientific cen- offers throughout the country.
ter, as well as the best location for announce-
ment and presentation of news of the same Words that could describe future museum: interesting (which also means informative), attractive,
content, concert, art studio, souvenir shop, comfortable-ergonomic, impressive, future-oriented.
movies, photo sessions and fashion shows,
also the function of aesthetically distinctive Comments by Georgian Heritage and National Agency for cultural heritage preservation of
gastronomic and model recreation area. Georgia representatives

The museum should be able to sustain itself on the basis of such a multifunctional workload,
it has to promote the growth of tourist flows in the country, sell local products, advertise and
popularize the country.

2. It should be noted that we do not create a museum just for today. We are creating a museum
that will have the abilities for constant updates in terms of content and technology. In the
long-term perspective, the Mtskheta Museum should maintain the status of a unique and
attractive museum of the Country. In this regard, special emphasis should be placed on the
interests of the X, Y, Z generations, different from previous generations, which is primarily
related to the introduction of modern technologies in the museum.

224 225
 CONCEPT AND EXPOSITION
DEFINITION OF THE MAIN THEMES OF THE PERMANENT EXHIBITION

GROUND FLOOR FIRST FLOOR

5-9 Kingdom of Kartli (Iberia). Historical- • Cemetery of Samtavro (in the context of the 1 Agriculture tool for plough, artificial irrigation system,
cultural space, around of which also the for- tolerance) • Mtkvar-Araksi culture ploughman)
mation of a united state happened 9 Early Christianity and the spread of Chris- • Ceramic items related to wine making (Geor-
• Kurgan culture (small exposition)
5 Mtskheta- the oldest capital of the King- tianity gia- cradle of wine)
dom of Kartli. Antique Mtskheta • A small room (niche) reconstruction of a liv-
• Architectural details and artefacts with the ing space or a kurgan • Jewelry, workmanship
• A map (multi-media component) Christian symbols • Bronze belt
2 Kurgan culture
• Architectural details • Inscription by Aurelius Akolis about the con-
struction, epitaph • (Multimedia component) cinema room, ramp, • Small sized sculptures- zoomorphic figures
• Inscription of the Vespasiane tunnel, simulation of the kurgan’s dromoses • Gold, silver, bronze, copper, semiprecious
• Combat and agricultural weapons and tools • Bas-relief from the Jvari monastery, stone tile section stone jewelry
of Ioane Zedazneli
• Antique sources about the Kingdom of Iberia 3-4 Formation of the indigenous population, 4 Emergence of the indigenous population.
• Video about the spread of Christianity (multi- which is the basis to the formation of the Ethno cultural elements, Pre-urban tombs
6 The trade roads that went through the media component) information about the sites, state and Settlements (cult and Religious topics)
Kingdom of Iberia Jvari, Samtavro, Svetitskhoveli, showing the
archeological layers (on the examples of sites) 3 Late Bronze-developed Iron Age. • Clay alter. Cult figures
• Numismatic/ sealing stamps
10 Hallway Formation of the indigenous population. • Burial ritual
• Décor for the furniture (marble, glassimport-
ed, amphora, ceramic) • Antique map of the Kingdom of Iberia (ac- • Development of metallurgy. Combat and ag- • Burial complex N53
cording to Ptolemeus), multimedia component ricultural tools and weapons The first information about the unification
7 School of goldsmith
• Horse harness of Kartvelian tribes: Assyrian and Urartian
• Collection of the jewelry, some of which will 11 Inscription of the Juansher about the for-
be displayed in the individual show cases tification system of Mtskheta (multimedia • Multifunctional ceramic produces (develop- epigraphic monuments, the oldest references
component) ment of the agricultural and economic activi- about the unification of the Georgian tribes
• Information-description by the Dion Casios (multimedia Component)
12 The utensils of the Gate and the fence left ties)
• A set from the burial N14 (multi-media com- in the oven (multimedia component)
• Ceramic items related to agriculture (simple
ponent), writing tools, jars for ink (composi-
tion of the ink) 13 The plan of the fence with the information
about the gates (multimedia component)
8 State structure of the kingdom of Kartli
14 Excavated district in Mtskheta, the photo
• Burial of the Asparug Pitiakhshreconstruction needs to be worked on, installation (multi-
• Stele of the Sharagasis media component)
• Inscription of the Seraphita (multi-media 15 Trade, showing the street (multimedia
component) component)
• History of Georgian script, alphabet, exam- 16 Imitation of the market’s counter with ce-
ples of the oldest scripts. Antique Mtskheta - ramic or glass objects
multicultural and a polytheistic city 17 Exhibition of the architectural details in
• Glyptic materials- golden plate with an Ara- the open space. The exhibits can be changing
maic inscription (topic of the baths in Armazi) the tunnel like
• Architectural details construction can be made

• Inscriptions around this topic 18 Board/table with touch screens

19 A small space for lectures Source - National Agency for cultural heritage preser-
• Jewish epitaph vation of Georgia Mtskheta Museum content concept

226 227
 -1
-1 floor
Plan
FLOOR - 1 FLOOR
Plan Axonometric Plan

007
006

009
-1 floor 003 001

008
Plan 005 004

010 002

007
006

013 012 011

009 003 001

014 015
008 005 004

010 002

017 016

013 012 011

014 015
018

017 016

019

018

021 020
OPEN STORAGE AREA

019

11

OPEN STORAGE
OPEN STORAGE AREA AREA 021 020
OPEN STORAGE
OPEN STORAGE AREA AREA

11

228 229
 Ground floor
Plan
GROUND FLOOR
5-9 Kingdom of Kartli (Iberia). Historical- • Glyptic materials- golden plate with
5-9 Kingdom of Kartli (Iberia). Historical- • Architectural details
cultural space, around of which an Aramaic inscription
cultural space, around of which also the for-
Plan also the formation of a united state
happened
• Architectural details
mation of a united state happened
• Inscriptions around this topic
• Inscriptions around this topic
• Jewish epitaph
5 Mtskheta- the oldest capital 5of Mtskheta-
the the oldest capital of the King-
• Jewish epitaph
Kingdom of Kartli. Antique Mtskheta
dom of Kartli. Antique Mtskheta • Cemetery of Samtavro (in the context of the
• A map (multi-media component) • Cemetery of Samtavro (in the tolerance)
• A map (multi-media
context of component)
the tolerance)
105 103
• Architectural details 9 Early Christianity and the spread of Chris-
9 Early Christianity and the spread of
• Inscription of the Vespasiane• Architectural details
Christianity tianity
5 102
5 • Inscription• of
• Combat and agricultural weapons the Vespasiane
Architectural details and artefacts • Architectural details and artefacts with the
5 104 101 and tools with the Christian symbols
• Combat and agricultural weapons and tools Christian symbols
107
106 • Antique sources about the Kingdom • Inscription by Aurelius Akolis about
6 6 of Iberia • Antique sources about the Kingdom
the construction, epitaph of Iberia • Inscription by Aurelius Akolis about the con-
6 The trade roads that went through
6 The trade roads that
• Bas-relief went
from the through
Jvari the
monastery,
struction, epitaph
7 the Kingdom of Iberia
9 Kingdom of stone
Iberiatile of Ioane Zedazneli • Bas-relief from the Jvari monastery, stone tile
• Numismatic/ sealing stamps
8
• Video about the spread of
• Numismatic/Christianity
sealing stamps of Ioane Zedazneli
• Décor for the furniture (marble, (multimedia component)
9 • Décor
glass- imported, amphora, ceramic) for the furnitureabout
information (marble, glassimport-
the sites, Jvari, • Video about the spread of Christianity (multi-
7 School of goldsmith
Samtavro, Svetitskhoveli, showing
ed, amphora, the
ceramic) media component) information about the sites,
• Collection of the jewelry, some
archeological layers (on the Jvari, Samtavro, Svetitskhoveli, showing the
108
7 School of goldsmith
of which will be displayed in the
examples of sites)
archeological layers (on the examples of sites)
109 10 10 Hallway
individual show cases • Collection of the jewelry, some of which will 10 Hallway
• Information-description by the displayed• Antique
be Dion map of the Kingdom of Iberia
in the individual show cases
• Antique map of the Kingdom of Iberia (ac-
110
15 14 (according to Ptolemeus), multimedia
Casios
• Information-description
component by the Dion Casios cording to Ptolemeus), multimedia component
• A set from the burial N14 (multi-
11 Inscription of the Juansher about
111 • A jars
media component), writing tools, set from the burial N14 (multi-media com-
the fortification system of Mtskheta 11 Inscription of the Juansher about the for-
for ink (composition of the ink)ponent), writing tools, jars for ink (composi-
(multimedia component) tification system of Mtskheta (multimedia
112 8 State structure of the kingdom tion
of of the ink)
12 The utensils of the Gate and the component)
12 13 Kartli
11 8 State structure
• Burial of the Asparug Pitiakhsh-
fence of
leftthe kingdom
in the of Kartli
oven (multimedia
12 The utensils of the Gate and the fence left
component)
in the oven (multimedia component)
113 114
reconstruction • Burial of13theThe
Asparug Pitiakhshreconstruction
plan of the fence with the
• Stele of the Sharagasis
• Stele of the information
Sharagasisabout the gates 13 The plan of the fence with the information
• Inscription of the Seraphita (multi- (multimedia component) about the gates (multimedia component)
media component) • Inscription of the Seraphita
14 Excavated (multi-media
district in Mtskheta,
component) the photo needs to be worked on,
• History of Georgian script, alphabet,
14 Excavated district in Mtskheta, the photo
examples of the oldest scripts. installation (multimedia component) needs to be worked on, installation (multi-
• History of Georgian script, alphabet, exam- media component)
Antique Mtskheta - multicultural and 15 Trade, showing the street
a polytheistic city ples of the oldest scripts. Antique Mtskheta -
(multimedia component)
multicultural and a polytheistic city 15 Trade, showing the street (multimedia
Source - National Agency for cultural heritage preservation of Georgia Mtskheta Museum content concept
component)
• Glyptic materials- golden plate with an Ara-
13 maic inscription

Source - National Agency for cultural heritage preservation of Georgia Mtskheta Museum content concept

230 231
 GROUND FLOOR GROUND FLOOR
Axonometric Plan Room 1

PERMANENT
PERMANENT EXHIBITIONEXHIBITION
PERMANENT EXHIBITION
PERMANENT EXHIBITION
MTSKHETA
MTSKHETA GATE
GATE
EXHIBITION
MTSKHETA GATE EXHIBITION
MTSKHETA GATE EXHIBITION
ENTRANCE AND LOBBY AREA
EXHIBITION
ENTRANCE ANDAREA LOBBY AREA
ENTRANCE AND LOBBY AREA
ENTRANCE AND LOBBY

232 233
 108

109

View A
View A 110
105 103

102
მცხეთის
მცხეთის მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი
მცხეთის Mtskheta
მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი Museum-Reserve

მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st

მცხეთის Mtskheta არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური

მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that
Museum-Reserve 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that
period. Archeological evidences trace human
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a
millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით). significant settlement at that period.
Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that
period. Archeological evidences trace human
settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous
burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st
millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a

მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და

significant settlement at that period.

არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და

არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე
და არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური თბილის—სამტრედიის
104 101
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით). მდებარეობს
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური მდინარეების მტკვრისა და არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და არაგვის
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის
დონიდან 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).

მცხეთის
მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი
Mtskheta
Museum-Reserve
Mtskheta
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the
area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st
millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age

Museum-Reserve

111
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
period. Archeological evidences trace human

მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
107
settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous
burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st
millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a
significant settlement at that period.

Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the

Mtskheta Museum-Reserve
area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st

მცხეთის
მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
106
millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that
Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that
period. Archeological evidences trace human
settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous
Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a
significant settlement at that period.
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a significant
settlement at that period. Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the
Mtskheta
Museum-Reserve area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous
burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta
Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the
area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st
millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that
Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that
period. Archeological evidences trace human
settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd

already was a significant settlement at that period.

არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით). significant settlement at that period.

მცხეთის
მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
Mtskheta
Museum-Reserve
Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the
area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st
millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that
Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that
period. Archeological evidences trace human
settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous
burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st
millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a
significant settlement at that period.

მცხეთის
მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
Mtskheta
Museum-Reserve
Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the
area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st
millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that
Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that
period. Archeological evidences trace human
settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous
burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st
millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a
significant settlement at that period.
მცხეთის Mtskheta
მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი Museum-Reserve
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
period. Archeological evidences trace human
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st

112
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით). significant settlement at that period.

Ground floor
Room 1

113 114 107

10

View B
View B View C
108
15
109

110
108

View C 109

110

მცხეთის
მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
Mtskheta
Museum-Reserve
Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the
area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st
millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that
Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that
period. Archeological evidences trace human
settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous
burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st
millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a
significant settlement at that period.
მცხეთის
მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
111
Mtskheta
Museum-Reserve
Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the
area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st
millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that
Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that
period. Archeological evidences trace human
settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous
burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st
millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a
significant settlement at that period.

მცხეთის Mtskheta მცხეთის Mtskheta

მცხეთის მცხეთის
მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი Museum-Reserve მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი Museum-Reserve მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st

111
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age

მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და

თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that (beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით). მცხეთის Mtskheta მცხეთის Mtskheta მცხეთის Mtskheta
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
period. Archeological evidences trace human period. Archeological evidences trace human
settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი Museum-Reserve მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი Museum-Reserve მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი Museum-Reserve
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და

არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური

Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the
millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st

არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that

თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან

Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით). 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით). 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).

თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან

millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a
period. Archeological evidences trace human period. Archeological evidences trace human period. Archeological evidences trace human
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd

480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით). 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).

არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
significant settlement at that period. significant settlement at that period. არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st
millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous
burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st
millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st
millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).

480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით). 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).

significant settlement at that period. significant settlement at that period. significant settlement at that period.

მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და

showcase
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით). 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).

Mtskheta
Museum-Reserve მცხეთის
მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
Mtskheta
Museum-Reserve
Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the
area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st
millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that
Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that
period. Archeological evidences trace human
Mtskheta
მცხეთის
მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
Mtskheta
Museum-Reserve
Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the
area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st
Museum-Reserve
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
period. Archeological evidences trace human
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და

Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the
settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous

112
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით). 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).

area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st
significant settlement at that period. significant settlement at that period.

millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that (beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that
Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that
period. Archeological evidences trace human period. Archeological evidences trace human
settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous
burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st
millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a მცხეთის Mtskheta მცხეთის Mtskheta მცხეთის Mtskheta მცხეთის Mtskheta მცხეთის Mtskheta მცხეთის Mtskheta millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a
მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი Museum-Reserve მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი Museum-Reserve მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი Museum-Reserve მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი Museum-Reserve მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი Museum-Reserve მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი Museum-Reserve
significant settlement at that period. მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the
area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the
area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the
area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the
area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the
area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the
area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st
significant settlement at that period.
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that (beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that (beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that (beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that (beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that (beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით). 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით). 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით). 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით). 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით). 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).

მცხეთის Mtskheta მცხეთის Mtskheta მცხეთის Mtskheta მცხეთის Mtskheta მცხეთის Mtskheta მცხეთის Mtskheta მცხეთის Mtskheta
period. Archeological evidences trace human period. Archeological evidences trace human period. Archeological evidences trace human period. Archeological evidences trace human period. Archeological evidences trace human period. Archeological evidences trace human
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st

მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი

თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a

Museum-Reserve Museum-Reserve Museum-Reserve Museum-Reserve Museum-Reserve Museum-Reserve Museum-Reserve მცხეთის მცხეთის

480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით). significant settlement at that period. 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით). significant settlement at that period. 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით). significant settlement at that period. 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით). significant settlement at that period. 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით). significant settlement at that period. 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით). significant settlement at that period.

მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the
area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st
millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the
area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st
millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the
area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st
millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the
area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st
millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
Mtskheta Mtskheta
Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the
მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი Museum-Reserve მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი Museum-Reserve მცხეთის Mtskheta მცხეთის Mtskheta მცხეთის Mtskheta
მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი Museum-Reserve მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი Museum-Reserve მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი Museum-Reserve
area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st
millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st

(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
period. Archeological evidences trace human
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
period. Archeological evidences trace human
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
period. Archeological evidences trace human
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
period. Archeological evidences trace human
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that (beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that (beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that (beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that (beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that
Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით). 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით). 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით). 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით). 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით). არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age period. Archeological evidences trace human period. Archeological evidences trace human period. Archeological evidences trace human
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
period. Archeological evidences trace human period. Archeological evidences trace human period. Archeological evidences trace human (beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that (beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და

მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან

112
settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that
millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a

არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით). 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით). significant settlement at that period. 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით). significant settlement at that period. 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით). significant settlement at that period.

არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous
burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st
millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a
significant settlement at that period.
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous
burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st
millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a
significant settlement at that period.
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous
burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st
millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a
significant settlement at that period.
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous
burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st
millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a
significant settlement at that period.
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous period. Archeological evidences trace human period. Archeological evidences trace human
burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous
significant settlement at that period. 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით). significant settlement at that period. 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით). significant settlement at that period. არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით). significant settlement at that period. 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით). significant settlement at that period.

screen screen
მცხეთის
მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
Mtskheta
Museum-Reserve
Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the
area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st
millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that
Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that
period. Archeological evidences trace human
settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous
burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st
millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a
significant settlement at that period.
მცხეთის
მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
Mtskheta
Museum-Reserve
Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the
area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st
millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that
Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that
period. Archeological evidences trace human
settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous
burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st
millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a
significant settlement at that period.

113 114
113 114

17

234 235
 108

109

Ground floor
Room 1
110
View D
View D
107

მცხეთის მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე
111
და არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური თბილის—სამტრედიის
მცხეთის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით). მდებარეობს მცხეთის
მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი
Mtskheta
Museum-Reserve
მცხეთის
მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი
Mtskheta
Museum-Reserve
მცხეთის
მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი
Mtskheta
Museum-Reserve
მცხეთის
მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი
Mtskheta
Museum-Reserve

მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი

showcase
მდინარეების მტკვრისა და არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და არაგვის მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the
area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st
millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the
area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st
millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the
area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st
millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the
area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st
millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age

მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის

თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that (beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that (beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that (beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით). 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით). 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
period. Archeological evidences trace human period. Archeological evidences trace human period. Archeological evidences trace human period. Archeological evidences trace human
settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და

დონიდან 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).

millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური

მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და

burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით). significant settlement at that period. 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით). significant settlement at that period. 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით). significant settlement at that period. 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით). significant settlement at that period.

არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და

არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
Mtskheta Museum-Reserve

Mtskheta
Museum-Reserve
Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the
area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st
millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that
Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that
showcase
Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a significant
settlement at that period. Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the
area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous
burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta
already was a significant settlement at that period.

112
period. Archeological evidences trace human
settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous
burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st
millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a
significant settlement at that period.

მცხეთის მცხეთის მცხეთის მცხეთის მცხეთის მცხეთის მცხეთის მცხეთის მცხეთის მცხეთის მცხეთის მცხეთის მცხეთის
მცხეთის მცხეთის მცხეთის მცხეთის მცხეთის მცხეთის მცხეთის
მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი
მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი
Mtskheta Mtskheta Mtskheta Mtskheta Mtskheta Mtskheta Mtskheta Mtskheta Mtskheta Mtskheta Mtskheta Mtskheta Mtskheta
Mtskheta Mtskheta Mtskheta Mtskheta Mtskheta Mtskheta Mtskheta
Museum-Reserve Museum-Reserve Museum-Reserve Museum-Reserve Museum-Reserve Museum-Reserve Museum-Reserve Museum-Reserve Museum-Reserve Museum-Reserve Museum-Reserve Museum-Reserve Museum-Reserve
Museum-Reserve Museum-Reserve Museum-Reserve Museum-Reserve Museum-Reserve Museum-Reserve Museum-Reserve

113 114

8
108

View E View F View G 109

View E View F View G

110

showcase
showcase
111
ქართული Mtskheta Museum of
სახელმწიფოებრიობის the History of Georgian
ისტორიის მცხეთის მუზეუმი Statehood

მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და Archeological evidences trace human settlement

არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის
სადგური თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე.
ზღვის დონიდან 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21
კმ (რკინიგზით).
in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to
early 1st millennium AD. Numerous burials of the
Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st millennium BC)
prove that Mtskheta already was a significant
settlement at that period.

ქართული
სახელმწიფოებრიობის
ისტორიის მცხეთის მუზეუმი

მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და

არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის
სადგური თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე.
ზღვის დონიდან 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21
კმ (რკინიგზით).
Mtskheta Museum of
the History of Georgian
Statehood
Archeological evidences trace human settlement
showcase
in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to
early 1st millennium AD. Numerous burials of the
Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st millennium BC)
prove that Mtskheta already was a significant
settlement at that period.

ქართული Mtskheta Museum of

სახელმწიფოებრიობის the History of Georgian
ისტორიის მცხეთის მუზეუმი Statehood

მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და Archeological evidences trace human settlement

არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის
სადგური თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე.
ზღვის დონიდან 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21
კმ (რკინიგზით).
in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to
early 1st millennium AD. Numerous burials of the
Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st millennium BC)
prove that Mtskheta already was a significant
settlement at that period.

ქართული Mtskheta Museum of

ქართული
სახელმწიფოებრიობის
ისტორიის მცხეთის მუზეუმი
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის
სადგური თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე.
ზღვის დონიდან 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21
კმ (რკინიგზით).
სახელმწიფოებრიობის the History of Georgian
Mtskheta Museum of
ისტორიის მცხეთის მუზეუმი Statehood
the History of Georgian
Statehood მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და Archeological evidences trace human settlement
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to
Archeological evidences trace human settlement არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის early 1st millennium AD. Numerous burials of the
in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to სადგური თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st millennium BC)
early 1st millennium AD. Numerous burials of the ზღვის დონიდან 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 prove that Mtskheta already was a significant
Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st millennium BC) კმ (რკინიგზით). settlement at that period.
prove that Mtskheta already was a significant
settlement at that period.

112

113 114

236 19 237
 Ground ViewfloorI View J
Room
View I 1 View J
108

109

110 107

showcase
showcase

111
მცხეთის
მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი

showcase
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და მცხეთის Mtskheta
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი Museum-Reserve
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the
area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st

480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით). არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that
Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that
period. Archeological evidences trace human
settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous

არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და

არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).

არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური

significant settlement at that period.

თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან

480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).

მცხეთის
მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი

მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და

არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
Mtskheta
Museum-Reserve
Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the
showcase
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით). millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age

showcase
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და period. Archeological evidences trace human მცხეთის Mtskheta მცხეთის Mtskheta მცხეთის Mtskheta
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი Museum-Reserve მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი Museum-Reserve მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი Museum-Reserve
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the

480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).

არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st

burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
significant settlement at that period. არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that
Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით). 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
period. Archeological evidences trace human
settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
period. Archeological evidences trace human
settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
period. Archeological evidences trace human
settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous
burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous
burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous
burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st
millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a
significant settlement at that period. 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით). significant settlement at that period. 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით). significant settlement at that period.

Mtskheta
Museum-Reserve
Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the
area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st
millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that

112
Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that
period. Archeological evidences trace human
settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous
burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st
millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a
significant settlement at that period.

interactive table
113 114

20 108

109
View K View L
View K

View L 110

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მცხეთის
მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი

მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და

არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და

showcase
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და

showcase showcase showcase

არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური

111
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).

მცხეთის
მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
Mtskheta
Museum-Reserve
Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the
area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st
millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that
Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that
period. Archeological evidences trace human
settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous
burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st
millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a
significant settlement at that period.
Mtskheta მცხეთის Mtskheta მცხეთის Mtskheta
Museum-Reserve მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი Museum-Reserve მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი Museum-Reserve
Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the
area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st
millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that (beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that (beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით). 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
period. Archeological evidences trace human period. Archeological evidences trace human period. Archeological evidences trace human
settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous
burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st
millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a
significant settlement at that period. 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით). significant settlement at that period. 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით). significant settlement at that period.

მცხეთის Mtskheta მცხეთის Mtskheta მცხეთის Mtskheta მცხეთის Mtskheta

მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
Museum-Reserve
Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the
area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st
millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that
Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that
period. Archeological evidences trace human
settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous
burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st
millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a
significant settlement at that period.
მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
Museum-Reserve
Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the
area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st
millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that
Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that
period. Archeological evidences trace human
settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous
burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st
millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a
significant settlement at that period.
მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
Museum-Reserve
Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the
area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st
millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that
Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that
period. Archeological evidences trace human
settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous
burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st
millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a
significant settlement at that period.
მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
Museum-Reserve
Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the
area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st
millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that
Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that
period. Archeological evidences trace human
settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous
burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st
millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a
significant settlement at that period.

მცხეთის Mtskheta მცხეთის Mtskheta მცხეთის Mtskheta

მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
Museum-Reserve მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი Museum-Reserve მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი Museum-Reserve
Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the
area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st
millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that (beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that (beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით). 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
period. Archeological evidences trace human period. Archeological evidences trace human period. Archeological evidences trace human
settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous
burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st
millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a
significant settlement at that period. 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით). significant settlement at that period. 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით). significant settlement at that period.

112

113 114

21
238 239
 First floor
FIRST
Plan FLOOR 1 Agriculture

Plan • Mtkvar-Araksi culture

• Kurgan culture (small exposition)
1 Agriculture • Bronze belt
• A small room (niche) reconstruction of a living space or a kurgan
207
• Mtkvar-Araksi culture • Small sized sculptures-
• Kurgan culture (small exposition) 2 Kurgan culture
203 zoomorphic figures
204 202
• Gold, silver, bronze, copper, semi-
• A small room (niche) • (Multimedia component)
precious stone jewelry cinema room, ramp, tunnel, simulation of the kurgan’s dromoses sec-
206 reconstruction of a living space or
205
a kurgan
tion
4 Emergence of the indigenous
225
population. Ethno cultural
2 Kurgan culture 3-4 Formation of the indigenous population, which is the basis to the formation of the state
elements, Pre-urban tombs and
• (Multimedia component) cinema
208 209
room, ramp, tunnel, simulation of
3 LateSettlements
Bronze-developed Iron Age.
(cult and Religious
201
topics)
211 210 the kurgan’s dromoses section
Formation of the
• Clay alter. Cultindigenous
figures population.
3-4 Formation of the indigenous
population, which is the basis to • Development of metallurgy. Combat and agricultural tools and weapons
• Burial ritual
the formation of the state • Burial complex N53
212
• Horse harness
3 Late Bronze-developed Iron The first information about
Age. Formation of the indigenous• Multifunctional
the unificationceramic produces (development of the agricultural and economic activities)
of Kartvelian
population. tribes: Assyrian and Urartian
• Development of metallurgy. • Ceramic itemsmonuments,
epigraphic related to agriculture
the (simple tool for plough, artificial irrigation system, plough-
oldest references about the
Combat and agricultural tools man) unification of the Georgian tribes
213
1 and weapons
216
• Horse harness
• Ceramic items related
(multimedia to wine making (Georgia- cradle of wine)
Component)
1 16 Imitation of the market’s counter
• Multifunctional ceramic produces• Jewelry,
with workmanship
215 220
ceramic or glass objects
217 2 (development of the agricultural
and economic activities) • Bronze belt of the architectural
17 Exhibition
218 224 details in the open space. The
4 • Ceramic items related to • Smallexhibits
sized can
sculptures- zoomorphic
be changing (topic of figures
214 3 agriculture (simple tool for the baths in Armazi) the tunnel
plough, artificial irrigation system,• Gold,like
silver, bronze,
construction copper,
can be madesemiprecious stone jewelry
222 223
ploughman)
18 Board/table with touch screens
219 • Ceramic items related to wine 4 Emergence of the indigenous population. Ethno cultural elements, Pre-urban tombs and
making (Georgia- cradle of wine) Settlements (cult and Religious topics)
19 A small space for lectures

• Jewelry, workmanship
• Clay alter. Cult figures
• Burial ritual
• Burial complex N53
The first information about the unification of Kartvelian tribes: Assyrian and Urartian
Source - National Agency for cultural heritage preservation of Georgia Mtskheta Museum content concept
epigraphic monuments, the oldest references about the unification of the Georgian tribes
(multimedia Component)
22 16 Imitation of the market’s counter with ceramic or glass objects
17 Exhibition of the architectural details in the open space. The exhibits can be changing
(topic of the baths in Armazi) the tunnel like construction can be made
18 Board/table with touch screens
19 A small space for lectures
Source - National Agency for cultural heritage preservation of Georgia Mtskheta Museum content concept

240 241
 207
203

204 202

206

205
225

208 209
201

211 210

FIRST FLOOR FIRST FLOOR 212

Axonometric Plan Room 1

First floor
Room 1 213

216

215 220

217

218 224
207
203

204 202 214

206 222 223

205
219 225

208 209
201

211 210

212

View A

First floor
Room 1 213

216

215 220
ქართული
სახელმწიფოებრიობის
ისტორიის მცხეთის მუზეუმი

მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და

არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის
სადგური თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე.
ზღვის დონიდან 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21
კმ (რკინიგზით).

217
Mtskheta Museum of
the History of Georgian
Statehood
Archeological evidences trace human settlement
ქართული in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to
სახელმწიფოებრიობის early 1st millennium AD. Numerous burials of the
Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st millennium BC)
ისტორიის მცხეთის მუზეუმი prove that Mtskheta already was a significant
settlement at that period.
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის
სადგური თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე.
ზღვის დონიდან 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21
კმ (რკინიგზით).

ქართული
სახელმწიფოებრიობის
ისტორიის მცხეთის მუზეუმი
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის
სადგური თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე.
ზღვის დონიდან 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21
კმ (რკინიგზით).
Mtskheta Museum of
the History of Georgian
Statehood
Archeological evidences trace human settlement
in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to
early 1st millennium AD. Numerous burials of the
Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st millennium BC)
prove that Mtskheta already was a significant
settlement at that period.

ქართული
სახელმწიფოებრიობის
ისტორიის მცხეთის მუზეუმი
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის
სადგური თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე.
ზღვის დონიდან 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21
კმ (რკინიგზით).
Mtskheta Museum of
the History of Georgian
Statehood
Archeological evidences trace human settlement
in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to
early 1st millennium AD. Numerous burials of the
Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st millennium BC)
prove that Mtskheta already was a significant
settlement at that period.

Mtskheta Museum of
the History of Georgian
Statehood
Archeological evidences trace human settlement
in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to
early 1st millennium AD. Numerous burials of the

მცხეთის
Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st millennium BC)
ქართული prove that Mtskheta already was a significant
სახელმწიფოებრიობის settlement at that period.
ისტორიის მცხეთის მუზეუმი

მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის
სადგური თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე.
ზღვის დონიდან 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21
კმ (რკინიგზით).

Mtskheta Museum of
the History of Georgian
Statehood

მდებარეობს მდინარეების ქართული Archeological evidences trace human settlement

სახელმწიფოებრიობის in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to
early 1st millennium AD. Numerous burials of the
ისტორიის მცხეთის მუზეუმი

მტკვრისა და არაგვის შესაყართან,

Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st millennium BC)
prove that Mtskheta already was a significant
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და settlement at that period.
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის
სადგური თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე.

მტკვრის ორივე და არაგვის

ზღვის დონიდან 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21
კმ (რკინიგზით).

მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის

Mtskheta Museum of
ქართული the History of Georgian
სახელმწიფოებრიობის Statehood
ისტორიის მცხეთის მუზეუმი

სადგური თბილის—სამტრედიის
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის
სადგური თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე.
Archeological evidences trace human settlement
in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to
early 1st millennium AD. Numerous burials of the
Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st millennium BC)
prove that Mtskheta already was a significant

ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან 480 მ,

ზღვის დონიდან 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 settlement at that period.
კმ (რკინიგზით).

თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
Mtskheta Museum of
the History of Georgian
Statehood
Archeological evidences trace human settlement
in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to
early 1st millennium AD. Numerous burials of the
Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st millennium BC)

224
prove that Mtskheta already was a significant
settlement at that period.

Mtskheta

218
Museum-Reserve ქართული
სახელმწიფოებრიობის
ისტორიის მცხეთის მუზეუმი

მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და

Archeological evidences trace human

არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის
სადგური თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე.
ზღვის დონიდან 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21
კმ (რკინიგზით).

settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd Mtskheta Museum of

the History of Georgian

millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Statehood

Archeological evidences trace human settlement
in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to

Numerous burials of the Bronze Age

early 1st millennium AD. Numerous burials of the
Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st millennium BC)
prove that Mtskheta already was a significant
settlement at that period.

(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove

that Mtskheta already was a significant
settlement at that period.

PERMANENT EXHIBITION
PERMANENT EXHIBITION
PERMANENT EXHIBITION 214

PERMANENT EXHIBITION
TEMPORARY EXHIBITION
TEMPORARY EXHIBITION
TEMPORARY EXHIBITION
TEMPORARY EXHIBITION
222 223

CAFE TERRACE
CAFE TERRACE
CAFE TERRACE
CAFE TERRACE
219

24

View A

ქართული
სახელმწიფოებრიობის
ისტორიის მცხეთის მუზეუმი

მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და

არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის
სადგური თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე.
ზღვის დონიდან 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21
კმ (რკინიგზით).

Mtskheta Museum of
the History of Georgian
Statehood
Archeological evidences trace human settlement
ქართული in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to

242
სახელმწიფოებრიობის

243
early 1st millennium AD. Numerous burials of the
Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st millennium BC)
ისტორიის მცხეთის მუზეუმი prove that Mtskheta already was a significant
settlement at that period.
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის
სადგური თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე.
ზღვის დონიდან 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21
კმ (რკინიგზით).

ქართული
სახელმწიფოებრიობის
ისტორიის მცხეთის მუზეუმი
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის
სადგური თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე.
ზღვის დონიდან 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21
კმ (რკინიგზით).
Mtskheta Museum of
the History of Georgian
Statehood
Archeological evidences trace human settlement
in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to
early 1st millennium AD. Numerous burials of the
Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st millennium BC)
prove that Mtskheta already was a significant
settlement at that period.

ქართული
სახელმწიფოებრიობის
ისტორიის მცხეთის მუზეუმი
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის
სადგური თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე.
ზღვის დონიდან 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21
კმ (რკინიგზით).
Mtskheta Museum of
the History of Georgian
Statehood
Archeological evidences trace human settlement
in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to
early 1st millennium AD. Numerous burials of the
Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st millennium BC)
prove that Mtskheta already was a significant
settlement at that period.

Mtskheta Museum of
the History of Georgian
Statehood
Archeological evidences trace human settlement
in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to
early 1st millennium AD. Numerous burials of the
Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st millennium BC)

მცხეთის
ქართული prove that Mtskheta already was a significant
სახელმწიფოებრიობის settlement at that period.
ისტორიის მცხეთის მუზეუმი

მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის
სადგური თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე.
ზღვის დონიდან 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21
კმ (რკინიგზით).

Mtskheta Museum of
the History of Georgian
Statehood

მდებარეობს მდინარეების ქართული Archeological evidences trace human settlement

სახელმწიფოებრიობის in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to
early 1st millennium AD. Numerous burials of the
ისტორიის მცხეთის მუზეუმი

მტკვრისა და არაგვის შესაყართან,

Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st millennium BC)
prove that Mtskheta already was a significant
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და settlement at that period.
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის
სადგური თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე.

მტკვრის ორივე და არაგვის

ზღვის დონიდან 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21
კმ (რკინიგზით).

მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის

Mtskheta Museum of
ქართული the History of Georgian
სახელმწიფოებრიობის Statehood
ისტორიის მცხეთის მუზეუმი

სადგური თბილის—სამტრედიის
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის
სადგური თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე.
Archeological evidences trace human settlement
in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to
early 1st millennium AD. Numerous burials of the
Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st millennium BC)
prove that Mtskheta already was a significant

ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან 480 მ,

ზღვის დონიდან 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 settlement at that period.
კმ (რკინიგზით).

თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
Mtskheta Museum of
the History of Georgian
Statehood
Archeological evidences trace human settlement
in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to
early 1st millennium AD. Numerous burials of the
Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st millennium BC)
prove that Mtskheta already was a significant
settlement at that period.

Mtskheta
Museum-Reserve ქართული
სახელმწიფოებრიობის
ისტორიის მცხეთის მუზეუმი

მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და

Archeological evidences trace human

არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის
სადგური თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე.
ზღვის დონიდან 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21
კმ (რკინიგზით).

settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd Mtskheta Museum of

the History of Georgian

millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Statehood

Archeological evidences trace human settlement
in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to

Numerous burials of the Bronze Age

early 1st millennium AD. Numerous burials of the
Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st millennium BC)
prove that Mtskheta already was a significant
settlement at that period.

(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove

that Mtskheta already was a significant
settlement at that period.
 First floor
Room 1 213

216

215 220
View A 217

View A

218 224

214

222 223

ქართული
სახელმწიფოებრიობის
ისტორიის მცხეთის მუზეუმი

მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და

219
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის
სადგური თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე.
ზღვის დონიდან 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21
კმ (რკინიგზით).

ქართული
სახელმწიფოებრიობის
ისტორიის მცხეთის მუზეუმი
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის
სადგური თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე.
ზღვის დონიდან 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21
კმ (რკინიგზით).
Mtskheta Museum of
the History of Georgian
Statehood
Archeological evidences trace human settlement
in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to
early 1st millennium AD. Numerous burials of the
Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st millennium BC)
prove that Mtskheta already was a significant
settlement at that period.

ქართული
სახელმწიფოებრიობის
ისტორიის მცხეთის მუზეუმი
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის
სადგური თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე.
ზღვის დონიდან 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21
კმ (რკინიგზით).
Mtskheta Museum of
the History of Georgian
Statehood
Archeological evidences trace human settlement
in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to
early 1st millennium AD. Numerous burials of the
Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st millennium BC)
prove that Mtskheta already was a significant
settlement at that period.

ქართული
სახელმწიფოებრიობის
ისტორიის მცხეთის მუზეუმი
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის
სადგური თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე.
ზღვის დონიდან 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21
კმ (რკინიგზით).
Mtskheta Museum of
the History of Georgian
Statehood
Archeological evidences trace human settlement
in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to
early 1st millennium AD. Numerous burials of the
Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st millennium BC)
prove that Mtskheta already was a significant
settlement at that period.

Mtskheta Museum of
the History of Georgian
Statehood
Archeological evidences trace human settlement
in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to
early 1st millennium AD. Numerous burials of the
Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st millennium BC)

მცხეთის
ქართული prove that Mtskheta already was a significant
სახელმწიფოებრიობის settlement at that period.
ისტორიის მცხეთის მუზეუმი

მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და

მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის
სადგური თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე.
ზღვის დონიდან 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21
კმ (რკინიგზით).

Mtskheta Museum of
the History of Georgian
Statehood

მდებარეობს მდინარეების ქართული Archeological evidences trace human settlement

სახელმწიფოებრიობის in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to
early 1st millennium AD. Numerous burials of the
ისტორიის მცხეთის მუზეუმი Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st millennium BC)

მტკვრისა და არაგვის შესაყართან,

prove that Mtskheta already was a significant
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და settlement at that period.
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის
სადგური თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე.

მტკვრის ორივე და არაგვის

ზღვის დონიდან 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21
კმ (რკინიგზით).

მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის

Mtskheta Museum of
ქართული the History of Georgian
სახელმწიფოებრიობის Statehood
ისტორიის მცხეთის მუზეუმი

სადგური თბილის—სამტრედიის
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის
სადგური თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე.
Archeological evidences trace human settlement
in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to
early 1st millennium AD. Numerous burials of the
Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st millennium BC)
prove that Mtskheta already was a significant

ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან 480 მ,

ზღვის დონიდან 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 settlement at that period.
კმ (რკინიგზით).

თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
Mtskheta Museum of
the History of Georgian
Statehood
Archeological evidences trace human settlement
in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to
early 1st millennium AD. Numerous burials of the
Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st millennium BC)
prove that Mtskheta already was a significant
settlement at that period.

Mtskheta
Museum-Reserve ქართული
სახელმწიფოებრიობის
ისტორიის მცხეთის მუზეუმი

მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და

Archeological evidences trace human

არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის
სადგური თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე.
ზღვის დონიდან 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21
კმ (რკინიგზით).

settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd Mtskheta Museum of

the History of Georgian

millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Statehood

Archeological evidences trace human settlement
in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to

Numerous burials of the Bronze Age

early 1st millennium AD. Numerous burials of the
Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st millennium BC)
prove that Mtskheta already was a significant
settlement at that period.

(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove

that Mtskheta already was a significant
settlement at that period.

View B
View B
24

მცხეთის მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე
და არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური თბილის—სამტრედიის
ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით). მდებარეობს
მდინარეების მტკვრისა და არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და არაგვის
მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის
დონიდან 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).

მცხეთის
მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი

Mtskheta Museum-Reserve მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და

არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a significant არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
settlement at that period. Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta
already was a significant settlement at that period.

Mtskheta
Museum-Reserve
Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the
area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st
millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that
Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that
period. Archeological evidences trace human
settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous
burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st
millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a
significant settlement at that period.

მცხეთის
მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
Mtskheta
Museum-Reserve
Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the
area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st
millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that
Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that
period. Archeological evidences trace human
settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous
burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st
millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a
significant settlement at that period.

მცხეთის
მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
Mtskheta
Museum-Reserve
Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the
area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st
millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that
Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that
period. Archeological evidences trace human
settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous
burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st
millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a
significant settlement at that period.

მცხეთის
მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
Mtskheta
Museum-Reserve
Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the
area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st
millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that
Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that
period. Archeological evidences trace human
settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous
burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st
millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a
significant settlement at that period.

მცხეთის
მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
Mtskheta
Museum-Reserve
Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the
area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st
millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that
Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that
period. Archeological evidences trace human
settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous
burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st
millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a
significant settlement at that period.

25
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View C
First floor
View C
Room 1 213

216

215 220

217

218 224

214

222 223

მცხეთის მცხეთის
მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი

მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და

არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და

219
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით). 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით). 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).

Mtskheta Mtskheta
Museum-Reserve Museum-Reserve
Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the
area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st
millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that (beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that
Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that
period. Archeological evidences trace human period. Archeological evidences trace human
settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous
burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st
millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a
significant settlement at that period. significant settlement at that period.

View F
View F

მცხეთის მცხეთის მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი

მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი

მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური და არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური თბილის—სამტრედიის
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით). მდებარეობს
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და მდინარეების მტკვრისა და არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და არაგვის
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
დონიდან 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).

Mtskheta
Museum-Reserve
Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the
area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st
Mtskheta Museum-Reserve
millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that
Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
period. Archeological evidences trace human millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous (beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a significant
burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st settlement at that period. Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the
millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a
significant settlement at that period. area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous
burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta
already was a significant settlement at that period.

27
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View L

First
View L
floor
Room 1 213

216

215 220

217

მცხეთის

224
მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი

218
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და არაგვის
შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და არაგვის მარჯვენა
ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური თბილის—სამტრედიის
ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ
(რკინიგზით). მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და არაგვის
მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან 480 მ,
თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).

Mtskheta
Museum-Reserve
Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the area of
Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD.
Numerous burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st
millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a significant
settlement at that period. Archeological evidences trace human
settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to
early 1st millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already
was a significant settlement at that period.

მცხეთის Mtskheta

მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
214
Museum-Reserve
Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the
area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st
millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that
Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that
period. Archeological evidences trace human
settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous
burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st
millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a
significant settlement at that period.

222 223

219

30 View O
View O

მცხეთის მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე
და არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური თბილის—სამტრედიის
ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით). მდებარეობს
მდინარეების მტკვრისა და არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და არაგვის
მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის
დონიდან 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).

მცხეთის Mtskheta მცხეთის Mtskheta მცხეთის Mtskheta მცხეთის Mtskheta მცხეთის Mtskheta მცხეთის Mtskheta მცხეთის Mtskheta მცხეთის Mtskheta
მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი Museum-Reserve მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი Museum-Reserve მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი Museum-Reserve მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი Museum-Reserve მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი Museum-Reserve მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი Museum-Reserve მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი Museum-Reserve მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი Museum-Reserve
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the

Mtskheta Museum-Reserve
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st
millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that
Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that
period. Archeological evidences trace human
settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous
burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st
millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a
significant settlement at that period.
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st
millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that
Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that
period. Archeological evidences trace human
settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous
burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st
millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a
significant settlement at that period.
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st
millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that
Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that
period. Archeological evidences trace human
settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous
burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st
millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a
significant settlement at that period.
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st
millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that
Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that
period. Archeological evidences trace human
settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous
burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st
millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a
significant settlement at that period.
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st
millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that
Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that
period. Archeological evidences trace human
settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous
burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st
millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a
significant settlement at that period.
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st
millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that
Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that
period. Archeological evidences trace human
settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous
burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st
millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a
significant settlement at that period.
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st
millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that
Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that
period. Archeological evidences trace human
settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous
burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st
millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a
significant settlement at that period.
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st
millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that
Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that
period. Archeological evidences trace human
settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous
burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st
millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a
significant settlement at that period.

Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a significant
settlement at that period. Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the
area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous
burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta
already was a significant settlement at that period.

248 249
31
 Definition of contents for children and
design of a “parallel” visit tour
DEFINITION OF CONTENTS FOR CHILDREN AND DESIGN by Sireli Uusmaa
OF A “PARALLEL” VISIT TOUR
Content for children and children “parallel” visit tour is planned for the museum’s exposition. It
Position of children exhibitions
will be special path, which actively involves children to interact with museum playable and inter-
active locations. It is distributed throughout the exposition and is divided into two.

1) Fields of activity in the exposition – Will be depending on the target group, the planned activ-
ities are based primarily on the hands-on method. By activating all the senses, one is embodied as
an ancient adventurer, actively discovering the exposition and creating new knowledge. Copies
207
of the findings allow you to touch and experience them, as well as to try them on your own. In
1
105 103
204

206
202
this way, a deeper contact with the findings and their stories is achieved.
2
3
205
102
8
9
104 101
225

2) Digital story - In order for children to understand the splendor of Mtskheta and the uniqueness
of the findings, a separate digital story is created for the children using a stylus-like solution.
107 208 209
106 201

211 210

Georgian myths, folk tales, fairy tales, music and more are intertwined in the story.
10

Target group: The target group of the level is not defined by age. Activity-oriented playful solu-
212

11

tions have different levels of difficulty in developing the motor skills of a kindergarten child or
108
213
in starting school children with imagination and teaching them new knowledge. The aim of the
109
216

215 220
7 children’s level created in the museum is to offer activities for the whole family. Enrich the family
with activities that include a visit to the museum, which allows to establish a connection with the
Definition of contents for children and
217
110

12 218

4
224
museum’s themes and thus get an even closer idea of Mtskheta’s great history.
111
design of a “parallel” visit tour 214

6
Content for children and children “parallel” visit tour does not require constant parental guidance.
222 223

5
112 219

The instructions that come with the activities are very clear to the children. The route is separat-
elty marked, allowing children to easily find activities for them in the exhibition hall.
Definition of contents for children and
113 114

by Sireli Uusmaa myths, folk tales, fairy tales, music and Examples of possible solutions:
more are intertwined in the story. Examples of possible solutions:
Content for children and children “parallel”
visit tour is planned for the museum’s
design of a “parallel” visit tour
Target group: The target group of the level
1. Playful timeline
1. Playful timeline
exposition. It will be special path, which is not defined by age. Activity-oriented Description: Perceive the passage of time and the distance of the times. A
Description: Perceive
child can move an the passage
object fromof time and the
the 21st distanceback
century of theto
times.
the A child can
Bronze move
Age. an ob-
The
32 207
actively involves children to interact playful solutions have different levels of ject from the 21st century back to the Bronze Age. The solution is mechanical.
solution is mechanical.
204 202

with museum playable and interactive

205
206 difficulty in developing the motor skills of
locations. It is distributed throughout the 225 a kindergarten child or in starting school
exposition and is divided into two.
208 209
201 children with imagination and teaching
Position of
OFchildren exhibitions
211 210

themPOSITION
new knowledge. The aim of the
1) Fields of activity in the exposition – Will
212
CHILDREN
children’s level created in the museum is to
be depending on the target group, the offerEXHIBITIONS
activities for the whole family. Enrich
planned activities are based primarily on the family with activities that include a visit
the hands-on method. By activating all
213

216

7
to the museum, which allows to establish a
the senses, one is embodied as an ancient
215 220

217
connection with the museum’s themes and
218
adventurer, actively discovering
4 the 224

thus get an even closer idea of Mtskheta’s

exposition and creating6new knowledge.
214

222 223 great history.

219
Copies of the findings allow you 5 to touch

and experience them, as well as to try Content for children and children “parallel”
them on your own. In this way, a deeper visit tour does not require constant 2. How to restore an artifact and give it the right shape?
contact with the findings and their stories parental guidance. The instructions that 2. How to restore an artifact and give it the right shape?
Description: Find a drawing task that gives you the opportunity to imagine
is achieved. come with the activities are very clear Description: Find a drawing
or restore a half or eventask that gives
a whole you the
broken opportunity
object. to imagine
Possibility or restore
to figure a half or
out the
to the children. The route is separatelty
2) Digital story - In order for children to function of the object. The task can also be performed on virtual reality and
marked, allowing children to easily find
250 understand the splendor of Mtskheta and special software
1
105
supported 103
with VR goggles. 251
activities for them in the exhibition hall.
the uniqueness of the findings, a separate
2
102
allel”
2. How to restore an artifact and give it the right shape?
at
Description: Find a drawing task that gives you the opportunity to imagine
even a whole a
or restore broken object.
half or even Possibility
a wholetobroken
figure out the function
object. of the object.
Possibility The out
to figure task the
can also 5. Staged (Bronze Age) playgrounds
y be performed on virtual reality and special software supported with VR goggles.
function of the object. The task can also be performed on virtual reality and Description: An opportunity to play freely and creatively with findings that tell stories about
d
special software supported with VR goggles. Mtskheta, but are written by the child himself.
l.

6. Try yourself as an archeologist

Description: A playful solution for children to try themselves as an archeologist, doing archeo-
logical excavations in designated payground areas.
3. Touch and experience! Try it on!

Description: Opportunity to make contact with special finding - experience the material and tex-
ture. Also supports the visitor experience for people with special needs and disabilities.

4. Animated findings

Description: A solution like a flipbook or giphoscope that brings animals to life on the carpet or
on the specially prepared surface. The chosen solution gives the child the opportunity to be the
narrator of the story himself, choosing the tempo and also the sound.

https://vimeo.com/156230245

252 253
 3D ILLUSTRATIONS
Open storage area, room 009

ORGANIZATION OF THE OPEN STORAGE AREA, IN TERMS

OF EXHIBITION CONCEPT
The collections of the Mtskheta Museum contain more than 26 thousand artifacts, the vast major-
ity of which are archeological findings. The museum funds contain a collection of ceramic, metal,
numismatic, glyptic, precious metals, glass, bone and a

relatively small number of ethnographic, fine arts and archival material. Of these 26 thousand
artifacts, about 700 exhibits have been re-inventoried for permanent exhibitions, while the rest
are subject to re-selection and part to write-off, so at this stage, it is impossible to determine ex-
actly how many exhibits will be placed in the open storage. Roughly we can think of about ten
thousand to fifteen thousand artifacts to be stored in the open storage area.

254 255
 3D ILLUSTRATIONS
Room 107

256 257
 3D ILLUSTRATIONS
Room 224

258 259
 CONTENT DEVELOPMENT OF THE
DIDACTIC APPARATUS SUPPORTING
THE EXHIBITIONS
CREATION OF LABELS IN BRAILLE FOR BLIND PEOPLE AND POSSIBLE

additional audio materials Accessibility is very important in modern museums. Museums play
a crucial role in society by educating the public and representing diverse aspects of culture
through their exhibits. People with physical disabilities are part of the community that is edu-
cated or represented by museums.

1. All room plans must be also in Braille and placed in the height that can be reached and read.
Additionaly, a museum map in tactile and Braille must be available in box office.

2. A clear route must be marked on the floor. A map of the route will be specified in Task 2.

3. Most important exhibit signs must be in Braille and placed in the height that can be reached.

4. Some most valuable exhibits must be exhibited in the form that can be touched. Therefore a
simplyfied replicas have to be made.

5. Multimedia solutions (videos) must include sign language translations.

6. For visually impaired visitors, an audio tour with descriptive translation to enrich the muse-
um experience is created.

The tour of the exhibition takes you from one stopping point to another, describes the surround-
ings and shares exciting knowledge of history. An audio guide with tactile and Braille numbers
can be borrowed from the box office.

260 261
 CREATION OF MATERIALS HELPING THE VISITOR
TO ORIENT HIM/HERSELF IN THE MUSEUM: MAPS,
FLYERS WITH THE LIST OF MUSEUM HIGHLIGHTS,
ETC.

Moodboard of good examples

of museum maps and activity/
workbooks for children.

262 263
 DEFINITION OF THE MULTIMEDIA
SUPPORTS FOR THE EXHIBITION ROOMS
dia supports for the exhibition rooms Definition of the multimedia supports for the exhibition rooms

ut MM11 - Multimedia projection about

207
Kurgan’s culture 203

204 202

105 103 MM12 - Multimedia program about

206
apiculture and aqueducts water- 205
102
MM01
systems 225

104 101
MM02

MM13 - Multimedia program about

ut 107
106 208 209
wars and weapons and metallurgy 201

211 210

MM14 - Interactive table, shooting

MM03 MM04 simulator
MM01
MM05 212
MM15 - Multimedia about burial
rituals and altars (peppers ghost
a effect)

108

109 213
g
216

110 MM09 MM09 215 220

217 MM11
MM08

218 224
MM10
111
MM12
MM06
214
MM15
112
222 223

MM07
219
113 114 MM14

Definition of the multimedia supports for the exhibition rooms

Definition of the multimedia supports for the exhibition rooms
51
Definition of the multimedia supports for the exhibition rooms Definition of the multimedia supports for the exhibition rooms
MM01
MM01 --Interactive
Definition Interactive table
of thetable
multimedia supports for the exhibition rooms Definition of the multimedia supports for the exhibition rooms
Definition
MM02
MM01 of thetable
MM02---Interactive
Multimedia
Multimedia multimedia
programabout
program supports for the exhibition rooms
about Mtsketa Definition of the multimedia supports for the exhibition rooms
Mtsketa
MM03
MM02---Interactive
MM01
Definition Projection
Multimedia screen
of thetable
program about
multimedia christianity
about supports for the exhibition rooms MM11
MM01 --Interactive
DefinitionMultimedia projection about Kurgan’s
of thetable
multimedia supports culture
for the exhibition rooms
Mtsketa
MM03 - Projection screen about
Definition
MM04 -
christianity
of theprojection
MM02 -- Full-room
MM01 Interactive
Multimedia multimedia
table
program about supports for the exhibition rooms 105 103
MM12
MM02---Interactive
Definition
MM01 Multimedia
Multimedia programabout
of thetable
program about apiculture
multimedia supports and aqueducts
for thewatersystems
exhibition rooms
Mtsketa
MM03 - Projection screen about Mtsketa
MM05
MM02---Interactive
MM01
Definition Multimedia
Multimedia programabout
of thetable
multimedia
program about state hood
supports for the exhibition rooms MM01
105 103 102

MM13
MM02---Interactive
MM01 Multimedia programabout
Multimediatable
program about wars and weapons and metallurgy
christianity
MM04 - Full-room projection
Mtsketa
MM03 - Projection screen about 104 101
Mtsketa
Definition
MM06
MM02 -- Sound
MM01 -
christianity
of the
of old
Interactive
Multimedia multimedia
city about supports for the exhibition rooms
table
program MM02
MM01
105 103 102
MM03
MM14 - Projection table
MM02---Interactive
MM01 Interactivescreen about
Multimedia table, shooting
program about simulator 105

MM04
MM05 Full-room projection christianity
MM03---Interactive
Multimedia program about 107
Mtsketa Projection table
screen about
106
104 101
Mtsketa
MM07
MM01 -- Multimedia story showing
about the trade-man leaving the city
102
MM03 - Projection table
screen about
MM02 Multimedia program MM15
MM02---Interactive
MM01 Multimedia about burial
aboutrituals and altars (peppers ghost effect)
MM02 105 103
state hood
christianity
MM01
Multimedia program MM01
105

MM04
MM05
Mtsketa --- Multimedia
Full-room projection
program about 107
christianity
MM04 - Full-room projection
MM03 Projection screen about
106
104 101
Mtsketa
MM03 - Projection screen about
MM08
MM01 --AR
MM02
state hood
MM06 -- Full-room
- screen
Interactive
Multimedia
Sound of old
about
table
program
city
Mtskheta
about as it was and excavation MM02
MM01
105 103 102
MM02 - Multimedia program about MM02 105
christianity
MM04
MM05 Multimedia projection
program about 107
christianity
MM01

Mtsketa 106
MM04
MM05 - Full-room projection
MM03--Interactive
Projection table
screen about MM03 -- Multimedia program about 107
Mtsketa
MM03 MM04
106
Projection screen about
104 101
MM09
MM01 -- Multimedia story showing
about struff and city marketplace and people
102
MM02
state hood Multimedia program MM02
MM01
105 103
MM02 105
MM06
MM07
MM04 -- Multimedia
christianity Sound of old
Full-room city showing
story
projection
MM01
state hood
christianity
MM01

MM05
MM03 -- Multimedia
Mtsketa program about 107 MM05
MM04
MM05 - Full-room projection
Projection screen about MM03 -- Multimedia program about
MM03 MM04 106 107
104 101 106
the
MM02 trade-man
- leaving
Multimedia the
program cityabout MM02 105 103 102 Projection screen about
state hood MM02 105
MM06 - Full-room
Sound of old city showing
MM01
christianity
MM07
MM05 --- Multimedia
MM04 Multimedia story
projection
program about 107
MM01
state
MM06 hood
- Sound
christianity of old city
MM01

Mtsketa
MM03 Projection screen about MM03 MM04
MM05 106
104
102
101 MM04 -- Multimedia
MM05 Full-room projection
program about MM03
107
MM04 106
the
MM08
statetrade-man
hoodAR - leaving
screen theMtskheta
about city MM02
MM01
105 103
MM02
MM06
MM04 --- Multimedia
christianity
MM07 Sound of old
Full-room city showing
story
projection
MM01
state
MM06 hood
- Sound of old city showing
MM01
MM01
MM05
as it was
MM03 - Multimedia program
and excavation
Projection screen about
about
107
MM03 MM04
MM05 106
104 101 MM07
MM05 --- Multimedia
MM04 story
Full-room projection
Multimedia program about MM03
107
MM04
MM05 106
the
MM08
statetrade-man
AR - leaving
screen the
about city
Mtskheta
MM02 105 103 102
the trade-man leaving the city
MM07hood
108 MM02
MM06 --- Multimedia
Sound of old city showing
MM01
christianity
MM04 Full-room story
projection
MM01
state
MM06
MM07 hood
-- Multimedia
Sound of old city showing
story
MM01
MM05
as it was Multimedia program
and excavation about 107
109 MM03 MM04
MM05 106
MM05 - Multimedia program about 107
MM09 - Multimedia story showing 104 101 MM05 106
102 MM03 MM04
the
MM08
statetrade-man
hoodAR - leaving
screen theMtskheta
about city MM02
108
the trade-man leaving the city
MM08 AR - screen about
city Mtskheta
MM01
MM06 --- Multimedia
Sound of old city showing state
MM07hood
MM01
MM07
struff
MM04
MM05 and Full-room
Multimedia story
city marketplace
projection
program andabout 107 MM05 MM06 -- Multimedia
Sound of old
story showing
MM01

as it was
MM09 and excavation
- Multimedia story showing
109 MM03 MM04 106
MM09 MM09 104 101
as it was and excavation MM03 MM04
MM05

the trade-man leaving the city

110
people
MM08
state hoodAR - screen about Mtskheta
MM02
the trade-man leaving theMtskheta
city
264 265
108
MM06
MM07 --- Multimedia
Sound of old city showing
story
MM01
MM08
MM06 AR - screen about 108
struff and city marketplace and MM07 -- Multimedia
Sound of old city showing MM01
MM05
as it was Multimedia program
and excavation about 107
109 MM03 MM04
MM05 106 MM08
story
MM09 - Multimedia story showing
MM05

the trade-man
peoplehood
MM08 AR leaving
- screen the
about city
110 MM09 MM09
as it was
MM09 and excavation
- Multimedia story showing
MM03 109
MM04

state city Mtskheta the trade-man leaving theMtskheta

city
108
MM06
MM07 -- Multimedia
struff and Sound of old
story
city marketplace showing
and
MM01
MM08 AR - screen about 108
MM01
109 MM03 MM04
MM05 MM08
MM07 - Multimedia
struff and story showing
city marketplace and MM05
 Multimedia program Multimedia program LED screen Projection

AR solution Interactive table Interactive table Pepper´s ghost effect

https://vimeo.com/358911169

266 267
 CONTENT OF THE AUDIO-GUIDES Information about each artifact’s label is printed on white DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONTENT FOR EACH ARTIFACT’S
(IN GEORGIAN AN ENGLISH) (or a color of the background of the showcase) cardboard. LABEL
The size is approximately 180x120 mm, according the
amount of information.
The script of the audio guides consistently follows the main concept of the exhibition. One gener- Development of the content for each artifact’s label Information about each artifact’s label is
al introductory text about each hall and short texts for each topic are defined, which will be tied to printed on white (or a color of the background of the showcase) cardboard. The size is approx
one specific exhibit from the topic that best expresses the essence of it. In some cases, a specific mately 180x120 mm, according the amount of information.
topic includes a multimedia component as part of the exhibition, in which case this multimedia
component will automatically be included in the audio guide program, and in areas where there
is no multimedia component, independent scripts must be created.
მცხეთის მუზეუმ- Mtskheta
ნაკრძალისათაური Museum-Reserve
სათაური Headline
მდებარეობს მდინარეების Archeological evidences trace
მტკვრისა და არაგვის შესაყართან, human settlement in the area of
მტკვრის ორივე და არაგვის Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to
მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის early 1st millennium AD. Numerous
სადგური თბილის—სამტრედიის burials of the Bronze Age (beginning
ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან 480 მ, of the 1st millennium BC) prove that
Mtskheta already was a significant
თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
settlement at that period.
Content of the didactic panels (in Georgian and English) to
be placed in the rooms

CONTENT OF THE DIDACTIC PANELS (IN GEORGIAN AND

Information about the exposition will be
CONTENT OF THE MUSEUM CATALOGUE ENGLISH) TO BE PLACED IN THE ROOMS
placed on the wall with transfer stickers.

Moodboard of good examples of Information about the exposition will be placed on the wall with transfer stickers.
museum catalogues.

55

მცხეთის მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე
და არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური თბილის—სამტრედიის
ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით). მდებარეობს
მდინარეების მტკვრისა და არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და არაგვის
მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის
დონიდან 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).

Mtskheta Museum-Reserve
Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a significant
settlement at that period. Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the
area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous
burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta
already was a significant settlement at that period.

268 269
56
 GRAPHIC IDENTITY
GUIDE FEBRUARY 2021

LOGO

Source of SOURCE OF
INSPIRATION
Mtskheta Museum-Reserve Vis

Source of
inspiration
Mtskheta Museum-Reserve Vis

ANIMATION OF inspiration
THE CONCEPT

Geographically and
Geographically and Rivers Mtkvari
Rivers Mtkvari and
andAragvi
Aragvi
historically importantlocation
historically important location
Geographically and Rivers Mtkvari and Aragvi
historically important location

Mtskheta Museum-Reserve
Mtskheta Museum-Reserve
Mtskheta Museum-Reserve

Click to play animation

Ancient Kingdom of Iberia, The Gate, representing significant sample of the

MtskhetaAncient
being significant economical
KingdomofofIberia,
Iberia, late modernism,
Gate, the fence wall and gate with
Ancient Kingdom The Gate,The representing
representing significant
significant sample of the
and political
Mtskheta centre
being of it
significant towersof
sample ofthe
these
late north wall
modernism,
Mtskheta being significant economical late modernism, the fence wall and gate with
economical and political the fence wall and gate with
and political centre of it towers of these north wall
centre of it towers of these north wall

270 271
 Mtskheta Museum-Reserve Visual Identity Guidelines 5
Mtskheta Museum-Reserve Visual Identity Guidelines 5

n
n LOGO

MTSKHETA
MUSEUM-RESERVE
Logo Mtskheta Museum-Reserve Visual Identity Guidelines 9

Geographically and
Geographically and Rivers Mtkvari
Rivers Mtkvari and
andAragvi
Aragvi
historically
historically important location
importantand
Geographically location Rivers Mtkvari and Aragvi
historically important location

Mtskheta Museum-Reserve
Mtskheta Museum-Reserve
Mtskheta Museum-Reserve

LOGO

Logo Mtskheta Museum-Reserve Visual Identity Guidelines 10

AncientSource
Kingdom of
of Iberia, Mtskheta being
Mtskheta Museum-Reserve Visual Identity Guidelines

The Gate, representing significant sample of the

6

Ancient
inspiration
Ancient
significant
Kingdom Kingdom
economical andofMtskheta
of Iberia, Iberia, centre
political being late
The The
Gate, Gate, the
modernism, representing
representing fence significant
wall
significantand gate with
sample of the
Mtskheta being
of it significant
significant economical and political centre sample
towers of
ofthe late
these modernism,
north wall
late modernism, the fence wall and gate with
economical and political the fence wall and gate with MTSKHETA
of it
ORIGIN
towers of these north wall
centre of it towers of these north wall MUSEUM-RESERVE

Logo icon Mtskheta Museum-Reserve Visual Identity Guidelines 7 MTSKHETA

MUSEUM-RESERVE

ᲛᲪᲮᲔᲗᲘᲡ
ᲛᲣᲖᲔᲣᲛ-ᲜᲐᲙᲠᲫᲐᲚᲘ
+ + +
ᲛᲪᲮᲔᲗᲘᲡ
ᲛᲣᲖᲔᲣᲛ-ᲜᲐᲙᲠᲫᲐᲚᲘ

ᲛᲪᲮᲔᲗᲘᲡ
ᲛᲣᲖᲔᲣᲛ-ᲜᲐᲙᲠᲫᲐᲚᲘ
LOGO ICON MTSKHETA MUSEUM-RESERVE

ᲛᲪᲮᲔᲗᲘᲡ
ᲛᲣᲖᲔᲣᲛ-ᲜᲐᲙᲠᲫᲐᲚᲘ
MTSKHETA MUSEUM-RESERVE

272 273
 TYPOGRAPHY

MARKETING DESIGN EXHIBITION DESIGN

Typography
Typography Mtskheta Museum-Reserve
Mtskheta Museum-Reserve
Visual IdentityVisual
Guidelines
Identity 12
Guidelines 12

Typography
Typography
Marketing
Marketing
design design
Mtskheta Museum-Reserve
Mtskheta Museum-Reserve
Visual IdentityVisual
Guidelines
Identity 12
Guidelines 12

Marketing
Marketing
design design
1. Georgian Title 7. Georgian Text
English Heading Georgian Heading Neue Frutiger World Heavy, 150 pt Neue Frutiger World Book, 40 pt
English Heading
English
Nexa HeavyHeading Georgian
Neue Georgian
Heading
Frutiger Heading
World Heavy 2. English Title 8. English Text
English
Nexa Heavy Heading
English
Nexa Heavy Heading Georgian
Neue Frutiger Georgian
Heading
Neue
WorldFrutiger Heading
Heavy World Heavy
Nexa Heavy, 150 pt Nexa Regular, 40 pt
მცხეთის
მცხეთის
Nexa Heavy Nexa Heavy Neue Frutiger Neue
WorldFrutiger
Heavy World Heavy

Mtskheta
Mtskheta
Mtskheta
Mtskheta
Museum-Reserve
Museum-Reserve მცხეთის
მცხეთის
მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი
მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი
3. Georgian Subtitle 9. Georgian Subtext
Museum-Reserve
Museum-Reserve მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი
მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი Neue Frutiger World Heavy, 90 pt Neue Frutiger World Book, 24 pt
Typography 4. English Subtitle
Mtskheta Museum-Reserve Visual Identity Guidelines
10. English Subtext
13

Exhibition design Nexa Heavy, 90 pt Nexa Regular, 24 pt

English Text
English Text
English Text
Georgian TextText
GeorgianGeorgian
Text
Nexa Regular Neue Frutiger World Book 5. Georgian Text
English
Nexa RegularText
English
Nexa Text
Regular Georgian
Neue Frutiger Georgian
Text
Neue
WorldFrutiger
Book Text
World Book
Nexa Regular Nexa Regular Neue Frutiger Neue
WorldFrutiger
Book World Book Neue Frutiger World Book, 50 pt
Mtskheta
Mtskheta
is a cityisinaMtskheta-
city in Mtskheta- მცხეთამცხეთა
— ქალაქი
— ქალაქი
საქართველოში,
საქართველოში,
1 Georgian Title 9 Georgian Subtext
Mtskheta
Mtskheta
Mtianeti is a
Mtianeticity
province isinaMtskheta-
city in
province of Mtskheta-
of Georgia, Georgia, მცხეთამცხეთა
მცხეთის— ქალაქი
მცხეთის— ქალაქი
საქართველოში,
საქართველოში,
მუნიციპალიტეტისა
მუნიციპალიტეტისა Neue Frutiger World Heavy, 150 pt 6. English
Neue Text
Frutiger World Book, 24 pt
Mtianeti
Mtianeti
province
one of the
oneoldest province
of
of the citiesGeorgia,
of Georgia,
oldestofcities of მცხეთის
მცხეთის
მუნიციპალიტეტისა
მუნიციპალიტეტისა
და მცხეთა-მთიანეთის
და მცხეთა-მთიანეთის
მხარისმხარის Nexa Regular, 50 pt
2 English Title English Subtext
one of the
one oldest
of
GeorgiaGeorgia the
and its andcities
oldest
former of
capital.of
cities
its former capital. და მცხეთა-მთიანეთის
და მცხეთა-მთიანეთის
ადმინისტრაციული მხარის
ადმინისტრაციული
ცენტრი. მხარის
ცენტრი.
10
Nexa Heavy, 150 pt Nexa Regular, 24 pt
GeorgiaGeorgia
and its and
formerits former
capital.capital. ადმინისტრაციული
ადმინისტრაციული
ცენტრი.
ცენტრი.
3 Georgian Subtitle
Neue Frutiger World Heavy, 90 pt

4 English Subtitle
Nexa Heavy, 90 pt

5 Georgian Text
Neue Frutiger World Book, 50 pt

6 English Text მცხეთის

მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
Mtskheta
Museum-Reserve
Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the
area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st
millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that
Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that
period. Archeological evidences trace human
settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous
burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st
millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a
significant settlement at that period.
მცხეთის
მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
Mtskheta
Museum-Reserve
Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the
area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st
millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that
Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that
period. Archeological evidences trace human
settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous
burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st
millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a
significant settlement at that period.
3 მცხეთის
მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი

მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და

1 მცხეთის მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი

5
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და

7
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით). და არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური თბილის—სამტრედიის

Nexa Regular, 50 pt
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით). მდებარეობს
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური მდინარეების მტკვრისა და არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და არაგვის
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის
დონიდან 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).

მცხეთის
მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი
Mtskheta
Museum-Reserve

4 Mtskheta
Museum-Reserve

2
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the

არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
Georgian Text
area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st
millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that
Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that
period. Archeological evidences trace human
settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous
burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st

7
millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a

Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the

480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით). significant settlement at that period.

Mtskheta Museum-Reserve
area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st
millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that

8
Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that
period. Archeological evidences trace human
settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd

6
millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous
millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age

მცხეთის
მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
9 10
burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st
Mtskheta
millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a
Museum-Reserve
Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the
area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st
millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age significant settlement at that period.
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a significant
settlement at that period. Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that

Neue Frutiger World Book, 40 pt

თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
period. Archeological evidences trace human
settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
მცხეთის Mtskheta
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი Museum-Reserve
burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან

area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous
millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a
მცხეთის Mtskheta 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით). significant settlement at that period. მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the

მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
Museum-Reserve არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st
millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that
Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that
period. Archeological evidences trace human

არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta
settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st
Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a
period. Archeological evidences trace human 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
significant settlement at that period.
millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous

already was a significant settlement at that period.

burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით). significant settlement at that period.

მცხეთის
მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
Mtskheta
Museum-Reserve
Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the
area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st
millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that
Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that
period. Archeological evidences trace human
settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous
burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st
millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a
significant settlement at that period.

8 English Text
Nexa Regular, 40 pt

274 275
 COLORS COLOR PAIRINGS
COLORS

Color pairings Mtskheta Museum-Reserve Visual Identity Guidelines 16

Colors Mtskheta Museum-Reserve Visual Identity Guidelines

15

Gray Red Green Blue Gold

C70/M52/Y44/K18 C16/M100/Y71/K5 C88/M40/Y44/K12 C100/M82/Y14/K3 C37/M52/Y100/K20
R83/G100/B110 R194/G26/B66 R0/G113/B124 R0/G70/B143 R141/G105/B40

EXAMPLES OF
USAGE OF GRAPHIC
STYLE

WEB
GRAPHIC ELEMENTS

Graphic elements derive from the main

logo element, which could be used for
making patterns and image masks for
the design.
Graphic elements Mtskheta Museum-Reserve Visual Identity Guidelines 18

Graphic elements Mtskheta Museum-Reserve Visual Identity Guidelines 18

Graphic elements derive from the main

logo element,
Graphic which
elements couldfrom
derive be used for
the main
making
logo patterns
element, andcould
which imagebemasks for
used for
the design.
making patterns and image masks for
the design.

276 277
 STATIONERY

POSTERS

SHOPPING BAG BROCHURE

278 279
 EXHIBITION GRAPHICS

მცხეთის
მცხეთის მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი
მცხეთის Mtskheta
მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი Museum-Reserve

მცხეთის
მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი
Mtskheta მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the
area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st
Museum-Reserve არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
period. Archeological evidences trace human
area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
period. Archeological evidences trace human significant settlement at that period.
settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous
burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st
millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a
significant settlement at that period.

მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და

არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით). და არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური თბილის—სამტრედიის
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით). მდებარეობს
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური მდინარეების მტკვრისა და არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და არაგვის
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის
დონიდან 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).

მცხეთის
მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
Mtskheta
Museum-Reserve
Mtskheta
Museum-Reserve
Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the
area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st
millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that
Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that
period. Archeological evidences trace human
settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous
burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st
millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a

Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the

480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით). significant settlement at that period.

მცხეთის
მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
Mtskheta Museum-Reserve
area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st
millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that
Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that
period. Archeological evidences trace human
settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous
Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
Mtskheta
millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a
Museum-Reserve
Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the
area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st
millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age significant settlement at that period.
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a significant
settlement at that period. Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that
Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that
period. Archeological evidences trace human
settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
მცხეთის Mtskheta
millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი Museum-Reserve
burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st

area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous
millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a
მცხეთის Mtskheta 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით). significant settlement at that period. მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the

მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
Museum-Reserve არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st
millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that
Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that
period. Archeological evidences trace human

არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta
settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st
Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a
period. Archeological evidences trace human 480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
significant settlement at that period.
millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous

already was a significant settlement at that period.

burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით). significant settlement at that period.

მცხეთის
მუზეუმ-ნაკრძალი
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
მდებარეობს მდინარეების მტკვრისა და
არაგვის შესაყართან, მტკვრის ორივე და
არაგვის მარჯვენა ნაპირზე. რკინიგზის სადგური
თბილის—სამტრედიის ხაზზე. ზღვის დონიდან
480 მ, თბილისიდან 21 კმ (რკინიგზით).
Mtskheta
Museum-Reserve
Archeological evidences trace human settlement in the
area of Mtskheta from 2nd millennium BC to early 1st
millennium AD. Numerous burials of the Bronze Age
(beginning of the 1st millennium BC) prove that
Mtskheta already was a significant settlement at that
period. Archeological evidences trace human
settlement in the area of Mtskheta from 2nd
millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD. Numerous
burials of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 1st
millennium BC) prove that Mtskheta already was a
significant settlement at that period.

SIGNAGE

Signage is made of dark metal sheets.

he width is approximately 3-5 mm.
Signage Mtskheta Museum-Reserve Visual Identity Guidelines 25

Signage Mtskheta Museum-Reserve Visual Identity Guidelines 26

Signage is made of dark metal sheets.

The width is approximately 3-5 mm.

CREDENTIALS
Andrus Kõresaar CEO/Creative Director Aleksandr Marmuljov Project Manager

ᲒᲐᲛᲝᲤᲔᲜᲐᲖᲔ Ott Sarapuu CEO Kristo Rämson Visualiser

1
TO THE EXHIBITION
Liis Lindvere Interior Architect Teele Strauss Graphic Designer

ᲒᲐᲛᲝᲤᲔᲜᲐ ᲒᲠᲫᲔᲚᲓᲔᲑᲐ ᲡᲐᲠᲗᲣᲚᲘ

FLOOR
Krista Thomson Interior Architect Karilin Tõnisoja Graphic Designer
EXHIBITION CONTINUES
Krista Sarv Historian

280 281
 mcxeTa
da
mcxeTis
Semogarenis
toponimia
istoriul
WrilSi

282 283
 mcxeTa istoriuli qalaqi da saqarTvelos erT-er-
Ti yvelaze arqauli da masStaburi samxedro Tu
administraciuli daniSnulebis dasaxlebuli punq-
tia. sayovelTaod aRiarebuli azris mixedviT, mcx-
eTa saqarTvelos umTavresi religiuri, istoriuli
da eTnokulturuli centria. am mxareSi qalaq mcx-
eTis Camoyalibeba qristes win VI-III saukuneebSi
mimdinareobda, rac droTa ganmavlobaSi misi qar-
Tlis samefos dedaqalaqad qceviT dagvirgvinda.
mcxeTis sataxto qalaqad damkvidreba ar yofila
SemTxveviTi procesi, amas xels uwyobda gamorCeu-
li bunebrivi pirobebi da did savaWro gzaTa Ses-
ayarze misi mdebareoba. amitomac rvaasi wlis gan-
mavlobaSi mcxeTa iyo saqarTvelos dedaqalaqi.
marTalia, sataxto qalaqis funqcias mcxeTa VI
saukunis dasawyisidan kargavs, magram, miuxeda-
vad amisa, igi yovelTvis inarCunebda qveynis kul-
turul-religiuri centris funqcias; da savsebiT
bunebrivia, rom 1957 wels mcxeTis istoriuli nawi-
li, xolo 1966 wels - mTeli qalaqi arqiteqturul
da arqeologiur nakrZalad gamocxadda. 1968 wels
mcxeTas qalaq-muzeumis, xolo 2014 wels ki wminda
qalaqis statusi mieniWa. 1994 wlidan mcxeTis is-
toriuli Zeglebi erT-erTi yvelaze avtoritetu-
li da prestiJuli organizacia - UNESCO msoflio
memkvidreobis ZeglTa siaSia. mcxeTasa da mis mid-
amoebSi 30-ze meti udidesi erovnuli mniSvnelobis
istoriuli da arqeologiuri Zeglia aRricxuli.
maT Sorisaa: mcxeTis jvris monasteri (VI s.), „an-
tioqia“ (VII-VIII saukuneebi), sveticxovlis sakaT-
edro taZari (XI s.), samTavros dedaTa monasteri
(XI s.), wminda ninos eklesia, bagineTis arqeologi-
uri kompleqsi, samTavros samarovani, karibWis da
geTsamaniis, bebriscixis arqeologiuri Zegli, mar-
284
tyofis RvTaeba, zedazeni, kaloubnis wminda giorgi,
SiomRvime da mravali sxva.
sazogadod, mcxeTis regioni datvirTulia qarTuli
kulturisTvis umniSvnelovanesi istoriul-kul-
turuli, folkloruli da RvTaebrivi konteqs-
tiT. mcxeTis regionis evoluciuri koncefciidan
gamomdinare, centralur qarTlSi mcxovrebi ada-
mianisa da garemomcveli bunebis (garemos) isto-
riulad uwyveti urTierTdamokidebulebis Sedegs
warmoadgens mcxeTis regionis onomastika. masSi,
adgilobrivi mosaxleobis preistoriasTan erTad,
sayofacxovrebo kultura da identoba aisaxeba.
saerTod, toponimia moicavs fasdaudebel cnobebs
regionisa da iq mcxovrebi xalxis (mosaxleobis)
eTnografiuli yofis, religiuri rwmena-warmodgen-
ebis, sameurneo saqmianobis Sesaswavlad. mcxeTis
regionis Seswavla etimologiuri TvalsazrisiT
relevanturia mcxeTis muzeumis koncefciis far-
glebSic. igi avsebs Cvens enciklopediur codnas
im garemos Sesaxeb, sadac aTaswleulebis manZilze
inakvTeboda mcxeTis kultura da fenomeni. aqauri
miwis enaSi qarTuli sazogadoebisa da bunebis har-
moniuli Tanacxovrebis utyuari istoria aisaxeba,
rac aseve Seadgens erovnuli da msoflio anTro-
pologiuri memkvidreobis mniSvnelovan nawils.
ama Tu im enaSi sityvaTa warmomavloba SeiZle-
ba erTgvarovani arc iyos. vinaidan yvela dro-
Si aqtualuri iyo (da aris) sityvis warmoSobis
problema, droTa ganmavlobaSi mecnierebaSi gaCnda
enaTmecnierebis saTanado dargic, romelsac etimo-
logia ewodeba.
285
 es ukanaskneli momdinareobs berZnuli ἐτυμολογία
formisagan, rac rTul Sedgenilobas gulisx-
mobs, anu etymologia kompozitia, sadac etymos udris
sityvis amosaval, namdvil/marTal mniSvnelobas,
xolo logos _ sityva/moZRvrebas. aqve unda SevniS-
noT, rom klasikur berZnulSive arsebobda etymos-is
zmnizeduri (adverbialuri) forma etymon-is mniSvne-
lobiT: marTla/namdvilad.
Tanamedrove kvalifikaciiT etimologia istoriuli
leqsikologiis dargia da Seiswavlis sityvis war-
momavlobas, Sedgenilobas, misi mniSvnelobis ganvi-
Tarebas, gansakuTrebiT _ Tavdapirvel mniSvnelobas.
etimologia emyareba enis leqsikuri da gramatiku-
li inventaris, enobrivi struqtura/sistemis yvela
rgolis Camoyalibebasa da cvlis (transformaciis)
dinamikis codnas.
adreul gramatikebSi etimologia gulisxmobda
moZRvrebas sityvis agebulebis Sesaxeb. XV saukunis
Sua wlebidan ki etimologia, rogorc lingvistikis
dargi, ufro met (ZiriTad) yuradRebas sityvis mniS-
vnelobis ganviTarebas (evolucias) uTmobda, xolo
XVII saukunis 40-iani wlebidan etimologia fun-
qcionirebda ukve dRevandeli gagebiT. sabolood,
etimologiuri kvlevebis sizuste metad sando gax-
da mxolod mas Semdeg, rac aRmoCenil iqna bgera-
Ta warmoTqmis adgilisa da fonetikuri transfor-
maciis kanonzomierebani.
etimologias xSirad upirispirdeba aramecnieruli,
igive xalxuri etimologia ama Tu im sityvisa, rac
efuZneba analizis gareSe an sityvis uSualo gaaz-
rebiT miRebul etimologias; xalxuri etimologi-
isTvis damaxasiaTebelia dausabuTebeli miswrafe-
ba sityvis motivaciis amocnobisaken.
araspecialistisTvis damaxasiaTebelia ucnobi age-
bulebis sityvaTa primitiuli gaazreba garegnu-
lad msgavs, nacnob sityvebTan dakavSirebis gziT.
Tumca zogjer TviT gamocdili specialistebic
ki xSirad codaven da Zalauneburad warmoadgenen
xalxur etimologias, rac informaciis naklebo-
biT aris Sepirobebuli. ase magaliTad, internet
resursebSi, specialur literaturaze dayrdnobiT,
ualternativod amtkiceben, rom qarTuli sityva
sam-a „cekva“ (Sdr. cekvis saxeoba sam-aia) sparsuli
warmomavlobisaa da igi (sama) moxmobilia xalxuri
etimologiis nimuSad; amavdroulad, qarTul sam-a
formas kanonzomieri Sesatyvisi moepoveba svanur-
Si sub- (i-sub-i „cekvavs“) zmnis saxiT, Tumca swo-
ria sam-aia-s xalxur etimologiad ganxilva, roca
igi sam- ricxviT saxelTan kavSirSia ganxiluli
da gaazrebulia rogorc sami qalis cekva. amgvari
`xedva“ motivirebulia saqmis realuri viTarebiT,
es cekva sinamdvileSic mxolod sami qalis Ses-
rulebiTaa cnobili.
merab Cuxua

damwerlobis mqone enebis SemTxvevaSi etimologiis

specialistebs SesaZlebloba eZlevaT naTlad war-
moadginon sityvis formisa da mniSvnelobis cvale-
badoba mis istoriul ganviTarebaSi. udamwerlobo
enebis SemTxvevaSi, Tu enebi urTierTmonaTesavea,
amgvari kvlevis efeqturoba miRwevadia ena-kiloTa
SedarebiTi Seswavlis gziT. kompleqsuri midgomiT
irkveva sityva-formaTa warmomavloba sazogadod,
an romeli enidan Semovida esaTuis sityva.

reliefis/garemomcveli bunebis Tu geografiuli

saxelwodebebis aRmniSvnel leqsikas saTanadod
Seiswavlis enaTmecnierebis specialuri dargi - on-
omastika (toponimia/toponimika...), romlis Semoqmedi
xalxis kuTvnileba miwis enasTan (toponimebTan)
etimologiuri kvleva-ZiebiT xerxdeba, rasac Cvens
SemTxvevaSi mcxeTis regioni warmoadgens.

mcxeTis regionSi, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, to-

ponimTa umravlesoba qarTuli enis monacemebis
moxmobiT aixsneba.

286 287
 giorgi qavTaraZe
iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti,
iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti,
Zveli qveynebis istoriis ganyofilebis
mTavari mecnier-TanamSromeli
termin
"qarTlis"
arsisa da
warmomavlobis
sakiTxisaTvis
terminebis „qarTlisa“ da „qarTvelis“ mniSvnelo-
bisa da warmomavlobis sakiTxi imTaviTve qarTvel
mecnierTa kvlevis obieqts warmoadgenda. gamoiTqva
araerTi gonebamaxviluri da TiTqos sakmaod kar-
gad dasabuTebuli varaudi, romlebic erTmaneTis-
agan ZiriTadad sakvlevi sabaziso masalis Tavise-
burebiT gansxvavdebodnen. Tu zogierTi mkvlevari
upiratesad qarTvelur masalas iyenebs, sxvebi ka-
vkasiuri, axloaRmosavluri Tu sulac evraziuli
monacemebiT xelmZRvaneloben.
Zvel qarTvel swavlulTa da mwignobarTa didi naw-
ili endonim „qarTvels“ berZnul-romaul werilo-
biT wyaroebSi gamoyenebuli _ eqsonimis „iberis“
Sesatyvisad miiCnevdnen da am ukanasknels, imisda
miuxedavad Tu ra konteqstSi iyo igi gamoyenebuli,
rogorc wesi, „qarTvelad“ Targmnidnen xolme.
am mxriv sagulisxmoa, rom il. abulaZis „Zveli
qarTuli enis leqsikonis“ ganmartebis mixedviT,
termini „qarTveli“, garda kavkasieli iberielisa,
aRniSnavs iberiis naxevarkunZulis (espaneTis) ibe-
rielsac1.
* naSromi Tavdapirvelad gamoqveynda ,,istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis SromebSi“,
XII-XIII, Tb., 2012-2013
1 abulaZe il., Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni (masalebi), Tb., 1973, gv. 451 (qarTvel-i).
Sesabamisad, ar unda iyos moulodneli, rom Zvel qarTul TargmanebSi gvxvdeba iseTi
ucnauri termini, rogoricaa „kelt-qarTvelni“, miRebuli berZnul-romauli teqstebis
eTnonimis _ „keltiberebis“ gadmoqarTulebis Sedegad. sainteresoa, rom qarTul
mwignobrul wreebSi ara mxolod „iberia“, aramed TviT qoronimi „espaneTi/spania“
uSualod „saqarTvelod“ iTargmneboda xolme, xolo qarTul enas pirenel iberTa anu
„spanTa“ enasTan aigivebdnen (ix. qavTaraZe g., arianqarTlis sakiTxisaTvis, istoriisa
288
Tu Zvel qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSi terminebi „qarTli“ da „qarTve-
li“ Seesatyviseba berZnul-romaul terminebs „iberia“ da „iberieli“, ber-
Znul-romaul literaturaSi terminebi „qarTli“ da „qarTveli“ ucnobia
da mxolod erTi miniSneba mogvepoveba, rom fonetikuri msgavsebis gamo
eTno-toponim „qarTl“-s ukavSirebdnen karTagenelebis saxelwodebas.
mxedvelobaSi maqvs usa pitiaxSis parizuli sabeWdavis warweraSi asax-
uli termini _ ΙΒΗΡΩΝ ΚΑΡΧΗΔΩΝ („karTagenel iberTa“), romelic garda
libielTa da dasavleTis iberielTa kavkasiaSi gadmosaxlebis legend-
arul cnobasTan misi savaraudo kavSirisa, SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs masSi
konkretuli geografiuli da, amave dros, garkveuli xanebidan politikuri
mniSvnelobis mqone cneba davinaxoT „mTa qarTlis“ (anu armazcixis) ibe-
riis saxiT2. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom arcTu iSviaTad berZnul-ro-
maul samyarosaTvis ufro Cveul saxelebTan mimsgavsebisa Tu Targmnis
Sedegad iqmneboda xolme sxvadasxva mxareebis adgilobrivi saxelebis
berZnul-romauli variantebi.
termini „qarTli“ pirvelad gvxvdeba iakob xucesis ax.w. V saukunis hagi-
ografiul nawarmoebSi „SuSanikis martviloba“ („wamebaÁ wmidisa SuSan-
ikisi dedoflisaÁ“) da samive SemTxvevaSi _ rogorc qoronimi: „viTarca
moiwia igi sazRvarTa qarTlisaTa, qveyanasa mas hereTisasa“3, „...da mieriTgan
ganiTqua yovelsa qarTlsa“4, „aznaurni da uaznoni soflisa qarTlisani“5;
xolo yvelaze adreuli ganmarteba topo-eTnonim „qarTlis“ warmomav-
lobisa, romlisganac, Tavis mxriv, warmodgeba eTnonimi „qarTveli“, moce-
mulia „mefeTa cxovrebaSi“: „da ese qarTlos movida pirvelad adgilsa
mas, sada SeerTÂs arag mtkuarsa, da ganvida mTasa mas zeda, romelsa
ewodebis armazi. da pirvelad Seqmna simagreni mas zeda, da iSena mun zeda
saxli, da uwoda mTasa mas saxeli Tavisa TÂsisa qarTli. da vidre aRm-
arTebamde mun-zeda kerpi armazisi erqua mTasa mas qarTli, da mis gamo
ewoda yovelsa qarTlsa qarTli, xunaniTgan vidre zRuamde spe[gv. 51:]
risa... mokuda qarTlos da dafles igi Tavsa zeda qarTlisasa, romelsa aw
ewodebis armazi. da Semdgomad amissa colman misman aRaSena deda-cixe“6.
amrigad, „mefeTa cxovrebis“ monacemebis mixedviT, „qarTlosi“ qarTvelTa
eTnarq-eponimia.
toponimi „qarTli“ gvxvdeba juanSerTanac, rodesac vaxtang mefem
sparselebTan mosalodneli brZolis win Tavisi laSqari, mematianis
cnobiT, daabanaka „diRmiT vidre qarTlis karTamde“7. vinaidan Semdgom
juanSeri ixseniebs mogvTis xidsac, cxadia, „qarTlis karni“ mcxeTis siax-
da eTnologiis institutis Sromebi, t. IX, Tb., 2009, gv. 35)
2 qavTaraZe g., kavkasia da „karTagenelebi“, iberia-kolxeTi, saqarTvelos klasikuri da
adremedievuri periodis arqeologiur-istoriuli mkvlevari, #4, Tb., 2008, gv. 112-119
3 iakob xucesi, wamebai wmidisa SuSanikisi, dedoflisai, istoriuli cnobebi, komentarebi,
ganmartebebi da leqsikoni daurTo n. RambaSiZem. seria _ qarTli literatura komen-
tarebiT 1, Tb., 2012, Tavi II
4 iqve, Tavi XI
5 iqve, Tavi XVII
6 leonti mroveli, cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTa, qarTlis cxovreba, tomi I, teqsti
dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, Tb., 1955, gv. 8: 6-11,
18-19
7 juanSeri, cxovreba vaxtang gorgaslisa, qarTlis cxovreba, tomi I, teqsti dadgenili
yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, Tb., 1955, gv. 179: 20
289
 loves, armazTan aris saZebari8.
arqeologiuri Seswavlis Sedegad dadasturebulia, rom swored aq, mtkvris
marjvena napirze, sadac mTa qarTli, igive armaz/armazcixea9 lokalizebu-
li, isaxeba iberiis Zveli dedaqalaqis dedacixis rTuli safortifikacio
nagebobebis mTeli sistema; aqve unda yofiliyo samefo rezidencia da
odnav moSorebiT _ sapitiaxSoc10.
ganaTxari masalis monacemebis safuZvelze armazcixe/qarTlis uZvele-
si ganaSenianeba _ armazcixe I _ aqemenianTa xaniT aris daTariRebu-
li. aq mikvleulia persepolisSi arsebulis msgavsi, apadāna-s ti pis didi
svetebiani darbazi, texili zRudeebi, oTxkuTxa koSkebi da kontrforsebi,
qvaTlilebis (kvadrebis) sagangebo samagrebiT (xiT, rkiniT, e.w. uwyveti
„mercxlis boloebiT“ SeerTeba) da sxv. aqemenianTaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
arqiteqturuli Taviseburebebi. Tumca Zeglis mkvlevari a. afaqiZe SeniS-
navs, rom adgilis SerCeva _ midamoze gabatonebuli mdebareoba, cixisaTvis
sagangebo saZirkvlis uqonloba, mSralad, uduRabod nawyob qvaTlilebze
amoyvanili didi zomis alizis kedlis wyobisa da Selesvis Taviseburebe-
bi, gamoyenebuli sazomi erTeulis _ e.w. qarTuli wyrTis sigrZis faqto-
brivi igiveoba urartul da winaaziur wyrTasTan armaz-mcxeTas damatebiT
urartuli cixe-simagreebis samSeneblo tradiciebTanac aaxloebs11.
texili zRudeebi, anu galavnis zigzagiseburi texili xazi, ufro postaqe-
meniduri xanis kuTvnilebaa da ZiriTadad elinisturi xanis cixesimagre-
bisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli12. rogorc Cans, urartuli cixesimagree-
bis aqemenidur da gansakuTrebiT elinistur xanaSi gamoyeneba farTod
gavrcelebuli movlenaa ufro samxreTiT mdebare mxareebSi, maT Soris
somxeTsa da iranSi. arinberdis (erebuni) urartuli cixesimagre mniS-
vnelovan rekonstruqcias daeqvemdebara aqemenidur xanaSi da Semdegac
intensiurad iyo gamoyenebuli elinistur xanaSi13.
8 kakabaZe s., qal. armazi _ qal. mcxeTa, saistorio krebuli, w. III, tf., 1928, gv. 6. xom ar
imaleba am saxelwodebaSi karsani an Tanamedrove RarTiskari, Tuki termin „qarTlSi“
mcxeTaarmazs erTianad moviazrebdiT?
9 Tu l. meliqseT-begi Tavdapirvelad toponim „bagineTs“ mcxeTis midamoebis
toponimikaSi arsebuli iranizmebis gamovlinebad miiCnevda (Меликсет-Беков Л. М., Армазни,
Историко-археологический очерк, Материалы по истории Грузии и Кавказа, Вып. II, Тб., 1938, c. 43,
mogvianebiT manve gamoTqva mosazreba, rom karsnis magnituri sadguris aSenebis Semdeg
saxelwodeba „magniti“ mavanTa mier „bagniTad“ gadakeTdao (ix. afaqiZe a., qalaqebi da
saqalaqo cxovreba Zvel saqarTveloSi, Tb., 1963, gv. 169). marTalia, termini „bagineTi“,
savaraudod, warmomdgari qarTulSi nasesxebi da bomonis, kerpTa taZris aRmniSvneli
sityvidan „bagini“, TiTqos „zedgamoWriliviT“ Seesabameba armazcixes da mis religiur
daniSnulebas, magram Znelia angariSi ar gaewios mcxeTisa da misi Semogarenis iseTi
brwyinvale mcodnis gancxadebas, rogoric leon meliqseT-begi iyo. amis gamo, Tavs
varideb naSromSi toponim „bagineTis“ gamoyenebas
10 afaqiZe a., armazcixis lokalizaciis sakiTxisaTvis, iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis isto-
riis institutis Sromebi, tomi IV, nakv. I, Tb., 1958, gv. 96-97
11 afaqiZe a., qalaqebi..., gv. 41, 42, 78, 79
12 St. Kroll, Ancient Armenian sites in Armenia and north-western Iran: Hellenistic period, Archaeology of Armenia
in Regional Context, Proceedings of the International Conference dedicated to the 50th Anniversary of the Insti-
tute of Archaeology and Ethnography Held on September 15-17, 2009 in Yerevan. P. Avetisyan & A. Bobokhyan
(Eds) (Yerevan, 2012), pp. 219f
13 iqve
290
„mefeTa cxovrebis“ qvemoT moyvanili amonaridis Sinaarsis zegavlenis
Sedegad, sadac naTqvamia: „xolo aman azon moarRÂvna zRudeni qalaqsa
mcxeTas safuZvliTurT, da dautevna oTxni igi cixeni, romelni mosdgmides
pirsa qarTlisasa: Tavadi cixe, romel ars armazi, da erTi cixe dasas-
rulsa armazisa cxÂrisasa; da erTi Tavsa zeda mcxeTisasa; meoTxe cixe,
dasavliT, mcxeTa mtkuarsa zeda“14, a. afaqiZe fiqrobda, rom „qarTli“ am
SemTxvevaSi did teritoriaze gaSlili Zveli dedaqalaqis saxeli unda
yofiliyo, romlis nawilebsac Seadgendnen: „pirvel mcxeTa“, „Zueli mcx-
eTa“, „Zueli qalaqi“, „armazi“, „armazis cixe“, „armaziT kerZi qalaqi“ da
„muxnariT kerZi qalaqi“15. Tumca Tu davakvirdebiT TviT „qarTlis cx-
ovrebis“ teqstebs, SevamCnevT, rom sityva „qarTli“ aq zogjer „qalaqis“
mniSvnelobiTac aris gamoyenebuli. mag., „...da i pyra igi zurgad, qalaqi
xunani“, varianti: „...qarTli xunani“ 16; „...mefe iqmnes Svilni maTni: armazs
_ farsman da Sida qalaqsa _ kaos“, varianti: „...Sida qarTlsa _ kaos“
17
; „...moaoÃres tfilisi da armazi qarTli“, varianti: „...armazi qalaqi“18.
CvenTvis aq sainteresoa ara is, Tu am sityvaTagan romelia ama Tu im
nusxaSi marTebulad Casworebuli, aramed TviT faqti terminebis _ „qa-
rTli“ da „qalaqi“ urTierTmonacvleobisa. s. kakabaZec SeniSnavda, rom
Tu megrulad Tbiliss „qarTi“ ewodeboda, qarTlur kiloze mas martivad,
aqemenidur xanaSi sparsulidan qarTulsa da somxurSi Semosuli saxeli
„qalaqi“ erqva da orive es saxeli erTmaneTis sinonimi iyo; ufro adreul
xanebSi ki qalaqis aRmniSvnel saxelad, misi azriT, swored TbilisisaT-
vis megrulSi xmarebuli saxeli „qarTi“ unda yofiliyo gamoyenebuli19.
misive dakvirvebiT, saxeli „qarTli“, rogorc fonetikurad, aseve semanti-
kurad, ueWvelad uaxlovdeba megrulsa da dasavleTqarTul dialeqtebSi
dadasturebul sityvebs _ „oqarTe“, „qarTas“, mniSvnelobiT: „SemozRuduli,
moRobili adgili saqonlis samwyvdevad anu baki“20. s. kakabaZe, mis mier
saerToqarTvelurad miCneul „qarTs“ ukavSirebda iranul „kerts“ (amave
14 leonti mroveli, 19: 3-6
15 afaqiZe a., qalaqebi..., gv. 163, 164. k. grigolias azriTac, termini „qarTli“ mcxeTasac
faravda da igi mTeli dedaqalaqis aRmniSvneli iyo (grigolia k., axali qarTlis
cxovreba, Tb., 1954, gv. 75
16 leonti mroveli, 31: 19
17 leonti mroveli, 44: 9, 10
18 juanSeri, 202: 19, 20; ix. yauxCiSvili s., qarTlis cxovreba, tomi I, Tb., 1955, gv. 425. k.
grigolia Tvlis, rom juanSeris mier „armazi qarTlis“ xseneba unda mowmobdes, rom
avtorma jer kidev icis am ori toponimis sinonimuroba da maT marTebulad upirisp-
irebs mcxeTas (grigolia k., dasax. naSromi, gv. 74)
19 kakabaZe s., Tbilisi me-5 saukunis meore naxevarSi, mnaTobi, #10, Tb., 1958, gv. 99, 100
20 kakabaZe s., qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis genezisis sakiTxebi, saistorio moambe, wigni
I. Tf., 1924, gv. 5; kakabaZe s., Tbilisi..., gv. 100. qarTuli enis dasavlur dialeqtebSi
„saqonlis sadgomis“ mniSvnelobis mqone „qarTa“ aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi
dasturdeba sityva „qaltas“ formiTac (Rlonti al., qiziyis toponimia (toponimikuri
Ziebani, IV), Tb., 1982, gv. 6, Sen. 13), romelic uaxlovdeba eTno-toponims _ xaldi || qaldi.
es garemoeba mxolod lingvisturi TvalsazrisiT ar unda iyos saintereso, vfiqrobT,
gasaTvaliswinebelia misi mniSvneloba terminebis „qarTisa“ da „xaldis“ erTmaneTTan
dakavSirebis SesaZleblobis mxriv (Sdr. qavTaraZe g., anatoliaSi qarTvelur tomTa
gansaxlebis sakiTxisaTvis, Tb., 1985, gv. 47-48; ix., agreTve, Меликишвили Г. А., Наири-Урарту,
Тб., 1954, с. 411, прим. 3). albaT, „xald“ Zirs ukavSirdeba prokopi kesarielis mier
moxseniebuli „okeniti Wanebis“ winaparTa mier ZvelTaganve nagebi da im droisaTvis
ukve dangreuli, xolo Semdeg iustiniane keisris mcdelobiT aRdgenili cixesimagre
- xartoni (Chartôn, Procopius Caesariensis, De Aedificis, III, 6, 15, p. 211), ufro gviandeli xanebis
- xarTi, trabzonis qedis samxreTiT da q. baiburTis Crdilo-dasavleTiT
291
 formiT sparsulidan somxurSi nasesxebsa da cnobils saSualo sauku-
neebis qarTulSi), slavur da rusul sityvebs „grad“, „gorod“ da a.S.21
a. afaqiZis azriTac, SedarebiT gviandeli da ucxouri warmomavlobis
termin „qalaqze“ uwinaresi adgilobrivi, galavniT SemozRuduli uZvele-
si dasaxlebis aRsaniSnavad qarTuli cixis aRmniSvneli termini „qarTi/
qarTli“ unda yofiliyo22.
toponimi „qarTli“ marTlac qalaqis, cixesimagris, galavniT Semovlebu-
li gamagrebuli adgilis _ akropolisis aRmniSvneli unda yofiliyo.
kasius dio armazs/qarTls sulac „akropoliss“ (Ἀκρόπολις) anu deda-cix-
es uwodebs23 da amiT TiTqos amarTlebs termin „qarTlis“ cixe-simagris
saxelwodebidan warmomavlobas. antikur xanaSi armazi/mcxeTa amierkavka-
siis centraluri safortifikacio kvanZi iyo, qveynis oTxive mxaris gza-
jvaredinis Camketi24. s. kakabaZe SeniSnavda, rom vinaidan kasius dio Sem-
degdroindel armazs „akropoliss“ anu zedaqalaqs uwodebs, anu im mTas,
romelsac erqva „qarTli“, „akropolisi“ unda yofiliyo adgilobrivi
saxelwodebis berZnuli Targmani da saxelwodeba „qarTli“ unda war-
moadgendes iseTi Ziris sityvas, romelic Tavisi mniSvnelobiT amarTleb-
da kasius dios mier mocemul zeda-qalaqis saxelwodebas25.
g. meliqiSvili, iseve rogorc s. kakabaZe, termin „qarTls“ aaxloebs analo-
giuri mniSvnelobisa („zRude, galavani, Robe, SemoRobili adgili, meseri,
baki, gomi, wvrilfexa saqonlis gomuri“) da aseve indoevropuli warmo-
mavlobis masalasTan, oRond amjerad msgavsi JReradobisa da mniSvne-
lobis mqone litvur (gar~das, gardin~ys), germanul (garda) da albanur (garϑ)
sityvebTan26.
sxva mkvlevarTagan gansxvavebiT, g. meliqiSvili termin „qarTlis“ warmo-
mavlobis sakiTxs metad farTo sivrcobriv da qronologiur CarCoebSi
ganixilavs da swored am metad vrcel CarCoebSi moqceviT ganpirobebu-
li arcTu mTlad mkafiod gamokveTili suraTis SeTavazebiT Semdgomi
kvleva-Ziebis mastimulirebel Tvalsazriss ayenebs. vinaidan analogiu-
ri Ziridan nawarmoebi da msgavsi Sinaarsis mqone sityvebi farTod aris
gavrcelebuli indoevropul enebSi, g. meliqiSvili fiqrobda, rom es si-
tyva, mTel rig sxva qarTul-indoevropul leqsikur paralelebTan erTad,
qarTvelur enebSi dadasturebuli im ucnobi warmomavlobis indoevro-
puli leqsikis fenis kuTvnileba unda iyos, romelic qarTvelur enebSi
cnobili gzebiT (iranulidan, berZnulidan, somxuridan da sxv.) ar unda
moxvedriliyo27. g. meliqiSvilis azriT, sesxeba ufro adreul epoqaSia sa-
21 kakabaZe s., Tbilisi..., gv. 100
22 afaqiZe a., qalaqebi..., gv. 160
23 Cary, Dio’s Roman History, with an English translation by E. Cary on the basis of the version of H. B. Foster, vol.
III. The Loeb Classical Library, London & Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1969,; Dio, 37, 1, 4
24 ix. afaqiZe a., qalaqebi..., gv. 159-221
25 kakabaZe s., qarTuli..., gv. 5, 7
26 meliqiSvili g., saqarTvelos, kavkasiisa da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis uZvelesi
mosaxleobis sakiTxisaTvis (Tbilisi, 1965), gv. 237-240; g. meliqiSvili, qarTli (iberia) Zv.
w. VI-IV saukuneebSi. qarTlis samefos warmoqmna, saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, tomi
I, Tb., 1970, gv. 427-429. ix., agreTve, anTelava i., saqarTvelos saistorio-wyaroTmcodneobiTi
Ziebani, Tb., 2002, gv. 492-501
27 ix. meliqiSvili g., saqarTvelos..., gv. 206-237, 239, 240
292
varaudebeli, vidre es zemomoxseniebuli saTanado kontaqtebis meSveobiT
unda yofiliyo mosalodneli da, Sesabamisad, gamoricxuli Cans sesxeba
im indoevropuli enebidan, romlebTanac qarTuls ukanaskneli 2000-2500
wlis manZilze intensiuri urTierToba hqonda. Tumca, igi verc im ufro
adreul indoevropul enebSi (Trakiul-frigiulSi, xeTur-luviurSi da
sxv.) xedavs sesxebis wyaros, romlebTanac SesaZloa hqonodaT kontaqti
qarTvelur enebs da SeniSnavs, rom vinaidan bevri am sityvaTagani sxva-
dasxva qarTvelur enebSi kanonzomieri bgeraTSesatyvisobis dacviT aris
warmodgenili, isini qarTvelur enaTa diferenciamdel xanas ganekuTvne-
bodnen, ris gamoc aucilebeli xdeba zemoaRniSnuli masalis warmomav-
lobis Zieba kidev ufro adreul xanebSi28. g. meliqiSvilis TvalTaxedviT,
radgan es ucnobi warmomavlobis indoevropuli fena qarTvelur enebSi
ariuli, somxuri, Trakiul-frigiuli Tu xeTur-luviuri warmomavlobis
mqoned ver CaiTvleba, Cndeba varaudi mtkvar-araqsis kulturis matare-
beli mosaxleobis indoevropuli kuTvnilebis Sesaxeb, romelic Semdeg
enobrivad asimilirebuli iyo qarTvelur tomTa mier da romelTaTvi-
sac aRniSnulma indoevropulma mosaxleobam substratis roli Seasrula:
mZlavri gavlena moaxdina gamarjvebulTa enis struqturasa da leqsikaze29.
Tumca lingvistTa azriT, leqsikuri da struqturul-ti pologiuri Ta-
viseburebebis mxriv indoevropul da qarTvelur enebs Soris arsebuli
saocari izomorfizmi, SesaZloa, aixsnas ara mxolod axlo kontaqtebiT
proto-indoevropulsa da proto-qarTvelurs Soris, aramed, safiqrebelia,
rom isini „proto-qarTvelur-proto-indoevropuli wina-proto enobrivi
erTobis“ Semadgenel nawilebs warmoadgendnen da amdenad es msgavseba
ufro unda metyvelebdes maT saerTo warmomavlobaze30. specialistTa az-
riT, bevrad ufro advilia am or ojaxs Soris Zalze Soreuli genetikuri
kavSirebis mtkiceba, vidre ramenairi istoriuli saxis urTierTobebisa
proto-indoevropuli enis arsebobis periodis ganmavlobaSi31. Tu enaT-
mecnierTa am mosazrebebs gaviziarebT, gagviWirdeba sityva „qarTlis“ eti-
mologiis aseT farTo sivrcobriv da qronologiur CarCoebSi ganxilva
da misi mtkvar-araqsis kulturis matarebeli mosaxleobis indoevropuli
Tu proto-indoevropuli kuTvnilebiT axsna.
termin „qarTlis“ raobis garkvevis araerT sxva mcdelobasac hqonia adg-
ili, romelTac amjerad aRar SevexebiT. viTvaliswinebT mxolod, rom
arcTu iSviaTad, erTi SexedviT metad maxvilgonierad SeniSnulma srul-
ma an nawilobrivma damTxvevam zogjer SesaZloa savsebiT gansxvavebul
sivrcobriv Tu qronologiur ganzomilebebSi gadagviyvanos da kvlevis
28 iqve, gv. 241-243
29 iqve, gv. 244. d. musxeliSvilis azriT, eTnonim „qarTuelis“ arseboba „TrialeTuri
kulturis“ drodan aris savaraudo, romlis matarebeli tomebi, ZiriTadad, ukve qar-
Tis (qarTu) tomebi unda yofiliyvnen (musxeliSvili d., qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodebis
istoriisaTvis, saqarTvelosa da qarTvelebis aRmniSvneli ucxouri da qarTuli ter-
minologia, Tb., 1993, gv. 349, 350
30 Gamkrelidze T., V., & Ivanov V., V., The Problem of the Original Homeland of the Speakers of Indo-Eropean
Languages, Journal of Indo-European Studies, vol. 13, 1985, p. 177; D’iakonov I. M., On the Original Home of
the Speakers of IndoEuropean, Journal of Indo-European Studies, vol. 13, 1985, pp. 118f., 154; D’iakonov (Dia-
konoff) I. M., Language Contacts in the Caucasus and the Near East, When Worlds Collide: the Indo-Europeans
and the Pre-Indo-Europeans. Linguistica Extranea Studia 19. T. L. Markey & J. A. C. Greppin (Eds), Ann Arbor,
1990, p. 61
31 Mallory J. P., In Search of the Indo-Europeans. Language, Archaeology and Myth, London, 1989, pp. 150f
293
 sagans dagvaSoros. sazogadod, lingvisturi Tu materialuri kulturis
calkeuli nimuSebis identuroba Tu siaxlove bevris arafris mTqmelia
im konteqstis gareSe, sadac esa Tu is fenomeni iCens Tavs. am mxriv ter-
min „qarTlTan“ mimarTebiT, Cemi azriT, sakmaod mkafiod ikveTeba sivrco-
brivi, qronologiuri, kulturuli da lingvisturi konteqsti, romelsac,
vfiqrob, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba unda mieniWos termin „qarTli/qarTis“
arsis warmomavlobis, gavrcelebisa da kuTvnilebis sakiTxTa garkvevisas.
mxedvelobaSi maqvs, faqtobrivad, Tanadroulad da ZiriTadad erTmaneTis
momijnave teritoriebze gavrcelebuli, Sinaarsobrivad da fonetikurad
erTmaneTTan TvalsaCinod dakavSirebuli toponimebis vrceli CamonaTva-
li, romlis raobis dadgenas XIX saukunis meore naxevris germanelma ori-
entalistebma avtoritetuli germanuli Jurnalis (“Zeitschrift der deutschen
morgenländischen Gesellschaft“) furclebze xangrZlivi da produqtiuli di-
skusia miuZRvnes. am diskusiis Sedegebi dResac inarCuneben samecniero
mniSvnelobas da Tanac _ miesadagebian Cveni ganxilvis sagans. didi alba-
TobiT, s. kakabaZisa da g. meliqiSvilis varaudebi termin „qarTli/qarTis“
warmomavlobis Taobaze am diskusiis monacemebidan unda iRebdnen saTaves.
vinaidan yvela xalxisa da epoqis geografiul nomenklaturaSi SeiniSneba
mkafiod gamokveTili tendencia _ ucxouri enebidan nasesxebi idiomebiT
moxdes iseTi cnebebis Canacvleba, rogoricaa „qalaqi“, „cixesimagre“ da
sxv., garkveuli kulturuli Sinaarsis matarebeli sityvebis mimarT ga-
morCeuli midrekilebis gamo aseTi cnebebi sakmaod Sors vrceldebian
TavianTi pirveladi gavrcelebis keridan da gadaiqcevian xolme didi
sivrceebis momcvel, moxetiale, „modur“ terminebad. amis nimuSad miiCne-
va drosa da sivrceSi ukiduresad gawelili berZnuli πόλις-i, romelmac
aTasobiT wlebis Semdegac iCina Tavi rogorc braziliaSi (Petropolis), aseve
ruseTSi (Ставрополь, Симферополь da sxv.). cnobilia sxva SemTxvevebic, mag.,
elinisturi xanis sirielebis mier koSkis aRmniSvneli berZnuli _ πύργος-
idan nawarmoebi arabuli ‫ ربج‬da bizantiuri xanis TurqulSi Sesuli _
burghaz-i, romlebic cixe-simagris aRmniSvnel mraval arabul da Turqul
toponims daedo safuZvlad (Sdr. samxreTdasavlurqarTuli toponimebi _
`borCxa~, `borjomi“). romauli xanis laTinuri castrum-i (samxedro banaki),
arabuli formiT _‫ _ ﻗﺼﺮ‬asamde toponimis mawarmoeblad gadaiqca32.
Zvel samyaroSi aseTive didi sivrceebis momcveli, moxetiale, „moduri“
termini unda yofiliyo cixe-simagris aRmniSvneli karta da misgan, rogorc
Semadgeneli nawilisagan, nawarmoebi toponimebi. sakmarisia iTqvas, rom am
terminma egvi pteSic ki SeaRwia qartħă-s saxiT, xolo finikielTa meSveobiT
CrdiloeT afrikasa da iberiis naxevarkunZulze gavrcelda33.
cnobili germaneli orientalistisa da di plomatis - oto blaus (1828-
1879 ww.) gancxadebiT, ukve ori aTasi welia cdiloben termin - karta/kerta-s
mniSvnelobis dadgenas. msgavsZiriani terminebis arsebobis Sesaxeb uZve-
lesi berZnuli werilobiTi cnoba ganekuTvneba anaqsimeness34, romelsac
32 Blau O., Ueber -karta, -kerta in Ortsnamen, Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländischen Gesellschaft, Bd 31,
Leipzig, 1877, SS. 497-498
33 Blau O., dasax. naSromi, gv. 498
34 Anaximenes, Frag. 191. ix. Blau O., dasax. naSromi, gv. 495. anaqsimeness o. blau Zv. w. III sauku-
nis moRvawed Tvlis (iqve). Tumca aq adgili unda hqondes uneblie uzustobas, cxadia,
294
evstaTi Tesalonikeli miawers stefane bizantielis eTnogeografiuli
leqsikonis _ „eTnikis“ meSveobiT Semonaxul informacias imis Taoba-
ze, rom persepolisis sparsuli saxelwodeba _ Πασσαργάδαι, anu berZnu-
lad: Περσῶν στρατόπεδον35, sparsul enaze niSnavda „sparsul banaks“36. Tumca
Πασαργάδαι, aqemenianTa pirveli dedaqalaqi, kiros II didis mier Tavisi
laSqris dasabanakeblad daaxl. Zv. w. 559-530 ww. daarsebuli, masTan Se-
darebiT ufro gviandeli persepolisisagan 87 km-iT aris Crdilo-aR-
mosavleTiT daSorebuli. am saxelwodebis „farsis baRebad“ (Πασαργάδαι,
sparsulad: ‫ _ ﭘﺎﺳﺎرﮔﺎد‬Pāsārgād) gaazreba ufro gviandel xanas unda ekuT-
vnodes. benzeleris berZnul-germanuli leqsikonis monacemebiT, sityva
Πᾰσαργάδαι-T sparselTa uZvelesi tomi aRiniSneboda, saidanac SeirCeoda
xolme molaSqreTa winamZRolebi, sardlebi37. anaqsimenesidan momdinare
cnobis marTebulobasa Tu mcdarobas Cveni kvlevis sagnisaTvis arsebiTi
mniSvneloba ar unda hqondes; mniSvneloba aqvs da gasaTvaliswinebelia
Zv. w. IV saukunidan momdinare informacia sityva γάδαι Tu γάρδα-s berZnul
στρατόπεδον-Tan gaigivebis Taobaze.
toponim „fasargadis“ sawyiss formad o. blau Παρσα-γάρδα-s (Pârsakarta)
varaudobda38. amasTan dakavSirebiT igi iTvaliswinebda agreTve apianes
„miTridates omebsa“ da stefane bizantielTan SemorCenil asinius kvadra-
tusis „parTikis“ fragmentebSi dacul im cnobebs, saidanac irkveva, rom
tigran II-is dedaqalaqis saxelwodeba _ Τιγρανόκερτα _ sparsulad niSnavda
tigranis qalaqs _ Τιγρανόπολις39. ToTiusis laTinuri leqsikonis ganmarteb-
iTac, sityva ,,certa“ aRmosavlur enaze qalaqs niSnavs40. aseve, menandre
protiqtoris SuamdinareTSi mdebare Μονόκαρτον-s, romelsac stefane bizan-
tielTan Seesabameba Μαννάκαρτα, xolo „ravenis kosmografiaSi“ _Manacarta,
uraniusi (savaraudod, ax. w. I saukunis avtori siriuli apameidan, romlis
nawerTa fragmentebi stefane bizantielis „eTnikis“ meSveobiT Semoinaxa)
Μάννεως χώρα-s saxiT Targmnis, rac „maneelTa alags, miwas, mxares“ niSnavs41.
-karta da -kerta toponimebis Sinaarsobrivi Tanxvedra eWvs ar iwvevs da
maTi nawilobrivi fonetikuri sxvaoba dialeqturi garemos zemoqmedebas
ar unda cildebodes. termin -karta-dan anda misi ganStoebebidan nawarmoeb
toponimebad miCneulia42:
rom aRniSnul pirovnebaSi sinamdvileSi igulisxmeba aleqsandre makedonelis maswav-
lebeli da misi Tanmxlebi aziur eqspediciaSi Zv. w. IV saukuneSi moRvawe anaqsimenesi
(Ἀναξιμένης) lampsakosidan (Zv. w. 380-320 ww.)
35 Bernhardy, Dionysius Periēgētes Graece et Latine cum vetustis commentariis et interpretationibus ex recensione
et cum annotatione Godofredi Bernhardy, Lipsiae/Leipzig, 1828, pp. 301, 302: 1069 (24-35, 1-17), 968: 1069,
14: ἒϑνικά k. Compara in his Steph. v. Πασσαργάδαι, unde fragmenti huius auctor Anaximenes cognoscitur;
Sdr. Steph. Byz. s. v. Πασσαργάδαι; A. Meineke, Stephani Byzantii Ethnicorum quae supersunt, ex recensione
Augusti Meinekii, Berolini/Berlin, 1849, 509-510 (17, 1-8)
36 Blau 1877, 495. ZvelberZnuli _ στρατόπεδον, garda „banakisa“ niSnavs, agreTve, „TavdacviT
galavans“, „simagres“, ix. Benselers Griechisch-Deutsches Wörterbuch. Bearbeitet von A. Kaegi, Leipzig,
1981, S. 732
37 iqve, gv. 608
38 Blau O., dasax. naSromi, gv. 495; Sdr. J. Conder. Persia and China, London, 1830, pp. 67-68
39 Appian, Bell. Mithr., 57; Asinius Quadratus, Parthika, fr. 14; ix. Blau O., dasax. naSromi, gv. 495
40 Totius Latinitatis Lexicon. Egidio Forcellini, Jacobus Bailey. Consilio et cura Jabobi Facciolati, Londini/London,
1828, p. 1146
41 Blau O., dasax. naSromi, gv. 495, 496; H. von Wissmann, Uranios, Paulys Realencyclopädie der Classischen
Altertumswissenschaft, Supplementband XI, Stuttgart, 1968, gv. 1278-1292
42 Blau O., dasax. naSromi, gv. 500-502
295
 1. babiloneTsa da dasavleT suzianaSi: 1. Vologesicerta; 2. Βατράχαρτα; 3. Destag-
erd; 4. Hormuzǵird; 5. Aristaǵird; 6. Wasagerd; 7. Susanǵird.
2. asureTsa da SuamdinareTSi: 1. Μονόκαρτον; 2. Μαννάκαρτα; 3. Minicerta; 4.
Χατράχαρτα; 5. Ζαριγάρδια.
3. armeniaSi: 1. Zikarta; 2. Τιγρανόκερτα; 3. Άρκαϑιόκερτα; 4. Άρταγίγαρτα; 5. Ήλεγέρδα;
6. Δαδόκερτα; 7. Καπνισκέρτι; 8. Σανόχαρτα; 9. Μάκαρτα/Μανάκαρτα; 10. Μαρτίκερτα/
Μερτίκερτα; 11. Μαντζικίερτ; 12. Manavazgerd; 13. Melazgerd; 14. Hatamagerd; 15. Haïg-
erd; 16. Henaragerd; 17. Tzolagerd; 18. Tzungerd; 19. Vagarshagerd; 20. Shemiramagerd; 21.
Nephrkert; 22. Vanakert; 23. Gilgerd; 24. Meshingerd; 25. Tawasgerd; 26. Alaschgerd.
4. midiaSi: 1. Γιλίγερδα; 2. Μαζίκερτον; 3. Maragerd; 4. Paguragerd; 5. Phaurǵird; 6. Ash-
nadǵird; 7. Dastaǵird; 8. Buzanaǵird; 9. Burûgird; 10. Walashgird.
5. hirkaniaSi: 1. Κάρτα; 2. Ζαδράκαρτα; 3. Phuzgird.
6. parTiasa da xorezmSi: 1. Πασακαρτία; 2. Bashgird; 3. Bulanǵird; 4. Bugagerd.
7. transsoqsianasa da xorasanSi: 1. Χαράχαρτα; 2. Chatracharta.
zemoCamoTvlilTa Soris SeimCneva SedarebiT gviandeli xanis saxelwode-
bebic. kerZod, somxur-sparsuli enebSi dadasturebul qalaqis aRmniSvnel
terminebSi SedarebiT ufro gviandel formebad miiCneven gird-ze da jird-ze
daboloebulebs. specialistTa azriT, es formebi Tavdapirvelad arse-
buli karta-sagan arian warmomdgari43. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom adgilis
dasaxelebis _ Valâšgird/Balâšgird-is uZvelesi formaa Vologesocerta (rogorc
amas pliniusi iuwyeba), sityva gird-s h. hiubSmanic sazogadod kert/karta-dan
warmoqmnilad miiCnevs44.
ganxiluli toponimebis sivrcobriv ganfenasTan dakavSirebiT, o. blaus
azriT, adgili aqvs erT, aSkarad TvalSisacem, garemoebas, kerZod, imas, rom
aseTi saxelebis qseli mxolod semiturTan mosazRvre iranuli enobrivi
arealis dasavleT da CrdiloeT kideebze, Turanuli arealis SigniT iCens
Tavs, maSin rodesac aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT maTi kvali ar SeiniSneba,
xolo samxreTisaken _ sporadulia. misive azriT,is areali,sadac toponime-
bi -kerta, -kerd gansakuTrebiT xSiria, verc teritoriuli TvalsazrisiT da
verc eTnografiul-lingvisturi TaviseburebebiT, erTiani saxelwodebis
qveS ver erTiandeba, Tumca iqve dasZens, rom es areali (transsoqsianidan
kaspiis zRvamde da Semdeg armeniis gavliT evfratamde) Turaneli tomebis
momTabareobis zonas warmoadgenda, romelTac parTelTa ZlevamosilebaSi
umTavresi wvlili hqondaT Setanili; Sesabamisad, am arealis toponimebis
interpretaciisas Turanuli warmomavlobis sityvebis ar gaTvaliswineba,
misi azriT, ar iqneboda gamarTlebuli45.
o. blaus sapirispirod, T. nioldeke SeniSnavda, rom, rogorc es ukve Tavad
o. blaum cxadyo, msgavsi saxelwodebebi yvelaze ufro xSiri armeniasa
da xorasanSia, Tumca, amave dros armeniis samxreTidan momijnave mxareebSi,
43 Blau O., dasax. naSromi, gv. 500
44 Hübschmann H., Iranisch-armenische Namen auf karta, kert, gird, Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländischen
Gesellschaft, Bd 30, 1876, S. 140
45 Blau O., dasax. naSromi, gv. 502-505.Omiuxedavad zemoT gamoTqmuli mosazrebisa, o. blaus,
imave werilSi moyvanili aqvs angariSgasawevi argumentacia, metyveli termin _καρτα-s
SesaZlo arameuli warmomavlobis sasargeblod (ix., qvemoT)
296
eraySi, faqtobrivad, iranis mTel gayolebaze da transsoqsianaSic vrcel-
deba; aseve, gavrcelebulia iranis im mxareebSi, romlebic sakmaod daSo-
rebuli iyvnen TuranelTa zegavlenisagan, mag., farsSi, qermanSi, midielTa
calkeul olqebSi. amitom, misi azriT, aseTi saxelwodebebis formireba
iranuli enis gavrcelebis arealSi unda momxdariyo46. qronologiuri
Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinare, T. nioldeke SeniSnavs, rom transsoqsianaSi
gerd-elementis Semcveli saxelebi verc parTelebisa da verc sasanianTa
batonobis xanisad ver CaiTvleba da aqemenianTa xanis kuTvnilebas unda
warmoadgendes47. h. hiubSmanis azriTac, iranuli saxelwodebebi dariosis
dros iranis mTel teritoriaze farTod iyo gavrcelebuli48.
o. blaus mosazrebis mimarT -karta da -kerta toponimebis parTuli anda
Turanuli warmomavlobis Taobaze kidev ufro mkacria a. d. mordtmani,
romelic SeniSnavs, rom vinaidan, Tavad o. blau acxadebs, rom igi ar aris
garkveuli parTelebis eTnografiul adgilmdebareobaSi, SegviZlia mas-
Tan diskusias am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Tavi avaridoT49.
amave dros ar SeiZleba ar iTqvas, rom bevrad ufro damajereblad ga-
moiyureba is masala, romelic o. blaus gansaxilveli toponimebis ar-
ameuli warmomavlobis saCveneblad aqvs moxmobili. o. blau aRiarebs,
rom rodesac axlo aRmosavleTSi -καρτα Semadgeneli nawilis Semcvel
saxelebis wyaros viZiebT, unda gaviTvaliswinoT is garemoeba, rom sity-
va karta, rogorc „qalaqis“ aRmniSvneli apelativi, imdenad xSiri iyo, rom
nebismieri adgilobrivi berZeni, somexi Tu ebraeli mis am mniSvnelobas
spontanurad xvdeboda; Sesabamisad, am terminis warmomqmneli erTaderTi
savaraudo enobrivi garemo mxolod Crdilosemituri da gansakuTrebiT
_ arameuli SeiZleba yofiliyo. misi azriT, metad macduria is mosazre-
ba, romlis Tanaxmadac termini -καρτα Tavidanve qalaqis aRmniSvneli iyo
da arameul-Zvelebrauli sityvidan _ ‫( קרתא‬krta) aris nasesxebi, vinaidan
aqemenianTa, arSakidebisa da sasanianTa epoqaSi arameuli enis zegavlena
mkafiod sagrZnobia im mxareebSi, sadac aseTi saxelwodebebi iCens Tavs.
es zegavlena aseve aisaxeba sazogadod adgilobriv xalxur metyvelebaSi,
Tumca, yvelaze ufro metad geografiul nomenklaturaSia SesamCnevi. o.
blaus azriT, gansakuTrebiT is swavlulebi, romelTac ar gaaCniaT viwro
filologiuri cnobiereba da sagans farTo kulturul-istoriuli Tval-
Taxedvidan ganixilaven, advilad gaiziareben Sexedulebas am terminis ka-
vSiris Sesaxeb „qalaqis“ aRmniSvnel arameuli warmomavlobis sityvasTan,
ufro ukeTesi alternatiuli Tvalsazrisis uqonlobis gamo50.
b. dornis varaudiTac, romelic aseve XIX saukunis samocdaaTian wlebSia
gamoTqmuli, hirkaniuli adgilis dasaxelebis _ Zadrakarta-s Semadgeneli
nawili -καρτα SesaZloa qalaqis aRmniSvnel arameul-fehlevur -‫קרתה‬-s (krth)
warmoadgendes51.
46 Nöldeke Th., Ueber iranische Ortsnamen auf kert und andere Endungen, Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenlän-
dischen Gesellschaft, Bd 33, 1879, SS. 148, 151, 152
47 Nöldeke Th., dasax. naSromi, gv. 153
48 Hübschmann H., dasax. naSromi, gv. 141
49 Mordtmann A. D., Ueber die Endung kart, kert, gird in Städtenamen, Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländischen
Gesellschaft, Bd 32, 1878, S. 725
50 Blau O., dasax. naSromi, gv. 497, 498
51 Dorn B., Caspia (St. Petersburg, 1875), Anm. 7
297
 mosazreba, rom termini κερτα/καρτα qalaqis aRmniSvneli ebraul-arameuli
sityvidan _ ‫קרתה‬, ‫ _קרתא‬aris nasesxebi, ar aRmoCnda yvelasTvis misaRebi:
T. nioldekes azriT, Tu davuSvebdiT semituri enebidan msgavsi sityvebis
sesxebis SesaZleblobas, maSin isini somxur-semitur anda semitur-iranul
sasazRvro zonebSi sakmaod gavrcelebuli unda yofiliyvnen, magram mis-
ive gancxadebiT, am teritoriaze sityva _‫קרתא‬-dan nawarmoebi arc sakuTriv
semituri toponimebi iCenen Tavs52.
termin κερτα/καρτα-s warmomavlobis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT msjelobisas,
albaT, saTanadod aris gasaTvaliswinebeli is kargad cnobili faqti, rom
jer kidev Zv. w. IX saukuneSi ‫( קרת חדשת‬Qart-Hadašt) (igive karTageni), anu
„axalqalaqi“, arameulis axlomonaTesave punikur/finikiur enaze daerqva
CrdiloeT afrikaSi axaldaarsebul savaWro kolonias.
rogorc ukve viciT, „qalaqis“ aRmniSvnel arameul sityvas _ ‫ קרתא‬war-
moadgenda, xolo arameuli ena erT-erTi ZiriTadi saxelmwifo ena iyo
aqemenianTa zegavlenis qveS myof armazcixis adreul binadarTaTvis da
Semdegac, ax. w. VII saukunemde, axlo aRmosavleTSi igi lingua franca-s war-
moadgenda53; amdenad, savsebiT dasaSvebia, swored sityva _ ‫ קרתא‬dasdebo-
da safuZvlad termin qarT-l-s54. arameul termins kidev imis gamo unda
mieniWos gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba, rom savaraudoa mcxeTis erT-erTi
umniSvnelovanesi simagris, aragvispirTan mdebare „beltis cixis“ saxelic
(amJamad cnobili bebris/beris cixed), romelic mcxeTa-armazcixis saerTo
safortifikacio sistemis nawils warmoadgenda da ketavda CrdiloeTis
Sesasvlels, warmomdgari iyos aseve „cixesimagris“ aRmniSvneli arameu-
li sityvidan _ „birta“55. amasTan dakavSirebiT, iqneb gasaTvaliswinebeli
iyos, „qarTlis cxovrebis“ cnobis, mtkvargamoRma (armazcixis, igive „mTa
qarTlis“) da mtkvargaRma (mcxeTis) mxareTa mefeebis, qarTamisa da bar-
tomis saxelTa SesaZlo kavSiric cixesimagreebis aRmniSvnel arameul
sityvebTan _ karta da birta da, Sesabamisad, am sityvebiT moxseniebul maT
rezidenciebTan Tu umTavres safortifikacio nagebobebTan _ armazcix-
52 Nöldeke Th., dasax. naSromi, gv. 151
53 Greenfield J. C., Aramaic in the Achaemenian Empire, The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 2. The Median
and Achaemenian periods. I. Gershevitch (Ed.) (Cambridge, 1985), pp. 698-713
54 t. futkaraZis azriT, termin „qarTlSi“ -l- determinant sufiqss warmoadgens. igi iT-
valiswinebs im garemoebas, rom warmomavlobis, Tvisebisa da mqoneblobis aRmniSvnel
-an-, -ur-, el- sufiqsebis ufro Zvel funqciur variants -l/r- sufiqsi warmoadgenda,
mag.: Tov-s _ Tov-l-i, mama _ mam-r-i, qarTi _ qarT-l-i da a. S. (piradi informacia).
damafiqrebelia q. arTvinis CrdilodasavleTiT, md. Woroxis marcxena napirTan mde-
bare soflisa da mTis saxeli _ „qarTla“, romelic dadasturebulia, agreTve, „kast-
las“ formiT (sixaruliZe i., nigali (livana). saistorio geografiis sakiTxebi, baTumi,
1985, gv. 44), Sdr., laT. castellum _ „cixesimagre, forti, gamagrebuli adgili, TavSesafari,
mTis samosaxlo“, rac, SesaZloa, kidev erTxel migvaniSnebdes „qarT/ard/arT“-Ziriani
saxelebis semantikur kavSirs cixesimagrisa Tu qalaqis aRmniSvnel sityvebTan da,
vin icis, iqneb laTinuri Porta („karibWe, Sesasvleli“) imalebodes xanZTis meore,
araqarTul saxelwodebaSi _ „forTa“. Tumca toponimi „xanZTa“ ufro arqauli Cans
da SesaZloa ganekuTvnebodes im „an“-Ziriani saxelebis wyebas, romlebic uxvadaa war-
modgenili samxreT saqarTvelosa da mis momijnave mxareebSi
55 Brockelmann C., Syrische Grammatik mit Paradigmen: Literatur, Chrestomathie und Glossar, Neunte Auflage,
Leipzig, 1962, S. 154*; Sdr. qavTaraZe g., anatoliaSi..., gv. 85, 173, Sen. 361. sayuradReboa,
rom karTagenSic gvxvdeba msgavsi JReradobis saxelwodeba _ birtha _ adgilobrivi
akropolisas aRmniSvnelad
298
esTan („mTa qarTli“) da mcxeTa-bebris („beltis“ Tu „berdis“) cixesTan56.
arameuli termini _ ‫קרתא‬, Tavis mxriv, dakavSirebuli unda iyos cixeqalaqis
aRmniSvnel xuritul terminTan „ard-i/arte-ni“. am xurituli terminidan
Cans nawarmoebi qalaq musasiris urartuli saxelwodeba „ardini“; analo-
giuri saxelwodebebis qalaqebi cnobilia agreTve etiunis qveynidan da
rusaxinilis maxloblad57. erTi SexedviT, TiTqos qarTulenovan samyaro-
Si adreuli xanebidanve fexi hqonda mokidebuli cixe-qalaqis aRmniSvnel
am xuritul termins, romelmac regionSi aqemenianTa dominirebis xanaSi
analogiuri mniSvnelobisa da JReradobis mqone da, SesaZloa, misganve
nawarmoebi arameuli sityvis _ ‫קרתא‬-s zegavleniT SeiZina anlautSi velar-
uli fonema. aseTi varaudis SesaZleblobaze, albaT, unda migvaniSnebdes
qarTul sinamdvileSi dadasturebuli araerTi cixesimagris aRmniSvneli
da „arT/art/ard“-Ziriani toponimi.
sainteresoa, rom klavdios ptolemaiosis „geografiuli saxelmZRvane-
los“ mixedviT, erT-erTi mniSvnelovani iberiuli dasaxleba yofila
_ Ἀρτάνισσ58, romelsac zogierTi mkvlevari pliniusis Harmastis-Tan (igive
Μεστλῆτα-Harmozica-sTan anu armaz-mcxeTasTan) aigivebda (r. q. porTeri)59,
zogi _ q. artaanTan (p. ioseliani, s. kakabaZe), zogic _ artanujTan (v. to-
maSeki, n. lomouri)60. Tumca, rogorc viciT, pliniusis Harmastis/Harmastus-i61
(igive kasius dios Ἀκρόπολις-s), klaudios ptolemaios ara Ἀρτάνισσα-s, aramed
Ἀρμάκτικα-s formiT aqvs moxseniebuli62, rac strabonis Ἀρμοζική-s63 (anu „ar-
mazcixes“) Seesabameba.
marTalia, n. lomouri SeniSnavs, rom ptolemaiosis koordinatTa siste-
ma misTvis iseTi Soreuli qveynis aRwerisas, rogoric kavkasiaa, sruli-
ad gamouyenebelia64, magram, safiqrebelia, rom maT, zog SemTxvevaSi,
garkveuli SedarebiTi mniSvneloba mainc unda hqonodaT; kerZod, erTi
mxriv, kolxeTisaTvis da meore mxriv _ kavkasiis albaniisaTvis gamoy-
enebuli koordinatebi mkveTrad gansxvavdeboda erTmaneTisagan, xolo
maTgan ki _ gansxvavebulia iberiisaTvis gamoyenebuli koordinatebi.
56 qavTaraZe g., mcxeTis uZvelesi adgilmdebareobisa da saxelwodebis sakiTxisaTvis, is-
toriisa da eTnologiis institutis Sromebi, t. X-XI, Tb., 2010/2011, gv. 55. „mefeTa cxovre-
bis“ teqstis mixedviT: „xolo amas aderkis esxnes orni Zeni, romelTa erqua saxelad
erTsa bartom da meoresa qarTam. da amaT ganuyo yoveli queyana TÂsi: misca qalaqi
mcxeTa da queyana mtkuarsa Sida qarTli, muxnariT kerZi qalaqi da yoveli qarTli
mtkuarsa CrdiloeTi, hereTiTgan vidre Tavadmde qarTlisa da egrisisa - ese yove-
li misca bartoms Zesa TÂssa, xolo armaziT kerZi qalaqi, mtkuarsa samxriT qarTli,
xunaniTgan vidre Tavadmde mtkurisa, da klarjeTi yoveli misca qarTams Zesa TÂssa.
da mokuda aderki“ (leonti mroveli, 43: 18-24)
57 Арутюнян Н. В., Корпус Урартских Клинообразных Надписей (Ереван, 2001), c. 496, 497
58 F. A. Nobbe (Ed.), Ptolemy, Claudii Ptolemaei Geographia, Volume 2, Lipsiae, 1845; Cl. Ptol., 5, 11, 3
59 Porter R. K., Travels in Georgia, Persia, Armenia, Ancient Babylonia (1817-1820), vol. I, London, 1821, pp. 104, 110
60 lomouri n., klavdios ptolemaiosi, „geografiuli saxelmZRvanelo“, cnobebi
saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, masalebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis istoriisaTvis, nakv. 34, 1955,
gv. 59, 60
61 Mayhoff K. F. T., (Ed.), Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia. English translation by Bostock J., Riley H.T. (Lipsiae,
1906); Plin., n.h., 6, 29
62 Nobbe K. F. A., dasax. naSromi; Cl. Ptol., 5, 11, 3
63 Strabo 11, 3, 5; ix. Jones H. L., The Geography of Strabo, with an English translation by Horace Leonard Jones,
vol. V . The Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, 1961, gv. 221
64 lomouri n., dasax. naSromi, gv. 40
299
 Tu Cven klavdios ptolemaiosis koordinatebis SedarebiT mniSvnelo-
bas gaviTvaliswinebT, unda vivaraudoT Ἀρτάνισσα-s mdebareoba mcxeTis-
gan (ptolemaiosiseuli Μεστλῆτα) Crdilo-aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT65.
sainteresoa, rom am regionSi dadasturebulia „ard“-Ziriani saxelebi:
centraluri amierkavkasiis CrdiloeT nawilSi, kavkasionis mTavari qe-
dis mimdebare mxareebSi, mag. ardoti (cixesofeli piriqiT xevsureTSi,
md. andaqis marcxena napirze), iqneb arxotic (←ardxoti), arTxmo (ka-
vkasionis mTavari wyalgamyofi qedis CrdiloeT kalTaze, stefanwmin-
didan 15 km), ardvisi (sof. eredvTan), ardisi (md. mejudis saTavesTan),
arTani/arTana (Telavidan 26 km-is daSorebiT, kavkasionis mTis kalTebis
samxreTiT), artani (TianeTidan 13 km manZilze, ivris marjvena napirze).
md. Tergis ukiduresi zemo welis mxares, Zveli somxuri wyaroebis, kerZod,
anania Sirakacis e. w. VII saukunis somxuri geografiis anu „aSxarhacuicis“
Tanaxmad, „ardozi“ ewodeboda da miCneulia, rom es toponimi nawarmoebi
unda iyos osuri oerduz-idan, mniSvnelobiT: tyiani mdelo, axo66. magram,
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT xuritul-urartuli warmomavlobis „ard“-Ziriani
saxelebis simravles amierkavkasiaSi, albaT, ar unda moi povebodes safuZ-
veli maTgan toponim „ardozis“ daSorebisaTvis. rogorc Cans, swored am
saxelwodebas _ „ardozi“ aigivebda movses xorenaci vaspurakanSi mdebare
adgilis saxelwodebasTan _ „artazi“67, rodesac SeniSnavda, rom „artazs“
es saxeli TiTqosda imis gamo ewoda, rom am adgilas somexTa mefes ar-
taSess dausaxlebia amave saxelwodebis mqone mxaridan wamosxmuli tyve
alanebi68.
rogorc zemoTac aRvniSnavdiT, qarTul enobriv samyaroSi gvxvdeba cixes-
imagris aRmniSvneli mravali art/ard-fuZiani toponimi. zemoCamoTvlilebTan
erTad, savaraudod, aseTi toponimebi unda iyos: „aradeTi“, „ardasa“, „ardaSe-
ni“ „ardisubani/ardasubani“, „ardola“, „arTvini/arTvani/arTavanisi“, „arta-
65 aRsaniSnavia, rom Ἀρτάνισσα-sa da Μεστλῆτα-s koordinatebis nawili n. lomouris statiaSi
erTmaneTs emTxveva _ 75°40, „maSin rodesac mcxeTis monacemebia _ 74°40` (Sdr. lomouri
n., dasax. naSromi, gv. 46 da Stevenson E. L., The Geography by Claudius Ptolemy. Translated and Edited by
Edward Luther Stevenson, New York, 1932, p. 122). es cdomileba kargad Cans TviT n. lomouris
statiis rukaze: amierkavkasia ptolemaiosis koordinatebis mixedviT, sadac Ἀρτάνισσα
Μεστλῆτα-sTan SedarebiT mniSvnelovnad ufro CrdiloeTiT aris lokalizebuli
(lomouri n., dasax. naSromi, gv. 62), rac gamoricxuli iqneboda, rukis Sedgenisas imave
statiaSi gamoyenebuli koordinatebis monacemTa gaTvaliswinebis SemTxvevaSi
66 Hewsen R. H., The Geography of Ananias of Širak (Ašxarhac´oyc´, The Long and the Short Recensions,
Introduction, Translation and Commentary by Robert H. Hewsen, Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen
Orients. Reihe B, Geisteswissenschaften; Nr. 77, Wiesbaden, 1992, pp. 55, 115, 116, nn. 61-64. aRniSnuli
etimologiis aradamajereblobis Sesaxeb ix.: Кузнецов В. А., Очерки истории алан (Владикавказ,
1992), ч. 1, гл. III, 1
67 Marquart J., Ērānšahr nach der Geographie des Ps. Moses Xorenac´i (Berlin, 1901), SS. 4, 5
68 movses xorenaci, II, 34, 52, 74; ix. movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, Zveli somxuridan
Targmna, Sesavali da SeniSvnebi daurTo aleqsandre abdalaZem, Tb., 1984), gv. 130, 143, 144,
160. xom ar xedavda movses xorenaci termin „ardoz/artazSi“ az/oz/osebis, igive al-
anebis „ard/art“-s, egeb, sulac, sparsulenovani terminis _ „darialis“ (anu ovsTakaris)
zegavlenis Sedegad?
300
an/ardahani“, „artanuji/artanuWi“, „kardanexi“69, „RarTiskari“70 da sxv. (maT
Soris anlautSi gansxvavebuli fonemebiTac)71. savaraudoa, rom mxedvelo-
baSi unda iyos misaRebi agreTve urartuli ʼA bgeris igiveobaaUUa-sTan72
da, Sesabamisad, imave ard-fuZis Zieba toponimebSi: „varcixe<vardcixe“73,
„varZia“ (<*vard-Zia), „vardis sofeli“ da sxv. gasaTvaliswinebelia, somxur
enaSi arsebuli „ard/arT“ da „vard/vardan“fuZiani toponimebic.
iqneb aqve unda gavixsenoT ardam erisTavis saxelic: „aman [fridon] war-
mogzavna erisTavi TÂsi spiTa didiTa, romelsa saxeli erqua ardam, Svili
nebroTis naTesavTa... aman ardam mohkida kiri-zRude cixesa armazisasa da
aqaT mtkuramdis, da wamozRuda cxÂiri armazisi vidre mtkuramde“74.
kasius dios informaciiT, „akropolisi“ agebuli iyo im mizniT, rom daecva
uviwroesi adgili, sadac erT mxares mtkvari (Cyrus) moedineba, xolo meo-
re mxares kavkasionia aRmarTuli75. mcxeTa-armazis unikaluri TavdacviTi
SesaZleblobebis aRniSvnas verc bevrad ufro gviandeli xanis TviT-
mxilvelebi uvlidnen gverds76. vinaidan mtkvrisa da aragvis xerTvisSi
mdebare armazcixe/qarTli aramarto mniSvnelovan savaWro gzebs, aramed
kavkasionis ZiriTadi uReltexilis _ darialisaken mimaval gzasac akon-
trolebda (saidanac xdeboda CrdiloeTis momTabare tomebis mraval-
ricxovani talRebis Semosevebi da saidanac unda SeeRwiaT axlo aRmo-
savleTSi kimerielebsa da skviTebs)77. swored amis gamo, savaraudoa, rom
jer kidev aqemenianTa xanamde yofiliyo mxedvelobaSi miRebuli qarTlis
(Semdegdroindeli armazcixis) uaRresad xelsayreli strategiuli mde-
bareoba; rig sxva niSnebTan erTad amazeve unda migvaniSnebdes urartul
samSeneblo tradiciebTan zemoT SeniSnuli siaxlove.
am, Tanamedrove qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis ZiriTad da uZveles ker-
asTan mimarTebiT, yuradRebas i pyrobs pliniusis SeniSvna imis Taobaze, rom
iberiuli qalaqi harmastusi kavkasiis im karis pirdapir mdebareobda, ro-
melic „samyaros or nawilad ganyofda“78. es garemoeba miuTiTebs, imdroin-
deli iberiis umniSvnelovanesi qalaqis funqciaze, gadaeketa gza Crdi-
69 rogorc irkveva, forma „kardanexi“ ufro Zvelia, vidre „kardenaxi“; amas mowmobs
„kardanexis“ moxsenieba giorgi aleqsandre mefis Zis mier 1455 w. vaCnaZeebis saxelze
gacemul sasisxlo sigelSi. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas i pyrobs, imave sigelSi „kar-
danexis“ gverdiT, vejinisa da vejinis piris sofelTa Soris, „kardanucis“ moxsenieba
(kakabaZe s., sasisxlo sigelebis Sesaxeb (axlad mopovebul sasisxlo sigelebTan da-
kavSirebiT), saistorio moambe, wig. II, tf., 1924, gv. 40, 43
70 mcxeTis CrdiloeTiT, mSral xevTan aRmoCenili antikuri xanis safortifikacio
nagebobaTa kompleqsi warmoadgenda mcxeTis (=RarTis/arTis/qarTis?) CrdiloeTis
kars
71 maT gverdiT xom ar aris sagulvebeli cixesimagreebis aRmniSvneli da savaraudod
monaTesave Ziris Semcveli toponimebi: T-orT-omi, olT-isi da sxv.
72 ix. Арутюнян Н. В., dasax. naSromi, gv. 439, 479, 499
73 gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa „vardcixis“ saxelwodeba, romelSic xuritul-urartul
„ard/uard/vard“-s axlavs qarTuli ganmarteba „cixis“ saxiT (Sdr., qavTaraZe g., mcxeTis..,
gv. 55)
74 leonti mroveli, 13: 5-6, 12-13
75 Cary E., dasax. naSromi; Dio, 37, 1, 4
76 Porter R. K, dasax. naSromi, gv. 109
77 Lang D. M., Armazi (or ARMAZ-TSIKHE), an important royal city of Georgia, Encyclopaedia Iranica, 1st edi-
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301
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6. grigolia k., axali qarTlis cxovreba,
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eb (axlad mopovebul sasisxlo sige-
lebTan dakavSirebiT), saistorio moambe,
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11. kakabaZe s., Tbilisi me-5 saukunis meore
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van. P. Avetisyan & A. Bobokhyan (Eds), Yerevan, Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology,
2012 Department of Ancient Country History, Chief Scientific Officer
45. Lang D. M., Armazi (or ARMAZ-TSIKHE), an im-
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ESSENCE
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47.
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AND THE
Moses Xorenac´i, Berlin, 1901 ORIGIN
48. Mayhoff (Ed.) K. F. T., Pliny the Elder, Naturalis
Historia. English translation by Bostock J., Riley
OF THE
H.T., Lipsiae, 1906 TERM
49. Meineke A., Stephani Byzantii Ethnicorum quae su-
persunt, ex recensione Augusti Meinekii, Berolini/ ~KARTLI”
Berlin, 1849
50. Mordtmann A. D., Ueber die Endung kart, kert, gird
The nature and the origin of the term “Kart- ta as a constituent part of them were covering
in Städtenamen, Zeitschrift der deutschen morgen-
li” has been the subject of a research during a wide area of the old world from Central Asia
ländischen Gesellschaft, Bd 32, 1878
long time. There are several well-founded as- up to the Iberian Peninsula as a “fashionable”
51. Nobbe (Ed.) K. F. A., Ptolemy, Claudii Ptolemaei
sumptions that differ from each other mainly term with the meaning “town/fortress/military
Geographia, Volume 2, Lipsiae, 1845
by the character of the starting material used. camp”.
52. Nöldeke Th., Ueber iranische Ortsnamen auf kert
Some scholars used predominantly Georgian
und andere Endungen, Zeitschrift der deutschen
material, others – Caucasian, Eurasian or Mid- In the opinion of some specialists the element
morgenländischen Gesellschaft, Bd 33, 1879
dle Eastern. Sometimes, at a first glance, rather karta, as an appellative denoting “city”, was
53. Porter R. K., Travels in Georgia, Persia, Armenia,
shrewd explanations of the complete or partial so widespread that the only possible linguis-
Ancient Babylonia (1817-1820), vol. I (London,
similarity detected among some terms in the tic environment of its origin may have been
1821)
field of toponymical studies can take us into the North Semitic and especially the Arama-
54. Procopius Caesariensis, De Aedificis, ix.: penelo-
quite a different spatial and chronological con- ic. It’s assumed that the term karta from the
pe.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Procopius/
text, far away from the object of our study. beginning meant a “town” and is borrowed
Buildings/home.html
from the Aramaic-Hebrew word with the
55. Stevenson E. L., The Geography by Claudius Ptol-
In general, the linguistic or cultural identity same meaning – ‫קרתא‬. It is sufficient to recall
emy. Translated and Edited by Edward Luther Ste-
or the proximity of individual cases are not of the name of Carthago ‫( קרת חדשת‬Qart-Ha-
venson, New York, 1932
very large value without taking into account dašt or “new city”) founded already in the
56. Totius Latinitatis Lexicon. Egidio Forcellini, Jaco-
the context in which this or that phenomenon 9th century B.C. by the Phoenicians, closely
bus Bailey. Consilio et cura Jabobi Facciolati, Lon-
occurs. In this regard, the term “Kartli/Karti” –
dini/London, 1828
the oldest designation of Armaztsikhe/Armazi related to the Arameans. Even in the Hyrcanian
57. H. von Wissmann, Uranios, Paulys Realency-
of the most ancient capital of Georgians at the toponym Zadrakarta some scholars view the
clopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft,
confluence of the Kura with the Aragvi on the Aramaic-Pehlevi ‫ קרתה‬as its second component
Supplementband XI, Stuttgart, 1968
opposite side of Mtskheta – quite clearly shows part. We should consider the fact that the in-
the spatial, chronological, cultural and linguis- fluence of the Aramaic language is especially
tic context in which it finds its true place. I frequent in pre-Achaemenian, Achaemenian,
mean, conceptually and phonetically clearly Hellenistic and Sasanian times and was used
related to each other toponyms, which exist- as a lingua franca in the areas where such top-
ed more or less simultaneously on the vast, onyms were widely distributed.
but neighbourly situated areas. In the time of
clearing up a question of the origin, nature and It’s a well-known fact that the Aramaic lan-
distribution of the term “karta”, this fact is of guage beside the Greek was an official language
crucial importance. It seems that this toponym of the Armaztsikhe/Armazi early inhabitants
or mainly toponyms having the element -kar- which were under the influence of the Achae-
305
 menians and whose supreme deity Armazi was ancient city, what was undoubtedly Armazi,
designated by the name derived from Old Per- as if justifying the origin of the name “Kart-
sian Ormazd (i. e. Ahura Mazda). Therefore, it li” from the name of a fortress. According to
is quite possible that the Aramaic word ‫ קרתא‬is the information of Cassius Dio, Acropolis was
the basis for the term “Kartli”. built in order to protect narrowest place where
the Kura flows on one side and the Caucasus
In which period did this term penetrate to cen- is erected on the other side… (Roman History,
tral Transcaucasia? Aramaic term, ‫ אתרק‬in turn, 37, 1, 4).
may be linked by its origin to the Hurrian word
for a city or a castle – “ard”. It seems that in the In antiquity Armazi/Kartli-Mtskheta, the forti-
Georgian linguistic area from early times were fied place of an extremely outstanding signifi-
distributed Hurrian toponyms with the word cance in the central Transcaucasia, was control-
“ard” which allegedly were acquired in the ing the crossroads that came from all four sides.
period of the Achaemenian dominance, under Most important of them was the northern direc-
the influence of Aramaic word with the same tion connected with the Dariali Pass which was
meaning and similar sound, a [gv. 63:] velar dividing Transcaucasia from Ciscaucasia. The
consonant as an initial sound of the word. The Armazi/Mtskheta and, generally, the Caucasian
possibility of such an assumption is confirmed Iberia which located right in the south of the
by the existence of many Georgian toponyms Caucasian Gates historically had the respon-
with “ard/art” element by which are designated sibility of protecting the Mediterranean-Near
mainly fortresses, castles and cities. Eastern oikoumene (οίκουμένη) - the civilized
world of common interests, from the numer-
Perhaps, we should remember also the name ous invasions of the northern nomadic tribes.
from “The History of the Kings of Kartli” – Ar- As the invasions of Cimmerians and Scythians
dam, of the person who undertook to build the fall in the days before the Achamenians, it is
wall of the castle of Armazi (Armaztsikhe, i. e. likely that a highly favorable strategic loca-
Kartli) and enclosed the projection of Armazi tion of Armazi/Mtskheta should already have
with a wall as far as the Kura river (13: 12-13). been taken into account in the Pre-Achamenian
times. It must be mentioned that beside the ex-
The fact that the term “Kartli/Karti” undoubted- istence of obvious architectural traits typical of
ly meant a fortress, a place enclosed by a wall, the Achaemenian period, the excavations of the
can be concluded on the basis of Cassius Dio’s Armaztsikhe revealed the signs of the Urartian
information. He calls Armazi/Kartli Acropolis building tradition, as well.
(‘Ακρόπολις) or the fortified upper part of an

jvris monasteri

306 307
 valerian vaSakiZe
iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti,
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis
istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti,
direqtoris moadgile,
istoriis doqtori, profesori
mcxeTis
etimologia
da qarTlis
(iberiis)
samefos
uzenaesi
xelisufali
eWvmiutanlad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mdinareebis mt-
kvrisa da aragvis SesayarTan dafuZnebulma mcxe-
Tam umniSvnelovanesi roli iTamaSa qarTveli erisa
da misi saxelmwifoebriobis Camoyalibeba-ganvi-
Tarebis istoriaSi. saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi is iyo
qarTlis (iberiis) samefos dedaqalaqi _ qveynis
politikuri da kulturul-sarwmunoebrivi centri.
swored aman ganapiroba is faqti, rom mcxeTis saxe-
lis Sinaarsis garkveva jer kidev Sua saukuneebis
mematianem, leonti mrovelma scada. istorikosis
cnobiT, qalaqi dauarsebia qarTvelTa mamamTavris,
qarTlosis ufros vaJs, mcxeToss, ris gamoc qalaqs
saxelwodeba mcxeTa daumkvidrda: „xolo mcxeTos,
romeli ugmire iyo ZmaTa... iyo ganmge da ufal oTx-
Tave ZmaTa zeda... manve aRaSena qalaqi Sesakrebelsa
Soris mtkuarisa da aragÂsasa, da uwoda saxeli
TÂsi mcxeTa“ (leonti mroveli, 1955, 9). es versia
ucvlelad gaimeora vaxuSti batoniSvilma: „xolo
mcxeTa... aRaSena mcxeTos, Zeman qarTlosisaman, da
uwoda saxeliTa TÂsiTa“ (batoniSvili vaxuSti, 1973,
348).
XIX s-is Sua xanebidan moyolebuli toponim mcxe-
Tis etimologiiT araerTi mkvlevari dainteresda.
pl. ioselianis mixedviT, mcxeTa eTnikuri terminis
„mesxisagan“ aris warmomdgari (Иоселиани, 1850, 53).
m. janaSvili am toponims „cxeba“, „dacxeba“ (`das-
cxo“) zmnebs ukavSirebda (Джанашвили, 1900, 127-128).
308
s. kakabaZem mcxeTis amosavlad afxazur i a-mza (mTvare) miiCnia da aRniSna:
„saxeli mcxeTa... kultis niadagze warmoSobili Cans“ (kakabaZe, 1928, 8).
n. marma pl. ioselianis Sexeduleba gaiziara. misi TqmiT, mcxeTa aris
„mesxebis sacxovrebeli adgili“ (Марр, 1938, 192).
unda iTqvas, rom, faqtobrivad, yvela mkvlevari, vinc ki mcxeTis etimolo-
gias Seexo, pl. ioselianis Tvalsazriss imeorebs (SaniZe, 1973, 137; axvle-
diani, 1943, 483-490; ingoroyva, 1954, 140; meliqiSvili, 1970, 343; afaqiZe, 1963, 83;
miqelaZe, 1974, 22-24; Rlonti, 1975, 7-8; WumburiZe, 1971, 187 da sxv.). zogierTma
maTganma am varaudis Tavisi axsnac SemogvTavaza. mag., a. SaniZis azriT,
mcxeTa satomo saxel mesxisagan aris nawarmoebi, romelSic eTnonimiseul
„mcx“ Zirs daerTvis _eT-a rTuli sufiqsi. am ukanasknelSi _ eT- geografi-
ul saxelTa derivatia, bolokiduri _ a - ki _ kninobiTis aRmniSvneli
sufiqsi (Шанидзе, 1978, 85). z. WumburiZe miiCnevs, rom „mesxTa“ formisagan
jer miviReT „msxeTa“, aqedan ki _ „mcxeTa“ (WumburiZe, 1987, 475). l. Rlonti
aRniSnavs: „mcxeTa izoglosia samcxisa, xolo orive maTgani mesxuri el-
ementia qarTlurSi, mTlianad saerTo _ qarTulSi... Zireuli morfema mcx
motanilia mesxur kiloze molaparakeTa mier iberiaSi“ (Rlonti, 1975, 3-4).
vfiqrobT, aq aucilebelia SevniSnoT, rom qarTul istoriografiaSi ga-
moTqmulia mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmad Zv. w. VIII-IV ss-Si qarTlSi mesx-
uri mosaxleobis didi nakadi Semovida (meliqiSvili, 1965, 87-88). ra Tqma
unda, Zv. w. I aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi axlo aRmosavleTSi, samx-
reT da samxreT-dasavleT kavkasiaSi momxdari didi cvlilebebi (urartus
samefos agresiuli politika, kimerielebisa da skviTebis SemoWra, urar-
tus dacema, aqemenianTa imperiis Camoyalibeba da sxv.) xalxTa intensiur
gadaadgilebas iwvevda, rasac, SesaZloa, mohyva mesxuri tomebis Sida qa-
rTlSi SemoRweva. magram is, rom „mesxuri“ (=qarTis) mosaxlobani Cndeba
Sida qarTlis miwa-wyalzec („mcxeTa“) (meliqiSvili, 1965, 88) anu „mcxeTis“
saxelwodebiT mesxTa migraciis axsna mxolod imis maCvenebelia, rom, am
SemTxvevaSi, mkvlevari mcxeTis etimologiis pl. ioselianiseul variants
uWers mxars, razec zemoT iyo laparaki.
arsebobs kidev erTi varaudi, romlis Tanaxmadac saxelwodeba mcxeTa Sei-
Zleba warmodgebodes armazcixisagan. bunebrivia, am SemTxvevaSi amosaval-
ia orive sityvaSi (cixe da mcxeTa) -cx- Tanxmovnebis arseboba (Климов,
1964, 239).
ukanasknel xans q. quTaTelaZem gamoTqva mosazreba, rom „qalaqis saxel-
wodeba, misi adgilmdebareobidan gamomdinare da misi daarsebis perio-
didan momdinare, ukavSirdeba swored „SeerTebas“, „Caketvas“, rogorc Se-
maerTebeli“ (quTaTelaZe, 2016, 71-72). mkvlevari miiCnevs, rom Tavdapirvelad
gveqneboda „mxseTa“, xolo sabolood sx gadavida cx-Si da miviReT „mcx-
eTa“. q. quTaTelaZe iSveliebs lazurSi SemorCenil „mcx“ formas (o _
mcx-u- „SeerTeba“) da askvnis: „mcxeTa“ xeobaTa Camketis, mdinareTa Semae-
rTebeli adgilis saxelwodeba unda iyos“ (quTaTelaZe, 2016, 72).
rogorc zemoTqmuli aCvenebs, toponim mcxeTis etimologiis axsnis araer-
Ti mcdeloba arsebobs. yvelaze metad miRebuli da gaziarebulia Tval-
sazrisi, romlis Tanaxmad, qarTlis samefos uZvelesi dedaqalaqis saxeli
eTnonim mesxs ukavSirdeba.
309
 samecniero literaturaSi gabatonebuli es Sexeduleba eWvqveS daayena
g. bedoSvilma. man yuradReba miaqcia im faqts, rom saxelwodeba mcxeTa-
Si eTnonim mesxis danaxva ZiriTadad emyareba Zveli berZeni (klavdios
ptolomeosi, II s.) da bizantieli (agaTia sqolastikosi, VI s.) avtorebis
TxzulebebSi qarTlis dedaqalaqis „mestleta“, „mesxiTa“ formebiT mox-
seniebas. aRniSnuli, mkvlevarTa mier, eTnikuri mesxis damaxinjebad iyo
miCneuli. g. bedoSvilis azriT, yvela zemomotanil ucxour formas Tavad
qarTuli saxeli mcxeTa daedo safuZvlad da ara eTnonimi mesxi (bedoS-
vili, 1983, 190). magram mTavari mainc isaa, rom mcxeTis mesxisagan momdinare-
obis SesaZleblobas, upirveles yovlisa, enobrivi xasiaTis dabrkoleba
uSlis xels.
rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, miCneulia, rom saxelwodeba mcxeTa miRe-
bulia mesx fuZeze _ eT _ a rTuli sufiqsis darTviT. Gg. bedoSvili
samarTlianad SeniSnavs: „qarTuli enis ganviTarebis Teqvsmetsaukuniani
istoria ar icnobs eT-a rTulsufiqsiani eTnikuri Sinaarsis toponimTa
warmoqmnis Tundac erT SemTxvevas; qarTuli enisaTvis saerTod ucxoa
svan-eT-a, kax-eT-a, TuS-eT-a, imer-eT-a, klarj-eT-a, javax-eT-a ti pis geografi-
uli saxelebi!“ (bedoSvili, 2002, 274).
marTlac, Tu CvenTvis saintereso SemTxvevebSi, toponimis sayrdeni fuZe
satomo saxeli (mag., svan-i, kax-i, TuS-i, imer-i da sxv.) unda iyos, maSin qa-
rTuli ena iyenebs an mxolod _ eT geografiul sufiqss (mag., TuS-eT-i,
kax-eT-i, svan-eT-i, imer-eT-i da sxv.), an rTul sa-o, sa-eT, na-ar (//na-al-), na-ev-
afiqsebs. swored amitom mkvlevari Tvlis, rom, Tu toponim mcxeTisaTvis
amosavali satomo saxeli mesx-i iqneboda, maSin enaSi unda warmoqmniliyo
msx-eT-i, xolo _ sx _ kompleqsis _ cx _ kompleqsad Secvlis SemTxvevaSi
_ mcx-eT-i (bedoSvili, 2002, 274).
motanili msjelobis Semdeg, g. bedoSvilis azriT, mcxeTa iseTive _ Ta
sufiqsiani erTeuli unda iyos, rogorc uZvelesi warmoSobis sxva qarTu-
li saxelebi: mogu-Ta, ber-Ta, bza-Ta, mowame-Ta, van-Ta da sxva. aq mkvlevari
eyrdnoba samecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmul mosazrebas qarTul enaSi
geografiul saxelTa _ Ta sufiqsiT warmoebis Sesaxeb (Tofuria, 1924, 9);
imavdroulad aRniSnulia, rom yvela zemoT CamoTvlili _ Ta sufiqsiani
toponimis fuZe arsebiTi an mimReoburi saxelia (mogvi, beri, bza, mowame,
vani) da ara eTnonimi. amitomac gamoTqmulia safuZvliani varaudi, rom
mcxe _ Ziric warmoSobiT mimReoburi (Sdr. Mm-wd-e, m-w-e, m-xn-e ...) an sazoga-
do arsebiTi saxeli unda iyos. Gg. bedoSvilis azriT, mcxeTis SemTxvevaSi,
es sityva aris uZvelesi xanis qarTul werilobiT ZeglebSi dadasture-
buli „mÃce“, romlis mniSvneloba Zvel qarTulSi iyo: WaRara, TmagaTeTre-
buli, asakovani adamiani da amdenad, „ufrosi“, „brZeni“. mecnieri iSveliebs
„qarTlis cxovrebis“ cnobas: „xolo vinca iyvis mcxeTas, reca Tavadi, igi
iyvis mazavebel da bWe sxuaTa qarTlosianTa“ (leonti mroveli, 1955, 11)
da varaudobs, rom upirvelesi sameufo qalaqis saxelwodebaSi, SesaZloa,
aRniSnuli yofiliyo mamasaxlisTa (mÃceTa) aq myofobac (Srd. sa-mTavr-o).
saboloo daskvna aseTia: mcxeTa unda momdionareobdes m-Ãc-e//m-xc-e sity-
visagan _ Ta sufiqsis darTviT. mogvianebiT, fonetikuri cvlilebis (meta-
Tezisi) Sedegad aris miRebuli m-cx-eTa, romelic niSnavs „mÃceTa samyof
qalaqs“, „saufroso, samTavro qalaqs“, „mÃceTa sabrZaniss“, „mÃceTa adgils“,
„saufroso-sagamgebels“ (bedoSvili, 1983, 194-195; bedoSvili, 2002, 276).
310
Cveni azriT, g. bedoSvilis mier gamoTqmuli Tvalsazrisi, rom toponimi
mcxeTis amosavalia Zveli qarTuli mimReoburi saxeli „mÃce“, uTuod
gasaziarebelia; mÃceTa//mcxeTa unda gavigoT, rogorc „mÃceTa“ anu „saux-
uceso“, „saufroso“ samyofeli. vfiqrobT, am Sexedulebis mxardasaWeri
ramdenime damatebiTi argumentic arsebobs. pirvel rigSi, gvinda yuradRe-
ba gavamaxviloT im faqtze, rom -xc- Ziriani toponimi, garda mcxeTisa, ucxo
ar aris Sida qarTlisaTvis. (mag., dRevandeli xaSuris munici palitetis
teritoriaze arsebuli punqti xcisi). garda amisa, Cvenc migvaCnia, rom
toponimma mcxeTam asaxa is istoriuli procesi, rasac Zv. w. IV-III ss-is
mijnaze sabolood erTiani qarTlis samefos Camoyalibeba mohyva.
samecniero literaturaSi samarTlianad aris aRiarebuli, rom Zv. w. VI-IV
ss-Si aRmosavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze arsebobda araerTi saxel-
mwifoebrivi gaerTianeba, romelTa saTaveSic calkeuli uflebi idgnen.
maTi brZola pirvelobisaTvis STambeWdavad aris asaxuli „qarTlis cx-
ovrebaSi“. leonti mrovelis mixedviT, „iwyes brZolad da Ãdomad urT-
ierTas; da ganagrZeles maT Soris brZola, romel Jamsame aRdgian amaT-
ganni orni naTesavni erTsa zeda, da sxuani Seeweodian romelnime mas; da
romelnime kualad sxuani aRdges erTmaneTsa zeda da sxuani Seeweodian.
romelsame Jams iqmnas mSÂdoba maT Soris, da kualad SeiSalnian da ebrZo-
dian. Dda gagrZelda maT Soris eseviTari saqme, da aravin iyo maT Soris
uwarCinebules da usaxelovanes, aramed adgiliTi-adgilad Tavadni iCin-
ian, xolo vinca iyvis mcxeTas, reca Tavadi iyvis igi iyvis yovelTa maT
sxuaTa zeda“ (leonti mroveli, 1955, 10-11). es ukanaskneli, romelic iyo
„mazavebel da bWe sxuaTa qarTlosianTa“, imave wyaros TqmiT, mamasaxlisad
iwodeboda. sruliad cxadia, rom mcxeTis mamasaxlisi sxva „Tavadebze“ e.i.
„naTesavTa“ saTaveSi mdgar pirebze, romlebSic calkeuli uflebi unda
davinaxoT, gavleniT aRmatebulia, ufrosia, mÃce anu uxucesia.
Tavis droze Cven gamovTqviT mosazreba, rom, SesaZloa, qarTlis samefos
Camoyalibebis Tavdapirvel etapze saxelmwifos uzenaes xelisufals, ro-
melic mis mier damorCilebul xevisufalTa Soris primus inter pares iyo,
uZvelesi qarTuli socialuri termini, uxucesi ewodeboda (dawvr. ix.
vaSakiZe, 1991). am daskvnamde migviyvana strabonis (Zv. w. 64 _ ax. w. 24 ww.)
„geografiaSi“ iberiis pirveli genosis (gvaris) Sesaxeb daculma cnobam:
„erTi da upirvelesi [gvaria], romlisaganac mefeebs ayeneben gamocdilebi-
sa da asakis mixedviT uxucess“ (vaSakiZe, 2014, 13). specialurma kvlevam aCve-
na, rom iberiaSi samefo taxtis memkvidreobis iseTi wesi (gamocdilebisa
da asakis mixedviT taxtis dakaveba), rogoric „geografiaSia“ damowmebuli,
arc erovnuli saistorio tradiciiT da arc TiTqmis Tanadrouli ucx-
oenovani, berZnul-romauli wyaroebiT ar dasturdeba. maS rasTan unda
gvqondes saqme?
Cveni azriT, strabonis „geografiis“ XI, 3, 6-is wyarom (dawvr. ix. vaSakiZe,
2014, 18-35) sworad aRniSna, rom qarTlSi (iberiaSi) arsebobs samefo xe-
lisufleba _ „erTi da upirvelesi [gvaria], romlisaganac mefeebs ayene-
ben“. amisaTvis berZenma avtorma gamoiyena elinistur samyaroSi farTod
gavrcelebuli termini „basilevsi“, romelic, zogadad, aRniSnavda upir-
veles pirs, uzenaes xelisufals, xolo misi adgilobrivi saxelwode-
ba „mÃce“//„uxucesi“ mkiTxvels „ganumarta“, rogorc „gamocdilebisa da
asakis mixedviT uxucesi (presbutatos)“.
311
 amdenad, vfiqrobT, rom mcxeTaSi mjdari uzenaesi xelisufali qarTlis Valerian Vashakidze
sxva uflebze Tavisi gavlenis gavrcelebis Semdeg „mÃce“ anu „uxuce-
si“ ufali Seiqmna, xolo adgils, saidanac is Tavis mmarTvelobas axo- Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University,
rcielebda, realuri politikuri daniSnulebis gamo, „mÃceTa“//„mcxeTa“ Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology,
ewoda. toponimma zustad asaxa is rTuli socialur-politikuri Zvrebi, Deputy Director, Doctor of History, Professor
romelsac adgili hqonda qarTlis samefos Camoyalibebis sawyis etapze.

bibliografia
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ba Zvel saqarTveloSi. Tb., 1963
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rTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis
moambe, t IV, #5, 1943
3. batoniSvili vaxuSti, batoniSvili vax-
uSti. aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa.
qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili
yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s.
yauxCiSvilis mier, IV, Tb., 1973
4. bedoSvili g., mosazrebani toponim mcxe-
Tis warmoSobis Sesaxeb. saenaTmecniero
Ziebani, Tb., 1983
5. bedoSvili g., qarTul toponimTa
ganmartebiT-etimologiuri leqsikoni,
Tb., 2002
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(iberiis) samefos socialuri istori-
idan, Tb., 1991
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Ti Ziebani, Tb., 2014
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sufiqsisTvis qarTulSi: “Cveni mecnier-
aba”, #11-12, tf., 1924
9. ingoroyva p., giorgi merCule, Tb., 1954
10. kakabaZe s., saistorio krebuli, III, Tb.,
1928
11. leonti mroveli. cxovreba qarTvel-
Ta mefeTa da pirvelTaganTa mamaTa da
naTesavTa. qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti
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mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, I, Tb., 1955
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narkvevebi, I, Tb., 1970
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da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis uZvelesi
mosaxleobis sakiTxisaTvis, Tb., 1965
14. miqelaZe T., Ziebani kolxeTisa da samx-
reT-aRmosavleTi Savi zRvispireTis
uZvelesi mosaxleobis istoriidan, Tb.,
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bis“ toponimiidan, naw. I, Tb., 2016
16. Rlonti al., mcxeTis toponimia, Tb., 1975
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19. WumburiZe z., dedaena qarTuli, Tb., 1987
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существуюшие в Грузии. Тифлис, 1850
22. Климов Г.А., Этимологический словарь
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24. Шанидзе А.К., этимологии слов Kartl-i („Грузия“)
и kartvel-i („грузин“). Вопросы языкознания, N
4, М., 1978
ETYMOLOGY
OF MTSKHETA
AND SUPREME
AUTHORITY
OF THE
KINGDOM
OF KARTLI
(IBERIA)
Mtskheta played the greatest role in formation ri municipality – settlement Khtsisi). Besides,
of the Georgian nation and its statehood. It was historical process of formation of the Kingdom
the first capital of Kartli (Iberia) – political and of Kartli shall be considered. After spreading
cultural-religious center of the country. Accord- its influence on other political unions existing
ing to Georgian historical tradition, the city was in East Georgia, the position of Mtskheta was
founded by the eldest son of the forefather of a ~reconciliator and protector of other Kartlo-
Georgians Kartlos – Mtskhetos. Number of re- sians”, i.e. ~mkhtse/~senior”, ~eldest” among
searchers took interest in the etymology of the other ~rights”. This phenomenon was reflect-
toponym ~Mtskheta”. Among different opin- ed in the toponym ~Mkhtseta”//~Mtskheta”.
ions expressed in the scientific literature, we In our opinion, the same reason determined an
share G. Bedoshvili’s view, according to which expression in Strabo’s ~Geography” (X, 3, 6),
the basis of ~Mtskheta” is an old Georgian par- acording to which the Iberians used to appoint
ticipial name “Mkhtse” („mÃce“), to which the ~the eldest by experience and age” as ~Basile-
suffix “-ta”, forming geographic names, is at- us” (this term, in general, meant highest ruler).
tached. Thus, ~Mkhtseta” (“Mtskheta”) means
the place residence of the ~senior”, ~eldest”.
This assumption is supported by the fact that
the toponyms with –~khts”-basis are not unusu-
al for Shida Kartli (e.g. in present-day Khashu-

312 313
 Salva gabeskiria
Tavisufali universiteti,
asocirebuli profesori
warmarTuli
RvTaeba
armazis
saxelis
etimologiisaTvis
leonti mrovelis mixedviT iberiuli warmarTuli
panTeonis uzenaesi RvTaebis armazis kulti mefe
farnavazs Semoutania, romelsac es kerpi qarTlad
wodebuli mTis Tavze warmarTul kerpebs gacsa da
gaims Soris aRumarTavs. „RmerTi RmerTTa armaz...,
RmerTni didni, soflis mpyrobelni, mzisa momfenel-
ni, wvimisa momcemelni da queyanisa naSobTa gamomz-
rdelni...“ (qarTlis cxovreba, I, 1955: 106).
mis Sesaxeb cnobebi Zvel qarTul wyaroebSia dacu-
li. armazze leonti mrovelTan vkiTxulobT:
- armazi (mTa) cxviri armazisa.
- armazi (cixe-qalaqi) „armazi Semcirdeboda“ armaz
qarTli. „ese qarTlos movida pirvelad adgilsa
mas, sada SeerTvis aragvi mtkuarsa, da ganvida mTa-
sa mas zeda, da iSena mun zeda saxli, da uwoda
mas saxeli Tvisisa qarTli. da vidre aRmarTebamde
mun-zeda kerpi armazisi erqua mTas mas qarTli, da
mis gamo ewoda yovelsa qarTlsa qarTli, xunaniT-
gan vidre zRuamde sperisa.
- armazi ( = farnavazi) („farnavazs sparsulad armaz
erqua“).
- armazi (kerpi, qarTvelTa RmerTi) asuli armazisi.
nino armazis asuladaa wodebuli. mefe miriani ase
mimarTavs ninos:
- „romlisa RmrTisa ZaliTa iqm kurnebasa amas, anu
xar Sen asuli armazisi, anu Svili zadenisi“(qcx., I,
391-392);
- „da dasxdes mefed Semdgomad maTsa Svilni maTni,
armazs azork da Sida qarTlsa armazel (qcx., I, 44,
13-14).
- armazisaganaa miRebuli mamakacis piris saxeli ar-
mazeli. Zvel qarTlSi armazelad ramdenime mefe
iwodeboda:
314
- armazeli, amazeri, armaezeli (qarTlis mefe, kaos Ze); armazeli farsmani
(qarTlis mefe, qarTamis Ze). farsman I;
- armazeli farsman queli ( qarTlis mefe, amzaspis Ze farsman II queli
armazeli;
- armazeli mefeni („da umetes armazelni mefeni Seeweodes somexTa yov-
elTa mterTa maTTa zeda“);
- armazcixe (Tanamedrove bagineTi).
- armazis saxeli qarTlis dedaqalaq mcxeTasTan mdebare toponim ar-
mazsa, armazcixesa, armazis xevsa, da armazis samarovanSia cnobili.
armazcixe mcxeTis maxloblad farsman qvelma mtkvris marjvena sanap-
iroze qarTlis mTaze aago.
- armazis kultis qarTlSi gavrceleba mefe farsmans miewereba.
- Zveli mcxeTis erT-erT ubanSi mdebare pitiaxSebad wodebul qarTlis
mefeTa erisTavebis rezidencias armazisxevi ewodeboda, xolo dedaqa-
laqis samxreTiT, mtkvris marjvena sanapiroze aRmarTul TavdacviT
nagebobas armazcixe. armazis saxels atarebs axalgoris raionSi mdin-
are lexuris marcxena napirze mdebare sofelic.
`armazisgan~ nawarmoeb toponimebs Soris gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania
armazis cixisgan miRebuli armazcixe. es geografiuli termini berZen-ro-
mael avtorebTan (straboni, pliniusi) sxvadasxva formiTaa dafiqsire-
buli: `harmozike~ (straboni), `hermasti~ (pliniusi), `harmaktika,~ varian-
ti armasika (klavdios ptolemaosi). romaeli avtoris mier mocemul am
kompozitis meore nawilSi prof. s. kakabaZem qarTuli sityvis - cixis -
zanuri Sesatyvisi `jixa~ dainaxa. miuxedavad im garemoebisa, rom ucxoel
avtorebs, gansakuTrebiT maT, romelTa mSobliur enaSi ar aris qarTvelu-
ri enebis specifikuri Tanxmovnebi, zustad ar gadaaqvT sakuTari saxelebi,
ptolemaosiseuli forma didi albaTobiT `jixas~ gadmocemaa.
samecniero literaturaSi, didi xania azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa `armazis~ eti-
mologiis Sesaxeb. am sakiTxze ori mTavari Tvalsazrisi arsebobs. erTi
maTganis mixedviT igi mcireaziur xeTur-luviur `arma-s~ („mTvare“) uka-
vSirdeba, xolo zogierTi mecnieri mas Zveli iranuli panTeonis uzenaes
RvTaeba `ahuramazdasgan~ momdinared miiCnevs.
garda aRniSnuli versiebisa, arsebobs akad. n. maris rusul enaze daweril
naSromSi „warmarTuli saqarTvelos RmerTebi Zveli qarTuli wyaroe-
bis mixedviT“, Cveni azriT, gaumarTlebeli mosazreba farnavazis `far-
navazdisgan~, xolo armazis somxur warmarTul RvTaeba `aramazdisgan~
bolokiduri Tanxmovnis Camokvecis gziT miRebis Taobaze. am daSvebaSi
aseve aradamajerebelia farnavazis winaformis `farnavazdis~ saxiT war-
modgena.
`armazis~ `ahuramazdasgan~ momdinareobis argumentad somxuri aramazdi
aqvs moxmobili akad. g. wereTelsac.
Zveli aRmosavleTis gamoCenili mkvlevris prof. m. wereTlis mosazreba
armazis Weqa-quxilisa da tarosis RvTaeba TeSubTan dakavSirebis Sesaxeb
ramdenime qarTvelma mecnierma gaiziara.
vfiqrobT, `ahuramazdasa~ da `armazis~ Sesaxeb jer kidev mecxramete sauku-
neSi Teimuraz bagrationis, gasul aswleulSi ki m. wereTlis, s. janaSias,
315
 a. afaqiZis, g. giorgaZis, i. surgulaZis da sxvaTa mier gamoTqmuli Tval-
sazrisebis Semdeg sakiTxi pirveli versiis sasargeblod gadawyvetilad
SeiZleboda CaTvliliyo. amisda miuxedavad, mkvlevarTa nawili kvlav `ar-
mazis~ Zveli iranuli panTeonidan iberiaSi Semosvlis Sexedulebas iz-
iarebs.
ufro adre `armazisa~ da `ahuramazdis~ identobas xedavda akad. i. javax-
iSvili. s. kakabaZemac saxel `armazis~ gaCena saqarTveloSi mazdeizmis
Semosvlas daukavSira.
im mkvlevarTa naSromebSi, romlebSic `armazi~ ucxo warmomavlobis Rv-
Taebad aris miCneuli, erT-erT argumentad aris moxmobili is, rom „far-
navazs sparsulad armaz erqua“ (leonti mroveli).
akad. m. andronikaSvilis azriT, romelic eTanxmeba o. vezendonkis mosaz-
rebas, “armazi”, iseve rogorc somxuri `aramazd~, saSualo sparsulidan
ki ar momdinareobs, aramed aqemenidebis droidanaa nasesxebi xsenebul en-
ebSi: Zv. sparsuli „iranelTa uzenaesi RvTaeba“, Zveli iranuli „ufali“.
amasTan erTad avtori saSualo iranulidan mogvianebiT somxur enaSi
dadasturebul “aramazdsac” miuTiTebs (andronikaSvili m., 1966: 431-432).
sxva RvTaebebTan erTad `armazic~ iranul RvTaebad miiCnies akad. g. wer-
eTelma, prof. i. gagoSiZem (gagoSiZe i., 1978: 123).
prof. m. saxokia `armazis~ sxvadasxva epoqis orive iranul pirvelsaxes
dasaSvebad miiCnevs: „Tanamedrove kulturologiur-lingvisturi kvle-
va-Zieba cxadyofs, rom iranulma RvTaebam warmoSva Tavis droze saqarT-
veloSi armazis kulti, romlis saxelwodebac swored Zvelsparsuli an
saSualo sparsuli formidan unda momdinareobdes. ahuramazdas ukavSir-
deba, rogorc fiqroben, qarTuli armazic. ahuramazda niSnavs `gonier arss,
arsebas“, „keTil gonebas, keTilgonierebas“ (saxokia m., 2012: 85).
arsebobs Tvalsazrisi, romlis Tanaxmad, `ahuramazdasTan~ dakavSirebu-
li `armazi~ sinkretuli RvTaeba zevsia (n. nikoloziSvili). anatoliuri
warmomavlobis miuxedavad, es RvTaeba romis imperiis umniSvnelovanesi
RvTaebis iupiterisTvis damaxasiaTebel zogierT niSan-Tvisebas avlens
(g.qavTaraZe).
akademikosebi T.gamyreliZe da v. ivanovi ar gamoricxaven `arma-s~ nazmnar
saxelad miRebas (ar - „cis kabadonze gamosvla“) (Гамкрелидзе, Иванов, 1984:
685).
vfiqrobT, iranuli `ahuramazdisgan~ `armazis~ miRebas ramdenime dab-
rkoleba eRobeba: marTebuli gvgonia eTnolog i. surgulaZis argumenti
im sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ratom iyo Zvel qarTul matianeebSi saubari
qarTvelTaTvis ucxo kerpis miuReblobaze. „armazis Zala Tavzars scemda
morwmuneebs. Tu vinme Seexeboda kerps, igi imwamsve daiRupeboda. armazis
risxva gansakuTrebiT imaT atydeboda Tavs, vinc raime pativs daaklebda
RvTaebas, an sparselTa mogvebTan da ebraelebTan daiwyebda sarwmunoe-
briv urTierTobas. am cnobidan Cans, rom Zvel mcxeTaSi cdilobdnen Tavi
daecvaT sparsTa da iudevelTa religiebis moZalebisagan, romelTagan
armazis religia gansxvavdeboda rogorc mrwamsiT, ise kultmsaxurebis
316
wesebiT. amasTanave, saxelmwifo religia, iseve rogorc ena, qveynis poli-
tikuri damoukideblobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi niSani iyo da misi SenarCu-
nebisaTvis brZola kulturuli da politikuri damoukideblobisaTvis
brZolis saerTo procesSi Sedioda~.
a. garegnoba - Zvel qarTul matianeebSi gadmocemuli aRweriloba i. sur-
gulaZis sityviT „armazis kerpis aRweriloba, kultmsaxurebis wesebi
sruliad gansxvavdeba aqemeniduri sparsuli religiisagan. maT Soris
arsebobs religiuri struqturiT gamoxatuli princi puli, msoflgagebi-
Ti gansxvaveba, saerTo Ziridan ori aseTi gansxvavebuli sarwmunoeba ver
ganviTardeboda. amasve aRniSnavs mravalgzis „qarTlis cxovrebac“ (sur-
gulaZe i., 1997: 200).
amasTan ver daveTanxmebiT pativcemul mecnieris im Tvalsazriss, rom ar-
mazi araqarTuli warmonaqmnia, ris Sesaxebac qvemoT gveqneba saubari.
armazi mebrZoli RvTaebaa, spilenZis kerps xelT xmali upyria.
„kaci erTi spilenZisa, da tansa missa ecua jaWv oqrosi, da Tavsa missa
Cabalaxi myari, da Tualni esxnes zurmuxti da bivrili, da xelTa misTa
aqunda xrmali brwinvale, brwyinvale, viTarca elva, da iqceoda xelTa
Sina, uukeTu vinme Seexebian, Tavi Tvisi sikudilad ganwiris...“ („qarTlis
cxovreba“).
mebrZoli armazisgan gansxvavebiT ahuramazda brZenia.
armazis Zala Tavzars scemda morwmuneebs. Tu vinme Seexeboda kerps, igi
imwamsve daiRupeboda.
b. CvenTvis saintereso saxelTa fonetikuri saxe:
Zveli iranul RvTaebis saxeli `ahuramazda~ kompozitia. „brZeni ahura-
mazdasgan qarTulSi armazis miReba naklebmosalodneli gvgonia. somxuri
`aramazdis” warmoqmna sami a-s asimilaciuri gavleniT savsebiT SesaZle-
belia.
qarTul teqstebSi dadasturebuli `urmizdi, ormuzdi~ rom saSualo spar-
suli formas misdevs, amaSi eWvis Setana ar SeiZleba.
is garemoebac ar aris ugulvelsayofi, rom somxeTisgan gansxvavebiT saqa-
rTveloSi ar Cans ahuramazdas mewyvile anahiti.
g. rogor aixsneba is garemoeba, rom Zvel qarTul wyaroebSi iranelTa
aRmniSvnel qaldevelebis RmerT atruSan/atroSanTan leonti mrovelis
Tanaxmad dapirispirebulia „Cueni ese RmerTi armazi“, Tu isini homogenu-
ri warmomavlobis arian? am garemoebas gansakuTrebiT akad. k. kekeliZem
miaqcia yuradReba.
„qaldevelTa RmerTi iTrujan da Cueni RmerTi armaz yovladve mter ari-
an“ („qarTlis cxovreba“: 91-92).
im mkvlevarTa umetesobasTan, romelic qarTul warmarTul RvTaebas iran-
317
 uli panTeonidan Semosulad Tvlis, ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli armazis
xeTur teqstebSi mTvaris mniSvnelobiT cnobili formebi:
„arma xeTebis mTvaris RvTaeba. misi saxeli Semonaxulia Zv. w. lursmul
teqstebSi a r m a S a n a r m a s fuZe „arma“ (xeTur-sakuTar saxelebSic
gvxvdeba (armaS, armaTaliS, armanTaS da sxv. armadan momdinareobs qarT-
velTa uzenaesi warmarTuli RvTaeba armazis saxeli“ (qse., 1 : 574).
mkvlevarTa erTi jgufi ar iziarebs specialur literaturaSi gamoTqmul
Tvalsazriss armazis xeTur-luviur `arma~ (mTvare) da ZvelberZnul Rv-
Taeba hermesTan kavSiris Sesaxeb.
`qarTul sabWoTa enciklopediaSi~ dabeWdil akad.a.afaqiZis statiaSi
(`arma~) vkiTxulobT:
„xeTebis mTavari RvTaeba, misi saxeli Semonaxulia Zv. w. lursmul te-
qstebSi a r m a S a n a r m a s formiT. fuZe „arma“(xeTur-nesituri saxeli
mTvarisa) xeTur sakuTar saxelebSic gvxvdeba (armaS, armaTi, armaTaliS,
armaTanSaS da sxv.). armazidan momdinareobs qarTvelTa uzenaesi warmar-
Tuli RvTaeba armazis saxeli” (qse., 1: 575).
Zvel wina aziaSi `arma~ luviursa da likiur anTroponimebSic gvxvdeba
(gr. giorgaZe).
armazis kultis genezisis kuTxiT gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania armazcix-
is mopirdapire mxares, mdinare mtkvris marcxena mxareze aRmarTuli ar-
mazis mewyvilis zadenis kerpis povniereba. zogierTi mecnieri zadenis
xeTur teqstebSi dadasturebul formebad miuTiTebs sanTas, sandons. Cve-
ni azriT, gasaTvaliswinebelia aseve `eSTan~ forma, romelic xaTur mzis
RvTaebad iTvleba, Sdr. aqaduri nayofierebis, xorcieli siyvarulisa da
omis qalRmerTi iSTari.
zadenisgan aris miRebuli aseve mesxeTSi cnobili soflis saxeli za-
dengora. aradamajerebeli Cans versia zeda zadenidan zedazenis miRebis
Taobaze.
iv. javaxiSvili piris saxel `goCas~ qarTul vacsa da megrul boCs ukav-
Sirebs (javaxiSvili iv., 1960: 86).
marTebuli unda iyos prof. m. Cuxuas mosazreba, romelmac mamakacis an-
Troponimi `goCa~ gacis kerpis saxels daukavSira (Cuxua m., 2000-2003: 80).
qarTuli eposis mTavar gmiris saxeli `amirani~ `aramTan~ kavSirSia, ro-
gorc amas iv. javaxiSvili fiqrobda (javaxiSvili iv., 1960: 160)
prof. t. futkaraZis mosazrebiT, `amiranisganaa~ miRebuli `arami~ (fut-
karaZe t., 2005: 206).
Cveni azriT, `amirani~ semiturad gadmocemuli `aramia~. Tavwyaro enis -
qarTulis rogorc sazogado, aseve sakuTar saxelebSi, amgvari viTarebaa,
arabul enaSi Sesuli qarTuli Tiva `Tibn da Tabn~- variantebiTaa war-
modgenili, zeTma mogvca zaiTuni (qarT. zeiTuni).
318
ar veTanxmebiT im mecnierTa mosazrebas, romlis Tanaxmadac `arami~ urar-
tuelTa mefis saxel aramesgan momdinareobs. vfiqrobT, piriku, piris saxe-
li eTnonimisganaa miRebuli, rogorc es qarTvel bagrationTa sagvareu-
lo anTroponimebSi gvaqvs: bakuri, bagrati Zvel qarTul eTnonim beqirs
ukavSirdeba, quji satomo saxel qajis zanur variants warmoadgens da sxv.
`arami~ arameelTa eponimia. Aarameuli ena, SesaZloa, ebraelTa enac iyo
maTi qanaanSi dasaxlebamde. Zveli aRTqmis zogierTi wignis (ezekieli,
danieli) arameulad iyo dawerili. ieso qriste arameulad saubrobda.
arami haikTan erTad somexTa erT-erTi mTavari eponimia. aramisgan aris
miRebuli is saxelwodebebi, romlebiTac sxva xalxebi aRniSnavdnen am
eTnoss. savaraudod `arami~ gamoiyofa Zveli somxeTis dedaqalaqsa da
religiuri centris saxelwodeba armavirSi.
rac Seexeba Zvel somxur RvTaeba `aramazds~, romlisganac miRebulad Tv-
lis zogierTi mecnieri `armazs,~ somxuri Teonimi, Cveni varaudiT, iranu-
li `ahuramazdas~ da `aramis~ kontaminaciis Sedegad aris miRebuli.
xeTursa da luviurSi damowmebul paralelur `arma~ da `armas~ formebTan
dakavSirebiT vfiqrobT, `arma~ amosaval `armasTan~ SedarebiT Tanxmo-
vanmokvecili variantis povniereba aixsneba im garemoebiT, rom msesxebel
enaSi `s~ Tanxmovani daemTxva xeTuri enis nominativs. amgvari magaliTebis
moxmoba sxva enebis urTierTobebis kvlevis drosac SeiniSneba. Turqul-
idan qarTulSi Semosul iseT sityvebSi, rogorebicaa `elCi,~ `gemi~, fuZi-
seuli `i~ qarTulis saxelobiTi brunvis niSans daemTxva.
statiaSi aRZrul sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT gasaTvaliswinebelia is gare-
moeba, rom qarTvelTa urTierToba semitur samyarosTan mraval saukunes
da did areals moicavs. amdenad gaumarTleblad migvaCnia akad. i. dia-
konovis sazrisi imis Taobaze, rom qarTvelebsa da semitebs wina aziaSi
pirdapiri urTierToba ar hqondaT. qarTul mecnierebaSi gamoTqmulia
Sexeduleba saqarTvelos rig qalaqebSi (mcxeTa, ufliscixe, ujarma da
sxv.) arameul-ebrauli Temebis arsebobis Sesaxeb (akad. g. meliqiSvili).
Cveni azriT, amirani aramis semituri formaa, xolo armazis miReba aramis
gauCinarebuli sazRvruliT, kerpi (RvTaeba) aramis (Sdr. somxuri aramais)
pirvel marcvalSi reducirebuli formis warmoqmniT SeiZleba aixsnas:
aram > *arama > arma (Sdr. xeTur-luviuri arma „mTvare“), armasi/ armazi.
qarTul armazsa da xeTur-luviur wyaroebSi damowmebul variantebs So-
ris urTierToba SeiZleba sxvadasxvanairad iqnas ganxiluli.
qarTvelTa winaprebis eTnonimis mTvaris RvTaebasTan kavSiris Tvalsaz-
risiT yuradsaRebia xaTuri mTvaris RvTaeba qaSqu, romelsac CerqezTa
TviTsaxel qaSags ukavSireben. vfiqrobT, igi ufro eTnonim kolxisgan
aris miRebuli.
samecniero literaturaSi araerTgzis aRZrula sakiTxi, ratom gaqra ar-
mazis kulti? am kiTxvas gansakuTrebiT iv. javaxiSvili svams. didi mecn-
ieri werda:
319
 „pirvel damafiqrebel garemoebas am mxriv is warmoadgens, rom qarTveli
xalxis mexsierebasa da rwmenas armazi, viTarca RvTaeba an gmiri, ar Ser-
Cenia; imisda miuxedavad, rom Cven ers mazdeanobis ara erTi naSTi aqvs
SerCenili. rogor moxda, rom sxva, ufro wvrilmanic ki, xalxma SeinarCuna,
armazi srulebiT daiviwya, Tu igi marTla qarTvelTa mTavar RvTaebad da
kerpad iTvleboda?“ (javaxiSvili 1960: 105).
vfiqrobT, dasmul kiTxvas, didi xania, gaeca pasuxi. igi saqarTveloSi
qristianobis SemosvlasTan erTad warmarTuli kerpebis mospobasTan aris
dakavSirebuli, romlebic gadmocemis Tanaxmad wminda ninom dalewa. iv.
javaxiSvilisave sityvebiT:
„qarTvelTa warmarTobaSi TeTri giorgi mTvaris RvTaebis saxecvlili
formaa“ (javaxiSvili 1960: 51).
qarTveli mecnieris es Tvalsazrisi armazis Sesaxeb aisaxa `qarTul
sabWoTa enciklopediasa~ da „saqarTvelos enciklopediaSi“ -Si dabeWdil
statiebSi, aseve q. moskovSi 1997 wels rusul enaze gamosul miTologiur
leqsikonSi (avtori i. surgulaZe).
zemoxsenebul `aramsa~ da `qaSqusTan~ erTad, gasaTvaliswinebelia agreTve
TviT anTroponimi `giorgi~, romelic, Cveni azriT, eTnonim `kolxis~, `korx-
is~ iranuli gadmocema unda iyos. georgias berZnuli enis niadagze `mi-
waTmoqmedad~ axna meoreulia.
rogorc vxedavT, am magaliTebidan Cans, rom `mTvaris~ aRmniSvneli sityve-
bi qarTuli eTnonimuri warmoSobisaa.
wminda giorgiT Canacvlebuli armazi, saqarTveloSi saukuneebis Semdegac,
rom ar iyo daviwyebuli, es zogierTi ucxoeli avtorisTvisac yofila
cnobili. am mosazrebas SeiZleba 838 wels gardacvlili (dabadebis weli
ar aris cnobili) arabi Teologisa da istorikosis habib ibn maslamas
„dacvis sigelis“ erTi adgilic mowmobdes, sadac toponimi `ard al-hirmi-
ni~ aris moxseniebuli. arabisti istorikosi e. sixaruliZe, romelmac mi-
moqcevaSi Semoitana es dokumenti, wers: „dacvis sigelis“ sxva variantebSi
miTiTebuli formis nacvlad aris `ard al-hurmuz~ an `ard al-kirmaz~.
am geografiul saxelebSi `ard~ qveyanas niSnavs. gamomcemlis daskvniT,
yvelaze adrindeli da yvelaze swori forma unda iyos `ard al-hirmin~,
sxva danarCeni ki gadamwerelTa aRrevis Sedegad miRebuli damaxinjebuli
saxesxvaobebia (sixaruliZe 2001: 9).
vfiqrobT, arab avtorTan moxseniebuli `al-hurmuzi~ da `al-hirmini~ sxva-
dasxva geografiuli terminebia. rogorc qarTveli arabisti marTebulad
wers, arabi mematianeebi `ard al-hirminiT~ aRniSnavdnen somxeTs, saqarTve-
los da albaneTs.
im garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom xsenebul dokumentSi sul ori to-
ponimia: `Taflis~ da `ard al-hirmin~, Cveni fiqriT, „dacvis sigelis“ sxva
variantSi damowmebuli `hurmuzi~ gvgonia iyos ufro misaRebi. `armazs~
arabulSi SeeZlo `hurmuz~ moeca. qarTuli `a~ xmovnis arabulSi `u-d~
gadabgereba bagismieri Tanxmovnis manis gavleniTaa asaxsneli. arabul
320
enaSi Sesul qarTvelizmebSi xmovanTa progresuli asimilaciis SemTx-
vevebi dasturdeba.
arabuli teqstis variantuli wakiTxva `al-kirmazic~ fonetikurad axloa
`armazTan~. am daSvebas is garemoebac uWers mxars, rom al-kirmazi iberi-
is dedaqalaqTan erTad moixsenieba. aseT SemTxvevaSi iqneboda Tbilisi
da armazis qveyana. davuSvaT, rom qarTlSi qristianobis oficialur re-
ligiad miRebis Semdeg Tbilisi da wm. giorgis qveyana erTad yofiliyo
warmodgenili. `al-kirmazi~ ufro `hurmuzis~ saxesxvaobaa. `armazi~ unda
iyos ZvelberZnul RvTaebaTa panTeonSi hermesis formiT damkvidrebuli
zevsisa da maias vaJis saxeli. isic aris aRsaniSnavi, rom Zveli egvi ptis
sakralur qalaqebSi, e .w. hieropolisebSi, iyo mTvaris RvTaeba `ToTi~
(Sdr. zanuri TuTa „mTvare“).
miwaTmoqmedebis qveynad miCneuli saqarTvelosTvis iseTi umniSvnelova-
nesi meoxis, rogoric xaria, rqebis forma namgala mTvaris asociaciebs
aRZravs. namgala mTvare jer bizantiis, xolo Semdgom osmaleTis imperiis
emblema gaxda.
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, statiaSi warmodgenili Tvalsazrisebi Sei-
Zleba amgvarad Sejamdes:
saxeli `armazi~ iranuli `ahuramazdisgan~ ar momdinareobs. qarTul warm-
arTul panTeonSi dampyrobTa RvTaebis damkvidreba nakleb mosalodnelia.
kerpebis aRwerilobebs Soris didi gansxvavebaa. `ahuramazdisgan~ `arma-
zis~ miReba fonetikurad winaaRmdegobebs awydeba.
`armazi~ mTvaris RvTaebaa, rasac xeTursa da luviurSi `mTvarisa~ da
`mTvaris RvTaebis~ mniSvnelobiT damowmebuli `arma-c~ uWers mxars. am
ukanasknelis indoevropuli enebis safuZvelze nazmnar saxelad miCneva
gaumarTlebelia.
`armazi~ eTnonim `arams~ unda ukavSirdebodes, romelic `aram-xutuSia~ da
`amiranSia~ warmodgenili. qarTuli armazisaganaa warmoqmnili berZnuli
`hermesic~. am TvalsazrisiT saTvalavSi misaRebia is garemoeba, rom qar-
Tlis sameufeo qalaqis mcxeTis SemogarenSiac aris aRmoCenili arameul
enaze Sesrulebuli warwerebi, romelsac mecnierebaSi armazis arameuli
ewoda.
`armazis~ anatoliur `armasTan~ urTierTobis TvalsazrisiT `armasi~
SeiZleba `armas~ nominativad iqnas ganxiluli an qarTul niadagze miRe-
bulad; *`arama~ > `arma~, Semdeg *RvTaeba `armasi~ da gauCinarebuli saz-
RvruliT `armasi~ / `armazi~.
vfiqrobT, zemowarmodgenili zogierTi faqtic mowmobs imas, Tu raoden
didi mniSvneloba aqvs iberiis warsulis Seswavlas ara marto saqarTve-
los saxelmwifoebriobis istoriisaTvis, aramed Cveni qveynis samxreT wina
aziasTan da egeosur samyarosTan kulturul-istoriul urTierTobaTa
kvlevis TvalsazrisiTac.
321
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saxelmwifo muzeumis arqeologiuri
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Free University,
Associated Professor
FOR THE
ETYMOLOGY
OF THE
NAME OF
PAGAN
DEITY
ARMAZI
On the one hand, the article presents an attempt
to demonstrate the groundlessness of one of the
two main standpoints existing in the scientific
literature, according to which the name of the
supreme ancient Georgian pagan deity Armazi
is originated from the Persian’s God Ahura
Mazda. Also, on the other hand, the article at-
tempts to show that the Armazi was originated
in the Georgian’s dwelling place.
The existence of the invaders’ deity in the top
of the national pantheon, different from Armazi
with its ideology, (according to the Georgian
chronicler, ~Chaldean God Itrujan and our God
Armaz are absolute enemies”), significant pho-
netical modification of foreign theonym on
the basis of Georgian language, the noticeable
differences between their descriptions given in
the Georgian chronicles, creates serious doubts
about the version of Armazi’s origination from
the other world.
According to some scientists, Armazi is related considered as the Amiran’s alter-idems.
to ~Arma” (~moon”, ~moon deity”) existing in
Shalva Gabeskiria
Hittite and Luwian and it isn’t justified to ex-
plane it as the name deriving from the Indo-Eu-
ropean languages’ verb basis.
The consideration about Armazi’s origination
from the Urartu Kingdom’s royal dynasty name
~Arame” isn’t convincing; it appears to be on
the contrary (the person’s name is derived from
the ethnonym).
Armazi, like ~Qashqu”, evidenced in Hit-
tite texts with a meaning of the moon, in the
present study is discussed in regard to the
ethnonym Aram, which, after introduction of
Christianity in Georgia, returned to its Per-
sian form of ethnonym Colkh-/Corkhu; and
which according to the Greek language was
interpreted as anthroponym Giorgi, connect-
ed to the agriculture. The latter is preserved in
~Amiran”, transformed in Semite as ~Ar-
am-Khutu” and ~Aram”, both of which are
323
 Regardin the origination of ~Armazi” the fol- For some foreign scholars Armazi was known
lowing assumption is expressed in the article: in the later periods, too (Arabian historian of
*Arama> Arma, then the *deity of Armasi and the 9th cent, Habib ibn Maslama).
Armasi/Armazi. That kind of variation of the
In the regard of ethnonym ~Aram”, Georgian
name is reflected in the forms given in the Hit-
tite texts _ ~Armas” and ~Armash” (compare by its origin, it should be mentioned that in
Zaden- Hittite ~Eshtan”). the antique period, Aramean-Hebrew commu-
nities lived in the Old Iberian cities (Mtskhe-
Regarding the debatable issue _ whether Ar- ta, Uplistsikhe, Ujarma). In the outskirts of
mazi is the Moon Deity or not, there should Mtskheta the Aramean language inscriptions
be taken into account the establishment of can be found.
Georgian deity in the form of Hermes in the
Old Greek pantheon; also, the existence of the With a regard to the issue discussed in the ar-
Moon Deity Thoth in Egyptian sacral towns ticle, our attention is attracted to a Solar Dei-
(compare Zanian Tuta - ~Moon”) should be ty Zaden, pair of the Moon Deity, which was
taken into account. erected on the left bank of Kura river, near
Tsitsamuri. According to the old Anatolia re-
Thus, the names of the Moon idols’ (~Qashqu”, searchers, this deity is considered to be Hittite
~Armazi”, ~Tetri Giorgi”) are related to Geor- (proto-Hittite).
gian ethnonyms (~Colchis”, ~Arami”).

jvris monasteri, detali

324 325
 merab Cuxua
ssi p Cerqezuli kulturis centri, direqtori,
iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis
saxelmwifo universiteti,asocirebuli profesori
etimologiuri
SeniSvnebi
mcxeTis
regionis
toponimikaze
1. bagin-i/bagin-eT-i — Zveli qarTuli bagin-i „sakerpe,
samsxverplo, salocavi, bomoni“, rogorc adgilis
saxeli (toponimi), saqarTvelos or regionSi fiq-
sirdeba - mcxeTasa da vanis raionSi. mcxeTaSi ak-
ropolisis teritoriaze mTis qveda terasas xalxi
(mosaxleoba) dResac uwodebs bagn-iT-s an bagin-
eT-s, rac niSnavs bagin-is (e.i. kerpis, salocavis)
adgils [janaSia 1959: 128]. vanis munici palitetis
bagineT-i (salominaos Temis qveTemi), mdebareobs
samxreT imereTis mTiswineTze, mdinare fereTis (ri-
onis marcxena Senakadi) saTaveebSi. zRvis donidan
480 metri, vanidan daSorebulia 25 kilometriT. am-
avdroulad, TurqeTis saqarTveloSi damowmebulia
baginis xeoba.
bagin-eT-i k. wereTels mogv-eT-i ti pis warmoebad
miaCnia, amitomac daaskvna: „adgilis saxelwodeba-
ni „mogveTi“ da „bagineTi“ semantikurad identuria.
erT SemTxvevaSi igi nawarmoebia sityvisgan „mogvi“
da aqedan „mogvebis adgili, mogvebis adgilsamyofe-
li“ -› „mogveTi“, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi „baginis-
gan“: adgili, sadac baginia da orive Tavdapirvelad
warmarTuli salocavi iyo. amitom yvelgan iq, sad-
ac „bagineTi“ gvxvdeba, warmarTTa salocavis adg-
ilsamyofeli unda vivaraudoT“ [wereTeli 2002:31].
sazogadod, bagin- fuZis warmomavloba imTaviTve
gare-enobriv samyaros daukavSirda. jer kidev
sulxan-saba orbeliani miuTiTebda Tavis leqsikon-
Si - bagini (uxm.) somxuria bomons ewodeba, qarTu-
lad bomoni hqvian (ZA). faqtobrivad, sabas mosaz-
rebas imeorebda n. mari, roca aRniSnavda qarTuli
bagin-is somxuri Bagin “sakerpe“ (кумирня) terminis-
gan momdinareobis Sesaxeb [mari 1909:302]. nasesxobis
Teorias savaraudod emxroba m. andronikaSvilic,
oRond misTvis qarTuli bagin-is wyaro aris ara
326
somxuri, aramed iranuli enebi; kerZod, ZveliiranulisTvis aRdgenili
*bagaina arqeti pi. qarTuli bagin-i somxuri Bagin-is winamorbedia, magram
sakuTriv iranuli baga (Zv, iranuli *bagaina, sanskrit. Bhaga, avest. Baya) misT-
vis araindoevropuli warmomavlobisaa; istoriulad avtori SesaZleblad
miiCnevda baga-ს midiuri samyarodan Semosvla-damkvidrebas [andronikaSvi-
li 1966:16, 17, 34]. m. andronikaSvilis Tvalsazrisi meordeba (gaziarebulia)
sxva avtorTa SromebSi [a. abulaZe, b. jorbenaZe, z. sarjvelaZe, i. gi perti...].
miukerZoebeli kvleva-Ziebisas, cxadia, imTaviTve undoblobas iwvevs Zv.
qarTulSi realurad fiqsirebuli sityva-formis hi poTeturi wyarodan
momdinareobis daSveba; miT umetes, maSin, rodesac qarTvelur enobriv
qvesistemaSi fiqsirebuli fuZeebi bagin-is sakuTriv qarTveluri warmo-
mavlobis damtkicebis SesaZleblobas gvaZleven. aRmoCnda, rom „salocavi,
bomoni“ mniSvnelobebi ar yofila amosavali qarTuli bagin - sityvisaT-
vis. amas TvalnaTliv aCvenebs lazurSi qarTulidan arqaul periodSi
SeTvisebuli bagen-i fuZe, romelsac dRemde „nalia, beReli“ erTaderTi
mniSvneloba udasturdeba. aqve unda aRiniSnos i-›e fonetikuri gadasvlis
lazuri safuZvelic, rac ar Cans unikaluri, Sdr: laz. nena - megr. nina,
svan. nin „ena“, anu laz. bagen-i ‹- bagin-i.
amdenad, irkveva, rom lazurSi SemogvrCa iseTi mniSvneloba, rac arqaul
qarTulSic bunebrivi iyo, mxolod Semdgom periodSi momxdara mniSvnelo-
bis transformacia: beReli/nalia -› salocavi. amiT imis Tqma gvsurs, rom
qarTulSic Tavdapirvelad bagin- forma beRlisnairi Senoba/nagebobis
mniSvnelobas atarebda, romelsac imavdroulad saritualo (samlocvelo)
daniSnulebac hqonia warmarTobis epoqaSi (Sdr. am TvalsazrisiT maran-i
da misi funqciebi qarTvelur yofa-cxovrebaSi). amgvari xedviT sesxebis
mimarTulebac icvleba, bagin-i qarTulSi somxuridan ki ar Semosula, ar-
amed piriqiT, somxurSi bagin-sTvis gamsesxebel enad qarTuli gvevlineba
da sityva-forma somxurma maSin isesxa, roca qarTulSi ukve ganxorciele-
buli iyo sityvis mniSvnelobis cvla: beReli/nalia -› salocavi.
qarT. bagin- formis endemurobas mxars uWers aseve is faqtic, rom mas
qarTvelur ena-kiloebSi kanonzomieri Sesatyvisi eZebneba, rogorc
struqturul-semantikuri, ise fonetikuri TvalsazrisiT. aseT sityva-for-
mad miviCnevT lazur bogin-a-s, romelsac futkris saxlis, skis mniSvnelo-
ba udasturdeba = bagin-:bogin-a. semantikuri korelacia beReli - nalia
- ska bunebrivad migvaCnia. ase rom, aq aRdgeba s.-qarTv. arqeti pi *bagin-e
„beReli, nalia, sakulto/ritualuri nageboba“, romelic, Tavis mxriv, advi-
li SesaZlebelia, sxva s.-qarTv. Zirs, kerZod, *bag-a prototi ps ukavSirde-
bodes.
2. zedazen-i — samecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmulia Tvalsazrisi imis
Sesaxeb, rom, savaraudod, toponimi „zedazeni“ miRebulia „zeda zadenisa-
gan“ [afaqiZe 1958; saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. I, Tb., 1970; meliqiS-
vili 1959]. marTlac, „qarTlis cxovrebaSi“ ioanes zeda-zadeneli ewodeba
[WumburiZe 1987:446], sadac zedazaden-i forma realurad aris damowmebu-
li. miuxedavad amisa, SesaZleblad miviCnevT erTmaneTisagan gavmijnoT
zeda-zen-i da zeda-zaden-i, rogorc ori gansxvavebuli warmomavlobis
toponimi. zeda-zen-i, Cveni dakvirvebiT, Seicavs zen- saxels, romelic
gavrcelebulia mTel saqarTveloSi. igi qarTulSi dakarguli sityvaa,
magram SemorCenilia toponimiaSi, Sdr.: zeniTi - sofeli qobuleTSi, ro-
327
 melic mdebareobs mesxeTis qedis dasavleT mTiswineTSi. zen-did-i (qeda);
mdebareobs mdinare aWariswylis marjvena mxares, daba qedidan daSore-
bulia 1 kilometriT. zendidis cixe - safortifikacio nageboba, sofel
zendidSi (qeda); mdebareobs maRal goraze.
igive Ziri dasturdeba zanuris orsave dialeqtSi, Sdr.: laz. zen-i „vake;
mindori; swori adgili“, jgiria-zen-i (top.), megr. zen-i//rzen-i „vake; bari“,
jvar-zen-i, nara-zen-i (top.)... svanurSic zen bunebrivi formaa odnav Secvli-
li mniSvnelobiT: „utyeo gaSlili adgili; vake; ferdobi cicaboze“. am-
itomac zen- Ziri fuZe-enidan momdinared miviCnieT, s.-qarTv. *zen- „vake;
bari; mindori“. ufro metic, s.-qarTv. *zen- arqeti pis afxazur-adiRur
Sesatyvisze osuri enis monacemebis mixedviT xdeba msjeloba SesaZlebe-
li. zina „noyieri, mindor-yanebi“ sityva Cerqezulis momijnave digorul
dialeqts, rogorc nasesxoba, SemorCa.
xolo naxur-daRestnur izoglosebze msjeloba jerjerobiT mxolod
lakuri zanu „saZovari“ formis safuZvelze Cans SesaZlebeli.
3. karsani — sofeli mcxeTis munici palitetSi, Zegvis Temi. mdebareobs
TrialeTis qedis aRmosavleT kalTaze. zRvis donidan 700 m., mcxeTas daS-
orebulia 8 km-iT. karsani Tbilissa da mcxeTas Soris arsebul patara
xeobaSia moqceuli, mtkvrisa da aragvis SesarTavTan. xeobis sigrZe sul
Svidiode kilometrs Seadgens, xolo doneTa sxvaoba xeobis Tavsa da bo-
los Soris 500 metrs aRemateba; xeoba gamoirCeva warmtaci bunebiTa da
ekomravalferovnebiT.
etimologiurad karsan-is gaSifvra ar unda warmoadgendes did siZneles;
savaraudod, kars- igive Ziri Cans, rac Zv. qarTul sityvaSi gvaqvs, Sdr.
kars-e „karibWe, zRurbli“, xolo -an ki cnobili qarTuli topoformantia.
4. sasxori — sofeli mcxeTis munici palitetSi, mdebareobs md. niCbisiswy-
lis xeobaSi, niCbisis seris Ziras. soflis teritoriaze ramdenime istori-
uli Zegli dgas. amave teritoriaze aRmarTulia sabrZolo koSki.
saxel sasxor-Si advili dasanaxia sa- prefiqsi, romlis gamoyofis SemTx-
vevaSi Zirad viRebT sxor-s. Tanamedrove qarTulSi sxor- mniSvnelobas
moklebuli sityvaa, magram Zvel qarTulSi sxor- ramdenime teqstSia fiq-
sirebuli da moepoveba fonetikuri variantic - msxovr-. rogorc baqar
gigineiSvilma miuTiTa [gigineiSvili 1979:58], xanmetur mravalTavSi das-
turdeba msxor-, xolo sinurSi - msxovr-. neStTa pirvel wignSi isev msx-
ovr-ia damowmebuli moqmedebiTi brunvis formiT - msxovr-iT. amosava-
li mniSvneloba msxor-/msxovr- alomorfebisa unda yofiliyo msxverpli/
samsxverplo cxvari (= ritualuri). es azri ikiTxeba berZnul da somx-
ur saTanado teqstebSi [gigineiSvili 1979:59]. da Tu msxor- ritualuri
msxverpli an samsxverplo cxvari aris, maSin sa-sxor-i samsxverplo, msx-
verplis Sesawiri adgili gamodis. da es bunebrivicaa im sofelSi, sad-
ac SedarebiT mcire teritoriaze RvTismSoblis saxelobis darbazuli
eklesia; wminda giorgis aseve darbazuli da mTavarangelozis saxelobis
eklesiebia ganTavsebuli.
5. xerki — istoriul-geografiuli regioni aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, Sua
saukuneebis administraciuli erTeuli - xevi (igive Temi) mdinare aragvis
328
dinebis samxreTiT marcxena mxares (axlandeli mcxeTisa da duSeTis mu-
nici palitetis teritoriis nawili). xerk-i igive saguramos an Tezmis
xevia. vaxuSti batoniSvilis lokalizaciiT aRmosavleTiT sazRvravda
erwos mTa, samxreTiT - zedaznis mTa, CrdiloeTiT - nikorna-bokowans So-
ris mdebare mTebi, dasavleTiT - mdinare aragvi. xerkis centri iyo zedaz-
nis cixe. antikur xanaSi xerki muxranTan erTad mcxeTis „samoqalaqos“
(mcxeTis sagamgeblo regioni) qmnida. Sua saukuneebSi xerkze gabatoneba
garkveulad cvlida mimdebare politikur erTeulTa politikur mdgo-
mareobas. cnobilia, aseve, rom XII dasawyisSi daviT aRmaSenebelma zedaze-
ni da xerki samefo xelisuflebas daumorCila.
XI saukunis I naxevarSi „aman kvirikem dai pyra kaxeTi da hereTica da
iwoda mefed kaxTa, garna Tu isxdnen erisTavni hereTs. aramed aman kvirike
mefeman ufros ganamtkicna da dasxna 3 (erisTavi) kaxeTs da 4 hereTs da
kaxeTisa erTi (erisTavi) rusTavs da misca sruliad kuxeTi, romel ars
nagebi, yaraia, Cadivar_samgori, ujarma, lilo, martyofi, grdani, xerki da
TianeTi, aragvis kerZo Jinvanamde“ [„qarTlis cxovreba“. s. yauxCiSvilis
redaqciiT, t. IV, Tb., 1973 w., gv. 561]
qarTul sityva xerk-s dRes aranairi mniSvneloba ar udasturdeba, misi
Sinaarsis gaazreba SesaZlebeli xdeba mxolod lazuri Sesatyvisis mox-
mobiT; diax, lazurSi damowmebuli leqsema xark-i, romelsac arxis, wisqvi-
lis arxis mniSvnelobebi udasturdeba, iZleva fasdaudebel informacias
xerk- formis amosavali mniSvnelobis dasadgenad. qarTvelur enaTa bge-
raTSesatyvisobaTa Cveneba am SepirispirebaSi daculia, Sdr. qarT. e : zan.
a – xerk-/xark-.
ufro metic, daRestnur da naxur enebSi genetikurad saerTo Zirebis
moZiebac xdeba SesaZlebeli. aseTad miiCneva darg. herk „mdinare; arxi“,
qarTvelur xerk- da darguul herk- izoglosebs Sesatyvisebs vuZebniT
naxuri jgufis enebSic; Sdr. wova-TuSuri - xke „xeoba“, CeCnuri - axq „mTis
mdinare; xeoba“.
vfiqrobT, semantikuri korelacia arxi / mdinare / xeoba bunebrivia aramx-
olod iberiul-kavkasiuri enebisaTvis.
bibliografia
1. andronikaSvili mz., narkvevebi iran- 5. „qarTlis cxovreba“, s. yauxCiSvilis re-
ul-qarTuli enobrivi urTierTobidan, I, daqciiT, t. IV, Tb., 1973
Tb., 1966 6. wereTeli k., kidev erTxel sityva „bag-
2. afaqiZe a., antikuri wyaroebis sevsamo- inis“ Sesaxeb, enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi,
ra-wiwamuri, iv. javaxiSvilis sax. isto- №4; Tb., 2002
riis institutis Sromebi, t. 4, nakv. 1, Tb., 7. WumburiZe z., dedaena qarTuli, Tb., 1987
1958 8. janaSia s., Sromebi t. III, Tb., 1959
3. gigineiSvili b., cxvris aRmniSvneli uZ- 9. Марр Н. Я., Яфетическое происхождение
velesi qarTuli sityva, saenaTm.ecniero армянского слова margarey «пророк»; Изв. Имп.
krebuli, Tb., 1979 АН. (=ИИАН), VI серия, №17, С-ПБ, 1909
4. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. 1, 10. Меликишвили Г. А., К истории древней Грузии,
Tb., 1970 Тб., 1959
329

Director of the LEPL Circassian Culture Center,
Tbilisi State University, Associated Professor
ETYMOLOGICAL
REMARKS FOR
TOPONYMS OF
MTSKHETA
REGION
1. The endemity of Georgian Bagin-/Bagin-
et-i is supported by the fact, that its relevant as we have in the old Georgian word “gate”,
equivalent can be found in Georgian dia-
lects, according to their structural-semat-
ic, as well as phonetic viewpoint. Lazian
bogin-a is considered to be such kind of a 4. Saskhori – village in Mtskheta munici-
word-form, the meaning of which is con-
firmed to be a bee house, hive = bagin- :
bogin-a. Semantic opposition of - barn –
granary – hive is considered to be natural.
2. Zedazen-i _ We assumed it would possible
to separate Zeda-Zen-i and Zeda-Zaden-i
from each other, as two toponyms of dif-
ferent origin. According to our observation,
Zeda-Zen-i contains the name Zen, which 5. Kherki – is a historical-geographic re-
is spread throughout Georgia. This word
is lost in Georgian language, however, it is
preserved in the toponymy; compare Zeniti
– village in Kobuleti, located in the west
foothill of Meskheti ridge. Zen-did-i (Keda)
is located on the right side of Adjaristskali
river, 1 km from Keda settlement. comp.
the Zendidi castle.
3. Karsani – village in Mtskheta municipal-
ity, in Dzegvi commune. Decoding Kar-
san-i etimologically shouldn’t seem diffi-
330
Merab Chukhua
cult. The base Kars- seems to be the same,
“entrance”. What about – An, it is a famous
Georgian topo-former.
pality. If the meanings sacrifice/sacrificial
lamb (tskhvari) are the basis for mskhor-/
mskhovr, it comes out that sa-skhor-i is the
sacrificial place; This is quite natural for
the village, where, on relatively small area
there are located St. Virgin, St. George sin-
gle-nave basilicas and a church of St. Arch-
angel.
gion in east part of Georgia. Even if now-
adays, the Georgian Kherk- doesn’t have
any confirmed meanings, understanding its
content becomes possible with the help of
the Lazian equivalent; in Lazian, the lex-
eme Khark-i is confirmed as ~channel”,
~watermill’s channel” and exactly that one
is considered as the proper equivalent for
Georgian Khark. The indication of equiv-
alency of sounds of Georgian languages is
observed here, comp. Georg. E : Zan. A.
jvris monasteri, detali
331
 nino RambaSiZe
givi zaldastaniSvilis saxelobis
amerikuli akademia TbilisSi,
Tsu ganaTlebis fakultetis doqtoranti
toponim
"sarkine"-s
interpretaciisaTvis
toponimTa umravlesobas, sazogadod, gamWvirvale
motivacia aqvs da arc maTi warmomavloba da arc
Sinaarsi sakamaTo ar aris xolme. magram, zogjer,
erTi SexedviT ueWvelad dadgenili etimologiis
mqone romelime toponimi gansxvavebuli interpre-
taciis saSualebas gvTavazobs. amis magaliTia to-
ponimi `sarkine“, mcxeTis dasavleTiT, 8,5 km manZil-
ze, mtkvris marcxena napirze, jojoxeTis xevidan md.
qsnamde da nastagisamde, savaneTis qedsa da `grZel
mindorze“ mdebare adgilis saxelwodeba (Zeglebi.
5. 1990: 307). qarTuli saistorio wyaroebis mixedviT
toponimi `sarkine“ cnobilia Sua saukuneebidan da
calke dasaxlebad, mcxeTis erT-erT ubnad, an da-
moukidebel cixe-qalaqad aris xsenebuli.
uZvelesi wyaro, romelic `sarkine“-s axsenebs, aris
XI saukunis avtoris - leonti mrovelis Txzuleba
`qarTlis cxovreba“: bun-Turqebad wodebuli ucx-
oeli ltolvilebis erTi jgufis qarTlSi mosv-
lis Sesaxeb Txrobisas wyaro ambobs, rom mosulma
28 saxlma mcxeTis mamasaxlisisagan iTxova samo-
saxlo adgili, da rodesac nebarTva miiRes, dasax-
ldnen mcxeTis dasavleTiT, mozRudes, gaamagres mt-
kiced da ewoda am adgils `sarkine“ (q.cx.I.1955:15).
`qarTlis cxovrebis“ ufro adreuli wyaro, `mo-
qcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ“ sarkines warmoadgens mcxeTis-
agan damoukidebel da cixedidTan dakavSirebul
erTeulad: `cixÀ didi sarkinisaÁ“, xolo `mefeTa
cxovreba“ sarkines mcxeTis ubnad moixseniebs:
`mcxeTa da ubanni misni, sarkine, cixe didi da zana-
vi, ubani uriaTa...“ (q.cx. I 1955:17).
vaxuSti batoniSvilic `sarkines“ axsenebs bun-Tur-
qTa mosvlasTan dakavSirebiT (q.cx. IV 1973: 350).
yuradRebas iqcevs is garemoeba, rom toponim `sar-
kine-s“ etimologiuri interpretaciis saWiroeba dam-
dgara Sua saukuneebSi, misi ucxo enaze Targmnisas.
332
ratomRac yvela mTargmneli cdida sarkine-qalaqi rkinis warmoebasTan
dakavSirebulad aexsna (Sdr. vrkajaian; q.cx. 1953: 21), xolo imave drois qa-
rTveli avtorebi mas `bunTurqTaTvis“ micemul adgilad ixsenieben. Sua
saukuneebis TargmanebiT damkvidrebuli toponim `sarkine“-s interpreta-
cia SemdgomSi qarTulSic gavrcelda da XIX saukunisaTvis cneba `rkina“-
sTan misma etimologiurma dakavSirebam ukve tradiciis saxe miiRo.
werilobiTi wyaroebisa da samecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmuli Tval-
sazrisebis Sejerebisas ibadeba aseTi kiTxva: Tu CvenTvis saintereso
adgils `sarkine“ e.w. `bunTurqTa“ (Tu sxva romelime momTabare eTnosis)
mosvla-damkvidrebisas daerqva da misi interpretacia `rkinas“ (rkinis mad-
nis mopoveba-damuSavebas) ukavSirdeba, gamodis, rom qarTlSi da, sakuTriv
mcxeTis SemogarenSi rkinis metalurgiac maT mosvlas unda daukavSirdes.
es varaudi rom mcdaria, amas, TviT sarkines (e.w. `grZeli mindvris“) teri-
toriaze aRmoCenili gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanis namosaxlari, samaro-
vani da liTonis sawarmoebic adasturebs, xolo `bunTurqTa“ qarTlSi
mosvlis dro mkafiod moiniSneba Zv.w. II-I saukuneebis mijniT!
meore mxriv, bunTurqni rom iseT adgilze dasaxlebuliyvnen, romelsac
adre saukuneebSi liTonis mewarme-xelosanTa mkvidrobis gamo erqva `sar-
kine“, (msgavsad qvemo qarTlis `sarkineTis mTisa“), savaraudebelia, avtors
eTqva `mis adgilsa, romelsa hrqÂan sarkine“, rogorc amas zanavis Sesaxeb
ambobs: `...misca da dasxna aragvsa zeda wyarosa, romelsa hrqÂan zanavi da
romeli aqunda maT xarkiTa da hrqÂan xerk xarkisa misTÂs“. (q.cx.1. 1955:16).
cnobilia, rom gvianelinistur xanaSi, romis imperiis sxva aRmosavlu-
ri provinciebis msgavsad, saqarTveloSic saxelmwifo kancelariis enad
dominirebda berZnuli ena; berZnulenovani iyo agreTve Teonimikac: am
drois damwerlobis nimuSebis mixedviT Rvinisa da mevenaxeobis mfarve-
li RvTaeba berZnulad dionised aris wodebuli, da misi gamosaxulebani
(qandakebani, niRbebi, reliefebi) swored sarkines SemogarenSi mravlad
dasturdeba. saerTodac, am xanis monapovari arqeologiuri xelovnebis
Zeglebi aSkarad berZnuli xasiaTisaa.
romis politikuri da kulturuli gavlena gvianelinisturi xanis qarT-
lis samefos cxovrebaze bunebrivad unda asaxuliyo qarTuli enis leqsi-
kaSic. am dros gansakuTrebiT unda emravla sazogadoebriv-politikuri
da socialuri Sinaarsis nasesxobebs, romlis erT-erT magaliTad war-
mogvidgeba berZnul-laTinuri sityva sarkina/ae, romlis leqsikuri mniS-
vnelobacaa: a) fuTa, bargi; b) jariskacis piradi aRWurviloba (ix, https://
ka.glosbe.com/la/ka).
leontiseul `bunTurqTa“ Semosvlis droisaTvis qarTlis samefos
dedaqalaqi mcxeTa didi qalaqia, gvianelinisturi xanis qalaqisaTvis da-
maxasiaTebeli yvela struqturuli elementisa da funqciuri nawilis
mqone, didi satranzito-saqaravno gzis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani punqti.
bunebrivia, rom mas hqonoda iseTi mniSvnelovani nawili, romelsac Tana-
medrove terminologiiT `kargo“ (sabaJo terminali) ewodeba. radganac am
periodisaTvis romi iyo politikur-kulturuli da savaWro dominanti
qarTlis samefos cxovrebisaTvis, bunebrivia, rom satranzito gzis upi-
ratesi mimarTuleba unda yofiliyo dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisaken da
333
 terminalic swored mcxeTis dasavleTiT unda iyos sagulvebeli.
Tu imasac gaviTvaliswinebT, rom berZnul-laTinuri sityva sarkina/ae niS-
navs `tvirTs“, `mZimes“, savaraudoa, rom CvenTvis saintereso adgils swored
`tvirTis dasawyobis“ mniSvnelobis mqone saxeli darqmeoda, miumetes, rom
swored sarkines pirdapir, mtkvris marjvena sanapiroze mdebare mindors
ewodeba amave Sinaarsis gamomxatveli qarTuli saxeli `bargiyaria“. am
mindorze, n. berZeniSvilis azriT, `uZvelesi xanidan (igul. gvianantikuri
xanidan, n.R.) yofila sabaJo“ (Zeglebi 5.1990:333).
SeniSvna 1: feodalur xanaSi saqarTvelos qalaqebs rom amgvari struqturu-
li elementi moepoveba, dasturdeba agreTve `vefxistyaosniT“: vaWarTa qa-
laqis _ gulanSaros mkvidri atyobinebs vaWrulad gadacmul axalmosul
avTandils, rom yoveli savaWrod mosuli valdebulia Tavisi tvirTis
nimuSebi aaxlos vaWarTa mTavars, ganasazRvrinos am qalaqSi dasaSvebi
fasebi da mxolod amis Semdeg aqvs mas ufleba vaWrobisa.
SeniSvna 2: feodalur xanaSi, rodesac politikuri viTarebis cvlilebis
gamo Tbilisi gaxda qarTlis samefos dedaqalaqi, rogorc Cans, Secva-
la satranzito gzis mimarTulebis veqtori, Sesabamisi terminali ukve
dedaqalaqis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT arsebobs da mas `yuryuta“ (igul. mo-
sacdeli) ewodeba. (dRevandeli foniWala).
Sua saukuneebSi sarkinozi arabis sinonimad damkvidrda qarTulSi: VIII
saukunis mwerali ioane sabanisZe qristianobisaTvis wamebul abos ixse-
niebs, rogorc: `naSobi abrameanTasa, ZeTagan ismaelisaTa, tomisagan sarki-
nozTaÁsa... ara Tu ucxoÁsagan Teslisa, ara xarWisagan naSobi, arabielTa
Tesli“ (qrestomatia 1946:129). maSasadame, im drois qarTulma salitera-
turo enam icis eTnonimi `arabica“ da religiuri Sinaarsis mqone ter-
mini `sarkinozic“. Cndeba kiTxva - xom ar unda iyos termini `sarkinozi“,
laTinuri sityva sarcinous/a,um _ `datvirTuli“, `bargiT damZimebuli“-s
Sinaarsis gamomxatveli? berZnulSi sityva σάρκινος-s ramodenime mniSvne-
loba aqvs, romelTagan erT-erTia _`didi“, `mZime“. Tu davuSvebT, rom sity-
va `sarkinozi“ qarTulSi `mZime bargiT datvirTulis“/`sakuTari bargis
Tan matareblis“ mniSvnelobiT Semovida, igi SeiZleba axlandeli `momTab-
are“-s sinonimis mniSvnelobad aixsnas.
Tu es asea, imis daSvebac SeiZleba, rom sityva `sarkine“ qarTulma Sua
saukuneebze bevrad adre icis da amitomac `sarkinozi“ (`bargiT datvir-
Tuli“, `bargis Tan matarebeli“) Searqva arabebs. miT umetes, rom igi saer-
TaSoriso terminad gvevlineba (rus., сарацын).
imas, rom `sarkinozi“ qarTulad swored momTabares (mTeli Tavisi avla-
didebis Tan-matarebels) unda niSnavdes, gvafiqrebinebs Semdegi: arabTa
Semdgom qarTlis dampyroblebs `Turq-selCukni“ (║seljuki║ sarkinozi)
ewodebaT, rac agreTve momTabare-s unda niSnavdes. ar aris gamoricxuli,
rom sityva Turqi qarTulSi sarkinozi-s, momTabares sinonimad Semovida da
leonti mroveliseuli kompoziti bun-Turqi niSnavs `modgmiT momTabare“-s.
rom SevajamoT Cveni msjeloba, SeiZleba davaskvnaT Semdegi: mcxeTis Crdi-
lo-dasavleTiT, mtkvris orsave napirze mdebare velebi - `grZeli mind-
ori“ da `bargiyaria“ gvianelinistur xanaSi warmoadgenda didi mcxeTis
334
struqturul nawils _ sabaJo terminals da ewodeboda `sarkine“.
Sesabamisad, Tavdapirvelad mocemuli sityva qarTulSi Semosulia termin-
is funqciiT _ qalaqis sabaJo terminalis aRmniSvnelad. rodesac am adg-
ilma dedaqalaqis struqturuli nawilis funqcia dakarga, berZnul-laTin-
uri termini `wminda toponimad“ iqca da qarTul sityvad iqna aTvisebuli:
erT SemTxvevaSi SenarCunebulia sityvis mniSvneloba da Seicvala Tavad
sityva, iTargmna qarTulad. amitom mtkvris marjvena napirze mdebare vels
ewoda `bargiyaria“, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi SenarCunebulia Tavad sityva
da Seicvala misi mniSvneloba - marcxena napiris velis saxeli `sarkine-
Tad“ iqca.
andria afaqiZis marTebuli SeniSvniT, `saistorio wyaroebi ganasxvaveben
antikur sarkines feodaluri xanis sarkineTisagan...“ am ori saxelwodebis
_ sarkine da sarkineTi-s aRreva gviandeli movlenaa. saxelTa qronolo-
giuri Tanamimdevroba aseTia: “sarkine, sarkineTi“ (afaqiZe 1959:34).
SeniSvna 3: ar aris gamoricxuli, rom dedaqalaqisaTvis am didad mniS-
vnelovani struqturuli nawilis administraciuli centri da safort-
ifikacio funqciis matarebeli elementi yofiliyo `cixedidi“, romelsac
leonti mrovelic sarkines ukavSirebs. am mosazrebas unda adasturebdes
is, momenti, rom adrefeodalur xanaSi savaneTis qedica da sarkineTic ci-
xedidis mflobels ekuTvnis (ix. `Sio mRvimelis cxovreba“).
rac Seexeba leonti mrovelis cnobas, xizan `bunTurqTa“ am velze dasax-
lebisa da `sarkined“ wodebis Sesaxeb, aq sxvadasxva droisa da xasiaTis
ramdenime informaciis damTxvevasTan unda gvqondes saqme: a) momTabare
ucxotomelTa mosvla qarTlSi Zv.w. II-I saukuneTa mijnaze da maTi dasax-
leba; b) sarkinesa da cixedidis, rogorc didi qalaqis struqturuli
nawilebis kavSiri qarTlis dedaqalaq mcxeTasTan; g) Sua saukuneebis mom-
TabareTa sarkinozTa saxelis gavrceleba romauli xanis ltolvilebze
da misi Sinaarsis Targmna `modgmiT momTabareebad“, anu `bun-Turqebad“, da
maTi samosaxlos wodeba `sarkined“ - `bargis Tan-matarebelTa“ sadgomad.
bibliografia
1. afaqiZe a., mcxeTa, Tb., 1959 7. qarTlis cxovreba IV, batoniSvili vax-
2. berZeniSvili n., saqarTvelos istoriis uSti, aRwera samefoisa saqarTveloisa.
sakiTxebi t. I, Tb., 1964 teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xe-
3. meliqseT-begi l., arqeologiuri mogzau- lnaweris mixedviT sim. yauxCiSvilis
robidan kavTuras xeobaSi 1923 wels, tf., mier. Tb., 1973
1925 (Tfilisis universitetis moambe V 8. qarTlis cxovreba Zveli somxuri Targ-
4. Zveli qarTuli literaturis qrestoma- mani, gamosca il. abulaZem, Tb., 1953
Tia, Sedgenili sol. yubaneiSvilis mier, 9. saqarTvelos istoriisa da kulturis
t. I, tb., 1946 ZeglTa aRweriloba, t. 5, Tb., 1990
5. saxokia T., qronikebi, t. I, Tb., 2004 10. laTinur-qarTuli leqsikoni _ vebgvar-
6. qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, teqsti dadgeni- di: https://ka.glosbe.com/la/ka
li yvela ZiriTadi *xelnaweris mixed- 11. berZnul-qarTuli leqsikoni _ vebgver-
viT sim. yauxCiSvilis mier. Tb., 1955 di: https://ka.glosbe.com/la/grc
335
 Nino Ghambashidze
Givi Zaldastanishvili American Academy in Tbilisi,
Doctoral Student of TSU Department of Education

FOR THE
INTERPRETATION
OF TOPONYM
~SARKINE”
Origin and content of majority of toponyms are meaning ~storage of load”; the field on the right
not disputable; nevertheless, sometimes, some bank of Mtkvari river has Georgian name, ex-
toponyms, from the first glance, having a prov- pressing the same content ~Bargikaria” (~area
en etymology, still offer a possibility of inter- for piling loads”).
preting them differently. One of such examples
is ~Sarkine”. To summarize our judgment, we can make the
following conclusion: the fields located in the
The oldest source mentioning ~Sarkine” is north-west from Mtskheta, on both sides of Mt-
“Kartlis Tskhovreba” (~Life of Kartli”) by the kvari _ the ~Long Field” and ~Bargikaria”, in
author of the XI cent. Leonti Mroveli. The Late Hellenistic period, represented structural
source says that 28 households, that arrived part of Great Mtskheta _ customs terminal and
from abroad, requested a residence place from were called ~Sarkine”.
the village headman, and, when they got per-
mission, settled in the west area of Mtskheta, Thus, the given word was initially introduced
fenced it and fortified strongly; this area was in Georgian with the function of the term
called “Sarkine”. _to denote the customs terminal of the town.
When this area lost the function of structural
The neseccity of etymological interpretation part of the capital, the Greek-Latin term be-
of the toponym ~Sarkine” arose in the Middle came a ~pure toponym” and was perceived as
Ages, when translating it into foreign language. Georgian word. In one instance, the meaning
For some reason, all translators tried to inter- of the word is preserved and the word itself is
pret Sarkine-town as related it to iron manufac- changed, translated into Georgian. For this rea-
turing (comp. vrkajaian), and Georgian authors son, the field, located on the other bank of Mt-
of that time mentioned it as the area, given to kvari was given the name ~Bargikaria”. In the
~Bunturks”. other instance, the word itself is preserved and
its meaning is changed _ the name of the field
Roman political and cultural influences on the on the left bank turned into ~Sarkineti”.
jvris monasteri, detali
life of the Kingdom of Kartli of Late Hellenis-
tic period would have naturally been reflect- According to A. Apakidze’s proper remark,
ed in the vocabulary of Georgian language. “historical sources differentiate antique Sar-
At that time, the number of borrowed words’ kine from Sarkineti of feudal period… „Con-
public-political and social content would have fusion of these two names _ Sarkine and
increased; one of the examples is Greek-Lat- Sarkineti is a later phenomenon. Chronolog-
in word sarkina/ae, lexical meaning of which ical sequence of the names is as follows: Sar-
is: a) package, luggage; b) soldier’s personal kine, Sarkineti” (Apakidze 1959: 34).
equipment. If we consider that this word meant
~load”, ~heavy”, it could be assumed that in
place, interesting for us, was given as the name,

336 337
 giorgi qavTaraZe
iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis
saxelmwifo universitetis,
iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis
institutis Zveli qveynebis istoriis ganyofilebis
mTavari mecnier-TanamSromeli

mcxeTis
uZvelesi
adgilmdebareobisa
da saxelwodebis
sakiTxisaTvis
1960 wels saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiis pir-
vel krebulSi gamoqveynebul Tavis werilSi „erTi
furceli istoriul-geografiuli dRiuridan“,
romelic moxsenebad iyo wakiTxuli 1959 wlis 30
ivniss istoriis institutis istoriuli geografi-
is ganyofilebis pirvel samecniero sesiaze, niko
berZeniSvili SeniSnavda, rom „wels [igulisxmeba
1959 weli, - g.q.] mcxeTis arqeologiurma eqspedi-
ciam uTuod warmateba moi pova. man wiwamuri aRmo-
aCina... wiwamuris aRmoCena kargi miRwevaa. artags
Tavs gadamxdari ambavi realur-istoriulad cocx-
ldeba. es asea, magram aqamde Cvenma arqeologiam
Zveli mcxeTa ver aRmoaCina“1.
sad unda iyos saZebari Zveli mcxeTa? pasuxi TiTqos
TavisTavad cxadia _ mcxeTis miwa-wyalze! magram
ras niSnavs da ras moicavda „mcxeTa“?
qarTuli saistorio wyaroebis monacemTa gaT-
valiswinebis Sedegad SemuSavebuli da farTod
gaziarebulia azri qarTlis Zveli dedaqalaqis
e.w. didi mcxeTis mravalubnianobisa da mtkvrisa
da aragvis orive napirze did miwa-wyalze gaS-
lis Sesaxeb. Tu sakuTriv mcxeTa CrdiloeTisken
baiaTxevs ar scildeboda (romelic mas samTavros
teritoriisgan gamoyofda), „didi mcxeTa“ samTav-
ro-bebris cixis, cixe-didis, uriaT-ubnis, moguTas
* naSromi Tavdapirvelad gamoqveynda ,,istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis SromebSi“,
XII-XIII, Tb., 2012-2013
1 berZeniSvili n., erTi furceli istoriul-geografiuli dRiuridan, saqarTvelos
istoriuli geografiis krebuli, I, Tb., 1960, gv. 164-165
didi mcxeTa, misi umTavresi ubnebi da
qalaqis sasoflo raioni
da sxva ubnebis garda, muxransac moicavda, sarkine-nastakissac da wiwamur-
sac. mtkvris samxreTiT „armaziT kerZi qalaqi“ iyo, xolo CrdiloeTiT
sakuTriv mcxeTa da „muxnariT kerZi qalaqi“1.
gasuli saukunis 20-iani wlebis damlevs s. kakabaZes gamoTqmuli aqvs
varaudi, rom „moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs“ „Zueli mcxeTa“ SesaZlebelia yofili-
yo moguTas raionSi, e.i. xidis axlos mtkvris marcxena napiras2. ufro gvi-
an, imave avtorma, imis gamo, rom Tbilisis cixes aleqsandre makedonelis
mier nagebad Tvlida, aleqsandres mierve qarTlis mmarTvelad dasmuli
azos rezidenciad _ „Zvel mcxeTad“ _ ukve Tbilisi miiCnia3.
l. meliqseT-begi, movses xorenacis teqstze dayrdnobiT, Tvlida, rom Zve-
li mcxeTa (древняя Мцхета) mtkvris marcxena napirze, e.w. pompeusis xidTan
mdebare da kodmanis saxeliT cnobil SemaRlebaze unda yofiliyo lo-
kalizebuli, armazis qandakebis pirdapir, mdinaris meore napirze4. Tavis
„somxeTis istoriaSi“ movses xorenaci gvamcnobs: „...Weqa-quxilis [mom-
1 Sdr. Северов Н. П., Чубинашвили Г. Н., Мцхета (Москва, 1946), gv. 5-6; afaqiZe a., armazcixis lo-
kalizaciis sakiTxisaTvis, iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriis institutis Sromebi,
tomi IV, nakv. I, Tb., 1958, gv. 74, 93; berZeniSvili n., dasax. naSromi, gv. 165-167, 174
2 kakabaZe s.. qal. armazi _ qal. mcxeTa, saistorio krebuli, wigni III, tf., 1928, gv. 8
3 kakabaZe s., Tbilisi me-5 saukunis meore naxevarSi, mnaTobi, 1958, #10, gv. 100-101. ix., agreTve,
qvemoT, SeniSvna 27
4 Меликсет-Беков Л. М., Армазни, Историко-археологический очерк, Материалы по истории Грузии и
Кавказа, Вып. II (Тбилиси, 1938), gv. 51

338 339
 vlinebeli] aramazdis [armazis _ g.q.] qandakeba, ro-melic qalaqisagan [mcx-
eTis _ g.q.] gancalkevebiT, didi mdinaris meore mxares idga. rogorc wesi,
dildilobiT yvela scemda mas Tayvans saxlTa saxuravebidan, saidanac
saxiT Canda igi...“5.
„moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs“ qronikaSi moxseniebul „Zuel mcxeTas“ a. afaqiZe
Satberdiseul „wm. ninos cxovrebaSi“ naxseneb „Zuel qalaqTan“ aigivebs
da Tvlis, rom es ori termini erTi da igive punqtis gamomxatveli unda
iyos da is qarTlis samefos uZveles dedaqalaqs _ qarTls unda gulisx-
mobdes6; avtors, misive TqmiT, saamiso safuZvels aZlevs leonti mrovelis
Semdegi cnoba: „xolo mcxeTos, romeli ugmire iyo ZmaTa misTa, ese dar-
Ca sayofelTa mamisa maTisa qarTlosisaTa, romelsa aw hqÂan armazi. da
manve aRaSena qalaqi Sesakrebelsa Soris mtkurisa da aragÂsasa, da uwoda
saxeli TÂsi mcxeTa“7. a. afaqiZis gancxadebiT, am cnobaSi mniSvnelovania
is, rom saxeli „mcxeTa“ adreul xanaSi gaCenilad aris miCneuli leonti
mrovelis mier. erTi da imave dedaqalaqis or nawilad: „armaziT kerZ qa-
laqad“ da „muxnariT kerZ qalaqad“ gayofas, „mefeTa cxovreba“ mxolod
qarTlis mTaze armazis kerpis aRmarTvis Semdgomi xanis amsaxvelad miiC-
nevs, xolo „qarTlis“ xanaSi, yuradReba ar maxvildeboda qalaqis ZiriTad
nawilebze; amis saWiroeba, a. afaqiZis TvalsazrisiT, Cndeba im drois su-
raTis warmosadgenad, rodesac „armazis“ xana dadga, e. i. qalaqoba mkafiod
daetyo mtkvris marcxena mxaresac8. mis mier „Zueli mcxeTisa“ da “Zueli
qalaqis“ gaigivebis miuxedavad, a. afaqiZem mainc ar moaxdina „Zueli mcx-
eTis“ mtkvris marjvena napirze lokalizeba da zogadad Semoifargla am
orive terminSi qarTlis samefos uZvelesi dedaqalaqis qarTlis danaxviT,
romelic, misive SexedulebiT, mdinaris orTave napirze unda yofiliyo
gadaSlili.
„muxnariT kerZi qalaqis“ dedaqalaqis uZveles nawilTa Soris moxsenieba
cxadyofs, rom a. afaqiZe mtkvris marcxena, CrdiloeT mxaresac qarTlis _
qarTvelTa uZvelesi dedaqalaqis _ Semadgenel nawilad Tvlis. Sesabamis-
ad, Tu erTis mxriv, mas qalaqi qarTli mtkvris marjvena napirze egulveba,
sadac qarTlis (gviani xanebis armazis) qedi mTavrdeba da romlis aRmo-
savleT kalTebsa da bagineTad wodebul samkuTxa zeganze dedaqalaqis
Sida cixe anu akropolisia aRmocenebuli (ufro gvian armazcixed saxel-
debuli), meores mxriv, saxelwodeba „qarTli“, mas qronologiurad saxel-
wodeba „mcxeTis“ winamorbedad miaCnia9. ar aris gamoricxuli, qarTuli
da ucxouri werilobiTi wyaroebis xedvis miRma mdebare xanaSi, aragvisa
5 movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, Zveli somxuridan Targmna, Sesavali da SeniSvnebi
daurTo a. abdalaZem, Tb., 1984, gv. 171 (II, 86)
6 afaqiZe a., qalaqebi da saqalaqo cxovreba Zvel saqarTveloSi, Tb., 1963), gv. 215. a. af-
aqiZis azriT, dedaqalaqis uZvelesi saxeli unda yofiliyo „qarTli“ da mis nawilebs
Seadgendnen: „pirvel mcxeTa“, „Zueli mcxeTa“, „Zueli qalaqi“, „armazi“, „armazis cixe“,
„armaziT kerZi qalaqi“ da „muxnariT kerZi qalaqi“ (afaqiZe a., armazcixis..., gv. 74; af-
aqiZe a., qalaqebi..., gv. 163). s. kakabaZe, Tavis mxriv, SeniSnavda, rom “sabednierod erTs
Zvels qarTul nawarmoebs _ „mamaTa da naTesavTa cxovrebas“ - daculi aqvs armazis
uZvelesi saxeli _ qarTli“. saxeli armazi, misi azriT, mxolod qarTlSi mazdeizmis
damyarebis Semdeg SeiZleba gaCeniliyo (kakabaZe s., qal. armazi..., gv. 5)
7 leonti mroveli, cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTa, qarTlis cxovreba, tomi I, teqsti
dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, Tb., 1955, gv. 9
8 afaqiZe a., qalaqebi..., gv. 215
9 afaqiZe a., armazcixis..., gv. 90, 93
340
da mtkvris orive napirze gadaSlil mxares marTlac „qarTlis“ saxeli
etarebina da SedarebiT ufro gvian xanebSi amis Sedegad aRmocenebuliyo
qoronimi „qarTli“, magram Cvens xelT arsebuli wyaroebis monacemebiT,
am ukanasknelisagan gansxvavebiT, toponimi „qarTli“ erTmniSvnelovnad
gamoiyeneba mdinare mtkvris marjvena, samxreTis napirze mdebare mTisa da
misi sanaxebis, anu im teritoriis aRsaniSnavad, romelic armazcixisa Tu
armazis saxeliT aris cnobili.
am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, albaT, sakmarisia, moviyvanoT erTi amonaridi
„mefeTa cxovrebidan“: „da ese qarTlos movida pirvelad adgilsa mas,
sada SeerTÂs arag mtkuarsa, da ganvida mTasa mas zeda, romelsa ewodebis
armazi. da pirvelad Seqmna simagreni mas zeda, da iSena mun zeda saxli,
da uwoda mTasa mas saxeli Tavisa TÂsisa qarTli. da vidre aRmarTebamde
mun-zeda kerpi armazisi erqua mTasa mas qarTli, da mis gamo ewoda yovel-
sa qarTlsa qarTli, xunaniTgan vidre zRuamde sperisa... mokuda qarTlos
da dafles igi Tavsa zeda qarTlisasa, romelsa aw ewodebis armazi. da
Semdgomad amissa colman misman aRaSena deda-cixe“10. armazi da armazcixe
tradiciulad mtkvris marjvena napiriT ganisazRvreba11, iq sadac mTa qar-
Tlia lokalizebuli. arqeologiuri Seswavlis Sedegad swored aq isaxe-
ba Zveli dedaqalaqis Sidacixis rTuli safortifikacio nagebobebis mTe-
li sistema, aqve unda yofiliyo samefo rezidencia da misgan moSorebiT
mdebare sapitiaxSoc12.
TviT zemomoyvanili cnobac: „xolo mcxeTos, romeli ugmire iyo ZmaTa
misTa, ese darCa sayofelTa mamisa maTisa qarTlosisaTa, romelsa aw hqÂan
armazi. da manve aRaSena qalaqi Sesakrebelsa Soris mtkurisa da aragÂsa-
sa, da uwoda saxeli TÂsi mcxeTa“ (qc 9:11-13.), xom aSkarad migvaniSnebs,
rom cixe-qalaqi armazi ufro adre iyo daarsebuli da Sesabamisad ufro
Zvelic unda yofiliyo, vidre mcxeTa qalaqi, rasac a. afaqiZec eTanxmeba13.
xom ar unda vifiqroT, rom swored mtkvris marjvena anu, qarTuli sais-
torio wyaroebis monacemTa mixedviT, ufro Zvelad dasaxlebul napirze
da ara marcxena, sakuTriv mcxeTis momcvel, mxareze unda iyos saZebari
Zveli mcxeTa?
amasTan dakavSirebiT mxedvelobaSia misaRebi erTi ram: Tu saxelwodebiT
„armazi“ arasodes ar aRiniSneboda mtkvris dinebis marcxena, CrdiloeTiT
mdebare adgilebi, saxelwodebiT „mcxeTa“ md. mtkvris samxreTiT mdebare
10 leonti mroveli, dasax. naSromi, gv. 8
11 ix., mag., afaqiZe a., armazcixis..., gv. 78-83. gansakuTrebiT mkafiod aris dafiqsirebuli
armazisa da mcxeTis dapirispireba mefe aderkis mier SvilebisaTvis qveynis or nawilad
gayofis amsaxvel qarTliscxovrebiseul striqonebSi: „xolo amas aderkis esxnes orni
Zeni, romelTa erqua saxelad erTsa bartom da meoresa qarTam. da amaT ganuyo yoveli
queyana TÂsi: misca qalaqi mcxeTa da queyana mtkuarsa Sida qarTli, muxnariT kerZi
qalaqi da yoveli qarTli mtkuarsa CrdiloeTi, hereTiTgan vidre Tavadmde qarTlisa
da egrisisa _ ese yoveli misca bartoms Zesa TÂssa, xolo armaziT kerZi qalaqi,
mtkuarsa samxriT qarTli, xunaniTgan vidre Tavadmde mtkurisa, da klarjeTi yoveli
misca qarTams Zesa TÂssa“ (leonti mroveli, dasax. naSromi, gv. 43). anu, rogorc zemoTac
iTqva, mtkvris samxreTiT „armaziT kerZi qalaqia“, xolo CrdiloeTiT sakuTriv mcxeTa
da „muxnariT kerZi qalaqi“
12 afaqiZe a., armazcixis..., gv. 96-97
13 ix., mag., afaqiZe a., armazcixis..., gv. 72
341
 mxarec aRiniSneboda xolme; gavixsenoT Tundac erTi adgili „mefeTa
cxovrebidan“: „xolo aman aderki mefeman umata simagreTa qarTlisaTa,
qalaqTa da cixeTa, da umetes moamtkicna zRudeni qalaqisa mcxeTisani,
wylisa imier da amier“14. aSkaraa, rom „wyalSi“ mdinare mtkvari igulisx-
meba; asevea xom „moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ“-Sic: „aman [farnavaz] aRmarTa kerpi
didi cxÂ[r]sa zeda, da dasdva saxeli misi armazi. da moqmna zRude wyliT
kerZo...“15.
TavisTavadac, toponim „mcxeTaSi“ ufro vrceli da SedarebiT naklebad
konkretuli miwa-wyali igulisxmeboda, vidre adgilis saxelwodeba „ar-
mazSi“, da ar aris gamoricxuli, rom misi Semadgeneli zogierTi adgili
md. mtkvris marjvena, e. w. armazul nawilSi yofiliyo ganlagebuli16. a.
afaqiZec sagangebod SeniSnavda, rom specialur literaturaSi sakmaod
fesvgamdgari mosazreba, romlis mixedviT armazi sxva qalaqia da mcxeTa
kidev sxva, romelic mtkvris mxolod marcxena napirze ganixileba, xolo
armazi da armazcixe am mdinaris marjvena napirze, ar aris marTebuli da
rom mcxeTa mdinaris orive napirze iyo gaSlili17. magram, rogorc vxedavT,
saubari SeiZleba iyos mdinaris orive napirze mxolod qalaq mcxeTis
ganfenis Sesaxeb da ara qalaq qarTlisa Tu armazisa.
Tanamedrove qarTul istoriografiaSi, gansakuTrebiT gasuli saukunis
samocdaaTiani wlebidan, fexi moikida mosazrebam, rom samadlo-nastagisis
naqalaqari unda yofiliyo „moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs“ teqstis „Zueli mcxeTa“,
sadac aseve unda arsebuliyo Zv. w. IV-III saukuneTa qarTlis mefeTa rezi-
dencia da romlis daxanZrebul fenebSi areklili unda iyos im brZolebis
nakvalevi, romelnic win uZRodnen farnavazis gamefebas iberiaSi18.
„moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs“ teqstSi Semonaxuli uZvelesi qarTuli cnoba qa-
laq mcxeTis Sesaxeb gvamcnobs, rom, rodesac viTomda qarTlSi mosul-
ma aleqsandre makedonelma bun-Turqni da honni gaanadgura, Tanxlebul
arian-qarTlis mefis Zes azos man: „miuboZa mcxeTaÁ [xazi Cvenia, _ g.q.]
sajdomad“, xolo „ese azoÁ warvida ar[i]an- qarTlad, mamisa TÂsisa da
warmoiyvana rvaÁ saxli da aTni saxlni mama-mZuZeTani, da dajda Zuel
mcxeTas [xazi Cvenia, _ g.q.] da Tana-hyvandes kerpni RmrTad _ gaci da ga.
da ese iyo pirveli mefÀ mcxeTas Sina azoÁ, ZÀ arian-qarTvelTa mefisaÁ“19.
moyvanil teqstSi, erTi SexedviT, TiTqos Seusabamoba SeiniSneba, miuxedavad
14 leonti mroveli, dasax. naSromi, gv. 38
15 moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ, Satberdis krebuli X saukunisa. gamosacemad moamzades b. gigi-
neiSvilma da el. giunaSvilma, Tb., 1979, gv. 320
16 vaxuStis cnobiT: „iyo qalaqi armazi aqidgan vidre naqulbaqevamde“ (batoniSvili
vaxuSti, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, qarTlis cxovreba, tomi IV, teqsti dadgenili
yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, Tb., 1973, gv. 339), Tumca Crdi-
loeTis mimarTulebiT mtkvris dinebas es qalaqi ar gadmocilebula
17 afaqiZe a., armazcixis..., gv. 83, 86-87, 90, 93-94, 98
18 boxoCaZe al., nastakisi, sarkine, Zalisi, Zeglis megobari, #33, Tb., 1973, gv. 36-37, 100-101;
Бохочадзе Ал., Настакиси, Саркинэ, Дзалиси — города Иберии античной эпохи (Некоторые результаты
полевых исследований), Краткие сообщения Института археологии (Античные памятники Колхи-
ды и Иберии), Вып. 151, М., 1977, gv. 93-102; Sdr. gagoSiZe i., nastagisi, qarTuli sabWoTa
enciklopedia, tomi 7, Tb., 1984, gv. 326; gagoSiZe i., samadlo, qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia,
tomi 8, Tb., 1984, gv. 697
19 moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ, gv. 320
342
imisa, rom aleqsandre didma azos „miuboZa mcxeTa sajdomad“, igi „dajda
Zuel mcxeTas“; ratom Caanacvla (Tu daakonkreta) avtorma azosTvis „sa-
jdomad boZebuli“ adgili _ „mcxeTa“ terminiT „Zueli mcxeTa“? sad unda
iyos es „Zueli mcxeTa“ da riT unda gansxvavdebodes (Tuki gansxvavdebo-
da) „Zueli mcxeTa“ sakuTriv mcxeTisgan, romelic aleqsandrem daudgina
mas sataxtod? TviT zemomoyvanili teqstis fragmenti, rom azo „dajda
Zuel mcxeTas da Tana-hyvandes kerpni RmrTad _ gaci da ga“, savaraudod,
unda migvaniSnebdes, rom vinaidan „Zuel mcxeTaSi“ damjdar azos Tan hya-
vda „kerpni RmrTad _ gaci da ga“, am ukanasknelTa aRmarTvis adgilis
dadgena unda iZleodes „Zueli mcxeTis“ mdebareobis gansazRvris Sesa-
Zleblobasac. am mxriv gasaTvaliswinebelia „qarTlis cxovrebis“ Semad-
geneli nawilis, „wm. ninos mier qarTlis moqcevis“ cnoba, rom „...kualad
[armazisa _ g.q.] iyo marjueniT missa kaci oqrosi da saxeli misi gaci;
da marcxeniT missa udga kaci vecxlisa, da saxeli misi gaim, romelni-igi
RmerTad uCndes ersa mas qarTlisasa“20. xolo armazis adgilmdebareobas
TviT „moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs“ teqstic gvamcnobs: „Semdgomad misa [azosa
_ g.q.] dadga farnavaz. aman aRmarTa kerpi didi cxÂ[r]sa zeda, da dasdva
saxeli misi armazi. da moqmna zRude wyliT kerZo, da hrqÂan armaz“21.
amrigad, uZvelesi qarTuli wyaroebis monacemTa gaTvaliswinebis Sedegad
cxadi xdeba, rom swored es adgili _ armazi/armazcixe (igive bagineTi), sa-
dac armazis kerpis marjvniv da marcxniv iyvnen aRmarTulni gaci da gaimi
(=ga), aris „Zueli mcxeTa“. swored es garemoeba, farnavazis mier aq armazis
kerpis aRmarTvis Semdeg am adgilis „armazis“ saxeliT moxsenieba („da
hrqÂan armaz“), unda iyos imis mizezi, rom ufro adreuli movlenis _ azos
mcxeTaSi „dajdomis“ aRwerisas, „moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs“ teqstis avtori
am adgils armaz/armazcixis saxeliT ver moixseniebda. amave dros es ga-
remoeba migvaniSnebs, rom am adgilis ufro Zveli saxelwodeba, armaz/ar-
mazcixesTan SedarebiT, unda yofiliyo „mcxeTa“, „moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁsaSi“
„Zuel mcxeTad“ moxseniebuli.
gasaTvaliswinebelia isic,rom arqeologiuri Seswavlis Sedegad swored aq,
mtkvris marjvena napiriT SemosazRvrul armaz/armazcixeSia gamovlinebu-
li Zveli dedaqalaqis Sidacixis rTuli safortifikacio nagebobebis
mTeli sistema; aqve iyo mefis sasaxle da misgan ramdenadme moSorebiT
sapitiaxSo rezidencia da pitiaxSTa samarovani22.
magram, Tuki Cven gaviziarebT samadlo-nastagisis naqalaqarze Zveli mcx-
eTisa da masTan erTad mefeTa rezidenciis lokalizebis SesaZleblobis
varauds, maSin, bunebrivia, mogvixdeba Sesabamisi xanis iberiis samefos
RvTaebaTa panTeonis iqve lokalizebac; imis warmodgena, rom qarTlis
mefeTa rezidencia daSorebuli iyo RvTaebaTa samefo panTeons, Zalze
rTulia. rogorc zemoTac SevniSneT, gacisa da gas aRmarTvis adgilis
dadgena TavisTavad unda iZleodes „Zueli mcxeTis“ mdebareobis gansaz-
Rvris SesaZleblobas, vinaidan „Zuel mcxeTaSi“ mjdar azos „Tana-hyvandes
kerpni RmrTad _ gaci da ga“. garda zemomoyvanili qarTuli matianeebis
cnobebisa, adgilobrivi qarTuli tradiciis da berZeni da romaeli met-na-
20 leonti mroveli, dasax. naSromi, gv. 89-90
21 moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ, gv. 320
22 afaqiZe a., armazcixis..., gv. 78-83, 96-97
343
 klebad Tanamedrove istorikosebis monacemebisa, armazcixisa Tu arma-
zis kerpis adgilmdebareobis Taobaze iuwyeba agreTve somexi mematiane
movses xorenacic, romelic gvamcnobs, rom armazis qandakeba mcxeTisgan
gancalkevebiT, mdinare mtkvris meore mxares idga (ix., zemoT)23.
rogorc vxedavT, avtorisaTvis cnobilia, rom armazis kerpi mcxeTasTan,
didi mdinaris anu mtkvris gaRma iyo aRmarTuli. „wm. ninos mier qarT-
lis moqcevis“ zemomoyvanil cnobaze dayrdnobiT, SegviZlia davZinoT, rom
armazTan erTad iqve iqnebodnen misi ganuyreli RvTaebebic _ gaci da ga,
romlebic „Tana-hyvanda“ wamoyvanili arian-qarTlidan wamosul da „Zuel
mcxeTaSi“ mefed damjdar „moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁseul“ azos.
qarTuli matianeebis msgavsad, zogierTi arabuli wyaroc TiTqos iZle-
va imis saSualebas, rom armazcixe-bagineTs, aq adre arsebul warmarTul
taZarTan erTad, davukavSiroT aleqsandre makedonelis legendaruli
saxeli. mxedvelobaSi maqvs at-tabaris (gard. 923 w.) cnoba imis Taoba-
ze, rom hijris 110 wels (anu ax. w. 728 wlis 16 aprilidan 729 wlis 4
aprilamde drois monakveTSi) darialisaken xazarTa xakanTan sabrZolve-
lad galaSqrebuli maslama ibn abd al-maliqi (omaiani xalifis abd
al-maliq ibn marvanis Ze) ukan brundeba „aleqsandres taZris“ (Masgid
Δīˈl-Qarnain) gavliT; amis gamo i. markvarti varaudobs, rom „aleqsandres
taZari“ aragvis xeobaSi mdebareobda24. al-masyudis Tanaxmad „aleqsan-
dres taZari“ qarTvelTa (jurzaanis _‫ ) ؙﺟْرزان‬mefis at-tanbaRis (‫ )اﻟ طﻨﺒﻐﻰ‬anu
i. markvartisave ganmartebiT _ adreul bagrationTa dinastiuri titulis
matarebeli piris _ mamfalis („mama uflis“) adgilsamyofelia25. i. mark-
varti SeniSnavs, rom vahb ibn munabihis „aleqsandres romanSi“, kerZod, mis
m. liZbarskiseul gamocemaSi, „aleqsandres taZari“ arsad ar gvxvdeba, Tum-
ca ki masSi moxseniebulia „armazis miwa/qveyana“ _ „ard al-hurmuzi“ (‫اﻠﮭرﻣﺰ‬
‫)ارض‬, iseve, rogorc, habib ibn maslamas mier qarTvelTagacemul „dacvis
sigelis“ at-tabariseul variantSi26. aqedan gamomdinare, i. markvarti daas-
23 movses xorenaci, dasax. naSromi, gv. 171 (II, 86)
24 Marquart J., Osteuropäische und ostasiatische Streifzüge, Ethnologische und historisch-topographische Studien
zur Geschichte des 9. und 10. Jahrhunderte (ca. 840-940) (Leipzig, 1903), gv. 175
25 Marquart J., dasax. naSromi, gv. 186
26 marTalia, e. sixaruliZem habib ibn maslamas „dacvis sigelis“ abu ‘ubaidis (gard. 838 w.)
variantSi dadasturebuli formis ‫ ًارضاﻠﮭِ۟رم ن‬gamo, „armazis miwa/qveyana“ „hirminis miwad“
anu „arminiÁas qveynad“ Seaswora,im garemoebis gaTvِaliswinebiT,rom arabuli saxalifos
administraciuli dayofis mixedviT qarTli (jurzani) somxeTTan da arranTan erTad
arminiÁaSi erTiandeboda (e. sixaruliZe, habib ibn maslamas „dacvis sigelis“ abu
‘ubaidiseuli varianti, Tb., 2001, gv. 9-10, magram vahb ibn munabihis „aleqsandres romanSi“
„armazis qveynis“ dasaxeleba met sandoobas matebs tradiciul Sexedulebas habib
ibn maslamas „dacvis sigelSi“ am ukanasknelis moxseniebis Sesaxeb. aRsaniSnavia, rom
e. sixaruliZe imave naSromSi dasZenda, rom forma „al-hirmini“ „arminiÁis“ magivrad
mas sxvagan arsad Sexvedria, vinaidan es ukanaskneli, Cveulebriv, „arman“ ‫ ٲرْمَن‬formiT
gadmoicemoda xolme da man, Sesabamisad, forma „hirmini“ „armanis“ dialeqtur formad
miiCnia,iqve,gv. 10. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic,rom Tu forma „ard al- hirmini“ ixmareboda
sakuTriv „dacvis sigelis“ teqstSi, abu ‘ubaidis mier sigelisaTvis wamZRvarebul
teqstSi mocemulia forma „irminiÁa“, rac cxadyofs, rom abu ‘ubaidi „ard al-hirmins“
„irminiÁad“ (armeniad) ganmartavs da Tan orive es termini sagangebod erTnairad
aqvs gaxmanovebuli; es ki miuTiTebs, rom avtori teqstiseuli gaugebari sityvis
redaqtirebas axdens (TviT e. sixaruliZec SeniSnavs, rom „dacvis siglis“ arc abu
‘ubaidiseuli varianti unda iyos Tavdapirveli saxis, Tumca qronologiurad yvelaze
adrindelia da SedarebiT sruli, iqve, gv. 9, 11). aRsaniSnavia e. sixaruliZis dakvirveba
344
kvnis, rom am saxelwodebiT Tbilisis aRma mtkvrisa da aragvis Sesar-
TavTan mdebare qveynis Zveli dedaqalaqi mcxeTa unda aRiniSnebodes27.
ufro rom davazustoT i. markvartis mosazreba (da, albaT, TavisTavad, amis
gareSec), ufro gamarTlebuli iqneboda „aleqsandres taZarSi“, pirvel
rigSi, armazcixe-bagineTi gvegulisxma, sadac Zveli qarTuli werilobiTi
wyaroebis monacemebiT, marTlac mdebareobda aleqsandre didis qarTlSi
legendaruli laSqrobis movlenebTan dakavSirebuli warmarTuli RvTae-
bebis panTeoni; „moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs“ mixedviT, azo, visac „Tana-hyvandes
kerpni RmrTad _ gaci da ga“ xom aleqsandres mier aris moyvanili da
mefed dadgenili.
maslama ibn abd al-maliqis mier swored armazcixe-bagineTis dalaSqvras,
SesaZloa is garemoebac mowmobdes, rom qarTuli warmarTobis am wminda
alagisa da qarTlis uZvelesi saxelmwifoebrivi centris saboloo ga-
nadgurebas sul ramdenime wliT ufro gviani xaniT (736 w.) aTariReben
xolme, rodesac aq TiTqos mervan ibn muhameds (igive murvan yrus, moma-
val omaian xalifas mervan II) ulaSqria. es ukanaskneli cnoba vaxuSti
bagrationisagan iRebs saTaves. eWvi ar aris, darialisaken mimaval mer-
vansac mcxeTaze unda gadaevlo: iseTi didi safortifikacio da strate-
giuli mniSvnelobis punqts, rogoric armazcixe-bagineTia, xom verc erTi
molaSqre gverds ver auvlida. magram imis gamo, rom arabuli wyaro aq
mdebare mniSvnelovani adgilis _ „aleqsandres taZris“ saxelwodebas
sagangebod mxolod maslama ibn abd al-maliqis laSqrobisas moixseniebs,
SesaZlebelia vivaraudoT, rom swored misi laSqroba unda gamxdariyo
sabediswero qarTlis uZvelesi dedaqalaqisaTvis, vinaidan im rvawlian
drois monakveTSi, romelic am laSqrobas mervanis laSqrobisagan aSo-
rebs, bunebrivia, Znelad Tu moxerxdeboda am adgilis TavdacviTi funqci-
is srulfasovani aRdgena. aseTi varaudis gamoTqmis safuZvels gvaZlevs
specialistTa mier SeniSnuli is faqti, rom mervanis laSqrobam imdenad
Zlieri STabeWdileba datova TaobaTa mexsierebaSi, rom SemdgomSi igi
miCneul iqna, sazogadod, arabebis pirvel Semosevad saqarTveloSi28. miT
umetes, advili iqneboda, rogorc zemoT iTqva, erTi da imave regionSi, ori
omaiani sardlis mxolod ramdenime wliT erTmaneTisagan daSorebuli
laSqrobebis erTmaneTSi aRreva29.
ZiriTadi mizezi, ris gamoc „Zueli mcxeTis“ armazcixesTan gaigiveba
uZneldebaT, am ukanasknelis mcxeTisagan gansxvavebuli saxelwodebis ar-
imis Taobaze, rom al-balazori Zalian xSirad imowmebs abu ‘ubaids, Tumca arc erTxel
ar ixseniebs mas armeniis dapyrobasTan dakavSirebiT (iqve, gv. 4, SeniSvna 1), rogorc
Cans, abu ‘ubaidis konieqtura misTvis miuRebeli iyo. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom
abu ‘ubaidis wyaro sigelis teqstis gadmocemisas yofila „irminiÁas“ (armeniis) erT-
erTi mcxovrebi ahmad ibn al-azraki (iqve, gv. 5), romelsac, advili mosalodnelia,
teqstSi mocemuli gaugebari termini misTvis bevrad ufro gasageb da logikurad
gamarTlebul „irminiÁad“ waekiTxa
27 Marquart J., dasax. naSromi, gv. 187. s. kakabaZis azriT, aleqsandre makedonels cixe
TbilisSi unda aego, sadac nariyalis zena-cixe „iskanderis“ saxeliT iyo cnobili
(kakabaZe s., Tbilisi..., gv. 100)
28 janaSia s., araboba saqarTveloSi, s. janaSia, Sromebi, tomi II, Tb., 1952, gv. 372
29 rogorc cnobilia,VIII saukunis pirveli naxevari gamoirCeva saqarTvelos teritoriaze
arabTa laSqrobebis gansakuTrebuli sixSiriT (bogveraZe a., adrefeodaluri qarTuli
saxelmwifoebi VI-VIII saukuneebSi,saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi,tomi II,Tb.,1973,gv. 288-290
345
 seboba unda warmoadgendes30, arada am ori uZvelesi adgilis urTierTkav-
Siri yovelTvis yvelasaTvis cxadi iyo31. amasTan dakavSirebiT sayuradRe-
boa saqarTvelos mefis aleqsandre I didis 1434 wlis gujari, gacemuli
kaTolikos-patriarqis Teodore III-is saxelze, sadac vkiTxulobT, rom
„dasabamiTgan armazi cixe mcxeTisa [iyo]“32. rac Seexeba gansxvavebul
saxelwodebas, amis Taobaze „mefeTa cxovreba“ gvamcnobs, rom armaz/ar-
maziscixes Zvelad „qarTlis mTa“33 erqva: „vidre aRmarTebamde mun-zeda
kerpi armazisi erqua mTasa mas qarTli...“ an kidev: „mokuda qarTlos da
dafles igi Tavsa zeda qarTlisasa, romelsa aw ewodebis armazi“34. ro-
gorc ukve iTqva, toponimi „qarTli“, gansxvavebiT qoronim „qarTlisagan“,
erTmniSvnelovnad gamoiyeneba mdinare mtkvris marjvena napirze mdebare
mTisa da misi sanaxebis anu im teritoriis aRsaniSnavad, romelic ar-
mazcixisa Tu armazis saxeliT aris cnobili. am mxriv sainteresoa, rom
juanSeris „cxovreba vaxtang gorgaslisa“ erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs
erTis mxriv, „armaz qarTls“, xolo meores mxriv, „mcxeTas“: „cnes sparsTa,
viTarmed damZimda vaxtang wylulebisagan, moaoÃres tfilisi da armazi
qarTli, xolo mcxeTa ver dai pyres...“35.
„mefeTa cxovrebis“ avtori saxelwodeba „qarTlis“ Tavisebur etimolo-
giasac gvTavazobs, rodesac mas qarTvelTa eponim-eTnarqosis, legendaru-
li qarTlosis saxelidan momdinared miiCnevs: „...da ese qarTlos movida
pirvelad adgilsa mas, sada SeerTÂs arag mtkuarsa, da ganvida mTasa mas
zeda, romelsa ewodebis armazi. da pirvelad Seqmna simagreni mas zeda, da
iSena mun zeda saxli, da uwoda mTasa mas sax-eli Tavisa TÂsisa qarTli..
da mis gamo ewoda yovelsa qarTlsa qarTli, xunaniTgan vidre zRuamde
sperisa“36. legenda legendad darCeba, magram ras unda niSnavdes sinamd-
vileSi saxelwodeba „qarTli“? sityva „qarTli“, mkvlevarTa erTi nawilis
azriT, warmomdgari unda iyos indoevropuli substratis niSnad miCneul
sityva “karta“-sagan, romelic Tavdapirvelad aRniSnavda „SemoRobil adg-
ils“, xolo Semdeg _ galavans, nagebobas, cixe-simagres37.
Tumca arsebobs ufro martivi varaudis gamoTqmis SesaZleblobac: ram-
denadac „qalaqis“ (Stadt) aRmniSvnel arameul sityvas “karda“ warmoadgens38,
30 Tumca „moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs“ qronikaSi dasturdeba nastagisis saxelic; kerZod,
aleqsandre makedonelis qarTlSi „laSqrobasTan“ dakavSirebiT, nauwyebia, rom
aleqsandre „sarkinesa qalaqsa ebrZola aTerTmet TTuÀ da dadga sarkinesa dasavaliT
kerZo da daasxa venaÃi da ruÁ gamoiRo qaniT, da dasxna kacni meruveni dastagiTa
ruÁsaÁTa; da hrqÂan adgilsa mas nastagisi“ (moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ, gv. 320)
31 calkeul periodebSi, rodesac armazSi armazeli, xolo mcxeTaSi mcxeTeli mefeebi
isxdnen, albaT, adgili unda hqoneboda garkveul urTierTdapirispirebasac
32 ix. Меликсет-Беков Л. М., dasax. naSromi, gv. 89
33 armaziscixis saxeldeba bagineTad mazdeanuri zegavleniT aixsneba; “bagini“ xom warm-
arTebis, araqristianebis samlocvelos aRmniSvnel sityvad gamoiyeneboda (m. androni-
kaSvili, narkvevebi iranul-qarTuli enobrivi urTierTobidan, I, Tb., 1966), gv. 16-17, 225-226
34 Sdr. leonti mroveli, dasax. naSromi, gv. 8
35 juanSeri, cxovreba vaxtang gorgaslisa, qarTlis cxovreba, tomi I, teqsti dadgenili
yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, Tb., 1955, gv. 202
36 leonti mroveli, dasax. naSromi, gv. 8
37 ix. kakabaZe s., Tbilisi..., gv. 100; meliqiSvili g., saqarTvelos, kavkasiisa da maxlobeli
aRmosavleTis uZvelesi mosaxleobis sakiTxisaTvis, Tb., 1965), gv. 237-240; meliqiSvili
g., qarTli (iberia) Zv. w. VI-IV saukuneebSi. qarTlis samefos warmoqmna, saqarTvelos
istoriis narkvevebi, tomi I, Tb., 1970, gv. 427-429
38 Brockelmann C., Syrische Grammatik mit Paradigmen, Literatur, Chrestomathie und Glossar, Neunte Auflage
346
xolo es ena erT-erTi ZiriTadi saxelmwifo ena iyo aqemenianTa zegavlenis
qveS myof armazcixis adreul binadarTaTvis, vfiqrob, savsebiT dasaSve-
bia, swored sityva “karda“ dasdeboda safuZvlad termin „qarT-l-s“. „mTa
qarTlis“ aRmniSvnelad arameuli sityva “karda“-s gamoyeneba aqemenian-
Ta da momdevno xanebSi Camoyalibebuli politikuri koniunqturiT unda
yofiliyo ganpirobebuli. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom iranul samyaroSi
farTod gavrcelebul da aseve qalaqis aRmniSvnel -karta, -kerta formas zo-
gierTi mkvlevari iranul enebSi semituri enebidan nasesxobad miiCnevs39.
arameul termins kidev imis gamo unda mieniWos gansakuTrebuli mniS-
vneloba, rom savaraudoa mcxeTis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi simagris,
aragvispirTan mdebare „beltis cixis“ saxelic (amJamad cnobili bebris/
beris cixed, romelic mcxeTa-armazcixis saerTo safortifikacio sistemis
nawils warmoadgenda da ketavda CrdiloeTis Sesasvlels), warmomdgari
iyos aseve „cixe-simagris“ (Burg) aRmniSvneli arameuli sityvidan _ “birta“40.
iqneb gasaTvaliswinebeli iyos „qarTlis cxovrebis“ cnobis, mtkvargamoR-
ma (armazcixis, igive „mTa qarTlis“) da mtkvargaRma (mcxeTis) mxareTa me-
feebis _ qarTamisa da bartomis saxelTa SesaZlo kavSiric cixe-simagree-
bis aRmniSvnel arameul sityvebTan _ “karda“ da “birta“ da, Sesabamisad, am
sityvebiT moxseniebul maT rezidenciebTan Tu umTavres safortifikacio
nagebobebTan _ armazcixesTan („mTa qarTli“) da mcxeTa-bebris („beltis“
Tu „berdis“) cixesTan.
amave dros, ufro ise unda Candes, rom TiTqos qarTulenovan samyaroSi
adreuli xanebidanve fexi hqonda mokidebuli cixe-simagris aRmniSvnel
xuritul termins “ard“- s, romelmac regionSi aqemenianTa dominirebis
xanaSi analogiuri mniSvnelobisa da JReradobis mqone da SesaZloa mas-
Tanve dakavSirebul arameuli sityvis „karda“-s zegavlenis Sedegad SeiZina
anlautSi velaruli fonema41. aseTi varaudis SesaZleblobaze albaT
unda migvaniSnebdes qarTul sinamdvileSi dadasturebuli araerTi cixe-
simagris aRmniSvneli da „arT/art/ard“-Ziriani toponimi: „arTvini/ arT-
vani“, „artaani“, „artanuji“; Sdr., agreTve, „ardisubani“, „k-ardanaxi“, vin icis
iqneb „m-art-yofic“ da sxv. aqve unda gavixsenoT, ardam erisTavis saxel-
ic, romelmac „warmozRuda cxÂri armazisi vidre mtkuramde“, „mohkide
kiri zRude cixesa armazisasa“ da „mozRuda mcxeTa qalaqi qÂTkiriTa“42.
aseve yuradsaRebia „varcixis“ anu istoriuli „vardcixis“ saxelwodeba,
romlis saxelis aRdgenisas gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania VI saukunis
berZnul wyaroebSi „rodopolisis“ formiT misi moxsenieba. Cemi azriT,
(Leipzig, 1962), gv. 176*
39 kerZod, miiCneven, rom termini -κερτα, -καρτα qalaqis aRmniSvneli ebraul-arameuli
sityvidan _ ‫ קרתה‬, ‫רתא‬v _ aris miRebuli (Blau O., Ueber -karta, -kerta in Ortsnamen, Zeitschrift der
deutschen morgenländischen Gesellschaft, Bd 31 (Leipzig, 1877), gv. 495-505. sainteresoa specialur
literaturaSi gamoTqmulia varaudi, rom persepolisis sparsuli saxelwodeba iyo
Pârsakarta. anaqsimenesis (Zv. w. III s.) interpretaciiT Παρσα-γάρδα niSnavs „sparsul
banaks“. xolo apianesa da asinius kvadratusis TxzulebebSi daculi cnobebidan
irkveva, rom tigran II-is dedaqalaqis saxelwodeba _ Τιγρανόκερτα _ sparsulad niSnavda
tigranis qalaqs _ Τιγρανόπολις. Tumca mkvlevrebi am saxelwodebaSic gamoyofen qalaqis
aRmniSvnel arameul sityvas _ certa, iqve, gv. 495-496
40 Brockelmann C., dasax. naSromi, gv. 154*; Sdr. qavTaraZe g., anatoliaSi qarTvelur tomTa
gansaxlebis sakiTxisaTvis, Tb., 1985, gv. 85, 173, SeniSvna 361
41 arameuli termini „karda“, Tavis mxriv, dakavSirebuli unda iyos xuritul „ard“-Tan
42 leonti mroveli, dasax. naSromi, gv. 13
347
 toponim „vard-cixeSi“ mocemulia cixis aRmniSvneli xurituli Ziri „ard/
uard/vard“-i, romelsac Tan axlavs qarTulenovani ganmarteba „cixis“ sax-
iT. am garemoebas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba unda mieniWos artaanis
mxaris Zveli eTnikuri viTarebis garkvevis sakiTxisas, vinaidan qalaq
artaanis aRmosavleTiT mdebare dasaxlebuli punqtis _ Camli CaTaqis
Zveli saxelwodebac aseve „vardcixea“ da igi qronologiurad win us-
wrebs adgilobrivi mosaxleobis maxsovrobaSi dRemde Semonaxul amave
punqtis somxur saxelwodebas „gulaberds“, romelic, iseve rogorc ber-
Znuli rodopolisi, aSkarad xuritul-qarTuli kompozitidan „vard-cixi-
dan“ (anu „uard-cixidan“, igive „ard-cixidan“) aris naTargmni. “Ard“-Ziriani
saxelwodebebis qalaqebi, garda urartuli qalaqis _ musasiris xurit-
uli saxelwodebisa (ardini), cnobilia rusaxinilis maxloblad mdebare
mxaridan da etiunis qveynidanac43.
termin „qarTlis“ cixe-simagris saxelwodebidan warmomavlobas mx-
ars uWers kasius dios cnoba, rom qarTlis mTavar qalaqs akropolisi
(‘Ακρόπολις) anu citadeli/deda-cixe ewodeboda, amdenad, kasius dio, faqto-
brivad, am adgilis funqciur mniSvnelobasTan erTad misi saxelwodebis
berZnul Targmansac iZleva. kasius dios sityvebiT, deda-cixe agebuli iyo
im mizniT, rom daecva uviwroesi adgili, sadac erT mxares mtkvari (Cyrus)
moedineba, xolo meore mxares kavkasionia aRmarTuli44. am qalaqSi, ra Tqma
unda, mxolod qarTli/armazcixe SeiZleba igulisxmebodes. gasaTvalis-
winebelia i. rainegsis cnobac, rom mcxeTis CrdiloeTiT, saqarTveloSi
mis Casvlamde (anu 1779 wlamde) arcTu didi xniT adre, erT-erT maRlobze
mkvidrad nageb naxevradmitovebul cixe-simagreSi (albaT, bebris cixes
gulisxmobs _ g.q.) napovni yofila berZnul enaze Sesrulebuli warwera,
TumcaRa dauTariRebeli, romelzedac adgilobrivi, erudirebuli qarT-
velebis mier amokiTxuli yofila sityva „akrofTopolisi“ (Acroftopolis). i.
rainegsi varaudobs, rom es unda yofiliyo mcxeTis Zveli saxelwodeba45.
magram, rogorc ukve viciT, kasius dio akropoliss (‘Ακρόπολις) armazcixes
uwodebda da ara mcxeTas.
rogorc vxedavT, savaraudoa, rom mTa qarTli (iqve mdebareobda sofeli
qarTli da qarTlis xevic) saxeldebuli iyo cixe-simagrisa Tu galavnis
aRmniSvneli sityvebiT, Tumca ki araqarTuliT (xurituliT, arameuliT,
berZnuliT). marTalia strabonisa da pliniusis cnobebSi asaxulia qarTu-
li sityvis „cixis“ kvalic, oRond, toponim armazcixis meore, ganmartebiTi
komponentis saxiT; kerZod, igi moxseniebulia, rogorc ‘Αρμοζική strabo-
nis mier46 da rogorc ‘Αρμακτίκα ptolemaiosis mier47, xolo pliniusi mas
Harmastus-is saxelwodebiT icnobs48. am mxriv, sagulisxmoa, rom qarTul
43 ix. qavTaraZe g., taoxTa uZvelesi qveyana da qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis sawyisebi,
ena da kultura, 5, Tb., 2005, gv. 106, SeniSvna 127
44 Dio 37, 1, 4; ix. Cary E., Dio’s Roman History. With an English translation by E. Cary on the basis of the version
of H. B. Foster, vol. III. The Loeb Classical Library, London & Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1969, gv. 99
45 Reineggs J., Allgemeine historisch-topographische Beschreibung des Kaukasus, Aus dessen nachgelassenen Pa-
pieren gesammelt und herausgegeben von F. E. Schröter, Zweiter Theil, Hindelsheim und St. Petersburg, 1797,
gv. 86
46 Strabo 11, 3, 5; ix. Jones, H. L., The Geography of Strabo, with an English translation by Horace Leonard Jones,
vol. V. The Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, 1961, gv. 221
47 Cl. Ptol., 5, 10, 2; ix. Nobbe K. F. A. (Ed.), Ptolemy, Claudii Ptolemaei Geographia, Volume 2, Lipsiae, 1845, gv.
46
48 Plin., n.h., 6, 29 ; ix. Mayhoff K. F. T. (Ed.), Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia. English translation by Bostock J.,
348
saistorio wyaroebSi armazcixe moxseniebulia dedacixis, Sidacixis Tu
cixiscixis (mTavari, Tavadi cixis mniSvnelobiT) saxelwodebiTac. xom
ar unda vifiqroT, rom armazcixes ZvelTaganve, anu jer kidev aq armazis
kultis gaCenamde, gaaCnda cixis aRmniSvneli Sesabamisi qarTuli termini
da xom ar aris dakavSirebuli es saxelwodeba mcxeTis saxelTan. aseT
SemTxvevaSi „Zueli mcxeTa“ aRmoCndeboda armazcixe/bagineTis anu mTa qa-
rTlis aRmniSvneli saxeli, xolo amis sapirispirod sakuTriv mcxeTa _
„axali mcxeTis“ anu „muxnariT kerZi qalaqisa“, romelic mtkvris marcxena
napirze iyo ganlagebuli da xSirad akropolisidan anu mTa qarTli/ar-
mazcixe/bagineTidan kontroldeboda.
amJamad, TiTqmis ukve sayovelTaod aris gaziarebuli mosazreba, rom saxel-
wodeba „mcxeTa“ warmodgeba mesxTa (mosxebi _ muSqebi) tomis saxelidan
da rom am tomis samosaxlo mcxeTis teritoriaze Zv. w. VIII saukunis Sem-
deg unda gaCeniliyo49. iTvaliswineben agreTve qarTlis samefos uzenaesis
RvTaebis armazis saxelwodebis savaraudo kavSirs xeTur-mcireaziul mT-
varis RvTaebasTan _ armasTan, romlis kultic TiTqos mcire aziidan muS-
ki-mesxebis jer samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi da Semdeg mcxeTaSi, gad-
mosaxlebasTan unda yofiliyo dakavSirebuli50. Tumca, ufro savaraudoa,
rom RvTaeba armazi avlens iupiterisadmi (romis imperiis uzenaesi RvTae-
ba), xolo armazis Tanmxlebi kerpebi gaci da gaimi (ga) _ apolonisa da
dianasaTvis (iupiterisadmi daqvemdebarebuli RvTaebebi) damaxasiaTebel
zogierT niSan-Tvisebas. iberiis samefos panTeoni, rogorc Cans, sinkretu-
li xasiaTis RvTaebebisagan Sedgeboda; igi imTaviTve dakavSirebuli Cans
gvianaqemeniduri-adreelinisturi xanis aRmosavleT xmelTaSuazRvispire-
Tis sinkretuli xasiaTis kulturul samyarosTan da, Sesabamisad, armazis
kultic ZvelaxloaRmosavlur, aqemenidur da elinistur epoqebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebel sinkretizmis anabeWds atarebda51.
aRsaniSnavia, rom terminebi „samcxe“ da „mcxeTa“ erTmaneTTan dakavSire-
buli hqonda jer kidev vaxuSti bagrations, Tumca igi saxelwodeba
„samcxes“ „mcxeTisagan“ warmoqmnilad miiCnevda52. XIX saukuneSi toponim
„mcxeTas“ mesxebis satomo saxelTan aaxloebdnen Teimuraz bagrationi,
platon ioseliani, a. xaxanaSvili da v. sen-marteni53. g. meliqiSvilis
SexedulebiTac, saxelwodeba „mcxeTa“ udavod warmoqmnilia mesxTa sa-
tomo saxelisagan, es faqti ki unda mianiSnebdes mcxeTis mesxuri dasax-
lebis aramesxuri mosaxleobis wiaRSi warmoqmnis SesaZleblobaze54.
miuxedavad im garemoebisa, rom SesaZleblad mimaCnia mtkvris zemo weli-
Riley H.T., Lipsiae, 1906
49 ix., mag., afaqiZe a., kinwuraSvili s., menabde l., mcxeTa, qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia,
tomi 7, Tb., 1984, gv. 254
50 ix., mag., afaqiZe a., armazcixis..., gv. 91-93
51 Kavtaradze G. L., Georgian Chronicles and the raison d’ètre of the Iberian Kingdom (Caucasica II), Orbis Terra-
rum, Journal of Historical Geography of the Ancient World, 6, 2000, Stuttgart, 2001, gv. 220-222
52 batoniSvili vaxuSti, dasax. naSromi, gv. 657-658
53 Teimuraz bagrationi, istoria dawyebiTgan iveriisa, ese igi giorgiisa, romel ars
sruliad saqarTveloÁsa, sankt-peterburRi, 1848, gv. 10, 23; Иосселиани Платон, Различные
наименования грузинов, Тифлис, 1846, gv. 408; St.-Martin V., Recherches sur les populations primitives et les
plus ancienns traditions du Caucase, Paris, 1847, gv. 50-51; Хаханов А. С., Древнейшие пределы расселения
грузин по Малой Азии, Тифлис, 1903, gv. 37-39
54 Меликишвили Г. А., К истории древней Грузии, Тб., 1959, gv. 112, 229
349
 dan anu mesxeTidan (Tu e.w. didi mesxeTidan), romelic mtkvris saTaveebis
mxares da mis iqiT, kidev ufro samxreTiT mdebare mxareebsac moicavda,
mosaxleobis erTmaneTis momdevno talRebis gadmonacvleba, rac sazoga-
dod damaxasiaTebeli movlenaa mdinareTa dinebis mimdebare xeobebisaTvis,
ara mgonia mcxeTisa da misi sanaxebis ufro adreuli mosaxleoba imdenad
gansxvavebuli yofiliyo axalmosulTagan (Tundac imis gamo, rom maTi _
Zvelisac da axlisac _ warmomavlobis mxare erTmaneTs emTxveoda), rom
saWiro gamxdariyo maTi winamosaxleobisagan ganmasxvavebeli saxeliT
saxeldeba. savaraudod, aq adgili eqneboda erTian eTno-kulturul are-
alSi didi mdinaris dinebis zemo, mTiani mxareebidan namati mosaxleobis
qvemo dinebis, dablobi mxareebisaken gadmonacvlebas, anu mTisa da baris
mosaxleTa urTierTobis „klasikur“ models, rac, ra Tqma unda, ar gamor-
icxavda gansxvavebuli warmomavlobis eTnikuri jgufebis am metad mniS-
vnelovani sakvanZo adgilisaken swrafvasa da infiltracias, ris Sesaxe-
bac araerTi miniSneba gvaqvs Zvel qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSi. Tumca
es sakiTxebi Cveni winamdebare werilis CarCoebs scildeba da vimedovnebT,
rom maT sxva dros calke SevexebiT.
kumSvadoba sazogadod damaxasiaTebeli movlenaa qarTuli enisaTvis; ro-
gorc Cans, TavsarT-bolosarTis darTvis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebeli xdeba
TviT fuZiseuli i-xmovnis SekumSvac ki. am mxriv yuradRebas i pyrobs
saCxeris saxelwodebis kavSiri am qalaqis uSualo siaxloves dadasture-
bul topo/hidronimebTan: mTa „Cixi“, mdinare „Cixura“ da a.S.58. rac Seex-
eba termins „mcxeTa“, masSi garda Ta-sufiqsisa, SesaZleblad migvaCnia
m-prefiqsis gamoyofac: Sdr. toponimebi „wyn-eTi“ (q. TbilisTan) da
„m-wyn-eTi“ (bolnisis raionSi), orive nawarmoebia sityva „muxis“ Sesatyvi-
si da megruli „Wyonis“ paraleluri ZvelqarTuli formidan _ „wyani“.
amrigad, Tuki termini „Zueli mcxeTa“ armazcixe/bagineTSi lokalizdeba,
xolo termini „mcxeTa“ Tavisi pirvandeli semantikuri mniSvnelobiT cix-
iscixis anu dedacixis aRmniSvnelia, maSin bevr, mcxeTisa da mTlianad ibe-
ria/qarTlis uZveles istoriasTan dakavSirebul, jer kidev arcTu mTlad
naTel movlenas axali Suqi moefineboda.

TavisTavadac sakiTxavia, Tu ramdenad aris ucilobeli mcxeTis saxelis

etimologiis axsna mesxTa satomo saxeliT, Tuki davuSvebT, rom „Zueli
mcxeTa“ lokalizdeboda armazcixis teritoriaze, romelsac mkveTrad ga-
moxatuli funqcia gaaCnda: kontrolis qveS moeqcia strategiulad uaR-
resad mniSvnelovani sakmaod vrceli areali55 da romlis saxelwodebac,
rogorc iTqva, sxvadasxva enebze ZiriTadad cixe-galavnis, dedacixe-cit-
adelis aRmniSvneli iyo; nuTu am saxelwodebebs ar unda hqonodaT amave
funqciis gamomxatveli qarTulenovani Sesatyvisi?

am mxriv sainteresoa, rom jer kidev i. rainegsi, termin „mcxeTas“ „cix-

is“ qarTuli saxelwodebis gadasxvaferebis Sedegad warmoqmnilad Tvl-
ida; amis damadasturebel sabuTad igi mcxeTis adgilmdebareobis garda,
aq cixe-simagreTa nangrevebis siuxves miiCnevda56. termin „mcxeTis“ war-
momavlobis asaxsnelad gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania sakuTriv enaT-
mecnierul monacemebze dayrdnobiT gamoTqmuli Tvalsazrisi adgilis
saxelwodebis _ „mcxeTis“ warmomavlobis Taobaze qarTul-zanuri erTo-
bis xanis „cixis“ aRmniSvneli sityvidan _ *Â1ixe57. cnobilia, rom fuZis

55 jer kidev i. rainegsi, romelic erekle II-is karze ruseTis politikuri miznebis
gansaxorcieleblad iyo Segzavnili da romelmac arcTu mcire roli Seasrula
qarTl-kaxeTis samefos daTanxmebaSi, raTa mas xeli moewera 1783 wlis georgievskis
traqtatisaTvis, Zalze kargad xedavda mcxeTis strategiul mniSvnelobas. igi
SeniSnavda, rom mcxeTis uaRresad xelsayreli samxedro-strategiuli mdebareoba
somxeT-albaneTze kontrolis damyarebisaTvis, unda yofiliyo is mizezi, ris gamoc
romaelebma Tu berZnebma aq daarses cixe-simagre; mas arc CrdiloeTis momTabare
xalxebTan aragvis gziT mcxeTis dakavSirebis SesaZlebloba aviwydeboda (Reineggs
J., dasax. naSromi, gv. 86-87). romaelTa mier mcxeTaSi cixe-simagris daarsebis Sesaxeb
mcdari Sexeduleba, efuZneboda missave uzusto cnobas, rom TiTqos XVIII saukunis
mcxeTelebi armazcixes „horumis cixes“ (Horum Zighe) anu „romaelTa cixes“ uwodebdnen
(iqve) da ara armazis cixes
56 Reineggs J., dasax. naSromi, gv. 86
57 ix. Климов Г. А., Этимологический словарь картвельских языков, М., 1964, gv. 239. *Zixe > cixe gan-
viTareba aixsneba qarTuli enisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tavkiduri mJReri Tanxmovnis struqturis ti pologia, Tb., 1965, gv. 119, SeniSvna 4
distanciuri dayruebiT momdevno x spirantis zegavlenis Sedegad (ix. gamyreliZe T., 58 aRsaniSnavia, rom imerxevSi aris sofeli Cixisxevi (soflis dRevandeli Turquli
maWavariani g., sonantTa sistema da ablauti qarTvelur enebSi, saerTo-qarTveluri saxelwodebaa ianiqli)

350 351
 bibliografia
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13. kakabaZe s., qal. armazi _ qal. mcxeTa,
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naxevarSi, mnaTobi, 1958, №10
15. leonti mroveli, cxovreba qarTvelTa
mefeTa, qarTlis cxovreba, tomi I, teqsti
dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris
mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, Tb., 1955
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da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis uZvelesi
mosaxleobis sakiTxisaTvis, Tb., 1965
17. meliqiSvili g., qarTli (iberia) Zv. w. VI-
IV saukuneebSi. qarTlis samefos warmo-
qmna, saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi,
tomi I, Tb., 1970
18. movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, Zve-
li somxuridan Targmna, Sesavali da
SeniSvnebi daurTo a. abdalaZem, Tb., 1984
19. moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ, Satberdis krebuli
X saukunisa. gamosacemad moamzades b.
gigineiSvilma da el. giunaSvilma, Tb.,
1979
20. sixaruliZe e., habib ibn maslamas „dacvis
sigelis“ abu ‘ubaidiseuli varianti, Tb.,
2001
21. qavTaraZe g., anatoliaSi qarTvelur
tomTa gansaxlebis sakiTxisaTvis, Tb.,
1985
22. qavTaraZe g., taoxTa uZvelesi qveyana da
qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis sawyisebi,
ena da kultura, 5, Tb., 2005
23. janaSia s., araboba saqarTveloSi, s. ja-
naSia, Sromebi, tomi II, Tb., 1952
24. juanSeri, cxovreba vaxtang gorgaslisa,
qarTlis cxovreba, tomi I, teqsti dadge-
nili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixed-
viT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, Tb., 1955
25. Бохочадзе Ал., Настакиси, Саркинэ, Дзалиси
_ города Иберии античной эпохи (Некоторые
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сообщения Института археологии (Античные
памятники Колхиды и Иберии), Вып. 151, М.
1977
26. Климов Г. А., Этимологический словарь
картвельских языков, М. 1964
27. Меликишвили Г. А., К истории древней Грузии,
Тб. 1959
28. Меликсет-Беков Л. М., Армазни, Историко-
археологический очерк, Материалы по истории
Грузии и Кавказа, Вып. II, Тб. 1938
29. Иосселиани Платон, Различные наименования
грузинов, Тифлис, 1846
30. Северов Н. П., Чубинашвили Г. Н., Мцхета, М.
1946
31. Хаханов А. С., Древнейшие пределы расселения
грузин по Малой Азии, Тифлис, 1903
32. Blau O., Ueber -karta, -kerta in Ortsnamen,
Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländischen Ge-
sellschaft, Bd 31, Leipzig, 1877
33. Brockelmann C., Syrische Grammatik mit Paradig-
men, Literatur, Chrestomathie und Glossar, Neunte
Auflage, Leipzig, 1962
34. Cary E., Dio’s Roman History. With an English
translation by E. Cary on the basis of the version of
H. B. Foster, vol. III. The Loeb Classical Library,
London & Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1969
35. Jones, H. L., The Geography of Strabo, with an En-
glish translation by Horace Leonard Jones, vol. V.
The Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, Massachu-
setts & London, 1961
36. Kavtaradze G. L., Georgian Chronicles and the rai-
son d’ètre of the Iberian Kingdom (Caucasica II),
Orbis Terrarum, Journal of Historical Geography of
the Ancient World, 6, 2000, Stuttgart, 2001
37. Marquart J., Osteuropäische und ostasiatische
Streifzüge, Ethnologische und historisch-topog-
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Jahrhunderte (ca. 840-940), Leipzig, 1903
38. Mayhoff K. F. T. (Ed.), Pliny the Elder, Naturalis
Historia. English translation by Bostock J., Riley
H.T., Lipsiae, 1906
39. Nobbe K. F. A. (Ed.), Ptolemy, Claudii Ptolemaei
Geographia, Volume 2, Lipsiae, 1845
40. Reineggs J., Allgemeine historisch-topographische
Beschreibung des Kaukasus, Aus dessen nachgelas-
senen Papieren gesammelt und herausgegeben von
F. E. Schröter, Zweiter Theil, Hindelsheim und St.
Petersburg, 1797
41. St.-Martin V., Recherches sur les populations prim-
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Paris, 1847
42. Thomson R. W. (Ed.), Rewriting Caucasian History.
The Medieval Armenian Adaptation of the Georgian
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and Commentry by Robert W. Thomson, Oxford
1996
353
 Giorgi L. Kavtaradze
Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University,
Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology,
Department of Ancient Country History, Chief Scientific Officer

FOR THE
ISSUE OF
ANCIENT
LOCATION
AND NAME
OF MTSKHETA
About the ancient location of Mtskheta – i.e.
~Old Mc’xet’a” mentioned in the Chronicle
of ~the Conversion of K’art’li” (Mok‘c‘evay
k‘art‘lisay) – quite different opinions are ex-
pressed. However, the easiest way for solving
this problem is given by the text of the Chron-
icle itself. As we know from the Chronicle, the
legendary image of Alexander the Great had
bestowed Mc’xet’a to Azoy, son of the king of
Arian- K’art’li, as his royal sit and Azoy took
from his homeland two idols – Gac’i and Ga as
gods and brought with him to ~Old Mc’xet’a”,
therefore the place of erection of these idols
must indicate to us the exact place where the
~Old Mc’xet’a” should have been located.
As we know from ~the Life of K’art’li” (K’art’lis
c’xovreba), idols Gac’i and Ga (Gaim) were
erected beside the idol Armazi: ~…to his right
was a man of gold whose name was Gac’i and
to his left a man of silver whose name was
Gaim” [Thomson 1996, 98]. And Armazi was
erected ~at the entrance to K’art’li” [ibid., 36].
Toponym ~K’art’li” is the old name of Armazi
(Armazc’ixe, Bagineti) which is on the right
side of Kura River. Therefore, it seems quite
possible to assume that ~Old Mc’xet’a“”was
located on the right side of Kura, which is dif-
ferent from Mc’xet’a’s present location on the
left side of the river. As it seems, this difference
was a main reason why the identification of
~Old Mc’xet’a” with Armazi/Bagineti was not
acceptable for such a long time.
But if we compare the old name of Armazi/Bag-
ineti – ~K’art’li” with the Aramaic word „kar-
da“ which means fortress/town, and recall the
fact that the name Acropolis (‘Ακρόπολις) was
given by Cassius Dio to Armazi/Bagineti and,
at the same time, if we take into account some
linguists’ opinion that the name ~Mc’xet’a” is
derived from the root of the Georgian-Zan lin-
guistic unity: *ӡ1ixe – with the meaning for-
tress/stronghold, the above proposed identifica-
tion of the name ~Old Mc’xet’a” with K’art’li/
Armazi becomes much more reasonable.
jvris monasteri, detali

TavSi „mcxeTa da mcxeTis Semogarenis toponimia istoriul WrilSi“ gamoyenebulia saqa-

rTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis erovnuli saagentos dokumentTa sacavSi
arsebuli masalebi

354 355
 multikulturuli
mcxeTa
mcxeTa
da
dasavluri
politikuri
orientiri

356 357
 vaxtang nikolaiSvili
didi mcxeTis istoriul-arqeologiuri
saxelmwifo muzeumi,
saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi,
mecnier-konsultanti,
istoriis doqtori

dedaqalaqobisdroindeli
"didi mcxeTa"
qarTlis (iberiis) samefos Zveli dedaqalaqi mcxe-
Ta (Zv.w. IV-III-ax.w. IV-V ss.) cnobiliaAistoriul-ar-
qiteqturuli da arqeologiuri ZeglebiT. maT Sesa-
xeb mogviTxroben rogorc qarTuli, aseve ucxouri
werilobiTi wyaroebi da mcxeTaSi aRmoCenili ar-
qeologiuri Zeglebi. dedaqalaqobisdroindeli
`didi mcxeTa“ moxseniebuli aqvs XI s-is qarTvel
istorikoss leonti mrovels Tavis TxzulebaSi
`cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTa“: `qalaqi didi mcxeTa
da ubanni misni, sarkine, cixe didi da zanavi, ubani
uriaTa“... (ix. qarTlis cxovreba I, 1955: gv. 17-18).
didiDqalaqi mcxeTa naxsenebia agreTve, `moqcevaÁ
qarTlisaÁs“ qronikaSi. javaxeTSi _ faravnis tbas-
Tan SeCerebul qarTlis ganmanaTlebel nino kapa-
dokielis SekiTxvaze - „romlisa soflisani xarT
Tqven?“ mcxeTeli mwyemsi pasuxobs: „zogni dabiT
da zogni safurcliT da zogni qinjarelni da ra-
batelni didisa qalaqisa mcxeTisani, sada RmerTni
RmerToben da mefeni mefoben“ (Satberdis krebuli
X saukunisa, Tb., 1979, gv. 333). amJamad es teritoria
ase Semoifargleba: aRmosavleTiT rkinigzis sad-
guri zahesi, dasavleTiT _ Zegvi, xekorZulas xevi
da nastakisi, CrdiloeTiT _ muxranis sanaxebi, sam-
xreTiT _ sawkepela-didgoris qedi (afaqiZe a., gobe-
jiSvili g., kalandaZe a., lomTaTiZe g. 1955; afaqiZe
a. 1963; nikolaiSvili v. 2005: gv. 93-108).

istoriuli didi mcxeTis arqeologiisa da isto-

riul-kulturuli memkvidreobis Seswavlisa da
dacvis etapebi XIX-XX saukuneebsa da XXI saukunis
dasawyisSi

dedaqalaqobis xanis mcxeTa (Zv.w. IV-III-ax.w. IV-V ss.)

mtkvrisa da aragvis xeobaSi da mis orive napirze
mdebareobda. ukanaskneli ormoci wlis manZilze
mcxeTis mudmivmoqmedi arqeologiuri eqspedici-
is (xelmZRv. a. afaqiZe) kvleva-Ziebam gamoavlina
antikuri xanis Zeglebi, romelTa Seswavla, Zvel

358 359
 mtkvris sanapirosTan. galavani arag-
vis marjvena napirze iwyeboda, Semdeg
monastrisxevis marjvena napirs auy-
veboda, mcxeTis goraze gadadioda da
samxreT-dasavleTiT mtkvarTan eSve-
boda. galavani, savaraudod, mtkvrisa
da aragvis napirebsac miuyveboda da
daaxloebiT 35 ha farTobs moicavda
(kalandaZe a., boxoCaZe a., aragvis kari,
`Zeglis megobari“ #15, 1968; nikolaiS-
vili v., 2004).

rac Seexeba leontiseul `did mcxe-

aRmoCenebTan erTad, saSualebas iZleva met-naklebi sisruliT aRvadginoT
dedaqalaqobisdroindeli mcxeTis istoriuli topografia, is istoriul-
geografiuli garemo, sadac Camoyalibda qalaqis sazRvrebi, safortikacio
sistemebi da dasaxlebebi.
qarTlis Zvel dedaqalaqSi da mis SemogarenSi farTod gaSlili save-
le-arqeologiuri samuSaoebis Sedegad aRmoCenili Zeglebi mniSvnelovan
masalebs gvawvdis antikuri xanis mcxeTis gansaxlebisa da qronologiis
dasadgenad. SesaZlebloba gveZleva ganvsazRvroT dasaxlebis ti pi, sama-
rovnebis, sakulto da safortifikacio Zeglebis ganlageba. maTi analizis
safuZvelze warmovadginoT Zveli mcxeTis demografiuli situacia (niko-
laiSvili v. 2005, gv. 93-108)
axal aRmoCenaTa Suqze SeiZleba garkveulwilad Sejamdes RarTiskarsa
da kaciTavanaze (armazisxevSi), wiwamurTan Tu sakuTriv mcxeTaSi, agreTve
mis SemogarenSi Catarebuli gaTxrebis da kvleva-Ziebis Sedegebi, Sejer-
des qarTuli da ucxouri wyaroebis monacemebTan, rac TavisTavad, Zalian
saintereso suraTs iZleva. saxezea qarTuli da zogi ucxouri wyaros
monacemTa sruli identifikacia arqeologiuri gaTxrebis SedegebTan.
mcxeTa. mcxeTaSi, qalaqis teritoriaze aRmoCenili dasaxlebebi ZiriTa-
dad ax.w. III-IV-VI ss. ekuTvnis. sxvadasxva adgilas Cndeba aRniSnuli perio-
dis qalaqis nawilebi, romlebic qalaqgegmarebis aRdgenisaTvis pirvelxa-
risxovan masalas warmoadgens. rogorc Cans, regularuli gegmarebis mqone
centraluri nawili SemosazRvruli iyo zRude-galavniT. igi qvis safuZ-
velze, aliziT yofila nagebi, misi sigane zogan 6 m-s aRwevda. galavans
ori karibWe hqonia: CrdiloeTiT monastrisxevTan da samxreT-dasavleTiT
Tas“, romelic qarTlis samefos Ca-
moyalibebebisa da mcxeTis gade-
daqalaqebis periods emTxveva, is
gacilebiT did farTobs moicavda
da daculi iyo sasimagro sistemiT.
CrdiloeTidan mas icavda RarTis-
karTan gamavali sasimagro sistema,
Tavdacvis meore xazi ki bebriscixe-
wiwamurTan gadioda, samxreTiT sawke-
pela-didgoris qedi da iq aRmarTuli
cixe-simagreebi (kaciTavana, armazci-
xis samefo rezidencia), aRmosavle- armazisxevi
TiT _ zemo avWala-devis namuxlze
(qoSigora) gamavali galavani, dasav-
leTiT _ grZeli mindori, sarkine,
cixedidis xevis dacvis sistema moq-
medebda.
sveticxovlis ezo. mcxeTis sveticxovlis sakaTedro taZris ezo-
Si CatarebuliAarqeologiuri gaTxrebisas qvedaFfena warmodgenili iyo
gvianantikuri xanis samarxebiTa da misi sinqronuli romauli ti pis ab-
anos naSTebiT (II-IV ss.). aRmoCnda agreTve, daaxloebiT amave xanis ram-
denime arqiteqturuli detali (baza, frizis fragmenti karniziTurT da
Tixis antefiqsi sicocxlis xis gamosaxulebiT).
samarxebi zogadad III-IV ss-iT TariRdeba. inventaris siuxviT, mravalfe-
rovnebiTa da unikalurobiT gamoirCeva samarxi _ akldama #14. samarxSi
aRmoCnda oqros, vercxlis, brinjaos, rkinis, minis da sxvadasxva minerale-
bisagan damzadebuli 25 dasaxelebis nivTi. maT Soris unikaluria verc-
xlisa da oqrosagan damzadebuli saweri mowyobiloba _ penali. sami
kalam-kalmistari vercxlis kolofSia moTavsebuli, romelsac oqros
warweriani firfitiT morTuli vercxlis saxuravi axuravs. saxuravze
damagrebulia bude, romelSiac oqros samelne yofila Cadgmuli. budeze
mocemulia kompozicia sami mamakacis gamosaxulebiT, romelTac amkobs sa-
Tanado warwerebi ZvelberZnul enaze: menandre, homerosi da demosTene. oq-
ros Wvirul firfitaze ki amokveTilia `mefe ustmosisa da evgeniosisa“.
xelsawyos zurgimxares cxra muzis gamosaxulebaa saTanado warwerebiT.

360 361

mcxeTa. sveticxoveli. IV-V ss. quCis nawili da
kvartalebi mis orive mxares
mcxeTaSi adre gamovlenil stilosebTan da samelneebTan erTad es aRm-
oCena qarTlis (iberiis) samefoSi mwignobrobis dawinaurebasTan erTad
qalaquri kulturis maRal doneze metyvelebs (afaqiZe a., yifiani g., niko-
laiSvili v,. manjgalaZe g,. kapanaZe m. 2003; Apakidze A., Kipiani G., Nikolaishvili V.
2004).
samTavro. namosaxlarebi da samarovnebi (farTobi 18 ha)
mdebareobs mdinare aragis marjvena napirze qalaq mcxeTis farglebSi.
aRmosavleTiT esazRvreba md. aragvi, dasavleTiT kodmanis vakobi, samxre-
TiT _ monastrisxevi, xolo CrdiloeTiT - baiaTxevi. gamovlinda gvianbrin-
jao-adrerkinis, Sua brinjaos, elinisturi, gvianantikuri da feodaluri
xanis namosaxlarebis naSTebi da Sua brinjaos, gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis,
antikuri da adre Suasaukuneebis oTxi aTasze meti sxvadasxva ti pis sa-
marxi (Zv.w. III aTaswleuli-ax.w. VII s.).
arqeologiuri monacemebis mixedviT, SeiZleba vivaraudoT mefis ojaxis
warmomadgenelTa gansasvenebeli samTavros samarovnis samxreTY ubanze.
amaze unda metyvelebdes erT-erT mdidrul samarxSi (samarxi-akldama
362
#905) dadasturebul mravalricxovan da mravalferovan oqro-vercxlis
nivTebTan erTad aRmoCenili warwera: `Tiridati ufliswuli [es langari]
misi sakuTaria“.
samarx-akldamaSi aRmoCenili oqromWedlobis (torevtikis) Zeglebi mniS-
vnelovania ara marto gvianantikuri xanis qarTlis (iberiis) materialuri
kulturis istoriisaTvis, aramed, zogadad, antikuri kulturis istoriis
SeswavlisTvisac, radgan, igi pirvelxarisxovan masalas warmoadgens (Apa-
kidze A., Nikolaishvili V., 1994: An aristokratik Tomb of the Roman period from Mtsketa, Geor-
gia, The Antiquries jurnal, volume LXXIV. London)
RarTiskari Tanamedrove mcxeTis CrdiloeT nawilSi mdebareobs.
Rrma, amJamad mSrali xevi md. aragvs marjvena mxridan erTvis. CrdiloeTiT,
paralelurad meore xevi uerTdeba, mas brinjiReles uwodeben. maT Soris
mdebare teritoria (30 ha farTobi) ukavia sasimagro sistemas, romelic
dedaqalaqobisdroindeli mcxeTis CrdiloeTi karibWe unda yofiliyo.
RarTiskari mtkvrisa da aragvis xerTvisis yvelaze viwro yels warmoad-
gens da strategiulad marjve adgilia _ muxranis velidan _ momxdur-
Tagan Tavis dasacavad. swored am mizniT Cans agebuli qvis safuZvelze
aRmarTuli 3 metramde siganis aliziT nagebi koSkebiani zRude-galavani,
romelic brinjiReles marjvena napirs gasdevs RarTiskaris zeda Txe-
midan aragvamde. galavani gamovlenilia aragvis marcxena napirzec. igi
aragvis napiridan iwyeba da saguramos qeds ebjineba.
RarTiskaris saforTifikacio sistema warmoqmnili Cans Zv.w.aR. IV-III ss-
ebSi, rodesac qarTlis samefo yalibdeboda. amaze metyvelebs iq aRmoCe-
nili arqeologiuri masalebi da werilobiTi wyaroebi (yauxCiSvili T.
strabonis geografia, 1957).
aragvis marjvena napirze _ RarTiskaris Sida teritoriaze, safortifi-
kacio sistemis sinqronuli ramdenime sayuradRebo Zegli aRmoCnda (ta-
Zari, wisqvili, xuroTmoZRvruli kompleqsi). RarTiskaris zemoaRwerili
safortifikacio sistema da dasaxleba qarTlis dedaqalaqis CrdiloeT
karibWes warmoadgens (nikolaiSvili v., 2005, gv. 93-108). swored iq miegeba
nadirobidan dabrunebul gaqristianebul mirian mefes `nana dedofali
da yoveli igi qalaqi“ (`moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ“, 1979, Satberdis krebuli X
saukunisa, gv. 342).
wiwamuri-sisamura. naqalaqari mdebareobs sof. wiwamuris Tavze _
misgan CrdiloeTiT ganlagebul goraze _ serze. moxseniebuli aqvs I s-is
berZen swavluls - strabons Tavis `geografiaSi“, rogorc qalaqi _ armaz-
cixesTan erTad (yauxCiSvili T., 1957: strabonis geografia; lorTqifaniZe
o., 2010).
1953 wels mcire masStabis samuSaoebi Caatara mcxeTis arqeologiurma
eqspediciam (xelmZRv. Aa. afaqiZe). wiwamurze aRmoCnda Tlili qviT nagebi
mrgvali nageboba (diametri 16 m). qvaTlilebi erTmaneTTan xis solebis
`uwyvetebiT“ Cans gadabmuli. Ddadasturda mSeneblobis ori fena. erTi
363
 uZvelesi mSralad nawyobi, romelic elinisturi xaniT TariRdeba (wiwamu-
ri I), meore ki duRabze nagebi (wiwamuri II). igi gvianromauli xaniT unda
daTariRdes. mrgvali nageboba mkvlevarTa nawils (k. meliTauri) warmar-
Tuli taZris naSTad miaCniaT (afaqiZe a. 1963).

wiwamuris seris ZirTan, gazsadenis trasis gayvanisas Seqmnil WrilSi Cans

kedlis nawili, romlis sigane 3 m-de aRwevs da qvatexiliT aris nagebi.
igi dasavleTiT bebriscixisken miemarTeba.Bbebriscixeze Catarebuli gaT-
xrebisas aRmoCnda msgavsi da Tanadrouli, qvis safuZvelze, aliziT nagebi
kedlis naSTebi (nikolaiSvili v., sixaruliZe a., diRmelaSvili q. …2009).
kedeli, rogorc Cans, dedaqalaqobisdroindeli mcxeTis Tavdacvis zRu-
dis meore rigs warmoadgenda RarTiskaris Semdeg da im damcavi sistemis
nawili unda iyos, romelic antikuri xanis mcxeTas CrdiloeTidan icavda.

sarkine naqalaqari (Zv.w. II-ax. II ss.) Crdilo-aRmosavleTidan Semofar-

glulia jojoxeTis xeviT, dasavleTidan _ mcxeTa-SiomRvimis samanqano
gziT da zangeliebis xeviT, samxreTidan ki mdinare mtkvarze Camavali
cicabo kldeebiT.

dasavleTi mxridan gamovlenilia saparado Sesasvleli _ karibWe. kedle-

bi nagebia riyis qvis safuZvelze aliziT (55-40-10 sm.) da mopirkeTebulia
qviSaqvis pironebiani qvaTlilebiT (45-20-10 sm.). kari SeWedili Cans xis sa-
fuZvelze rkinis farflebiT. Crdilo-dasavleTidan sarkines icavda zRu-
de, romelic aseve qvis safuZvelze aliziT yofila nagebi (afaqiZe a., 1990).
sarkines centralur nawilSi aRmoCnda terasulad ganlagebuli qviTa da
aliziT nagebi sakulto (Teatri?) da sacxovrebeli nagebobani, romlebic
gadaxuruli yofila kramitiT (56-50 sm.). iatakze aRmoCnda terakotis niR-
bebi (Zv.w. II-I ss.) dionises da ariadnes qandakebebi (boxoCaZe a., 1973).
sarkines naqalaqari mniSvnelovani Zeglia qarTlis saqalaqo cxovrebis
SeswavlisaTvis. igi istoriuli didi mcxeTis Tavdacvis sistemis nawils
warmoadgens.
grZeli mindori (10,5 ha.) sarkines kompleqsis nawilia. CrdiloeT
nawilSi koSki (dakonservebulia) da galavnis naSTi aRmoCnda. centralur
nawilSi ki saxelosnoebi gaumarTavT rkinis, tyviis da spilenZis gamosad-
nobad. aRmoCnda rkinis quris naSTebi, agreTve saoqromWedlo tvifri da
xelsawyo. es faqti adasturebs saoqromWedlos arsebobas (afaqiZe a. 1963).
grZel mindorze dadasturda sruli metalurgiuli ciklis arseboba _
madnis dawurvidan gamoWedva-wrTobamde (afaqiZe a. 1990).
kaciTavana armazisxevis samxreTiT zegan-borcvze mdebareobs, armazis-
xevis kanionis marjvena mxares. aRmosavleTiT, xelovnurad ganmxoloe-
buli qedis nawili daculi Cans zRude-galavniT (23 m-is sigrZeze gamo-
ikveTa). dadasturda 6 urTierTmonacvle fena _ adre Sua saukuneebidan
adre elinisturi xanis CaTvliT. aRmoCnda qvis safuZvelze aliziT nagebi
koSki (6.20-6.60 m.). gamovlenilia samadlos ti pis keramika _ Zv. w. III s.
(nikolaiSvili, 1990)
armazisxevi. namosaxlarebi da samarovnebi
armazisxevi mdebareobs armaziswylis SesarTavTan, mtkvris marjvena na-
pirze, terasaze, mcxeTis rkinigzis sadguridan 2 km-ze (farTobi 1 ha). iq
gaTxrebi Catarda XX saukunis 30-ian-40-ian wlebSi. gaTxrebis Sedegad
gamovlinda sxvadasxva periodis Zeglebi, romelTa naSTebi SemozRudu-
lia da iq Seqmnilia Ria cis qveS muzeumi (savele muzeumi). armazisxevSi
aRmoCenilia SedarebiT kargad daculi romauli ti pis abano _ msgavsi
da sinqronuli armazcixis amave ti pis abanoebisa. abanosTan aris dakav-
Sirebuli e.w. `zRurbliani nageboba“, romelic didi zomis ori nagebo-
bisgan Sedgeba. igi daungreviaT da gadauwvavT mtris Semosevisas, mag-
ramESemorCenili arqiteqturuli detalebi (karis morTuloba, karnizis
nawili, svetisZiri da svetisTavi) gvavaraudebinebs iq pitiaxSis sasaxlis
arsebobas. iqve aRmoCnda amave periodis orsenakiani (akldama?) da erT-
senakiani nagebobis naSTebi da marani, romelSic 55 qvevria Cadgmuli.G
ax. w. II-IV ss-Si iq qarTlis samefos pitiaxSebi _ erisTavebi da maTi oja-
xis wevrebi saxlobdnen da ikrZalebodnen. amaze mogviTxroben epitafiebi
da calkeul nivTebze amokveTili warwerebi (serafitas - armazis biling-
va, Saragasis monolingva, asparugis, Saragasis da Zevax=javaxis warwerebi
da sxv.). am warwerebSi kargad Cans qarTlis (iberiis) samefos ierarqiuli
struqtura: mefe, ezosmoZRvari, pitiaxSi.

364 365
 armazcixe mdebareobs mcxeTis mopirdapire mxares, qarTlis qedis da-
sasruls-mTaze, farTobi 30 ha.)
qarTlis samefo rezidencia armazcixe_bagineTi cnobilia rogorc qar-
Tuli, aseve ucxouri werilobiTi wyaroebiT. qarTul saistorio wyaro-
ebSi armazcixe ixsenieba rogorc qarTli, qalaqi, dedaqalaqi, cixe, armazi,
bagineTi. ucxourSi: harmozike, hermastus, armaqtika. magram ZiriTadi in-
formacia armazcixis istoriis Sesaxeb miRebulia arqeologiuri gaTxre-
bis Sedegad (afaqiZe a., 1963; nikolaiSvili v., 2011).
armazcixeSi aRmoCenilia galavnis nawilebi, koSkebi, burjebi, samefo rezi-
denciis nagebobebi (svetebiani darbazi,taZari,abanoebi,Ria da daxuruli wy-
alsadeni), ZvelberZnul enaze Sesrulebuli epigrafikuli Zeglebi, samefo
mavzoleumis nangrevebi.Ddidi raodenobiT oqro-vercxlis nivTebi mefis asu-
lis samarx-sarkofagSi (ax.w. II_III ss.).Nnagebobebi gadaxuruli yofila mcxe-
Turi brtyeli da Rarisebri kramitiT (afaqiZe a. 1963; nikolaiSvili v. 2011).
karsnisxevis meTune - xelosanTa dasaxleba (Zv. I-ax. III ss.)
mcxeTis SemogarenSi _ XX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi gaiTxara kompleqsuri
Zegli: meTune-xelosanTa dasaxleba, sawarmoo ubani, marnebi da samaro-
vani. Nnamosaxlarze dadasturda ori ti pis saxli: banursaxuraviani da
orferdasaxuraviani.Nnamosaxlaris siaxloves aRmoCnda misi Tanadrouli
meTuneTa saxelosnos kompleqsi, sadac Tixis WurWlis damzadebis sruli
cikli mimdinareobda (nikolaiSvili v., 1993).
mcxeTis (mogvTakaris) akldama (I s.) mdebareobs mcxeTis rki-
nigzis sadgurTan, samxreTiT 300 m-ze, mtkvris marjvena sanapirosTan, qarT-
lis qedis kalTis Ziras. igi agebulia sagangebod mosworebul terasa-
ze _ qvabulSi. aRmoCnda 1951 wels (gaiTxara imave wels g. lomTaTiZis
xelmZRvanelobiT). saxelwodeba momdinareobs `wminda ninos cxovrebaSi“
dadasturebuli gadmocemidan am adgilebSi mogvebis arsebobis Sesaxeb.
mogvTakaris akldama Cadgmulia 1,6-2,1 m-is simaRlis galavniT SemosazRv-
366
rul qvabulSi.Ggalavnis kedlebi nagebia qvatexiliT da Semtkicebulia
TixiT. galavniT SemosazRvruli ezos (zomebi: 9X5 m.) Crdilo-aRmosavleT
kuTxeSi ubelo cxeni daukrZalavT. miuxedavad gaZarcvisa, samarxSi sakma-
od mdidruli invetari dadasturda (lomTaTiZe g., ciciSvili i., 1951).
mcxeTis (mogvTakaris) akldama, SeiZleba iTqvas rom, antikuri xanis erTa-
derTi arqeologiuri ZegliaMmcxeTis sinamdvileSi, romelic saxuravia-
nad SemorCa. igi warmoadgens models saero saxlisa, romelSic qarTlis
samefos umaRlesi xelisufalni cxovrobdnen.
avWaliskari - devis namuxli (qoSigora). samSeneblo samu-
Soebisas devis namuxlTan (mtkvris marjvena napirTan) 1867 wels aRmoCnda
17 striqoniani ZvelberZnuli warwera, romelic iuwyeboda, rom romis
imperatorma vespasianem (ax. w. 69-79 w.) iberiis mefe miTridates da mis
xalxs kedlebi gaumagres. vespasianes warwera ax.w. 75 wliT daTariRda
(wereTeli g., 1958). 1938 wels ki mopirdapire mxares (marcxena sanapiroze),
avWaliskarTan aRmoCnda didroni markirebuli lodebi, rogorc Cans, ga-
lavnis naSTi. iqve gaiTxara amave periodis samarxic (lomTaTiZe g. 1945).
savaraudod, vespasianes warweraca da arqeologiuri monapovaric miuTi-
Tebs sasimagro sistemaze, romelic avWaliskari-devis namuxlis (qoSigo-
ra) xazze gadioda da aRmosavleTidan icavda did mcxeTas.
amrigad, axali arqeologiuri aRmoCenebisa da Zveli monacemebis safuZ-
velze gamoikveTa `didi mcxeTis“ gamagrebuli sistemiT SemosazRvruli
teritoria: RarTiskari, savaneTis qedi, grZeli mindori-sarkine, cixedi-
disxevi, kaciTavana-armazisxevi, armazcixe, devis namuxli, avWaliskari,
wiwamuri, romelic Caewera didi mcxeTis cnobil geografiul sazRvrebSi.
didi mcxeTis sasimagro sistemis farglebSi arsebuli sxvadasxva funqci-
is mqone dasaxlebebis politikuri gaerTianeba _ sinoikizmi xdeba qarT-
lis samefos (iberiis) warmoSobisa da mcxeTis gadedaqalaqebis procesSi.
367
368 369
 bibliografia
1. afaqiZe a., gobejiSvili g., kalandaZe a.,
lomTaTiZe g., armazisxevis arqeologiu-
ri Zeglebi, Tb., 1955
2. afaqiZe a., qalaqebi da saqalaqo cxovre-
ba Zvel saqarTveloSi, I, Tb., 1963
3. afaqiZe a., yifiani g., nikolaiSvili v,.
manjgalaZe g., kapanaZe m., sveticxovlis
ezoSi Catarebuli arqeologiuri samu-
Saoebi, VI samecniero sesia, angariSebi,
mcxeTa-Tbilisi, 2003
4. afaqiZe a., wiwamuri-naqalaqari. saqarT-
velos istoriisa da kulturis ZeglTa
aRweriloba, V, Tb., 1990
5. boxoCaZe a., nastakisi,sarkine, Zalisi (ar-
qeologiuri kvlevis Sedegebi), `Zeglis
megobari“, #33, 1973
6. kalandaZe a., boxoCaZe a., aragvis kari,
`Zeglis megobari“, #15, 1968
7. lomTaTiZe g., arqeologiuri gaTxrebi
saqarTvelos Zvel dedaqalaqSi, Tb., 1945
8. lomTaTiZe g., ciciSvili i., axladaRm-
oCenili akldama mcxeTaSi, saqarTvelos
mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe, t. XII, #10,
1951
9. lorTqifaniZe Oo., Zveli saqarTvelo
(kolxeTi da iberia) strabonis geogra-
fiaSi, 2010
10. `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ“, Satberdis krebu-
li X saukunisa, gamosacemad moamzades
b. gigineiSvilma da e. giunaSvilma, Tb.,
1979
11. nikolaiSvili v., Zveli mcxeTis isto-
riuli topografia axal aRmoCenaTa
Suqze, reprinti, 1990
12. nikolaiSvili v., karsnisxevis meTune-xe-
losanTa dasaxleba, Tb., 1993
13. nikolaiSvili v., qalaqi mcxeTa ax. w. III-
VI ss. (arqeologiuri monacemebis mi-
xedviT), kreb.: ,,kavkasiis macne“ (specia-
luri gamocema 3), Tb., 2004
14. nikolaiSvili v , sixaruliZe a., diRme-
370
Vakhtang Nikolaishvili
Great Mtskheta Historical-Archeological State Museum,
Georgian National Museum, Scientist-Consultant, Doctor of History
laSvili q., beltiscixe-bebriscixe, Tb.,
2009
15. nikolaiSvili v., axali arqeologiuri
aRmoCenebi armazcixe-bagineTze, kreb.: ~GREAT
`Zeg,lis megobari“, #4(95), Tb., 1996
16. nikolaiSvili v., didi mcxeTis istoriu-
MTSKHETA“
li topografia, `iberia-kolxeTi“, #2, Tb., AT THE
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17. nikolaiSvili v., armazcixis samefo re- TIME OF
zidencia, Tb., 2011 BEING
A CAPITAL
18. qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili
yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s.
yauxCiSvilis mier, tomi I, Tb., 1955
19. qarTlis cxovreba, IV, batoniSvili va-
CITY
xuSti, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa,
Tb., 1973 Old capital of the Kingdom of Kartli (Iberia) ‒ the fortified system was outlined: Ghartiskari,
20. yauxCiSvili T., strabonis geografia, Tb., Mtskheta (IV-III c.c. B.C. ‒ IV-V c.c. A.D.) is Savaneti Ridge, „long field ‒ Sarkine, Tsikedi-
1957 known from Georgian, as well as foreign writ- di Gorge, Katsitavana- Armaziskhevi, Devios
21. wereTeli g., mcxeTis berZnuli warwera ten sources and archaeological monuments. Namukhli, Avchaliskari, Tsitsamuri, which fit
vespasianes xanisa, Tb., 1958 „Great Mtskheta“ of the period, when it was into the known geographical boundaries of the
22. Apakidze A., Nikolaishvili V., An aristokratik Tomb the capital city, was mentioned by Georgian Great Mtskheta.
of the Roman period from Mtsketa, Georgia, The historian of the XI cent. Leonti Mroveli „the
Antiquries jurnal, volume LXXIV. London, 1994 city of Great Mtskheta and its districts, Sar- Political unification of the settlements with dif-
23. Apakidze A., Kipiani G., Nikolaishvili V., A rich kine, Tsikhedidi and Zanavi, the district of He- ferent functions within the boundaries of Great
from Mtskheta (Caucasian Iberia) Ancient West and brews“... [see: „Kartlis Tskhovreba“ (the Life Mtskheta fortification system ‒ synoecism ‒
East, volume 3, #1,Brill, Leiden-Boston, 2004 of Kartli) I, 1955: p. 17-18]. occurs in the process of creation of Kartli (Ibe-
24. Муравьев С.Н., Заметки по исторической ria) and making Mtskheta the capital city.
географии Закавказья. Плиний о населении On the basis of the new archaeological findings
Кавказа, Вестник древней истории,1, 1988 and old information, the territory, enclosed by
25. Николаишвили В., Историческая топография
стольного города Картли (Иберии) «Мцхета Ве-
ликой» в свете новых открытий, Международная
научная конференция, Археология (5) этнология
(4), фольклористика Кавказа – Сборник кратких
содержании докладов, Ереван, 2003
26. Страбон, География в 17 книгах., изд. «Наука»,
Л., 1964
27. Plinius Secundus, Naturalis Historiae, Libri
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Катон, Варон, Колумелла, Плиний. О сельском
хозяйстве, Москва, 1957
371
 zaza aleqsiZe
saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademia,
akademikosi, istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori
mcxeTa,
sadac
"RmerTni
RmerToben
da mefeni
mefoben"
qarTlis saxelwodebiT erTiani saqarTvelos
saxelmwifos Camoyalibebis procesi leonti mrov-
els ase aqvs aRwerili:
qveyanaSi areulia sxvadasxva xalxi: somxebi, bunT-
urqni, xazarebi, asurni, ebraelni, berZenni. yvelani
eseni Tavisi qveynidan gamoqceulan sxvadasxva ga-
remoebis gamo da qarTlisTvis SeufarebiaT Tavi,
yvela maTgans Tavisi ena, sarwmunoeba da cxovre-
bis wesi Semoutania qveyanaSi, qarTlis cixeebic ki
maT (bunTurqebs) ukaviaT. amis gamo qarTlosianT
uWirT gaerTianeba da sparselTa winaaRmdeg brZo-
la. xsna dasavleTidan, makedoniidan (qarTvelTaT-
vis _ saberZneTidan) modis:A
aleqsandre makedoneli `gamoCnda queyanasa saberZ-
neTisasa“, `ganZlierda“, `dai pyra ... yoveli qarTli,
da mosrna yovelni igi naTesavni aRreulni qarTls
myofni ... da dautevna naTesavni qarTlosianni“.1
aleqsandre makedonelis wyalobiT saqarTvelo
monoeTnikur qveyanad yalibdeba.
monoeTnikur qveyanaSi aleqsandre makedonels
SesaZlebloba eZleva axleburad moawyos qvey-
ana da erTRmerTianoba SemoiRos. man datova qa-
rTlis mmarTvelad azoni da ubrZana: `hmsaxureb-
den RmerTsa uxilavsa, dambadebelsa yovlisasa“.2
1 qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT
yauxCiSvilis mier, t. 1, Tb., 1955, gv. 17-18
2 iqve, gv. 18
372
leonti mroveli gvarwmunebs, rom aleqsandre makedonelis wyalobiT qa-
rTli ukve qristes Sobamde IV-III ss-is mijnaze mzad iyo macxovris sju-
lis misaRebad, `mas Jamsa ara iyo winaswarmetyueli da moZRuari sjulisa
WeSmaritisa, romelmanca aswava da amxila, aramed TÂT moigona sjuli ese“.3
erTi sityviT, qarTli ukve maSin ganudga yvela aRmosavlur sarwmunoebas.
magram azoni, romelic aleqsandrem romauli mxedrobiT qarTlis mmarT-
velad datova, misi sikvdilis Semdeg gadauxvevs mis gzas:
`dauteva sjuli aleqsandres mocemuli, iwyo kerpTmsaxurebad“.4 dadga qa-
rTlosianTa ocdaSvidwliani Znelbedobis xana.
davaJkacda farnavazi, Zmiswuli mcxeTis mamasaxlisisa, mamiT qarTveli,
xolo dediT sparsi. farnavazma gaaerTiana aRmosavleTi da dasavle-
Ti egrisis erisTav qujisTan erTad. aTasma rCeulma romaelma meomarma
miatova azoni da farnavazis mxares gadmovida. azoni damarcxda. `aman
farnavaz mozRuda qalaqi mcxeTa mtkiced, da yovelni qalaqni da cixeni
qarTlisani“.5
farnavazma daiwyo qveynis politikuri mowyoba.Dman dayo qarTlis samefo
saerisTavoebad, Cauyena saTaveSi erisTavebi da yvela saerisTavodan Se-
moudioda `xarki sameufo da saerisTavo. esreT ganawesa ese yoveli far-
navaz mimsgavsebulad samefosa sparsTasa“.6
magram sad wavida is aTasi rCeuli romaeli, romelmac miatova azoni da
farnavazs didi samsaxuri gauwia:
`xolo igi hromni aTasni mxedarni... ganyvna ÃevTa da queyanaTa Sina, i pyrna
igini keTilad, rameTu brZolasa mas azonissa mÃned iyvnes, da uwoda maT
aznaurni (Tavisufalni)“.7
amrigad, leonti mrovelis TvalsazrisiT farnavazma saerisTavoebi dayo
ufro mcire erTeulebad, samarTavad Caabara romaelebs da maTgan Seqmna
mefis dasayrdeni socialuri fena, is fena, romelmac mogvianebiT saqarT-
veloSi feodalizmi unda aaSenos. erTi sityviT, farnavazma Seqmna samefo,
romlis saxelmwifo (politikuri) wyoba aRmosavluria _ sparsuli, xolo
socialuri _ dasavluri (romauli).
es aris simboluri saxe saqarTvelos mTeli Semdgomi ganviTarebisa, yov-
el SemTxvevaSi monRolTa batonobamde mainc. es aris is mTavari Tavise-
bureba, rac saqarTvelos geopolitikursa da geokulturul situacias
amierkavkasiis sxva qveynebisagan mkveTrad ganasxvavebs mTeli istoriis
manZilze.
saintereso da rTuli suraTi daxata leonti mrovelma: farnavazi aris
3 iqve, gv. 18-19
4 iqve, gv. 20
s. 5 iqve, gv. 25
6 iqve, gv. 25
7 iqve, gv. 25
373
 erTiani saqarTvelos pirveli qarTveli mefe da mcxeTa samefo qalaqi.
igi qarTul enas acxadebs erTaderT (saxelmwifo) enad. qmnis qarTul
mwignobrobas (damwerlobas), saxelmwifos administraciul sistemas igi
ayalibebs aRmosavlurs (sparsuls), xolo socialurs _ dasavlurs (ro-
mauls).
farnavazis dros ukve gvaqvs ena da saxelmwifo, anu XIX saukunis meore
naxevris saqarTvelos erovnuli formuliT `ena da mamuli“. ra Tqma unda,
sruli formulis misaRebad gvaklia `sarwmunoeba“. magram xom gvaxsovs
Tavis droze, rac dagvibara aleqsandre makedonelma, qristianobas mims-
gavsebuli `sjuli“.
qarTvelebs axsovT, rom aleqsandre makedonelma maT ubrZana dambadebeli
RmerTis msaxureba. qristianoba, ra Tqma unda, jer kidev devnili religiaa
romSi (III s. q. S.), rodesac saqarTveloSi mefobs rev marTali. istorikosi
ambobs:
`daRacaTu iyo warmarTi, aramed iyo mowyale da Semwe WirveulTa: rameTu
smenil iyo misda mcired rame saxareba uflisa Cuenisa ieso qristesi, da
aqunda rame siyuaruli qristesi“.8
ase TandaTan amzadebs leonti mroveli mkiTxvels imis misaxvedrad, Tu
ratom airCia qristianoba saqarTvelom saxelmwifo religiad mTels im-
droindel msoflioSi erT-erTma pirvelma da rom es arCevani ar iyo
SemTxveviTi.
dadga q. S. IV saukune, daiRupa sparselebTan brZolaSi ukanaskneli far-
navaziani mefe asfaguri da `aRuRia piri sparsTa mefesa STanTqmad quey-
anisa“.9 qarTvelebs winaaRmdegobis gaweva aRar SeuZliaT, vinaidan darCnen
`viTarca cxovarni umwyemsoni“. da ai, maT gadadges paradoqsuli nabiji,
qarTlis aznaurebma mimarTes iranis Sahs TxovniT: miscen mefed Tavisi
Ze mihrani, mihranma colad SeirTos farnavazis Camomavali (farnavaziani)
asfaguris asuli, qarTvelebma SeinarCunon mama-papis rjuli. qarTveli
aznaurebi ar gaiTqvifon sparsel warCinebulebSi da SeinarCunon Tavisi
socialuri privilegiebi. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi isini mzad arian ukanask-
nel sisxlis wveTamde ibrZolon da uTanasworo brZolaSi daiRupon.
iranis Sahma Seiwynara es Txovna. amiT qarTvelebma mTeli Tavisi cxovre-
bis wesi SeinarCunes. erTaderTi qarTuli, rac maT ver SeinarCunes, iyo
samefo xelisufleba. magram ra moxda? rodesac mTlianad qarTul gare-
moSi moxvda, mihrani iqca mirianad, `Seiyuara qarTvelni, da daiviwya ena
sparsuli da iswava ena qarTuli... da Seamko saflavi farnavazisi“10, anu
gaxda memkvidreobiT qarTveli mefe da aRiara Tavisi farnavazianoba.
TxuTmeti wlis mirians gardaecvala qarTveli meuRle. mirianma, `vinaidan
qarTvelTaTvis sikeTe surda“, moiyvana meuRled berZeni qali nana. magram
mcxeTas ukve modioda wminda nino! isini gaxdnen pirveli qristiani mmarT-
8 iqve, gv. 58
9 iqve, gv. 63
10 iqve, gv. 65
374
velni qarTlisa: sparsi mefe miriani da berZeni dedofali nana _ orive-
ni sruliad gaqarTvelebulni politikuri, kulturuli da religiuri
TvalsazrisiT. srulad ganxorcielda TviTmyofadobisTvis aucilebeli
formula: `ena, mamuli da sarwmunoeba“.
axali welTaRricxvis dasawyisSi axlo aRmosavleTSi erTmaneTs Seejaxa
ramdenime Zlieri religia: iyo qristianoba, mazdeanoba da, bolos, islami.
saxelmwifoebrivi da politikuri TvalsazrisiT qristianoba dasavluri
Rirebulebis matareblis _ bizantiis religia iyo. Tavdapirvelad am-
ierkavkasiis yvela qveyanam (qarTlma, somxeTma da albaneTma) dasavluri
(bizantiuri) orientacia airCia. amis dasturad qarTlma samRvdeloebac
saberZneTidan moiyvana, Tumca SeeZlo, da valdebulic iyo, moeyvana an-
tioqiidan an ierusalimidan, miT ufro, rom qarTli antioqiis samwysod
iTvleboda. qarTlma es problema ase gadawyvita: antioqiis patriarqs
daamtkicebina saberZneTidan moyvanili samRvdeloni. ase gagrZelda VI
s-is Sua xanebamde, sanam umaRles ierarqTa saydrebi TviTon qarTvelebma
ar daikaves.
magram aseTi ideologiuri harmonia amierkavkasiaSi didxans ver gagrZel-
deboda. daaxloebiT erTi saukunis Semdeg msoflio qristianuli eklesia
da mTeli maSindeli axlo aRmosavleT-dasavleTi Seazanzara dogmatikis
sakiTxebSi polemikam. dRis wesrigSi axla ukve qristianobis SigniT
arCevanis gakeTeba dadga. yvelaze mTavari iyo dapirispireba diofizito-
basa da monofizitobas Soris, rasac didi imperiebi Tavis sasargeblod
iyenebdnen. irani mxars uWerda im sarwmunoebas, romelsac ebrZoda bizan-
tia. iranis mxare daikava somxeTma, xolo bizantiisa _ qarTlma. amitom
monofizitobam Cvens regionSi saxelad somxuri sarwmunoeba miiRo, xolo
diofizitobam _ qarTuli. miaqcieT yuradReba: mTels axlo aRmosavleTSi
saqarTvelo iyo erTaderTi qveyana, romelmac probizantiuri, diofizitu-
ri mrwamsi airCia. wina monaTxrobiT leonti mrovelma Tavisi mkiTxveli
ukve Seamzada aseTi arCevanis bunebrivad aRsaqmelad.
mTeli Sua saukuneebi bizantiis dacemamde da qristianuli samyarosgan
izolaciamde saqarTvelosTvis aris mudmivi balansirebis periodi ev-
ropisa da aziis imperiebs Soris. saqarTvelos daSlis Semdeg balansire-
bis saWiroeba rCeba, magram mas dasavleTiTac da aRmosavleTiTac aziuri
imperiebi artyia da balansireba am dros mxolod politikuri SeiZleba
iyos. rom gadavxedoT sada dganan qarTvelebi da somxebi bizantiasa da
irans Soris konfliqtSi, vnaxavT, rom umetesad qarTvelebi bizantiis mx-
ares ikaveben, xolo somxebi iranisas. Tu aseTi politikuri da ideolo-
giuri arCevanis TvaliT SevxedavT Sua saukuneebis qarTulsa da somxur
kulturebs, SeuiaraRebeli TvaliTac advilad davinaxavT, rom gansxvave-
bulma arCevanma masac Tavisi daRi daasva.
qarTlSi gamefda vaxtang gorgasali. farnavazis msgavsad isic mamiT qa-
rTvelia, xolo dediT _ sparsi, ranis (albaneTis) ganmgeblis barzabor-
dis gaqristianebuli asulis Svili. vaxtangi mcirewlovania. iranis Sahi
cdilobs saqarTveloSi mazdeanoba gaavrcelos. vaxtangis deda, sparsi
sagduxt dedofali sTxovs Tavis Zmas varaz-bakurs, romelic mamamisis
adgilzea dayenebuli, Zala ar gamoiyenos. iranis Sahi agzavnis cecx-
lismsaxur episkoposebs, raTa qarTli moaqcios mazdeanobaze. arcerTma
qarTvelma warCinebulma ar miiRo cecxlTayvanismcemloba. SegaxsenebT,
375
 rom `mefeTa cxovrebis“ mixedviT, ZiriTad, saSualo fenas qmnian romael
mxedarTa Camomavalni, romlebsac farnavazma aznauroba uboZa. mxolod
`wvrili eri“ (dabali fenebi) `miiqca mravali cecxlmsaxurebasa“.11 da ai,
sagduxt dedofali, warmoSobiT sparsi, xvdeba, rom gamazdeanebiT qarT-
velTa qarTvelobas safrTxe eqmneba da saberZneTidan mohyavs `mRdeli
WeSmariti“ miqael, romelic episkoposad dasva da amiT moaxerxa `wvrili
eris“ udidesi nawilis kvlav dabruneba qristianobis wiaRSi.
vaxtangi daWabukda. saqarTvelos teritoriaze sami mxridan aris ucxo
Zala SemoWrili: dasavleTidan berZnebi, aRmosavleTidan sparselebi da
CrdiloeTidan ovsni. TxuTmeti wlis vaxtangi Sekrebs warCinebulebs da
mimarTavs maT sityviT, romelSic gansazRvrulia qarTlis sagareo poli-
tika mocemul momentSi, Seqmnil situaciaSi. mokled vaxtangis mimarTva
warCinebulTadmi ase SeiZleba gadmoices:
Tumca Cven sparsTa da berZenTagan igive gvWirs, rac ovsTagan, magram dRes
es unda moviTminoT. magram ovsTagan Seuracxyofas ki sikvdili gvirCev-
nia. isini unda ganvdevnoT.
qarTvelebs ar SeuZliaT sam frontze brZola. amitom vaxtangi qveynis
gasaTavisufleblad moqmedebis dasawyebad irCevs yvelaze susts. qarT-
velebma sastikad daamarcxes osebi da gandevnes Tavisi teritoriidan.
vaxtangi ocdaori wlisa gaxda. dadga dasavleT da samxreT-dasavleT
saqarTvelos berZenTagan gaTavisuflebis Jami. mis jarSi arian alban-
elebic, somexnic da sparsnic. vaxtangma daamarcxa berZnebi da daibru-
na warTmeuli miwebi. magram SeamCnia, rom sparselni ara marto berZen
meomrebs, aramed eklesiis msaxurTac xocavdnen. etyoba amasve akeTebdnen
monofiziti somexnic. amitom man Sekriba somexTa da sparselTa spa da
aukrZala moweseTa kvla: `Cvenca varT sjulsa berZenTasa aRmsarebel
qristesi“.12
vaxtangma brZana yvela samRvdelo pirisa da monazvnis gaTavisufleba.
aman berZnebze udidesi STabeWdileba moaxdina. vaxtangTan mividnen ber-
Zeni petre mRvdeli, grigol nazianzelis mowafe (SemdgomSi saqarTvelos
pirveli mamaTmTavari), da samoel monazoni. petrem ase mimarTa qarTlis
mefes:
`mnebavs, raTa Sen mier aRgzebuli ese cecxli Senve daSrito da megobar
iyo keisrisa, viTarca dResamomde iyav sparsTa“.13
SesaZloa, es mimarTva sakmarisi arc yofiliyo, vaxtangs ZilSi wm. nino
da konstantine didi keisari rom ar gamocxadeboda TxovniT, raTa dato-
vos saberZneTis teritoria. vaxtangma Seasrula mociqulTa sworis Tx-
ovna. Tavis mxriv, keisarmac daubruna yvela mitacebuli qveyana vaxtangs
da colad SesTavaza Tavisi asuli. magram amasTanave keisari sTavazobs
mas, saidumlod gadavides mis mxareze da erTad mosran masTan myofni
11 iqve, gv. 145
12 iqve, gv. 160
13 iqve, gv. 166
376
sparselni. amaze vaxtangi Rirseul pasuxs SeuTvlis:
`romeli ara Suenis Sensa RmrTismoyuarebasa, romeli Sen ara hyo, sxuasa
nu awuev, rameTu Radroba ara Ãel ars kacTa patiosanTa. daRaTu aw Sen
migcne sparsni, ara ukue gancruvdesa saxeli Cemi?“14
miuxedavad amisa, sparselebma eWvi aiRes, rom vaxtangi berZenTa mxares ika-
vebda da sparsma erisTavma, vaxtangis dedis Zmam uSveri sityvebiT agina
Tavisi diswuli. vaxtangma mokled upasuxa: `aha Sen da berZenni“15 da gavi-
da brZolis velidan. sparselebTan darCnen somexni da mefe darubandisa.
sparselebi sastikad damarcxdnen. daiRupa vaxtangis dedis Zma varaz-bak-
uri. vaxtangma ase Seafasa momxdari:
`ara romeli Cven gÂnda, garna romeli RmerTsa sTnda, rameTu Cven vityo-
diT mSÂdobasa“.16
rogorc vxedavT, vaxtang gorgaslis mTavari amocanaa, miaRwios mSvidobas
berZenTa da iranelTa Soris, radgan kargad esmis, rom did imperiebs So-
ris mSvidobazea damokidebuli mis patara samefoSi mSvidobac.
magram axla ukve Tavs gavida sparselebTan brZolaSi gamarjvebuli berZ-
enTa spaspeti, keisris diswuli palekarpos, romelmac vaxtangi orTabrZo-
laSi (`TÂTbrZolaSi“) gamoiwvia. mefem mokla palekarpos da qarTvelTa
armiam sastikad daamarcxa berZnebi.
ai, amis Semdeg xdeba Sua saukuneebisTvis gasaocari ambavi. qarTvelebi
daitireben daRupul sparselebsac da berZnebsac. vaxtangma bizantiis
keisars tyveebi daubruna da di plomatiuri TvalsazrisiT brwyinvale
werili gaugzavna. werilis kvintesencia Semdeg sityvebSia:
`me uwyi, rameTu ara ars neba Seni saqmesa amas, romeli-ese iqmna palekarpo-
sisgan, arca Tu iyo neba Cemi, romeli-ese qmna dedis Zmaman Cemman, da ornive
ese ZÂris-moqmedni ZÂrmanve moinadirna“.17
am sityvebis Semdeg vaxtangi gamoTqvams wuxils Tavisi dedis Zmisa da
keisris Zmiswulis daRupvis gamo. keisari da vaxtang gorgasali neitral-
ur adgilze xvdebian erTmaneTs. bizantiis keisari ukan ubrunebs vaxtangs
warTmeul miwebs da pirvel rigSi afxazeTs im pirobiT, Tuki mis asuls
SeirTavs colad.
vaxtangma iTxova berZenTa keisrisa da patriarqisagan kaTalikosad pe-
tre, romelic qarTlSi pirveli kaTalikosi gaxda da, rogorc `qarTlis
moqcevis“ uZvelesi versia ambobs, `aqaÁTgan iwyes kaTalikozTa mamadTav-
robad da mwyemsa erisa“.18 petres Semdeg rigiT meSvide kaTalikosi ukve
qarTveli iyo `saba, mkÂdri mcxeTisa“ da `aqaÁTgan orTa saxlTa aiRes
14 iqve, gv. 171
15 iqve, gv. 172
16 iqve, gv. 173
17 iqve, gv. 176
18 moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ, axladaRmoCenili sinuri redaqciebi, gamosca da winasityvaoba
daurTo zaza aleqsiZem, Tb., 2007, gv. 18
377
 kaTalikozobaÁ, mkÂdrTa mcxeTelTa“.19
male gardauvali gaxda omi berZenTa da sparselTa Soris. orives unda
vaxtangi Tavis mxares miimxros, radgan omis poligoni, faqtobrivad, isev
qarTlia da gamarjvebis meti Sansi aqvs imas, visac qarTveli mefe mxars
dauWers. vaxtang gorgasali da iranis Sahi xosro erTmaneTs Sexvdnen
rusTavis axlos. Sahi mimarTavs vaxtangs:
munoni“ da `mxedarni SemmarTebelni“, `morwmuneni“ da `mxedarni SemmarTe-
belni“.
mrwamsi qveynis meTaurTa saxelmwifo politikisa da orientaciis ga-
moxatuleba iyo sxva yvelaferTan erTad, xolo mSvidobis mopoveba mx-
olod mxedruli SemarTebiT SeiZleboda. am TvalsazrisiT, adreul Sua
saukuneebSi idealuri mefe iyo vaxtang gorgasali.

`iTxove Cemgan raca gnebavs Tavisa SenisaTvis anu sxÂsa, visTvisac gnebavs“. didiDxani aRar darCa im dromde, rodesac `mcxeTaÁ aTxeldeboda da
tfilisi eSeneboda, armazni Semcirdebodes da kalaÁ gandidneboda“.
vaxtangis pasuxi lakonuria:

`mnebavs raiTa iyos mSvidoba Sen Soris da keisrisa“.

vaxtangma daiyolia iranis Sahi da jeri axla bizantiis keisarze midga,

romelmac ganacxada:

`sTnavs RmerTsa mSÂdoba samTave amaT mefeTa. da iqmnaca egre“.20

daido zavi, romelic istorikosis mier gaazrebulia rogorc mSvidoba

sam saxelmwifos (bizantias, iransa da saqarTvelos) Soris, miuxedavad
imisa, rom omSi qarTli ar monawileobda. zavis gansamtkiceblad vaxtangma
SeirTo colad bizantiis keisris asuli, xolo iranis Sahs colad gaata-
na Tavisi da miranduxt.

am situaciaSi vxedav da rogorc Cans, xedavda istorikosi juanSeric,

gancxadebuls saqarTvelos geopolitikuri funqciisa. figuralurad rom
vTqvaT, erTmaneTs Sexvda evropa da azia. or imperiasa da or civili-
zacias Soris moqceuli qarTlis funqcia iyo am ori imperiis Serigeba. Zaza Aleksidze
TviTon qarTli ki Tavisi geopolitikuri mdebareobiT unda gamxdariyo
am Serigebis poligoni. aseTi funqcia amierkavkasiaSi arcerT sxva saxel- The National Academy of Sciences of Georgia,
mwifos Tavis Tavze arasodes ar auRia. Academician, Doctor of Historical Sciences

yvelaferi es iyo brZeni, di plomati mefis qmedeba, vaxtangi zrunavda Tav-

isi qveynis mSvidobiani ganviTarebisaTvis. aseTi ganviTareba ki SeuZlebe-
MTSKHETA,
WHERE
li iyo bizantiasa da sparseTs Soris mSvidobis zavis gareSe.

magram vaxtang gorgasals Tavisi qveynisaTvis da samefo saxlisaTvis ukve

gadawyvetili hqonda politikurad da kulturulad dasavluri orienta- „GODS
cia. sikvdilis win misi anderZi aseTi iyo: RULE
`Tquen mkÂdrno qarTlisano... saxlsa Cvensa nu SeuracxyofT da siyua- AND
rulsa berZenTasa nu dautevebT“. KINGS
leonti mrovelma da juanSerma lakonurad Camoayalibes mirianidan vax- GOVERN“
tang gorgaslamde qarTvel mefeTa oTxi ti pi:

`morwmuneni“ da `uSfoTvelad mcxorebni“, `urwmunoni“ da `moSiSni“, `urw- The paper presents Georgia’s political choice
between the East and the West, on the basis of
review of the ancient Georgian historical sourc-
es (the Life of Parnavaz, the Life of Vakhtang
19 iqve, gv. 18 Gorgasali). It is shown, how the Georgian
20 qarTlis cxovreba, gv. 183
statehood and the Georgian nation stood be-
tween these two confronting ideologies and of-
ten used to play a reconciliatory role, although,
they have never diverged from the western ori-
entation.

378 379
 vaxtang nikolaiSvili
didi mcxeTis istoriul-arqeologiuri
saxelmwifo muzeumi,
saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi,
mecnier-konsultanti, istoriis doqtori
ebraelebi
qarTlis
samefos
(iberiis)
teritoriaze
(werilobiTi wyaroebisa da arqeologiuri monacemebis mixedviT)
qarTlis samefoSi (berZnul-romauli wyaroebis
iberia) ebraelTa diasporis arsebobas adastureben
rogorc werilobiTi wyaroebi, aseve arqeologiuri
monacemebi. arqeologiuri gaTxrebisas an SemTxve-
viT monapovar epigrafikul Zeglebze SemorCenilia
Zvelebrauli an arameuli damwerlobiT Sesrule-
buli warwerebi, romelsac ebraelebi iyenebdnen.
pirveli cnoba, Zv.w.VI saukuneSi gandevnil ebrael-
Ta qarTlSi mosvlis Sesaxeb, daculia saistorio
qronikaSi „qarTlis cxovreba“: „maSin nabuqodono-
sor mefeman warmostyuena ierusalemi, da muniT ote-
bulni uriani movides qarTls, da moiTxoves mcxe-
TelTa mamasaxlisisagan qveyana xarkiTa. misca da
dasxna aragusa zeda wyarosa, romelsa HhqÂan zanavi
da romeli queyana aqunda maT xarkiTa, aw hqÂan xerk
xarkisa misTÂs“ (qarTlis cxovreba I, 15-16). sakmaod
damajerebeli Cans motanili cnobis identifikacia
zanavis nasoflarTan, sofel saguramos samxreT-
aRmosavleTiT. iqve mdebareobs adgili wyarosTavi.
leonti mroveli qarTlis meaTe mefis aderkis
moRvaweobis aRwerisas mogviTxrobs ierusalimi-
dan mcxeTaSi ebrael mociqulTaYmosvlis Sesaxeb.
es unda momxdariyo pirveli saukunis ocdaaTian
wlebSi (qarTlis cxovreba, I, 1955, 35-36).
Semdeg mcxeTeli eliozi da longinozi miemgzav-
rebian ierusalims - eswrebian qristes jvarcmas
golgoTaze da moaqvT kvarTi uflisa.
„moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs“ qronikaSi daculi es cnoba,
380
romelic asaxavs ax. w. I saukunis 30-iani wlebis viTarebas, ekuTvnis ebra-
el sidonias, asuls abiaTar mRvdlisa. igi sxva mcxeTel ebraelebTan
erTad gaqristianda ax. w. IV saukunis ocian wlebSi nino kabadokielis
qadagebis Semdeg.
mcxeTaSi ebraelTa axali nakadis Semosvla ukavSirdeba romis imperator
vespasianes mier ax.w. 70 wels ierusalimis darbevas da iqidan otebuli
mosaxleobis mcxeTaSi dasaxlebas (qarTlis cxovreba I, 1955, 44).
qarTlis samefos (iberiis) teritoriaze ebraelTa cxovrebisa da moRva-
weobis utyuar dasturs warmoadgens arqeologiuri monacemebi, gansaku-
TrebiT ki epigrafikuli Zeglebi.
amjerad yuradReba gamaxvildeba kompleqsebze, romelSic esa Tu is war-
weriani Zegli gamovlinda. es saSualebas mogvcems ufro zustad gani-
sazRvros ebraelTa diasporis cxovrebisa da saqmianobis etapebi, maTi
sazogadoebrivi statusi Tu socialuri mdgomareoba.
gvianromaul-adreSuasaukuneebis periodis iberiis samefoSi, ebrauli war-
werebi ZiriTadad mcxeTis teritoriaze, mis SemogarenSi da qalaq urb-
nisSia aRmoCenili. am adgilebSi ebraelTa yofna dadasturebulia we-
rilobiTi wyaroebiT da arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad mopovebuli
masalebiTac. (qarTlis cxovreba I, 1955: 16, 35-36, 44, 95, 97-102, 118; Бабаликашвили
1971: 3-5).
pirveli ebrauli warwera aRmoCnda 1872 wels samTavros samarovanze - qa-
laq mcxeTaSi. aRmoCena aRwera kavkasiis muzeumis TanamSromelma f. bai-
ernma. ebraulwarweriani epitafia dadasturda qvis samarxSi (baierni 1872:
168-186, 231-248, 268-288). wriuli formis saflavis qva samarxSi iyo Cavardni-
li. mas ori mxridan mcire zomis qvebi hqonda Semowyobili, rogorc Cans,
qvis samarxze aRmarTuli stelis gasamagreblad. filaqvaSi Rrma niSaa
(sigane 30 sm.), romelSic warweraa amokveTili.
warwera ase ikiTxeba: „es kubo Zvir-
fasi da pativcemuli iegudasi, metsa-
xelad gurkis. iyavn gansasvenebeli
mis keTilmsaxurTa Tana, misi aRdgoma
daukavSirdes ubiwo cxovrebas (wmin-
danebTan)~. teqstis wamkiTxavis, d.
xvolsonis ganmartebaniT, ena aris ra-
binuli, arameuli, romelic TalmudSi
gamoiyeneba (Хвольсон, Д. 1884: 130-133).
paleografiuli analizis safuZvel-
ze warwera ax.w. IV-V ss. TariRdeba.
misi azriT, ori saxeli Cveulebrivia
ebraelebSi. erTi ebrauli, romelic
gamoiyeneboda religiur saqmianobaSi,
xolo meore ki adgilobrivi xalxis
enidan Sesuli. am SemTxvevaSi adgi-
lobrivi saxelia gurki - mgeli, xolo
religiuri - ieguda.
ieguda - gurkis warwera. ax.w IV-V ss.
381
 am warweriT dasturdeba qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebis monacemebi mcxe-
TaSi ebraelTa diasporis arsebobis Sesaxeb, romelic garkveulwilad
emTxveva qarTlis ganmanaTleblis nino kabadokielis moRvaweobis peri-
ods. wminda nino mcxeTaSi yofnisas xSirad midis ebraelebiT dasaxlebul
ubanSi (qarTlis cxovreba, I: 95) rogorc aRvniSneT, mcxeTaSi ebraelTa
diasporis arsebobis faqtebi Semdgomma arqeologiurma kvleva-Ziebamac
daadastura (nikolaiSvili 2006: 92-104).
Znelia msjeloba ieguda=gurkis socialur statusze, Tumca, cxadia, igi
damkvidrebulia mcxeTaSi da adgilobrivi saxelic aqvs Serqmeuli. SesaZ-
loa, igi religiuri moRvawea.
meore ebrauli warwera mcxeTaSi aRmoCnda 1938 wels samTavros samarovan-
ze. erT-erTi qvis samarxis kedlebis Sesadgenad ori warweriani filaqva
gamouyenebiaT: erTi berZnuli da meore ebrauli.
ebrauli warwera moTavsebulia qviSaqvis filaqvaze, romlis sigrZe 82 sm-
ia, sigane warweris TavTan 46 sm-i, ZirTan 36 sm-i, sisqe 12 sm. warweras xuTs-
triqoniania da mas 28X21 sm. farTobi ukavia. warweris qvemoT amokveTilia
- gamosaxulia puri, Tasi da sura. ebrauli warwera Seiswavla da gamoaq-
veyna g. wereTelma (wereTeli 1940: 419-425). qarTulad mas aseTi saxe aqvs:
1. es saflavi (aris) ioseb
2. bar hazanisa (?) xsenebul (iyavn
igi)
3. netarad; da agreTve Sallum,
4. Zma misi, xsenebul (iyavn)
5. mSvidobiT.
ioseb bar hazanis warwera ax. w. IV-V ss.
warweris interpretatoris azriT, meore striqonis meore sityva `iosebis“
qunias (mamobis aRmniSvnel saxels) warmoadgens, romelsac igi kiTxulobs
rogorc `hazan“. amasTan, g. wereTeli iziarebs iv. javaxiSvilis mosazre-
bas, rom saflavis qvaze moxseniebuli piri _ qunia ara ebrauli, aramed
adgilobrivi warmoSobis saxeli unda iyos. am mosazrebis siswores adas-
turebs zemoT moxseniebuli iegudas (igive gurkis) warwera, romelsac
ori saxeli aqvs _ erTi ebrauli da erTic adgilobrivi.
ioseb bar zahanis warwera moTavsebulia wagrZelebuli oTxkuTxa moyvani-
lobis CaRrmavebul CarCoSi, romelsac ori mxridan amokveTili aqvs sam-
kuTxedis formis `saxelurebi“. swored aman afiqrebina warweris gamom-
qveyneblebs, rom saflavis qvis zeda nawilSi gamosaxuli unda iyos xonCa.
Cveni azriT, es aris dekoraciuli elementi-SemuSavebuli forma, romelze-
dac warweras aTavsebdnen. is yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli Cans romaul
samyaroSi da mas garkveulwilad kanonizirebuli forma aqvs. amas adas-
turebs iqve, samTavros velis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT, sveticxovlis ezoSi
382
ax.w. III-IV saukuneebis samarx-akldamaSi aRmoCenili vercxlis mooqrovi-
li penali, romelzedac amave formis 3 dekoraciul CarCoSi Cawerilia 9
muzis saxelis aRmniSvneli Zveli berZnuli warwera (Apakidze A., Kipiani G.,
Nikolaishvili V., V, 2004: 105-123).
warwerebi moTavsebulia Sesabamisi muzebis ikonografiuli gamosaxule-
bebis qveS. cxadia, am gamosaxulebebs xonCasTan araviTari kavSiri ar
SeiZleba hqondes. rac Seexeba saflavis qvis qveda nawilSi amokveTil
puris, Tasisa da suris gamosaxulebebs, rogorc warweris interpretato-
ric aRniSnavs, sakmaod gavrcelebulia saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi
mopovebul saflavis qvebze.
ioseb bar hazanis warwera, paleografiuli analizis safuZvelze, g. were-
Telma IV-V ss. daaTariRa. am TariRs mxars uWers aRmoCenis viTareba da
arqeologiuri konteqsti.
rac Seexeba epitafiebis mqone samarxebSi dakrZalulTa socialur sta-
tuss, SesaZloa isini sazogadoebis dawinaurebuli fenis warmomadgenel-
Ta samarxebze Cans aRmarTuli. ase magaliTad, aq SeiZleba gavixsenoT
serafitas warwera-bilingva. serafita qarTlis pitiaxSis zevaxis=javaxo-
sis asulia da iodmanganis meuRle (afaqiZe 1963: 147-151). ioseb bar hazanis
warwerasTan erTad aRmoCnda avrelius aqolisis epitafia. rogorc war-
weridan irkveva, igi mcxeTis mTavari mxatvari da xuroTmoZRvaria (yaux-
CiSvili 1943: 577-584). ebraul warwerian saflavis qvaze naxsenebi hazani,
SesaZloa, moxelis _ xazinadaris aRmniSvneli termini iyos (es mosazreba
k. wereTels ekuTvnis.)
unda aRiniSnos, rom saflavebze stelis aRmarTva saqarTveloSi uZvelesi
droidan Cans gavrcelebuli. mcxeTis sinamdvileSi yorRanebze stelis
aRmarTva Zv.w. III aTaswleulis meore naxevridan dasturdeba (ix. oxera-
xevi). es wesi ganagrZobs arsebobas zemoaRniSnuli ebraulwarweriani epi-
tafiebis aRmarTvis xanisTvisac. ase magaliTad, mcxeTis siaxloves, axali
armazis ax.w. IV-V ss-is samarovanze dadasturda qvis samarxebze saniSne
filaqvebis aRmarTvis faqtebi (abuTiZe, bibiluri, maisuraSvili 1988: 653-
556). es viTareba samTavros cnobil samarovanzec gvxvdeba, magram am sama-
rovnis mravalfenianobis gamo, stelebis da epitafiebis in situ dafiqsi-
reba ver xerxdeba.
mesame ebrauli warwera urbnisSi aRmoCnda 1960 wels _ romauli xanis
samarovanze - #167 samarxSi (javaxiSvili 1972: 483-84). samarxi miwis ze-
dapiridan 160 sm-is siRrmeze gaumarTavT. igi xis ZelebiT Cans nagebi.
xelfexmokecili micvalebuli CrdiloeTiT iyo orientirebuli. samarxSi
aRmoCnda: sabeWdavi _ beWedi brinjaosi, ebraulwarweriani, vercxlis beWe-
di _ sardionis gemiani, erotis gamosaxulebiani, vercxlis beWedi gemiani,
nemesidas gamosaxulebiani, sakidi brinjaosi, samrgoliani, vercxlis beWe-
di gemiani _ frinvelisa da Txis gamosaxulebiani, zaraki brinjaosi, wak-
veTili piramidis formisa, sayuris naSTebi brinjaosi, beWedi brinjaosi.
mZivebi giSrisa da minisa _ sxvadasxva formis.
zemoaRniSnul sakmaod mravalricxovan masalas Soris, gansakuTrebul yu-
radRebas imsaxurebs brinjaos beWedi-intalio ebrauli aso niSnebiT (inv.
1106). beWdis rkali naklulia, ganivkveTSi mrgval-brtyeli. damzadebulia
383
 nili xaziT _ moCarCoebiT (afaqiZe da
sxv. 2004: 70-80, tab XXII).

warwera arameuliT Sesrulebuli

ebrauli Selocvaa da abraham saras
Zis amulets (avgarozs) warmoadgens
(wereTeli 1996: 95-96). igi yelze sata-
warwera brinjaos beWedze - sabeWdavi ax. w. III-IV ss. rebladaa gaTvaliswinebuli da ro-
gorc wesi, masze magiuri teqsti iyo
Sesrulebuli. msgavsi firfita sxva-
brinjaos wvrili mavTulisagan, romelic mxrebisken odnav gafarToebu- dasxva masalebisagan mzaddeboda: oq-
lia. masze darCilulia ovaluri moyvanilobis brtyeli faraki. farakze ros, vercxlis, spilenZisa da tyviis
amoWrilia ori aso. pirveli aso daqaragmebulia, rac warmoadgens f’(uda) firfitebisagan.Aamuleti avi sulis-
sityvis Semoklebas. warweris amomkiTxavis nisan babalikaSvilis ganmar- gan icavda mis mflobels. mas aTav-
tebiT, es sityva niSnavs „mowmobas’’, e.i. raRacis damowmebas (babalikaSvili sebdnen agreTve kerZo saxlebsa da
1971: 3). SesaZloa, aq saqme gvqondes moxelesTan, romelic raRacas adastu- sinagogebSic (wereTeli 1996: 95-96).
rebs, magaliTad qonebis sakuTrebas, masze uflebas.
warweris mTargmneli da interpreta-
rac Seexeba samarxeuli kompleqsis TariRs, mas Zeglis gamTxreli d. qo- tori k. wereTeli Tvlis, rom warwera
riZe ax.w. III saukuniT aTariRebs. am TariRs iziarebs ebraulwarweriani ebrael abram saras Zes ekuTvnoda da
beWdis gamomqveynebeli (javaxiSvili 1972: 84). Tumca, iqve aRniSnavs, rom misi ojaxis wevrebis avi sulebisa-
msgavsi formis beWdebi ax.w. III-IV ss-iT TariRdeba (lorTqifaniZe II, 1958: gan da demonebisagan dasacavad iyo
24, sur 51). es ukanaskneli TariRi ufro damajerebeli Cans, radgan msgavsi gamiznuli. amuleti dawerilia iu-
brinjaos beWdebi (4 c.) aRmoCenilia mcxeTaSi, samTavros gvianromauli deur-arameulze, romelic gavrcele-
xanis samarovanze, qviSaqvis filebiT gadaxurul ormosamarxSi (#533). 30-35 buli iyo saqarTveloSi damkvidre-
wlis mamakaci gulaRma gaSotili daukrZalavT, TaviT aRmosavleTiT. ro- bul ebraelTa Soris (wereTeli 1996: abraam saras Zis warwera (ax. w. IV-VI ss.)
mauli xanis qarTlis samarovnebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel 9 beWedTan, minis 11). amuletze moTavsebuli warwera
sanelsacxeblesa da mZivebTan erTad samarxSi gamovlinda brinjaos bu- ase iSifreba:
deabmuli mSvildsakinZi, rac SedarebiT aaxalgazrdavebs samarxeul kom-
pleqss. igi ax.w. III_IV ss-iT TariRdeba (manjgalaZe 1985: 107, sur. 525-528). 1. (es aris) keTili amuleti abram saras ZisaTvis
rac mTavaria, zemoaRniSnuli brinjaos beWdebis farakebze amokawrulia
wertilovani rkali da ori niSani. rogorc Cans, ebrauli daqaragmebuli 2. misi ojaxis wevrebisaTvis, es aris beWedi
asoebi. 3. romelic dabeWda solomon mefem (boroti sulebi)
4. raTa ar evnos Aabraham saras Zes
ebraulwarweriani beWdis (sabeWdavis) aRmoCena sakmaod logikuri Cans. im
droisaTvis ebraelTa yofna urbnisSi dasturdeba werilobiTi wyaroebiT 5. da arc aravis misi ojaxis wevrebidan Cvens winaSe da
da toponimikuri monacemebiT. `...miiwia sanaxebsa qarTlisasa (wminda nino 6. rogorc adrec, Seasrula (sityva) RmerTma Zlierma abrahamis mimarT,
_ v.n.), qalaqsa mas, romelsa ewodebis urbnisi, sada-igi ixila eri ucxo-
Ta TeslTa msaxurni da Sevida baginsa huriaTasa enisaTÂs ebraulisa, da 7. rom (igi) iqneboda RmerTi damcveli [misi] mudam
dayo munve Tue erTi“ (qarTlis cxovreba I, 1955: 87-88). 8. Sen SeWirvebuli [xar]. gandevne (boroti sulebi) gaakeTe
9. sikeTe da farulad (saidumlod) daade xeli mas!
garda amisa, urbnisSi dRemde SemorCenilia toponimi `nauriali“, rac Ta-
visTavad iq ebraelTa ubnis arsebobas unda gulisxmobdes (javaxiSvili 10. [da] kvlav [kidev ufro] ganamtkice samarTliani [saqme],
1971: 4). 11. saxeliTa am angelozebisa me vbeWdav
meoTxe ebrauli warwera 1992 wels aRmoCnda sakuTriv mcxeTaSi _ qala- 12. da vkrav [borot suls], raTa [man] ar ibatonos masze
qis teritoriaze, romaul, adreSuasaukuneebis xanis namosaxlarze. pirve- 13. abram saras Zeze [iyos]
li saxlis Crdilo-aRmosavleT kuTxeSi Cadgmuli iyo samtuCa xelada
14. jado da avi saqme
_ Calisfrad gamomwvari. aRniSnul WurWelSi Cacvenil miwasTan erTad
aRmoCnda gragnili, oTxad dakecili. igi damzadebulia oqros Txeli 15. da arc Sekrulni [mojadoebulni], da arc qerubimni,
furclisagan sigrZe 5,8 sm., sigane 2,8 sm,. gragnilze (inv. 1437) amokveTil- 16. da arc eSmaki da arc eSmakeuli da arc
amoWrilia 29 striqoniani warwera, romelic bolovdeba amokveTili klak-

384 385
 17. araviTari boroti demoni, da ar eqnebaT [maT] Zala, bibliografia
18. abraham saras Zeze
19. dReidan ukunisamde! 1. abuTiZe a., bibiluri T., maisuraSvili n.,
axali armazis adreqristianuli xanis
20. amen, amen, sela! aRdeg da aRasrule
samarovani. saqarTvelos ssr mecniere-
21. namoqmedari mowyalebisa! Dar aris maTSi baTa akademiis moambe, 131, #3, Tb., 1988
22. substancia. aleф, beT, gimel, daleT 2. afaqiZe a., qalaqebi da saqalaqo cxovre-
ba saqarTveloSi, I, Tb., 1963
23. he, va, zain, xeT, teT, iod, 3. afaqiZe a, nikolaiSvili v., giunaSvili g.,
24. qaф, lamed, mem, nun, samex [ain] davlianiZe r., narimaniSvili g., sadraSe
v., ZnelaZe m., iremaSvili S., noneSvili a.,
25. fe, cade, koф, reS, Sin,
xecuriani l., gavaSeli e., mcxeTis eqspe-
26. Tav da Tqva iakobma, rodesac dicia - savele arqeologiuri kvleva-
27. ixila isini: `RmerTis banakia es“. Zieba 1989-1992 wlebSi (mokle angariSe-
bi), Tb., 2004
28. da uwoda saxeli adgilsa 4. lorTqifaniZe m., saqarTvelos saxelm-
29. mas maxanaim wifo muzeumis gemebi, II, Tb., 1958
5. manjgalaZe g., samTavros samarovnis
abraham saras Zis saxli, sadac amuleti aRmoCnda, ori saTavsisgan Sedgeba. gvianantikuri xanis samarxebi - mcxeTa
maT Soris gasasvleli kari-Riobia datovebuli. meore saTavsSi marania mo- VII, arqeologiuri kvleva-Ziebis Sedege-
wyobili da didi raodenobiT Tixis WurWeli aRmoCnda, romelic zogadad bi, Tb., 1985
damaxasiaTebelia ax.w. IV_VI ss-saTvis (nikolaiSvili 2004: 41-43). meore sa- 6. moqcevai qarTlisai, Satberdis krebuli
TavsSi aRmoCnda agreTve Tixis ori sabeWdavi-bula, romelzedac sasanuri X saukunisa, gamosacemad moamzades b.
monogramebia gamosaxuli. erT-erT sabeWdavze amokveTilia qristianuli gigineiSvilma da el. giunaSvilma. Tb.,
simbolo _ jvris gamosaxuleba. aRniSnuli sabeWdavebi stilisturad da 1979
gamosaxuli siuJetebis mixedviT ax.w. V-VI ss-is sasanuri gli ptikis nimu- 7. nikolaiSvili v., qarTvelTa da ebra-
Sebis analogiuria (ramiSvili 2005: 186-193). sabeWdavi-bulebi umeteswilad elTa urTierTobis istoriisaTvis (is-
garkveuli qonebis-saqonlis dasabeWdad gamoiyeneboda. amitom savaraudoa, toriul „did mcxeTaSi“ ebraelTa dia-
rom bulebis mepatrone vaWarTa wris warmomadgeneli iyo. sporis arsebobis Sesaxeb), kulturis
istoriisa da Teoriis sakiTxebi, XVI,
amrigad, gvianromaul-adreSuasaukuneebis saqarTveloSi ebraul warweria- Tb., 2003
ni Zeglebi ramdenime saxisa gvxvdeba. ori maTgani epitafiaa da Tavisi 8. nikolaiSvili v., qalaqi mcxeTa ax.w. III-
SinaarsiT saiqioSi gzis dalocvas _ evlogias warmoadgens. erTi maTgani VI ss-Si. (arqeologiuri monacemebis mi-
oqros gragnilia da amuletis daniSnuleba aqvs. masze moTavsebuli war- xedviT) - kavkasiis macne (specialuri
weris teqsti magiuri Sinaarsisaa da emsaxureba misi patronis dacvas avi gamocema #3), Tb., 2004
sulisa da borotebisagan. brinjaos beWedi, romelzedac daqaragmebuli 9. nikolaiSvili v., istoriuli didi mcxe-
warweraa amokveTili, sabeWdavia da igi garkveuli qonebis patrons an mo- Tis teritoriaze ebraelTa cxovrebisa
xeles unda ekuTvnodes _ raimes dasabeWdad da dasadastureblad. da moRvaweobis damadasturebeli weri-
lobiTi da arqeologiuri monacemebi.
rogorc warwerebis Sinaarsidan da zog SemTxvevaSi arqeologiuri kon- _ Da. baazovis saxelobis saqarTvelos
teqstidanac irkveva, maTi patronebi socialurad dawinaurebuli fenis ebraelTa istoriul-eTnografiuli mu-
warmomadgenlebi unda yofiliyvnen (safiqrebelia _ sasuliero piri, mo- zeumi, Sromebi, IV, Tb., 2006
xele, vaWari.) 10. nikolaiSvili v., qarTlis (iberiis) sa-
386
mefos teritoriaze aRmoCenili ebrau-
li warwerebi (istoriul-arqeologiu-
ri narkvevi), _ Da. baazovis saxelobis
saqarTvelos ebraelTa istoriul-eT-
nografiuli muzeumi, Sromebi, VI, 241-256,
RambaSiZe (red.), Tb., 2010
11. ramiSvili q., ori bula mcxeTis svetic-
xovlis ubnidan _ Ziebani saqarTvelos
arqeologiaSi, #15-16, 186-194. Tb., 2005
12. qarTlis cxovreba I, teqsti dadgenilia
yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT
s.yauxCiSvilis mier; Tb., 1955
13. yauxCiSvili s., mcxeTa-samTavros axla-
daRmoCenili berZnuli warwera _ sa-
qarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis
moambe, t. IV, #6, Tb., 1943
14. wereTeli g., mcxeTis axladaRmoCenili
ebrauli warwera. enis, istoriisa da ma-
terialuri kulturis istoriis insti-
tutis moambe. t. V-VI, Tb., 1940
15. wereTeli k., mcxeTis arameuli amuleti
- mcxeTa, arqeologiuri kvleva-Ziebis
Sedegebi, t. XI, Tb., 1996
16. javaxiSvili q., urbnisis naqalaqaris
gli ptikuri Zeglebi (saqarTvelos sa-
xelmwifo muzeumis gemebi, V), Tb., 1972
17. Apakidze A., Kipiani G., Nikolaishvili V., A rich bu-
rial from Mtskheta (Caucasian Iberia), Ancient West
and East, vol. 3, no1, Leiden-Boston, 2004
18. Baiern F., Ausgrabungen der alten Graber bei
Mzcheta. - Zeitschrift fur Etnologie, v IV, Berlin,
1872
19. Бабаликашвили Н., Еврейские надписи в Грузии
[XVIII-XIX вв], Тб., 1971
20. Хвольсон Д., Сборник еврейских надписей
содержащий нагробные и др. Надписи из иных
мест в древнем еврейском квадратном шрифте,
также и образцы шрифтов из рукописей IX-XV
столетия собранные и отмеченные Хвольсоном,
СПБ, 1884
387
 Vakhtang Nikolaishvili
Great Mtskheta Historical-Archaeological State Museum,
Georgian National Museum, Scientist-Consultant, Doctor of History

HEBREWS
ON THE
TERRITORY
OF THE
KINGDOM
OF KARTLI
(IBERIA)
The existence of Jewish diaspora in Kartli
Kingdom (Iberia - according to the Greek-Ro-
man sources) is confirmed by the written sourc-
es, as well as the archaeological data. Inscrip-
tions, made in Aramean, which Jews were
using, are preserved on epigraphic monuments,
discovered during archaeological excavations
or accidentally.
In Late Roman-Early Medieval Georgia, sever-
al types of monuments with Jewish inscriptions
occur. Two of them are epitaphs, and, accord-
ing to their content, represent blessing of the
way to the other world ‒ eulogy [the inscription
of Yehuda ‒ Hurk (Fig. 2) and the inscription
of Joseph Bar Hazan (Fig. 3)]/ One of them is
a golden scroll and has the function of amu-
let (the inscription of Abraham the son of Sar-
ah, Fig. 1). The text, placed on it, has magic
content and serves for protection of the owner
from unclean spirit and evil. The bronze ring,
where an allegorical inscription is curved, is a
stamp and it should have belonged to the owner
of the certain property or official ‒ for stamping
and endorsing something.
As is becomes obvious from the content of the
inscriptions, and, in some cases, from archae-
ological context, as well, their owners should
have been representatives of the high society
(assumedly, religious person, official, trader).

388 389
 givi RambaSiZe
daviT baazovis saxelobis saqarTvelos
ebraelTa da qarTul-ebraul urTierTobaTa
istoriis muzeumi, direqtori,
saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi,
asocirebuli mecnier-TanamSromeli
saqarTvelos
ebraelTa
da
qarTul-ebraul
urTierTobaTa
istoriisaTvis
„Tu dagiviwyo Sen, ierusalem“... (fsalmuni, 136/5)
ar dagiviwyeb saqarTvelo...
uaxlesi arqeologiuri da paleoanTropologiuri
masalebiT cxaddeba, rom evraziaSi adamianis gan-
saxleba adrepaleoliTur xanaSi afrikidan axlo
aRmosavleTisa da kavkasiis teritoriebis gavliT
xdeboda. garkveuli kavSirebi palestina-kavkasias
Soris mezoliTsa da Semdgom periodSic Cans. ar-
sebobs mosazreba, rom samxreT kavkasiis adresa-
miwaTmoqmedo kulturis formireba dakavSirebuli
iyo aRmosavleT xmelTaSuazRvispireTidan mo-
saxleobis nawilis CrdiloeTiT gansaxlebasTan.
gansakuTrebul siaxloves es regionebi Zv. w. III
aTaswleulSi avlens, rodesac palestinaSi vrcel-
deba kavkasiuri warmomavlobis e. w. „mtkvar-araq-
sis“ kulturis varianti _ e. w. „xirbeT-kerakis“
kultura. garkveuli urTierTobebi Cans Semdgomi
xanis arqeologiur kulturaSic _ palestinis ter-
itoriaze gamovlenili e. w. biqromiuli keramikis
warmomavloba ukavSirdeba amierkavkasiis samxre-
TiT mdebare regions. amierkavkasiis Crdilo-dasav-
leT nawilSi „dolmenuri kulturis“ gavrceleba,
rogorc Cans, xmelTaSua zRvis samyarosTan urT-
ierTobis Sedegi unda iyos.
enaTmecnieruli monacemebic miuTiTeben maxlobe-
li aRmosavleTis saerTo kulturul-istoriuli
da enobrivi arealis farglebSi indoevropuli,
semituri da qarTveluri enebis kontaqtebisa da
390
urTierTgavlenis Sesaxeb xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi.
zemonaxsenebi faqtebi garkveulwilad exmianebian bibliis monacemebs _
noes STamomavalTa da maTi gansaxlebis Sesaxeb...
samecniero literaturaSi arsebobs sxvadasxva hi poTeza qarTvelTa da
ebraelTa naTesaobis,saerTo warmomavlobis Sesaxeb (mag. Zv. w. II aTaswleu-
lis SuaxanebSi kavkasiidan palestina-egvi pteSi misulTa, romelTac gan-
icades kulturuli semitizacia, nawilis ukanve dabruneba da gansaxleba
kavkasia-mcire aziaSi).
aRvniSnavT, rom mkvlevarTagan saqarTveloSi ebraelTa mosvlisa da dam-
kvidrebis sxvadasxva periodi saxeldeba: Zv. w. VIII s. (sal-manasaris epoqa),
Zv. w. VI s. (nabuqodonosor II-is epoqa), Zv. w. II s. (Zv. w. 169 w. _ bar-koxbas
ajanyebis damarcxebis Semdeg) _ ax. w. I s., VI-VII ss. (bizantiidan), X s.
(xazarTa saxakanodan), XIX-XX ss. (TurqeTidan, iranidan, erayidan, ruseTis
imperiidan, evropidan).
qarTuli saistorio tradicia saqarTveloSi ebraelTa mosvlas babil-
onis mefis nabuqodonosor II-is mier ierusalimis aoxrebas ukavSirebs
(Zveli msoflios istoriis mixedviT, es moxda Zv. w. 586 wels da Sesabam-
isad, ebraelTa am talRis saqarTveloSi mosvla-damkvidrebis aTvla am
TariRidanaa).
„da gamoÃdes amas Sina Jamni mravalni. maSin nabuqodonosor mefeman war-
mostyuena ierusalemi, da muniT otebulni uriani movides qarTls, da
moiTxoves mcxeTelTa mamasaxlisisagan queyana xarkiTa. misca da dasxna
aragusa zeda, wyarosa, romelsa hqÂan zanavi“ _ gvauwyebs XI s. qarTveli
istorikosis leonti mrovelis qronika _ „cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTa“
(„q. c.“ I, 15/26-27, 16/1-2).
aseve, sainteresoa aRniSnul qronikaSi: aleqsandre makedonelis epoqaSi,
didi mcxeTis erT-erT ubnad `ubani uriaTa“-s (,,q. c.“ I, 17/21-18/1) dasaxeleba
da imave periodSi qarTlSi gavrcelebul eqvs enaTa Soris ebrauli enis
arsebobis aRniSvnac _ ,,ese enani icodes yovelTa mefeTa qarTlisaTa mama-
Ta da dedaTa“ (,,q. c.“ I, 16/23); qristes epoqaSi qarTveli ebraelebis elioz
mcxeTelisa da longinoz karsnelis, eliozis dedisa da dis moRvaweoba;
cnoba romis imperatoris vespasianes mier ax. w. 70 w. ierusalimis aoxrebis
Semdeg ebraelTa axali talRis Semosvla qarTlis dedaqalaq mcxeTaSi:
`...uespasianos hromTa keisarman warmotyuena ierusalemi, da muniT otebul-
ni uriani movides mcxeTas da dasxdes ZvelTave uriaTa Tana, romelTa
Tana erTnes Svilni barabasni, romeli juarcmasa uflisasa ganuteves
uriaTa uflisa Cuenisa iesos wil“ (,,q. c.“ I 44/1-6); wmida ninos dros, mefe
mirianis mefobisas, mcxeTaSi uriaTa ubnis (`da mravalgzis movidis uban-
sa uriaTasa enisaTÂs ebraulisa“ (,,q. c.“ I, 95/1), urbnisSi uriaTa baginis
arseboba (,,q. c.“ I, 88/1) da sxv.
istoriul werilobiT wyaroebs exmianeba arqeologTa mier saqarTvelo-
Si aRmoCenili ebrauli materialuri kulturis Zeglebic: mcxeTis ter-
itoriaze iegudas (gurkis) da ioseb bar hazanis epitafiebi (IV - V ss.);
mcxeTaSive gvianantikur-adre Sua saukuneebis nasaxlarze aRmoCenili
V-VI ss. oqros gragnili-amuleti abram saras Zis warweriT; Tavdapir-
391

mcxeTa, saflavis qva ebrauli warwer-
iT, IV-V ss.
mcxeTa, namosaxlaris gegma, Tixis doqi
da masSi napovni oqros firfita-amu-
leti ebrauli warweriT (V-VI ss.).
didi mcxeTis arqeologiuri saxelm-
wifo muzeum-nakrZali
lailaSis bibliis (X-XI) dednis fur-
clebi
392
velad swored ebraelTa dasakrZala-
vad miiCneven mecnierebi saqarTvelo-
Si aRmoCenil Zv. w. I s., ax. w. IV-V ss.
Tixis sarkofagebs; aseve aRvniSnavT,
urbnisSi romauli xanis samarovanze
aRmoCenil III-IV ss. brinjaos beWed-in-
talios ebrauli aso-niSnebiT da qve-
mo qarTlSi, kazreTSi aRmoCenil gvi-
anantikuri xanis brinjaos oinoxoias,
romelzec kvarcxlbekian svetze Se-
modgmuli iudaizmis simbolo _ me-
noraa gamosaxuli; arqeologTa axal
mecnierul mosazrebas mcxeTis teri-
toriaze I-III ss. sinagogis arsebobis
Taobaze.
saqarTvelos ebraelTa salocave-
bis saganZuridan aseve aRvniSnavT
uZvirfases Zvelebraul xelnawer
wignebs _ lailaSis X-XI ss., breTis
XVI s. bibliebs, gviani Sua saukunee-
bis mraval sefer Toras, raritetul
nabeWd wignebsa da ritualuri dan-
iSnulebis sagnebs.
saqarTveloSi iudaizmis aRmsarebels
_ „ebraeli“ hqvia, sinonimebia: „uria“,
„iudeveli“, „israeli“, „yeveri“... qar-
Tul-ebrauli urTierTobebi naTlad
gamoixata terminebSi: `huriani qarT-
velni“ _ „qarTvel ebraelSi“; isto-
riulad mravalerovan saqarTveloSi
arc erT sxva xalxs ar miniWebia am-
dagvari ormagi eTnonimi (gamoTqmulia
mosazreba _ Zveli qarTuli wyaroe-
bis „huriaTa qarTvelTa“ terminSi, da-
sawyisSi, moiazreboda gaebraelebuli
(iudaizmmiRebuli) qarTveli, Semdeg
ki es termini saqarTvelos mkvidri
ebraelebis aRmniSvneli gaxda).
sefer Toris gvirgvinebi. spilenZi, Weduroba.
saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi
saqarTveloSi ebraelTa qarTvelo-
basTan mravalsaukunovani Tanacx-
ovrebis Sedegad, ganirCevian: eTni-
kurad ebraelni da religiurad _
iudevelni; eTnikurad ebraelni da
religiurad _ qristianni; eTnikurad
qarTvelni da religiurad _ iudev-
elni. isini istoriulad erTmaneTTan
mWidrod iyvnen dakavSirebulni da,
amitomac, qarTvel ebraelTa istoria,
qarTuli istoriografiuli tradici-
393
 iT, saqarTvelos istoriis Semadgenel nawiladaa aRiarebuli.
ebraeloba ubnebad saxldeboda (Zveli qarTuli wyaroebis _ „ubani hu-
riaTa“), sadac „baginebs“ _ sinagogebs aarsebdnen (bolo periodamde, did
aliamde, saqarTveloSi or aTeulze meti moqmedi sinagoga iyo; dReisaT-
vis ki moqmedi sinagogebia: TbilisSi, gorSi, suramSi, axalcixeSi, quTais-
Si, onSi, baTumSi). saqarTveloSi ebraelTa gansaxlebis istoriuli ruka
(saqarTveloSi 60-mde ebrauli dasaxleba arsebobda) naTlad uCvenebs
qarTlSi dasaxlebis pirveli kerebidan saqarTvelos teritoriaze ebra-
elobis ganvrcobisa da, axla ukve, umeteswilad, nakvalevze.
saqarTveloSi ebraelTa cxovrebis mravalsaukunovan istoriaSi, ebrael-
Ta sxvadasxva talRis Semosvlis sadarad, ebraelTa dedaenis istoria da
ebrauli enis funqcionireba ase moisazreba: mSobliuri _ ebrauli, pal-
estinuri arameuli (ebrauli ixmareboda da dResac ixmareba RvTismsax-
urebisas da swavlulTa Soris), sakontaqto ena _ qarTuli, romelic Tan-
daTan, qarTvel ebraelTa dedaenad _ sametyvelo da samwerlo enad iqca.
istoriul samSobloSi, erec-israelSi „asulebisaTvis“ piruku procesi
mimdinareobs _ qarTuli „saSinao“ (saojaxo, Temis) enis funqcias ikavebs...
qarTul-ebraul urTierTobaTa warmosaCenad sayuradReboa qarTvel
ebraelTa gvar-saxelebis dasaxeleba (maT mniSvnelovan nawils safuZ-
vlad bibliuri sakuTari saxelebi, religiur-ritualuri Tanamdebobis
saxelis Semcveli, xelobis an saqmianobis, winaparTa metsaxelebi, sadau-
robis, sakuTar saxelad qceuli eTnonimebi, Tanamdebobis aRmniSvneli
saxelebi udevs). qarTuli gvaris mawarmoebel fuZe-sufiqsiseulad isini
bolovdebian mamaSvilobis gamomxatveli _ „SviliT“, „ZiT“, sadaurobis
aRmniSvneli „el“-iT (XIX s-dan, rusulis gavleniT, zogierTi gvari _ „ov“-
iT dabolovda). arsebobs saziaro gvarebi, rac saukunovani TanacxovrebiT
iyo ganpirobebuli. miCneulia, rom qarTvel ebraelTa gvar-saxelebi qar-
Tul sazogadoebaSi mimdinare procesis msgavsad, adrefeodalur xanaSi
unda warmoSobiliyo.
qarTvelTa da qarTvel ebraelTa unikaluri istoriuli urTierTobebi
ganpirobebuli iyo im roliTac, romelic ebraelobas Seusrulebia saqa-
rTveloSi qristianuli religiis gavrcelebaSi (amaze istoriuli qron-
ikebi da arqeologiuri monacemebi miuTiTeben) da ramac qarTveli eris
istoriul mexsierebaSi udidesi kvali datova...
yovladwmida RvTismSoblis wilxvedri qveynis _ saqarTvelos samociqu-
lo eklesia 2000 wlovani istoriisaa.
saqarTveloSi saxarebis mqadageblad mociqulebi: wm. andria pirvel-
wodebuli, wm. simon qananeli, wm. barTlome, wm. mataTa, wm. Toma, wm. Tadeozi
saxeldebian... wm. simon qananeli da wm. mataTa saqarTveloSive ganisvene-
ben.
qarTuli saistorio wyaroebis mixedviT, saqarTvelos deda-eklesiis _
sveticxovlis saZirkvelSi I saukunis qarTveli ebraelebis _ elioz mcx-
eTelisa da longinoz karsnelis (isini, rogorc „mecnierni sjulisani“,
ierusalimel ebraelTagan iyvnen miwveulni ieso qristes „gankiTxvisa da
ganbrWobisaTvis“) mier ierusalimidan „moRebuli“ yovladwmida RvTismS-
394
oblis xelqmnili „kuarTi uflisa“ Zevs. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli
eklesiis istorias qarTveli ebraelebis _ elioz mcxeTelisa da long-
inoz karsnelis, eliozis dedisa da dis, saqarTvelos embazis _ wm. ninos
TanamedroveTa _ abiaTarisa da misi asulis _ sidonias (III-IV ss.) saxele-
bi aciskrovneben...
arqeologiuri monacemebi (qarTlis Zveli dedaqalaqis _ didi mcxeTis
teritoriaze II-III ss. samarxTa jgufis gamoyofa qristianuli religii-
saTvis damaxasiaTebeli dakrZalvis wesiT, nastakisis II-III ss. qristianu-
li eklesiebis aRmoCena da sxv.) miuTiTeben qarTlis samefoSi, jer kidev
qristianobis oficialur religiad aRiarebamde, iudeur-qristianuli Te-
mebis arsebobaze (bolo xanebidan intensiurad mimdinareobs saqarTvelo-
Si iudeur-qristianuli paradigmebis istoriul-filologiur-arqeologi-
uri Ziebani).
iudeur-qristianuli tradiciis kvali da e.w. ebraizmebi (leqsikuri da
gramatikuli) ZvelqarTul literaturul ZeglebSic da, sayuradReboa, rom
dRevandel qarTul metyvelebaSic dasturdeba, rac tradiciis arsebobaze
miuTiTebs (istoriuli da Tanamedrove gavlenebi).
qarTvel ebraelTa ltolvas istoriuli samSoblosaken, „aRTqmuli qvey-
nisaken“, aseve esadageboda saqarTvelos eklesiis, saqarTvelos mefeTa,
sasuliero da saero pirTa „wmida miwisaken“ swrafva da interesi, rac
istoriulad tradiciulia (saqarTvelos eklesia ierusalimuri warmo-
Sobisaa _ V-X ss. saqarTveloSi RvTismsaxurebis ierusalimuri wesi ar-
sebobda; ierusalimis solomonis taZris im wmida adgilis analogiiT,
sadac sjulis kidobani idga, mcxeTis sveticxovlis taZars, mirian mefis
dros (IV s.) „wmidaÁ wmidaTaÁ“ ewodeboda; V s. mas Seecvala saxelwodeba
da ierusalimis sionis mTaze arsebuli bazilikis gavleniT wmida sioni
ewoda, xolo roca am ukanasknels kvlav Seecvala saxeli da „dedaÁ yov-
elTa eklesiaTaÁ“ ewoda, mefe vaxtang gorgaslis (V s.) mier xelmeored
aSenebul did taZars, igive saxelwodeba _ wmida sioni daerqva da ieru-
salimis wmida sionis darad, wmida Tormet mociqulTa saxelobisa gaxda;
amasve miuTiTebs uZvelesi qarTuli taZrebis Sinagani mowyobiloba, miro-
nis ierusalimidan Semotanis Zveli wesi, ierusalimuri warmomavlobis
liturgikuli xasiaTis Zeglebis gamoyeneba, mcxeTasa da mis midamoebSi
ierusalimis topografiuli piris Seqmna, mravali adgilisa da taZrisaT-
vis ierusalimuri warmomavlobis saxelebis darqmeva da sxv.).
V s-dan mokidebuli gviani Sua saukuneebis CaTvliT, wmida miwaze aTeulo-
biT qarTuli eklesia-monasteri dasturdeba, sadac intensiurad mimdin-
areobda sasuliero da kulturuli moRvaweoba.
sainteresoa imis aRniSvna, rom qarTveli mefeni maT qarTvel ebraelTa
ojaxebs swiravdnen; isini iq saxldebodnen da movaleobas pirnaTlad as-
rulebdnen...
golgoTaze, uflis wmida saflavis eklesiis gasaRebi da sakurTxeveli
qarTvelebis xelSi yofila (XIV s.) da iq RvTismsaxureba qarTulad aRes-
ruleboda... qarTvel mefeebs ufleba hqondaT, wmida qalaq ierusalimSi
cxenze amxedrebulebi, gaSlili droSebiT Sesuliyvnen... arsebobs mosaz-
reba saqarTvelos didi mefis _ Tamarisa (1178-1213 ww.) da saqarTvelos ge-
395
 nialuri poetis SoTa rusTavelis (XII-XIII ss.) ierusalimSi dasaflavebis
Taobaze...
Sua saukuneebis qarTuli sazogadoebriobis damokidebulebaze ebraelebis
mimarT, bunebrivia, mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdenda qarTvel mefeTa _ bagra-
tionTa _ warmomavlobis istoriuli legenda.
qarTuli da ucxouri wyaroebis mixedviT, qarTveli mefeni _ bagrationni,
bibliuri mefeebis: daviT-solomonis, yovladwmida RvTismSoblis meuRl-
is _ iosebis STamomavlebi da, am xaziT, ufalTan _ iesu qristes RvTae-
briobasTan naziarebni arian (maTes saxarebis mixedviT, ieso qriste da-
viTisa da abraamis Zea I, 1-25; ioanes gamocxadebiT, qriste aris „fesvi da
modgma daviTisa“ XXII, 16).
bagrationTa gvaris izoTeizmi, romelic msoflio izoTeizmis nawilia,
saTaves IX-X ss. iRebs, ris safuZvladac unda miviCnioT saqarTveloSi
bagrationTa dinastiis gamarjveba, monarqiis Camoyalibeba da kavkasiasa da
maxlobel aRmosavleTSi saqarTvelos saxelmwifos roli... legenda XI s.
kanonizirebul saxes iRebs; umaRles safexurad ki unda miviCnioT Tamar
mefis, „romelic daviT winaswarmetyveliTgan oTxmeocsaerTobs Svilad
cxebulad“ („q. c., II., 69, 14-15), gamocxadeba wm. samebis meoTxe wevrad...
am saistorio tradiciis gamoxatulebaa, rom samefo titulaturaSi isini
moixseniebian: „iesian daviTian solomonian pankratonianebad“. aRsaniS-
navia isic, rom bagrationTa samefo gerbSi gamosaxulia bibliuri mefe
daviTis qnari, romliTac ukvdavi fsalmunni daamRera; Surduli, romli-
Tac Wabukma daviTma goliaTi gangmira da qarTveli ebraelebis _ elioz
mcxeTelisa da longinoz karsnelis mier ierusalimidan saqarTvelos
Zvel dedaqalaq mcxeTaSi `moRebuli“ `kuarTi uflisa...“
amave konteqstSia aRsaniSnavi ioane batoniSvilis „kalmasobaSi“ miTiTebu-
li cnoba _ myinvarwverze bibliuri abraamis karvisa da akvnis arsebobis
Sesaxeb da Temur lengis Tanamedrove istorikosis Seref ad-din ali
iezdis Txzulebis _ „zafar-names“ cnoba, rom saqarTvelos mefe bagrat
V-s Temur lengisaTvis ZRvnad miurTmevia bibliuri mefe daviTis saxe-
losnoSi damzadebuli jaWvis perangi... Sua saukuneebis qarTuli qronika
mcxeTaSi bibliuri winaswarmetyvelis _ elias xalenis (mosasxami) arse-
bobasac asaxelebs; saqarTveloSivea wmida RvTismSoblis kvarTic...
bibliur mefe daviT winaswarmetyvelis saxelTan aris dakavSirebuli Sua
saukuneebis qarTul materialur kulturaSi (qristianul taZrebze, ekle-
siis trapezis qvaze, evqaristuli puris sabeWdavze, keramikaze, beWdebze,
monetebze, qsovilze) arsebuli eqvsqimiani varskvlavis (heqsagramis) gamo-
saxulebani, romelic cnobilia „daviTis faris“, „daviTis varskvlavisa“
da „solomonis beWdis“ saxelwodebiT da, romelic dRes israelis saxel-
mwifosTan da ebraul samyarosTan esoden dakavSirebuli simboloa...
aRniSnuli universaluri simbolos semantikasTan dakavSirebul mosazre-
bebs Cvenis mxriv davumatebT, rom sxvadasxva xalxTa religiebsa da kul-
turebSi arsebuli heqsagramebi Tu sxvadasxvaqimiani varskvlavebi, iseve,
rogorc qristianobamdeli jvris, svastikis, borjRalos, saerTod, mzis sx-
vadasxvagvari gamosaxulebani, sawyiseulad (sanam isini SeiZendnen drosa
396
da sivrceSi religiur, erovnul, saxelmwifoebriv, politikur simbolos
Tu ornamentul-dekoratiul mniSvnelobas da sxv.) ikonografiulad ciur
mnaTobebTan arian dakavSirebulni da sakraluri, magiuri, damcveli Si-
naarsiT datvirTulni...
amasTanave aRvniSnavT, rom sxvadasxvaqimiani varskvlavebis (maT Soris
heqsagramebis) gamosaxulebebSi „Zveli“ da „axali aRTqmiseuli“ Sinaarsi
amoicnoba („ufali burjia Tavisi xalxis da Tavisi cxebulis mxsneli
faria“ _ fsalmunni, 27/8); „me, iesom, movavline angelozi Cemi, raTa gimow-
moT es eklesiebSi, me var fesvi da modgma daviTisa, kaSkaSa varskvlavi
ciskris“ _ gamocxadeba ioane RvTismetyvelisa 22/16). Cveni azriT, niSan-
doblivia, rom nazareTis xarebisa da beTlemis Sobis saxelobis taZ-
rebze, jvarTan erTad, varskvlavicaa (xuTqimiani) aRmarTuli _ „...da, aha,
varskvlavi, romelic ixiles aRmosavleTiT, win miuZRoda maT, sanam ar
mivida da Tavs daadga im adgils, sadac yrma iyo“ _ (saxareba maTesi, 2/9).
qarTvelTa da qarTvel ebraelTa harmoniul urTierTobebis gamomxat-
velia da, Tavis mxriv, am urTierTobaTa CamoyalibebaSi udidesi roli
eniWeba Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi qarTvel ebraelTa socialur-uf-
lebriv-ekonomikur aspeqtebs. samecniero literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom
feodaluri xanis saqarTvelos ebraelTa ekonomikuri, socialuri da
samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba gansxvavebuli iyo msoflios sxva qveynebSi
gansaxlebuli ebraelobisagan. feodaluri saqarTvelos samarTali ar
ansxvavebda ebraelobas qarTvelobisagan, qarTveli qristiani da qarTve-
li ebraeli uflebrivad Tanasworni iyvnen. ruseTis mier saqarTvelos
SeerTebamde (1801 w.) ar iZebneba ebraelTa raime Seviwroebis amsaxveli
sabuTi. metic, zogjer yma Tu vaWari ebraeli garkveuli privilegiebiTac
sargeblobda. saerTo-qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi samarTlis gverdiT, mo-
qmedebda, agreTve, „samarTali mosesi“. kuTvnilebis mixedviT iyofodnen
samefo-sadedoflo-saTavadaznaurod da saeklesio-samonastrod. saqarT-
veloSi ruseTis mmarTvelobis damyarebam, romelmac moSala saqarTvelos
saxelmwifoebrioba, daRi daasva qveynis saerTo da saqarTvelos ebraelTa
mdgomareobasac.
evropasa da ruseTSi saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi arsebuli antisemitizmis
safuZvelze aRmocenebuli ritualuri mkvlelobebis cilismwamebluri
bacila ruseTis mmarTvelobam saqarTveloSic daTesa (moxisis _ 1819 w.,
goris _ 1828 w., suramis _ 1850 w., quTaisis _ 1879 w. sasamarTlo procese-
bi), riTac Seecada qarTul-ebrauli tradiciuli urTierTobebi moeSala.
qarTulma sazogadoebam saTanadod aRimaRla xma da gailaSqra am araada-
mianuri, imperialisturi zraxvebis winaaRmdeg _ XIXs., XX s-is. dasawyisSi
da antiebrauli gamoxdomebis winaaRmdeg XX s. 90-ian wlebSi.
istoriulma fesvebma, qarTvelTa da ebraelTa mravalsaukunovanma Tanacx-
ovrebam da qarTulma istoriulma tolerantobam ganapiroba is, rom saqa-
rTveloSi ar yofila antisemitizmi, rogorc saxelmwifoebriv-erovnuli
kursi. rodesac amis Sesaxeb 1913 wels mainis franqfurtSi gamarTul
sionistTa saerTaSoriso kongresze gacxadda cnobili qarTveli ebrae-
li rabinis daviT baazovisgan, kongresis delegatebi aRfrTovandnen da
saqarTvelosa da qarTvelobas ovacia gaumarTes, xolo kongresis Tavm-
jdomarem, generalma lifmonma ebraelobas mouwoda: „Svilebo, anderZad
gqondeT, visac rogor SegiZliaT, imiT gamoxateT qarTveli eris siyvar-
397
 uli“. aqvea aRsaniSnavi, qarTvelTa Tavdadeba da Tavganwirvac ebraelTa
gadasarCenad XX s. dasawyisSi ruseTSi aRzevebuli antisemituri „po-
gromebisas“, II msoflio omis dros, nacistur sakoncentracio banakebsa
da okupirebul qveynebSi.
dasasrul aRvniSnavT, rom saqarTvelos ebraelobas mniSvnelovani Rvaw-
li miuZRvis saqarTvelos politikur, ekonomikur, kulturul-samecniero,
sazogadoebriv, sportul cxovrebaSi...
saqarTveloSi ebraelTa cxovrebis mravalsaukunovan istoriaSi qarT-
velma ebraelobam Rirseulad Semoinaxa ebrauli saxe, religia, mama-papaTa
tradiciebi...
didi alia daiwyo 70-iani wlebidan (aRvniSnavT, rom sazRvarCaketili ss-
rk-dan swored saqarTvelodan xdeboda SedarebiT „rbili reJimiT“ ebra-
elobis gasvla ucxoeTSi da ssrk-is bevri ebraeli moqalaqe swored am
„derefans“ iyenebda emigraciisaTvis). didi nawili „asulia“ istoriul
samSobloSi _ „erec-israelSi“, nawili emigrirebulia evropis qveyneb-
sa da amerikaSi. istoriul samSobloSi dabrunebuli ebraeloba ar
swydeba saqarTvelos, mis kulturas. israelSi ibeWdeba qarTulenovani
Jurnal-gazeTebi, samecniero, mxatvruli, mTargmnelobiTi literatura, mim-
dinareobs qarTvelologiuri kvleva-Zieba, nayofierad moRvaweoben folk-
loruli ansamblebi, saqarTvelosTan dakavSirebuli sazogadoebrivi
organizaciebi, qarTulenovani televizia, radio „kol israelis“ qarTu-
lenovani gadacemebis redaqcia.
qarTveli ebraeloba sulis siRrmemde ganicdis saqarTveloSi momxdar
bunebisa da politikur kataklizmebs. maTi TaosnobiT, kerZo-sazogadoe-
briv-saxelmwifoebriv safuZvlebze, saqarTvelosaTvis ramdenjerme Segro-
vda humanitaruli daxmareba,matulobs israelis investiciebi saqarTvelos
ekonomikaSi... warmatebiT mimdinareobs qarTvel ebraelTa adaptacia-ab-
sorbaciis procesi israelis saxelmwifosa Tu sxva qveynebSi da mainc
didia qarTvel ebraelTa TemSi nostalgiuri grZnoba saqarTvelosadmi...
aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom bolo periodSi saqarTveloSi gaizarda interesica
da xelSewyobac ebraelTa istoriis, enisa da kulturis kvlevis, Seswavli-
sa da propagandis sferoSi... moRvaweobs ebrauli TematikiT dainterese-
buli ebrauli, qarTul-ebrauli sazogadoebrivi da saxelmwifo organi-
zaciebi... TbilisSi arsebobs ,,daviT baazovis saxelobis saqarTvelos
ebraelTa da qarTul-ebraul urTierTobaTa istoriis muzeumi“, ,,Tbili-
sis ebrauli saxli“, moqmedebs ebrauli kameruli da bavSvTa ansamblebi,
`ulfanebi“, sportuli organizacia ,,maqabi“, gamodis ebrauli gazeTebi;
warmatebiT moRvaweoben msoflios ebraelTa saagento „soxnuTis“ saqa-
rTvelos warmomadgenloba da amerikis ebraelTa gaerTianebuli gam-
avrcelebeli komitetis _ „joinTis“ warmomadgenloba kavkasiaSi, 1990-iani
wlebidan israelis saxelmwifos saelCo saqarTveloSi da saqarTvelos
saelCo israelis saxelmwifoSi...
saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenam,„rkinis fardis“
moSlam, pirdapirma saaviacio reisebma gaaadvila israelSi „asulTa“ Tu
aq darCenilTa, kulturis, mecnierebis, saxelmwifo delegaciebis, saqmiani
wreebis, axalgazrdobis kontaqtebi...
398
qarTvelTa da ebraelTa istoriuli urTierTobebis laitmotivi: qarT-
velma ebraelobam, romelsac uZvelesi istoria aqvs da Tavisi eris ganuy-
ofeli nawilia, Rirseulad ganvlo saqarTveloSi cxovrebis mraval-
saukunovani gza da mtkiced daimkvidra Tavi mis istoriaSi, rac orive
eris _ qarTvelTa da ebraelTa tolerantobis, bibliur sibrZnesTan zi-
arebis naTeli gamovlenaa. yovelive amis gamo, saqarTvelos safuZveli
gaaCnia Tanamedrove msoflios daudasturos erTa mSvidobiani Tanaarse-
bobis aTaswlovani unikaluri istoriuli fenomeni... da, amitomac, 1998 da
2014 wlebSi saqarTveloSi, saxelmwifoebriv doneze, aRiniSna ebraelTa
damkvidrebisa da qarTul-ebrauli 26 saukunovani megobrobis iubileebi.
saqarTvelos mTavrobis #163 5. 04. 2018 dadgenilebiT „qarTul-ebraul
26-saukunovan unikaluri urTierTobebis tradicias“ mieniWa aramaterial-
uri kulturuli memkvidreobis Zeglis erovnuli mniSvnelobis kategoria.
bibliografia
1. bostanaSvili S., sinagogebisa da ebrau- ebrauli urTierTobani“, Tbilisi, 1996;
li sasaflaoebis arqiteqtura saqarT- Tezisebi
veloSi, wigni I, Tb., 1998 12. saerTaSoriso samecniero konferencie-
2. gegeWkori a., aSkenazTa sinagogebi Tbi- bi: „ierusalimi-Tbilisi I“, ierusalimi,
lisSi, `menora-10“, Tb., 2003 1990 w.; `Tbilisi-ierusalimi II“, Tbili-
3. davidovi i., qarTuli palestiniana, nawe- si 1998; ,,Tbilisi-ierusalimi III“, Tbili-
rebi, t. I, Tel-avivi, ierusalimi, 1976 si, 2014, moxsenebaTa Sinaarsebi
4. ivelaSvili T., cagareiSvili T., gvix- 13. saqarTvelos ebraelTa istoriul-eT-
mobs mamuli mama-papaTa, Tb., 1995 nografiuli saxelmwifo muzeumis ga-
5. lorTqifaniZe m.,, legenda bagrationTa mofenis megzuri, Tb.,1948
warmoSobis Sesaxeb, kavkasiis xalxTa 14. saqarTvelo-israeli 2600, Tb., 1999
istoriis sakiTxebi, Tb., 1996 15. saqarTvelos ebraelTa istoriul-eT-
6. mamisTvaliSvili e., qarTvel ebraelTa nografiuli saxelmwifo muzeumi, `Tbi-
istoria, Tb., 1995 lisi“, enciklopedia, Tb., 2002
7. mgalobliSvili T., qristianuli qarT- 16. saqarTvelos muzeumebi, gzamkvlevi, Tb.,
li IV-V ss. „macne“, enisa da literatu- 2006 (qarTul-inglisurad)
ris seria, Tb,, 1988, #1 17. sinagogebi, `Tbilisi“, saqarTvelos Zve-
8. menabde l., Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis li qalaqebi, Tb., 2006 (qarTul-inglisu-
kerebi, Tb., 1980 rad)
9. metreveli r., ebraelebi saqarTveloSi, 18. ,,qarTlis cxovreba“, t. I, Tbilisi, 1955;
Tb., 2002 t. II, Tb., 1959; t. IV, Tb., 1973
10. muzeumis `Sromebi“: Tbilisi, I-1940, II- 19. RambaSiZe g., d. baazovis saxelobis sa-
1941, III-1945 (I-III tomi erT tomad gamoica qarTvelos ebraelTa istoriul-eTno-
2014 wels), IV-2006, V-2008, VI-2010, VII-2011, grafiuli muzeumi: istoriani-momavlis
VIII-2012, IX-2014 xedva. david baazovis dabadebidan 120 da
11. saerTaSoriso samecniero konferen- gercel baazovis dabadebidan 100 wlis-
ciis: `saqarTvelos ebraelTa istoria, Tavisadmi miZRvnili saerTaSoriso sa-
saqarTvelo-palestinisa da qarTul- mecniero konferencia, ieruSalaimi, 2005
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 20. RambaSiZe g., saqarTvelos ebraelTa da
qarTul-ebraul urTierTobaTa isto-
riis furclebi, daviT baazovis saxe-
lobis saqarTvelos ebraelTa da qar-
Tul-ebraul urTierTobaTa istoriis
muzeumi, Tb., 2015, (gv. 204.), gv. 8-19
21. ciciaSvili a., ebraelebi da saqarTvelo,
Tb., 2003
22. wereTeli k., `ebraelis“ aRmniSvneli eT-
nikuri terminebi qarTulSi, Tsu Srome-
bi, t. 206, Tb., 1979
23. wiwuaSvili l., maradiuli cecxli, qarT-
vel ebraelTa kultura da yofa, Tb., 2008
24. wiwuaSvili l., qarTvel ebraelTa kul-
turuli memkvidreoba, Tb., 2013
25. wiwuaSvili S., qarTvel ebraelTa erov-
nuli azrovnebis istoriidan (1915-1926
ww.), muzeumis „Sromebi“ IX, Tb., 2014
26. WaniSvili g., daviT baazovis saxelobis
saqarTvelos ebraelTa istoriul-eT-
nografiuli muzeumis Senoba, Tb., 2003
27. WiWinaZe z., qarTveli ebraelebi saqarT-
veloSi, Tb., 1904; Tb., 1990
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28. Давид И., История Евреев на Кавказе, Тель-Авив,
I-II, 1991
29. Еврейская энциклопедия, С-Петербург, 1903 г.
т. Х, ст. 486-487
30. Краткая еврейская энциклопедия, Иерусалим.
1990 г., т. V
31. Мамиствалишвили Э., Грузинские еврей (с
эпохи античности до 1921 г.) muzeumis „Sro-
mebi“ VII, Tb., 2011
32. Шолем Г., Звезда Давида: история символа.
Загадки еврейской истории, Иерусалим, 1990
33. Rachel Arbel, Lily Magal (Magalashvili), In the
Land of The Golden Fleece. The Jews of Georgia -
History and Culture, Tel Aviv, 1992
34. Beyond the Golden Fleece: A Cultural History of
The Jews of Georgia, Maryland, 2004
35. Gambashidze G., Pages of the History of the Jews
of Georgia and Georgian-Jewish Relations, David
Baazov Museum of History of the Jews of Georgia
and Georgian-Jewish relations, Tb., 2015
36. History of Georgia, Kartlis Tskhovreba, Tb., 2014
37. Eldar Mamistvalishvili, The History of Georgian
Jews, Tb., 2014
David Baazov Museum of History of the Jews
of Georgia and Georgian-Jewish Relations, Director
Georgian National Museum, Associate Researcher
FOR THE
HISTORY OF
GEORGIAN
HEBREWS AND
GEORGIAN-JEWISH
RELATIONS
Based on Biblical, archaeological, paleoanthro-
pological and linguistic data, the paper covers
the issues of origin and cultural-historical con-
tacts of the people in the Middle East.
The researchers name different periods of com-
ing and establishing Jews in Georgia: VIII cent.
B.C. (Shalmaneser epoch), VI cent. B.C. (Ne-
buchadnezzar II epoch ‒ the year 586 B.C.), II
cent. B.C. (the year 196 B.C. ‒ after defeat of
Bar Kokhba revolt) ‒ I cent., VI-VII c.c. A.D.
(from Byzantium), X cent. (from Khazar’s
Khanate), XIX-XX c.c. (from Turkey, Iran,
Iraq, Russian Empire, Europe).
Jewish monuments of tangible culture, epi-
graphic and manuscript monuments, etc.,
discovered in Georgia, resonate with histori-
cal-written sources.
Historical roots, many-centuries co-existence
and Georgian historical tolerance conditioned
the absence of antisemitism, as governmen-
tal-national course in Georgia.
Georgian Jews contributed significantly to the
political, economic, cultural-scientific, public,
sport life of Georgia...
Givi Gambashidze
Throughout the long history of living in Geor-
gia during centuries’, Georgian Jews preserved
Jewish appearance, religion, ancestors’ tradi-
tions...
The Great Alia started since 70ies. The Jews,
returned to their historical fatherland, didn’t
break their connections with Georgia and its
culture.
The leitmotif or historical relations of Geor-
gians and Jews: Georgian Jews, having ancient
history and being inseparable part of their na-
tion, firmly established theirselves in the histo-
ry of Georgia; that is the clear expression of tol-
erance, communion to Biblical wisdom of the
both nations ‒ Georgians and Jews. Due to all
the above mentioned, Georgia has the grounds
to prove the unique historical phenomenon of
peaceful co-existence of the nations... In 1998
and 2014 the 26 centuries anniversary of estab-
lishing of Jews in Georgia and Georgian-Jew-
ish friendship was celebrated at the state level
in Georgia; and according to the Resolution
#163 dated 5. 04. 2018 of the Government of
Georgia, „The Georgian-Jewish 26-centuries
Tradition of Unique Relations“ was granted the
category of intangible cultural heritage monu-
ment of national significance.
401
402 403
 qeTevan r. ramiSvili
saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi,
simon janaSias saxelobis saqarTvelos muzeumi,
gli ptikis fondis kuratori,
arqeologiis akademiuri doqtori,
xelovnebaTmcodne
gliptikuri
Zeglebi
didi
mcxeTidan
(saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumsa
da didi mcxeTis arqeologiur saxelmwifo
muzeum-nakrZalSi daculi gliptikuri
masalis mixedviT _ uZvelesi droidan romaul xanamde)
didi mcxeTis teritoriaze macxovrebeli sazoga-
doeba gli ptikur nawarms rom farTod iyenebda
da amgvar nivTebze didi moTxovnileba arsebobda,
mcxeTasa da mis SemogarenSi mravalricxovani da
mravalferovani sabeWdavebis, gema-intalioebisa da
gemiani samkaulebis aRmoCenis faqtebi adasturebs.
mcxeTaSi warmoebuli sistematuri arqeologiu-
ri gaTxrebis Sedegad mopovebul iqna ramdenime
aseuli gli ptikuri Zegli, romlebic yvelaze ux-
vad samTavros samarovnis samarxebSi gamovlinda.
mniSvnelovani gli ptikuri masala mopovebulia ar-
mazisxevis, bagineTis, karsnixsevis, kamaraxevis, tu-
iaqoCoras, baiaTxevis, fiqrisgoris, narekvavisa da
sxva samarovnebze, agreTve sveticxovlis mimde-
bared. am masalis umetesoba daculia saqarTvelos
erovnul muzeumsa da didi mcxeTis arqeologiur
saxelmwifo muzeum-nakrZalSi, nawili ki – ruseTi-
sa (moskovi, peterburgi) da safrangeTis muzeumebSi.
mcxeTasa da mcxeTis raionSi aRmoCenili uZvelesi
intalioebi (gamosaxulebebi sabeWdavis piridan siR-
rmeSia amokveTili, anabeWdze amoburcul gamosax-
ulebas iZleva) gvxvdeba sxvadasxva formis Tixisa
da qvis sabeWdavebze, cilindrebze, naxevradZvirfa-
si qvisgan damzadebul mravalwaxnagebze, liTonis
sabeWdavi-beWdebis farakebze, brinjaos marTkuTxa
da samkuTxa sabeWdavebze, minis mravalwaxnagebze,
Zvlis sabeWdavebze, giSris tabloidze, beWdis Tv-
lebze da sxv. antikuri xanidan gemebi ZiriTadad
mzaddeba Zvirfasi da naxevradZvirfasi qvebisgan da
404
maTi umravlesoba intalioebia. isini yvelaze xSirad sxvadasxva liTonis-
gan damzadebuli beWdebis Tvlebs warmoadgenda da sabeWdavebad gamoiyene-
boda, Tumca maT avgarozisa da samkaulis funqciac hqondaT SeTavsebuli
da beWdebs garda Casmuli iyo medalionebSi, samajurebSi, sakidebsa da sxv.
gacilebiT mcire raodenobiT gvxvdeba kameoebi – anu gemebi amoburculi,
reliefuri gamosaxulebiT, romlebsac mxolod samkaulisa da avgarozis
daniSnuleba hqondaT da amkobdnen beWdebs, sayureebs, maniakebsa da sxv.
Zvirfasi da naxevradZvirfasi qvebidan gamoiyeneboda granati (piropi, al-
mandini), sardioni, sarderi, iaspi, aqati, laJvardis qva, giSeri, gvela da sxva
mineralebi, romlebic muSavdeboda dazgaze da xeliT - sxvadasxva zomis
saWrisebiT. feradi minis intalioebi ki Camosxmuli iyo da gamosaxulebas
yalibidan amoRebis Semdeg amuSavebdnen saWrisiT an cxel minaze StampiT
tvifravdnen.
mcxeTaSi aRmoCenili gli ptikuri Zeglebi werilobiT wyaroebsa da sxva
arqeologiur masalebTan erTad warmoadgens erT-erT mniSvnelovan sain-
formacio wyaros didi mcxeTis istoriis Sesaxeb. maTi yovelmxrivi
Seswavla saSualebas gvaZlevs Tvali gavadevnoT sxvadasxva periodis
mcxeTis mosaxleobis ideologiur Sexedulebebs, maT kulturul da ma-
terialur kontaqtebs garesamyarosTan, aseve warmodgena gveqmneba saiuve-
liro xelovnebis ganviTarebis doneze. gli ptikur Zeglebze amokveTili
gamosaxulebebis mixedviT maT mflobelTa da imdroindeli sazogadoebis
msoflmxedvelobazec SegviZlia msjeloba. amrigad, mcxeTaSi aRmoCenili
gli ptikuri Zeglebi mniSvnelovan wyaros warmoadgens ara marto qarT-
lis dedaqalaqis, aramed iberiis samefos materialuri da kulturuli
donisa da gare samyarosTan misi urTierTobis sakiTxis SeswavlisaTvis.
mcxeTis gansakuTrebuli geografiuli mdebareobis gamo, qalaqze gamavali
saerTaSoriso savaWro-satranzito gziT iq ileqeboda mravalricxovani
da mravalferovani gli ptikuri nawarmi. amave dros, mzaddeba adgilo-
brivi produqcia, romelic, miuxedavad imisa, rom yovelTvis kargad asaxavs
imdroindel gare samyaroSi ganviTarebul tendenciebs, xasiaTdeba gansa-
kuTrebuli TavisTavadobiT, daxvewili formebiTa da SinaarsiT.
mcxeTasa da mcxeTis raionSi aRmoCenili gli ptikuri Zeglebis qronolo-
giuri diapazoni sakmaod vrcelia. maTi forma, zoma, masala, damzadebis
teqnika, daniSnuleba, gamosaxulebaTa Tematika, Sinaarsi Tu stili droTa
Sesabamisad saTanadod icvleboda.
saqarTveloSi aRmoCenili uZvelesi sabeWdavebi damzadebulia Tixisgan da
isini sabeWdavTa adgilobriv jgufs warmoadgenen. es aris sakmaod uxeSi
tvifar-sabeWdavebi (2, 5 sm-idan 5 sm. simaRlis), romelTa piri yovelTvis
Semkulia Zalian Rrmad amokveTili geometriuli ornamentiT (ZiriTadad,
e. w. Sevsebuli jvriT, laTinuri S-iseburi ornamentiT, Caxveuli spiraliT,
svastikiT, borjRaliT, meandriT, erTmaneTSi Casmuli wreebiT, koncentru-
li wreebiT). am sabeWdavebis forma SesaZloa iyos: 1. konusuri saxeluri-
Ta da mrgvali piriT; 2. sworkuTxa piriTa da cilindruli saxeluriT;
3. welSi gamoyvanili – oTxkuTxa an cilindruli SverilebiT; 4. sabeW-
davebi ormxrivi piriT; 5. zoomorful an antromorfulgamosaxulebiani
saxeluriT (sur. 1-15). erTi aseTi lega Tixisgan xeliT naZerwi sabeWdavi
adamianis saxis gamosaxulebiani saxeluriTa da spiraluri ornamentiT
Semkuli mrgvali piriT (sur. 13) aRmoCenilia samTavro I –is goris samx-
405
 reT-aRmosavleT nawilSi, gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis fenaSi arsebul # 1
saxlSi [afaqiZe a. da sxv. 1978: 114, sur. 604-606]. m. lorTqifaniZe amgvar sa-
beWdavebs saTavsos an WurWlis daluqvisTvis gamosayenebel sabeWdavebad
miiCnevs da maT Zv. w. XIV-VII ss-iT aTariRebs. Tixis sabeWdavTa Soris
mkvlevars yvelaze adreulad miaCnia xovlegoraze aRmoCenili lega Tix-
isgan damzadebuli, sworkuTxapiriani da wakveTili piramidis moyvanilo-
bis saxeluriani sabeWdavi (sur. 15), romlis brtyel pirze gamosaxulia e.
w. xeTuri meandri (erovnuli muzeumi, gl. f. 1277; sabeWdavis simaRle – 46 1 2 3
mm.), xolo mcxeTis raionSi ki uadresad Tvlis mWadijvarSi dazverve-
bis dros aRmoCenil vardisferi Tixisgan gamomwvar sabeWdavs (sur. 14)
wakveTili konusiseburi saxeluriTa da koncentruli wreebiT Semkuli
mrgvali piriT (erovnuli muzeumi, gl. f. 1284; simaRle – 38 mm) da maT Zv.
w. XIVs-iT aTariRebs [lorTqifaniZe m. 1969: 12-31, 67-76, 159]. mcxeTis raionSi
aRmoCenili ufro gviandeli msgavsi sabeWdavebi yvelaze uxvad aRmoCe-
nilia narekvavis gvianbrinjaosa da adrerkinis xanis namosaxlarze -meo-
re da mesame horizontebSi, sacxovrebel saxlebSi, aseve, Zv. w. VII s-iT da-
4 5 6
TariRebul samlocveloSi, kalandaZis gora 3-is meore terasaze - aliziT
nageb saxlSi, werovanis II samarovanze - # 27 samarxSi da mWadijvarSi,
TariRdeba Zv. w. VIII-VI ss-iT [sadraZe v. 1989: 77-154; davlianiZe r., sadraZe
v. 1993: 120; Рамишвили Р.М. и др...1991: 89-95; sadraZe v. 2002: 337; nikolaiSvili
v. gavaSeli e. 2007: 331]. am sabeWdavebis (sur. 1-12) umetesi nawilis sacx-
ovrebel oTaxebSi puris sacxob RumlebTan da sakurTxevlebTan axlos,
zogjer ki taZarSi aRmoCenis faqtebma, aseve, sabeWdavebis koncentraciam
Sida qarTlsa da kaxeTSi, sadac pureuli marcvlebis mosayvanad saukeTe-
so pirobebi iyo da rac mTavaria, Treli gorebze, Rumlis siaxloves aR- 7 8 9
moCenili msgavsi sabeWdavis laboratoriulma kvlevam, romelic Caatara
e. yvavaZem da romelmac aCvena, rom sabeWdavi comze iyo gamoyenebuli, am
sabeWdavTa mkvlevars – T. CogovaZes misca sakmarisi safuZveli gamoeTqva
sakmaod saintereso mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom es Tixis sabeWdavebi, Zir-
iTadad gamoyenebuli unda yofiliyo comeulis dasabeWdad, rac imdroin-
del rwmena-warmodgenebTan mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli [CogovaZe T. 2019:
118-119] da rasac naTlad aCvenebs sabeWdavebze amokveTili geometriuli
ornamentebi, romelTa religiur-magiuri da sakraluri simbolika eWvs
ar iwvevs. rogorc Cans, aseTi ornamentebs imdroindeli sazogadoebisT- 10 11 12
vis Zalze mniSvnelovani ideologiuri datvirTva hqonda, radgan isini
xSirad gvxvdeba ara marto Tixis sabeWdavebze, aramed Tanadroul (Zv. w.
VIII-VI ss.) brinjaos mxatvrulad damuSavebul Zeglebzec [fancxava l.
1989; ramiSvili q. r. 2011, ix. tabulebi]. sabeWdavebis pirebze ornamentis
ganmeorebadoba saeWvos xdis maTi sakuTrebis damadasturebel sabeWdav-
ebad gamoyenebas, amave dros, gamosaxulebaTa xSiri gameoreba zrdis maT
mniSvnelobas da imaze unda miuTiTebdes, rom es sabeWdavebi SesaZloa
romelime msxvili sakulto gaerTianebis, an sulac sataZro sabeWdavebi
13 14 15
yofiliyo. rogorc Cans, sxvadasxva adgilas erTsa da imave kults eTay-
vanebodnen, romlebic erTnairi ornamentuli simboloebiT gadmoicemoda
[CogovaZe T. 2019: 115]. garda mcxeTis raionisa, am sabeWdavebis aRmoCenis
adgilebia: moliTi (javaxeTi), gudabertya, grakliani gora, meli-Reles
samlocvelo, xovle, Wognari (farnalis gora), zemo da qvemo qedi, ivris
zegani – ciskaraanT gora, udabnos namosaxlari, yaTlanisxevi, rusTavis Tixis sabeWdavebi narekvavidan (sur. 1-12),
cixe, Treli gorebi, wina mindori (qiziyi), ganTiadi, wiTelwyaro, marneuli samTavrodan (sur. 13) - Zv. w. VIII-VI ss.
(ofreTi), melaani, samadlo, aradeTis orgora, didnauris naqalaqari, xirsa, mWadijvridan da xovledan - Zv. w. XIV s. (sur. 14, 15)
Wibrevi (onis raioni), cxinvali, Warnali.

406 407
 Zv. w. VII-VI ss-idan Cndeba mTliani moiSva aucilebloba masze uflebis damtkicebisa, risTvisac iyenebdnen
qvisagan gamoTlili arqauli ti- naxevradZvirfasi qvebisgan damzadebul momcro cilindrul sabeWdavebs,
pis, didi zomis sabeWdavebi, romelic romlebzec amoWrili iyo religiur-miTologiuri an yofiTi scenebi. cil-
adgilobrivad mzaddeboda. mcxeTis indruli sabeWdavebi TandaTan popularuli gaxda mTels maxlobel aRmo-
raionSi aseTi sabeWdavi aRmoCenilia savleTSi da sakmaod didi xnis ganmavlobaSi, TviT aqemeniduri periodis
samTavros samarovanze, kulturul CaTvliT, iarseba. TiToeuli epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo sakuTari
fenaSi (erovnuli muzeumis gl. f. inv. gamomsaxvelobiTi stili, masala da popularuli siuJetebis wre. Zv. w. II
1124). sabeWdavi TeTrad dawinwkluli, aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi - Sua xanebamde cilindruli sabeWdavebi
nacrisferi riyis qvisgan aris gamoT- upiratesad mzaddeboda moSavo-foladisferi, gaumWvirvale da sakmaod
16. riyis qvis sabeWdavi bayayis ga- lili, sakmaod didi zomisaa (simaR- mkvrivi hematitisgan, msgavsad samTavruli cilindrisa. rogorc kompozi-
mosaxulebiT,samTavros samarovani, le – 34 mm.; piri – 46X29 mm.) da ,,cru ciurad, aseve stilurad da ikonografiulad samTavrul cilindrze asaxu-
kulturuli fena, Zv. w. VII-VI ss. beWdis“ forma aqvs (sur. 16). igi sa- li siuJeti siriul sabeWdav-cilindrebze amoWrili kompoziciebis msgav-
beWdav-avgarozadaa miCneuli. sabeWda- sia, ris safuZvelzec samTavruli cilindri miCneulia siriul nawarmad
vis zurgi gaxvretilia, ovaluri piri da daTariRebulia Zv. w. II aTaswleulis pirveli naxevriT [Apakidze A.,
ki - odnav Cadrekili. pirze Zalian Nikolaishvili V. 1994: 46-50, № 52, sur. 33]. saqarTveloSi cilindruli sabeWdav-
sqematurad gamosaxulia garTxmu- ebi aRmoCenilia agreTve TrialeTSi, safar-xarabas samarovanze - 7 cali,
li bayayi, romelic martivi, swori maT Soris siuJetebiT Semkuli 2 calia - ## 5 da 27 samarxebidan. maT
da moxrili xazebiT aris gadmocemu- zedapirze amokveTil siuJetTa ikonografia msgavsia xuri-miTanuri sabeW-
li. miuxedavad sqematurobisa, naxati davebis ikonografiisa, gamosaxulebac xeTur miTologiasTanaa dakavSire-
sakmaod gamomsaxvelia. bayayi wvimis buli. amdenad, orive sabeWdavi miTanuri gli ptikis wreSi eqceva da Com-
simbolodaa miCneuli, amave dros, is mon Style“-s miekuTvneba, daTariRebulia Zv. w. II aTaswleulis SuaxanebiT.
17. hematitis cilindruli sabeWdavi, nayofierebis simbolocaa, amdenad, sabeWdavebi importulia, rac safar-xarabaze macxovrebeli sazogadoebis
samTavros samarovani, #905 samarxi. sabeWdavi SesaZloa avgarozad ga- xuri-miTanis saxelmwifosTan mWidro kavSirze miuTiTebs [narimaniSvi-
cilindri - Zv. w. II aTaswleulis moeyenebinaT da mkerdze Camokidebu- li g. 2006: 95, 101. tab. XVIII/ 1,2,3,4]. Zv. w. IV aTaswleuliT daTariRebuli
pirveli naxevari. samarxi - ax. w. li etarebinaT uSvilo qalebs. niv- Suamdinaruli cilindruli sabeWdavebi meoradi gamoyenebiT aRmoCenilia
III s.
Ti daTariRebulia Zv. w. VII-VI ss-iT. graklian gorazec Zv. w. II-I aTaswleuliT daTariRebul kompleqsebSi
gamosaxuleba saWrisis gamoyenebiT, [samsonia n. 2016: 278]. Tu rodis an vis mier iqna Semotanili mcxeTaSi siri-
xeliTaa amoWrili. naxvretisTvis uli cilindri, cnobili ar aris, magram Cveni mosazrebiT, igi Tavis droze
SesaZloa milic gamoeyenebinaT [lorTqifaniZe m. 1969: 37, 38, 80, 81, sur. 28). uflebrivi sabeWdavi unda yofiliyo, razedac gaSlili xelis mtevani –
sabeWdavi, sxva aseT arqauli ti pis sabeWdavebTan erTad, romlebic aRmoCe- sakuTrebaze uflebis simbolo unda migviTiTebdes. gvianromaul xanaSi
nilia urbnisSi, xovleSi, roqSi, faSianSi, walkaSi, aseve, natanebsa da borSi, igi meoradi gamoyenebisaa, mkerdis areSi aRmoCena ki gvavaraudebinebs, rom
wina aziaSi gavrcelebul yunwiani sabeWdavebis formebs imeorebs. amgvar mas avgarozis funqcia unda hqonoda.
sabeWdavebze, ZiriTadad, sxvadasxva cxovelia gamosaxuli [lorTqifaniZe
m. 1969: 31, 32, 77-83, sur. 26-28, 39, tab. III/27-29, 32]. Zv. w. VI-IV saukuneebSi mTel maSindel samyaroSi, rogorc dasavlur (ber-
Znul), ise aRmosavlur (iranul) gli ptikaSi farTodaa gavrcelebuli nax-
mcxeTaSi Zalian xSiria SemTxvevebi, rodesac adreuli gli ptikuri nake- evradZvirfasi qvisgan gamoTlili sxvadasxva formis iseTi sabeWdavebi,
Tobebi gacilebiT gviandel samarxebSia aRmoCenili. rogorc o. neverovi rogoricaa: cilindrebi, prizmuli da konusuri sabeWdavebi, skarabeoidebi,
aRniSnavs, samarxebSi gli ptikuri nawarmi TiTqmis yovelTvis kompleqsis mravalwaxnagebi da farakiani sabeWdavi-beWdebi. berZnebsa da sparselebs
sxva nivTebze Zvelia [Неверов О.1983: 45], rac ganpirobebulia gansakuTrebiT Soris kulturuli kontaqtebi adreaqemeniduri xanidan arsebobda, magram
mniSvnelovani gli ptikuri Zeglebis yofacxovrebaSi didxans arsebobiT mas Semdeg, rac dasavleT mcire aziac aqemeniduri imperiis sazRvrebSi
da rasac xels uwyobda masala – myari, mkvrivi da gamZle mineralebi moeqca, es regioni gadaiqca sparsuli da berZnuli kulturebis Sexvedris
[javaxiSvili q. 2003: 83]. samTavros samarovnis gvianromauli xanis (ax. w. epicentrad. swored aqemeniduri iranis dasavleT nawilSi yalibdeba da
III s.) # 905 mdidrul akldamaSi sxva mravalricxovan da pirvelxarisxo- Semdgom imperiis mTel teritoriaze (da mis gareTac) farTod vrceldeba
van nivTebs Soris, micvalebulis mkerdis areSi aRmoCnda hematitis mom- gli ptikuri nawarmi, romelic berZnul-sparsulis saxelwodebiTaa cnobi-
cro sabeWdavi-cilindri, romelsac aqvs sigrZivi naxvreti zonrisTvis li. berZnul-sparsuli gli ptika warmoiSva mcire aziaSi mosaxle im adg-
(erovnuli muzeumi, gl. f. 1580; zomebi: sigrZe – 18 mm,. naxvretis dm. – 10 ilobrivi xalxebis xelovnebis wiaRSi, romlebic formalurad Sediodnen
mm.). sabeWdavis piri wvrili, amoRaruli xazebiT sigrZeze dayofilia xuT aqemenidur imperiaSi. berZnul-sparsuli wris gemebi warmoadgendnen ara
registrad, TiToeulSi amokveTilia sxvadasxva gamosaxuleba: adamianis savsebiT berZnul an srulad aqemeniduri xelovnebis nawarmoebebs, ar-
mdgomare figura, adamianis gaSlili xelis mtevnebi, muxlCaxrili adami- amed iseT gli ptikur nawarms, romelmac erTdroulad ganicada rogorc
ani da mis qveS cxoveli, cxovelebisa da frinvelebis mwkrivebi (sur. 17). berZnuli, ise aqemeniduri kulturis gavlena. aqedan gamomdinare, ber-
cilindruli sabeWdavebis gaCena Zv. w. IV-III aTaswleulSi mWidrod ukav- Znul-sparsuli xelovneba mTlianobaSi warmogvidgeba rogorc aqemenidu-
Sirdeba mesopotamiur gli ptikas. maSin, roca gaCnda kerZo sakuTreba, war- ri imperiis periferiuli nawilis Semoqmedeba, romelic imyofeboda Zvel

408 409
 da mWidro kavSirSi berZnul (gansa-
kuTrebiT aRmosavlur berZnulTan,
ioniurTan) da aseve iranul - ofi-
cialuri sasaxlis xelovnebebTan. am
fonze berZnul-sparsul gli ptikur
Zeglebze savsebiT organulad gamoi-
yureba ZvelberZnuli da Zveliranuli
kulturebis kavSiri, maTi urTierT-
18. qalcedonis piramiduli sabeWdavi, gavlenebi da urTierTgamovlinebe-
samTavros samarovani, # 905 samarxi, bi [Никулина Н. М. 1994: 15-20], ris sa-
sabeWdavi - Zv. w. VI-V ss. samarxi fuZvelzec j. bordmanma aqemenidur
- ax. w. III s.
gli ptikaSi gamoyo sami stili: 1. sa-
saxlisa, romelic dayo aRmosavlur
da dasavlur sasaxlis stilebad, 2.
berZnuli stili da 3. Sereuli stili [Boardman J. 1970: 303-322, 324]. mcxeTa-
Si, samTavros samarovnis # 905 mdidrul akldamaSi aRmoCnda piramiduli
sabeWdavi (erovnuli muzeumi - gl. f. 1579, zomebi: simaRle – 26 mm., piri
– 20X15 mm.) [afaqiZe an., nikolaiSvili v. 1996: 36, 37, tab. X,4; LVI, 2], romel-
ic rZisferi qalcedonisganaa damzadebuli. sabeWdavis ovalur da odnav
amoburcul pirze arcTu Rrmad, magram mkafiod amoWrilia wmindad spar-
suli kompozicia: centrSi gvirgvinosani frTosani RvTRaeba, romelsac ga-
daSlil xelebSi kudebiT uWiravs ori xaxadaRebuli, ukan TavSebrunebuli,
frTosani lomi (sur. 18). kompozicia Sesrulebulia dasavluri sasaxlis
stilisTvis damaxasiaTebeli maneriT - dabali reliefiTa da xisti xaze-
biT. gamosaxulebebi ar aris detalurad damuSavebuli, stilizebulia da
statikuri. sabeWdavi Seiswavla q. javaxiSvilma da daadgina, rom igi war-
moadgens dasavluri sasaxlis stiliT Sesrulebul aqemeniduri gli ptis
Zegls. mkvlevarma sabeWdavi V s-is pirveli naxevriT daaTariRa da aRniS-
na, rom lomis figurebi rogorc stilurad, ise damuSavebiT (buterolis
gamoyenebiT) did siaxloves avlens berZnul arqaul skarabeebze gamosax-
ul lomis figurebTan [javaxiSvili q. 2009: 87, 88, tab. I/6], rac ganpirobebu-
li iyo imiT, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom piramiduli sabeWdavebis samSoblo
neobabilonuri samefoa (Zv. w. VII-VI ss.), aqemenidur xanaSi maTi umetesi
nawili mcire aziaSi mzaddeboda [lukonini v. 1977: 72], SesaZloa, rogorc
zogi mecnieri fiqrobs, berZeni ostatebis mier, romlebic iTvaliswinebd-
nen sparseli damkveT-momxmareblis interesebs (furtvangleri, rixteri),
an, rogorc mkvlevarTa meore nawili fiqrobs (maqsimova, kni poviCi, serigi)
berZnuli gavlenis qveS myofi sparseli ostatebis mier [Никулина Н. М.
1966]. ufro misaRebad migvaCnia n. nikulinas mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmad
berZnul-sparsuli gli ptikuri Zeglebi mzaddeboda mcireazieli adgi-
lobrivi ostatebis mier, romlebic erTdroulad ganicdidnen rogorc
iranul, ise berZnuli kuturebis gavlenas [Никулина Н. М. 1994: 15-20].
Zv. w. V saukunis meore naxevridan da IV saukunis dasawyisidan ber-
Znul-sparsul sabeWdavebze (romelsac j. bordmanma mogvianebiT ber-
Znul-aRmosavluri uwoda) amoWrili gamosaxulebebis umetesi nawili Ses-
rulebulia ,,Sereuli stiliT“ da maTTvis es stili yvelaze ti piuria
[lorTqifaniZe m. 1981: 21]. ,,Sereul stilTan“ Zalian mWidrodaa dakavSire-
buli gli ptikur ZeglTa ufro mogviano jgufi, romelic ,,bernis jgufi-
sa“ da ,,globolos“ saxeliTaa cnobili (Zv. w. IV-III ss.) da romlebzec
gamosaxulebebi Sesrulebulia gansxvavebuli teqnikiT - gacilebiT sqe-
maturad da statikurad. ,,Sereuli stiliT“ Sesrulebuli kompoziciebi
410
21
19
23
22
qalcedonis mravalwaxnaga sabeWdavi, baiaTxevis
samarovani, # 21 samarxi, Zv. w. V-IV ss.
20
yvelaze xSirad gvxvdeba skarabeoidebze da liTonis farakian beWdebze,
Tumca SedarebiT mcire raodenobiT mravalwaxnaga sabeWdavebzec dastur-
deba [lorTqifaniZe m. 1981: 9]. erTi aseTi mravalwaxnaga sabeWdavi aRmoCe-
nilia baiaTxevis samarovnis ax. w. III s. daTariRebul # 21 samarxSi (sur.
19). mravalwaxnaga-sabeWdavi TeTri qalcedonisganaa damzadebuli (mcxeTis
muzeum-nakrZali - # 01-35-108; m#16346; zomebi: simaRle – 12 mm, piri – 23X18
mm) [nikolaiSvili v., giunaSvili g. 1995: 120, 134, sur. 977-981, 1218]. sabeWdavis
yvelaze farTo, qveda waxnagze sakmaod realisturad, plastikurad, Rrma
kveTiTa da mkafiod amoWrilia sparsul samosSi gamowyobili Subosani
mxedris lomze Tavdasxmis dinamikuri kompozicia (sur. 20). aseTive stil-
Si aris amokveTili ZaRli – maltis dogi - zeda mcire waxnagze (sur. 21),
xolo gverdiTa waxnagebze – navardis pozaSi gadmocemuli iremi (sur. 22)
da qurciki (sur. 23). miuxedavad berZnul yaidaze sivrceSi Tavisuflad
gaSlili, dinamikuri kompoziciisa, personaJTa moZraobaSi Cans erTgvari
statikuroba, rac ,,Sereuli stiliT“ Sesrulebuli gamosaxulebebisTvisaa
damaxasiaTebeli. mravalwaxnaga daTariRebulia Zv. w. V s-is meore nax-
evriTa da Zv. w. IV s-is pirveli naxevriT [javaxiSvili q. 2009: 89, 90, tab. I/8,
9]. Tu rodis moxvda es qalcedonis mravalwaxnaga saqarTveloSi, ucnobia,
magram, rogorc Cans, aseTi sabeWdavebi cnobili iyo qarTlis samefoSi
macxovreblebisaTvis, radgan swored am berZnul-sparsuli (berZnul-aR-
mosavluri) mravalwaxnaga qvis sabeWdavebis gviandel gamoZaxils unda
warmoadgendes iberiaSi, adgilobrivi warmoebis lurji minis mravalwax-
nagebi, romelTagan erTi cali baiaTxevis samarovnis imave # 21 samarxSia
aRmoCenili (sur. 31).
lurji minis mravalwaxnagebi adgilobrivi gli ptikuri Zeglebis mniS-
vnelovani jgufia. isini damzadebulia lurji gaumWvirvale minisgan da
warmoadgenen aTwaxnaga Camonasxamebs, romlebsac aqvT wagrZelebuli para-
lelepi pedis forma, xolo zurgi - wakveTili piramidaa. uklebliv yvela
mravalwaxnagas aqvs naxvreti TasmisTvis (sur. 24-33). lurji minis mraval-
waxnagebi mzaddeboda Zv. w. III-II ss-idan da mimoqcevaSi iyo vidre ax. w.
III-IV ss-amde. isini yvelaze meti raodenobiT gvxvdeba Zv. w. II-I ss. da ax.
w. I-II ss. daTariRebul samarxebSi, xolo mcire raodenobiT - ax. w. III-IV
ss. samarxebSi. q. javaxiSvilis mosazrebiT, am mravalwaxnagebis warmoeba
411
 lurji minis mravalwaxnagebi kuli, iberiul mravalwaxnagebze ki gamosaxuleba mxolod farTo nawil-
ze – pirzea warmodgenili (Sead. sur. 19-23 da sur. 24-33). Zalian sarwmu-
nod gamoiyureba s. barnavelis mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom lurji minis
mravalwaxnagebis dednebic iberiaSi mzaddeboda [barnaveli s. 1945: 573-579],
radgan arc erTi lurji minis mravalwaxnaga ar warmoadgens romelime
berZnul-sparsuli qvis sabeWdavebisa da maT Soris ,,bernis jgufis“ sabe-
Wdavis asls. lurji minis mravalwaxnagebis gamosaxulebebic Tavisebur
stilSia Sesrulebuli, bernis jgufis gamosaxulebebTan SedarebiT ufro
ganzogadebulia da sqematuri, gamoirCeva naklebi detalizaciiT [javaxiS-
24. nastagisi, samarxi 30, momwva- 25. nastagisi, samarxi 30, Zv. w.
no anabeWdTan erTad, Zv. w. II-I ss.
vili q. 2002: 72, 75-76]. garda im faqtisa, rom lurji minis mravalwaxnage-
II s. bis didi umravlesoba saqarTvelos teritoriaze aris aRmoCenili, maTi
adgilobrivad damzadebis dasadastureblad m. maqsimovas mniSvnelovan
argumentad mohyavs mcxeTa-samTavroSi Zalian uxvad aRmoCenili lur-
ji minis mZivebi, romelTa importi mas SeuZleblad miaCnia da romlebic
damzadebulia iseTive xarisxis lurji minisgan, rogorc mravalwaxnagebi
[Максимова М.1941: 90-91]. rogorc n. ugreliZe aRniSnavs, minis mravalwax-
nagebi Camosxmulia Zalian maRali xarisxis lurji minisgan. mkvlevaris
mosazrebiT, kavkasia, CrdiloeT mesopotamiasTan erTad, minis warmoebis
uZvelesi keraa, ufro Zveli vidre egvi pte [ugreliZe n. 1967: 5, 7]. cnobilia,
26. riyianebis veli 27. samTavro, qvevr- 28. samTavro, qvevr- 29. samTavro, kram- rom saqarTvelos teritoriaze aRmoCenilia kobaltis madnebi, rac minas
110, ax. w. I s. samarxi 82, Zv. w. samarxi 110, Zv. w. ityuTi 211, ax. w. lurj Seferilobas aZlevs da rac ar gamoricxavs lurji minis adgi-
II-I ss. I ss. II s.
lobriv warmoebas [baxtaZe r. 1964: 88-89]. Mm. kapanaZis mosazrebiT, lurji
minis warmoeba danamdvilebiT adgilobrivad xorcieldeboda da vinaidan
egvi pteSi ar moi poveboda kobaltSemcveli wiaRiseuli, igi SeiZleba iq
kavkasiidan SeetanaT [kapanaZe m. 1999; kapanaZe da sxv. 2004: 80]. mravalwax-
nagebis pirze gamosaxuli siuJetebis Tematika ar aris mravalferovani,
ZiriTadad gamoisaxeba Subosani mxedrebis cxovelebze nadirobis scenebi,
adamianis brZola cxovelebTan da sxvadasxva cxoveli – zogi maTgani
navardis pozaSi, mtacebeli cxovelis Tavdasxma Cliqosanze, meetle da
30. samTavro, baiern- 31. baiaTxevi, sa- 32. axali niCbisi, 33. axali armazi,
iseuli marxi 21, ax. w. III gruntuli sa- qvis samarxi 11, ax.
cxenebSebmuli etli, mxedari da adamiani. Tumca, nastagisis samarovnis
s. marxi 1, Zv. w II-I w. IV s. 30-e samarxSi aRmoCenil calze gamosaxulia gansxvavebuli – samfiguriani
ss. nadirobis scena (sur. 24) – or monadires Soris moqceuli rqosani cx-
oveli (xari), romelsac pirispir mdgomi Subosani monadire aZgerebs Subs,
xolo zurgidan – mSvildosani monadire tyorcnis isars. am kompoziciaSi
Zv. w. II saukunesa da ax. w. I s. pirvel naxevars Soris unda vigulisxmoT ra Tqma unda, aris berZnul-sparsuli xelovnebis gavlena, magram mxolod
da SesaZloa is Sewyda romauli gli ptikuri nawarmis moZalebis gamo im nawilSi, sadac Subosani aZgerebs Subs rqosans, xolo rac Seexeba
[javaxiSvili q. 2002: 74]. minis mravalwaxnagebis warmomavlobis sakiTxs mSvildosnis Tavdasxmas rqosanze – es nawili, rogorc kompoziciurad,
mravali mecnieri Seexo (m. maqsimova 1950, m. lorTqifaniZe 1954, s. barna- ise ikonografiulad msgavsebas avlens Zv. w. VIII-VII ss-is amierkavkasiur
veli 1945, q. javaxiSvili 2002, m. nikulina 1994, i. gagoSiZe 2009, a. gabunia brinjaos sartylebze gravirebul RvTaebrivi nadirobis scenebTan, sad-
2021) da dadginda, rom lurji minis mravalwaxnagebi aris sabeWdavebis ac mSvildosani monadiris ti pi (poza, dogma, isris tyorcnisas kefasTan
erT-erTi damoukidebeli, adgilobrivi, iberiuli gli ptikuri Zeglebis mitanili marjvena xeli, Caxrili fexebi, ukan wadgmuli marjvena Caxri-
jgufi, romelic siaxloves avlens ,,berZnul-aRmosavluri“ sabeWdavebis li fexi, wagrZelebuli saxe) da cxovelisTvis zurgidan isris tyorcnis
gviandel - e. w. bernis jgufis gli ptikur ZeglebTan [Boardman J. 1970: manera msgavsia nastagisur mravalwaxnagaze gamosaxuli siuJetisa (Sead.
321; javaxiSvili q. 2002: 74-76, tab. I_2-14; gagoSiZe i. 2009: 16; javaxiSvili sur. 24 - anabeWdi da xidaSeli m. 1982: tab. XI, XVII da sxv.). rogorc Cans,
2015: 14; gabunia a. 2021], magram lurji minis mravalwaxnagebis Semqmnelebi iberiul lurji minis mravalwaxnagebze gamosaxuli kompoziciebi iqmne-
epigonuri mimbaZvelobiT ki ar imeorebdnen ,,berZnul-sparsuli“ gli p- boda berZnul-sparsuli motivebis gadamuSavebiT adgilobrivi - adreuli
tikis Tundac mogviano - ,,bernis jgufis“ Zeglebs, aramed SemoqmedebiTad xelovnebisa da religiuri Sexedulebebis fonze. swored amis gamoa, rom
– gamoirCevian damoukideblobiT rogorc formiT, ise siuJetebiT. isini es siuJetebi gamoirCevian damoukideblobiTa da TviTmyobadobiT. Zv. w.
ufro mcire zomisaa da wagrZelebuli marTkuTxedis formis piri aqvT, VIII-VII ss-is siuJetebi rom momdevno - elinistiur xanaSi kvlav arse-
maSin, roca berZnul-aRmosavluri mravalwaxnagebi gacilebiT didi zo- bobda amis naTeli magaliTia vercxlis beWdebis farakebze amokveTili
misaa da maTi fuZe kvadrats uaxlovdeba. garda amisa, berZnul-sparsuli kompoziciebi (mxedari, cxeni da mnaTobebi) yanCaeTidan (Zv. w. IV-III ss.),
qvis mravalwaxnagebis piri, zurgi da yvela ferdi gamosaxulebiTaa Sem- romlebic, axal - berZnul-sparsul kulturuli nakadis fonze, rogorc

412 413
 genetikurad, ise semantikurad mWidrod Cans dakavSirebuli Zvel - adgi-
lobrivi xelovnebis tradiciebTan [gagoSiZe i. 1964: gv. 36-37; gagoSiZe 2009:
tab I-II]. aseve sayuradReboa, rom dablagomSi, dafnarSi da namarnuSi aRmo-
Cenilia Zv. w. IV s-is Tixis WurWlis natexebi, romlebzec warmodgenilia
sxvadasva cxovelTa da adamianis grafikuli gamosaxulebebi [ramiSvili
q. r. 2010: 195, tab. Tab. IV]. cnobilia, rom am gamosaxulebebs b. kuftini ma-
Sinve ukavSirebda brinjaos gravirebul sartylebze mocemul siuJetebs
[Куфтин Б. 1950: 103-105, tab. 37-38, nax. 27], romlebic safuZvlad daedo kidev
ufro gviandel, adgilobriv nakeTobebze asaxul kompoziciebs - ax. w. I-III
ss-is brinjaos Wvirul (iberiul) abzindebze [xidaSeli m. 1972] da ax. w.
III-IV ss-is cxovelsaxovan fibulebze (Sesabnevebze) aragvis xeobidan [ra-
miSvili q. r. 2007].
mcxeTis muzeum-nakrZalis dokumentaciaSi nastagisis lurji minis
mravalwaxnagebis Semcveli 30-e samarxis kompleqsi daTariRebulia Zv. w.
IV-III ss-iT. nastakisSi marTlac gaiTxara adreelinisturi xanis namo-
saxlari, Tumca, imave teritoriaze gaTxrili samarovani daTariRebulia
gvianelinisturi xaniT - Zv. w. II-I ss-iT, sul ramdenime samarxia ax. w. I
s-is [Бохочадзе А., и др...1981: 151]. 30-e samarxSi aRmoCenil mravalwaxnagaze
gamosaxuli nadirobis samfiguriani kompozicia (sur. 24) am niSniT ex-
mianeba aseve samfigurian kompoziciebs, romlebic aRbeWdilia kavTisxev-
Si (sayaraulo serze) aRmoCenil mravalwaxnagebze, magram nastagisuris-
gan gansxvavebiT, kavTixevurebze brZolis scenebia gamosaxuli, maTi piri
ufro mokle marTkuTxeds warmoadgens da formiT kvadrats uaxlovdeba.
sayaraulo seris es samarxi savaraudod ekuTvnoda mzis taZris mogvs da
Zv. w. III s-is dasawyisiT aris daTariRebuli [cqitiSvili g. 1977]. Zv. w. III
s. aqvs miRebuli n. nikulinas saqarTveloSi aRmoCenili sami lurji minis
mravalwaxnagas TariRad, romlebzec sam da orfiguriani kompoziciebia
warmodgenili. mkvlevari aRniSnavs, rom iberiuli lurji minis mraval-
waxnagebi berZnul-sparsul qvis sabeWdavebze metad siaxloves avlens
siro -kapadokiur, momcro zomis qvis sabeWdavebTan [Никулина Н. М. 1994: 112,
sur. 564, 565, 566]. saerTod, samfiguriani kompoziciebi III-II ss-ze gviandel
samarxebSi aRmoCenil mravalwaxnagebze aRar gvxvdeba. zemoaRniSnuli
faqtebis fonze sakmaod damajereblad gamoiyureba a. gabunias mosazreba
lurji minis mravalwaxnagebis warmoebis Zv. w. III s-is pirveli naxevridan
dawyebis Sesaxeb. misive dakvirvebiT, yalibSi Ria wesiT Camosxmul lurji
minis mravalwaxnagebze gamosaxulebebi dahqondaT tvifaris cxel minaze
dawolis saSualebiT [gabunia a. 2021]. rogorc q. javaxiSvili aRniSnavs,
lurji minis mravalwaxnagebis warmoebas masobrivi xasiaTi hqonda da
xSirad sxvadasxva mravalwaxnagaze erTidaigive gamosaxuleba dasturdeba,
amasTan xSirad samarxSi isini aRmoCenilia micvalebulis mkerdis an ma-
jis areSi (erTi cali nastagisidan sayuredac ki iyo gamoyenebuli), ramac
mkvlevari im daskvnamde miiyvana, romM SesaZloa, maT ara sabeWdavis, aramed
avgarozis an samkaulis funqcia hqondaT [javaxiSvili q. 2002: 75]. lurji
minis mravalwaxnagebi yvelaze meti raodenobiT (100-amde) saqarTvelos
teritoriazea aRmoCenili - ZiriTadad qarTlSi (abelia, arkneTi, axalcixe,
brili, gomareTi, diRomi, dmanisi, duisi, Tbilisi, kavTisxevi, kazreTi, loWi-
ni, metexi, mcxeTis raioni, neron-deresi, Jinvali, urbnisi, ufliscixe, soxTa,
cixiagora), mcire raodenobiT mopovebulia kaxeTSi (lagodexi, qandaura)
da dasavleT saqarTveloSi (saCxere -qoreTi). lurji minis mravalwaxnage-
bi mcire raodenobiT gvxvdeba azerbaijanSi (garakopekTefe, mingeCauri,
naxiWevani) da somxeTSi (garni, geghardi, dvini, karCagibluri, leninakani,
414
oSakani) (ix. ruka – sur. 47), erTi cali Crd. oseTidanaa, erTi cali ki –
qerCidan, romlebic m. lorTqifaniZes, sruliad samarTlianad, iberiidan
gatanilad miaCnia [lorTqifaniZe m. 1963:137; lorTqifaniZe 1969: 49]. iberi-
uli lurji minis mravalwaxnagebi mcire raodenobiT daculia amerikis
(kalifornia), evropisa (londoni, Jeneva, miunxeni) da TurqeTis (adanas)
muzeumebSic [gabunia a. 2021].
mcxeTaSi da mcxeTis raionSi, CvenTvis (maTi ricxvi ufro metia) cnobilia
13 lurji minis mravalwaxnaga.
nastagisidan – 2 cali 30-e samarxidan.
1. samfiguriani nadirobis kompozicia - ori monadiris rqosanze (xarze)
nadirobis scena, erTi winidan Subs aZgerebs cxovels, xolo meore
- zurgidan mSvildiT isars tyorcnis mas (mcxeTis muzeum-nakrZali,
m#4909) da anabeWdi, Zv. w. II s. (sur. 24).
2. satevriani monadirisa da lomis brZola (mcxeTis muzeum-nakrZali;
m#4917) Zv. w. II-I ss [boxoCaZe a. 1981: 151]. (sur. 25).
3. riyianebis velze aRmoCenilia (1 cali) sadazvervo samuSaoebis dros
(erovnuli muzeumi gl. f. 1349; zomebi 17X10X8 mm.), pirze gamosaxulia
etli, romelzec meetle dgas, ax. w. I s. (sur. 26).
samTavros samarovnidan - 4 cali
1. qvevrsamarxi 82 (erovnuli muzeumi; gl. f. 296; zomebi – 8X10X18 mm.) –
pirze gamosaxulia Tavdaxrili iremi, romelic nukrs awovebs. zogan
atkecili; Zv. w. II-I ss. [Максимова М. 1950: 263; Tolordava 1963: 151-153]
(sur. 27).
2. qvevrsamarxi 110 (erovnuli muzeumi; gl. f. 297; zomebi – 7X15X9 mm.) –
pirze (sakmaod mkrTalad Cans) gamosaxulia 2 cxeni – erTi profilSi,
meore – fasSi, Tavmobrunebuli. zogan mcired atkecili. Zv. w. I ss.
[Максимова М. 1950: 263-264; Tolordava 1963: 151-153] (sur. 28).
3. kramityuTi 211 (erovnuli muzeumi; gl. f. 321; zomebi – 7X19X12 mm.) -
cisferi minis mravalwaxnaga, naxvretiT zonrisaTvis, sworkuTxa da
brtyel pirze gamosaxulia monavarde cxeni mxedriT profilSi, cx-
enosans wamosasxami ufrialebs, zogan atkecili; [lorTqifaniZe m. 1954:
29]. ax. w. II s. (sur. 29).
4. baierniseuli aRmoCena samTavroSi (erovnuli muzeumi; gl. f. 731; zome-
bi - 6X19X12 mm;) – gamosaxulia qveiTi monadirisa da lomis brZola.
monadires xeli aqvs wavlebuli lomis kisrisaTvis da satevris Cace-
mas upirebs. Llomi ukana fexebze dgas da wina TaTebiT monadiris mi-
wvdomas lamobs. mravalwaxnaga adgil-adgil atkecilia. samarxis dad-
gena SeuZlebelia [lorTqifaniZe m. 2014: 103, tab I/16] (sur. 30).
baiaTxevi – 1 cali - gamosaxulia monadirisa da lomis Serkineba, bavSvis
samarxi # 21, ax. w. III s. [nikolaiSvili v., giunaSvili g. 1995: 120, sur. 982,
1219]. (mcxeTis muzeum-nakrZali, 01-35-109; m#16347) (sur. 31).
415
 tuiaqoCora – 1 cali - gamosaxulia cxeni da mis fexebs Soris kvici
profilSi (mcxeTis muzeum-nakrZali – 01/8-8), samarxi # 4, ax. w. IV s. [niko-
laiSvili v. 1978: 160, 166, sur. 663, 634].
wiwamuri – 2 cali –aRmoCenilia pirvel maranSi.
1. sqematurad gamosaxulia ori cxeni – erTi profilSi, meore - fasSi,
Tavmobrunebuli
2. gamosaxulia meetle da etlSi Sebmuli cxeni. marani I daTariRebulia
ax. w. II-III ss-iT [nikolaiSvili v., narimaniSvili g. 1995: 93-95, sur. 823,
824]. (mcxeTis muzeum-nakrZali – 01/4-III-156; 01/4-III-157)
axali niCbisi - gruntuli samarxi #1 (erovnuli muzeumi, gl. f. 1267; zome-
bi 17X10X8 mm) - gamosaxulia lomis iremze Tavdasxmis scena, dazianebuli,
Zv. w. II-I ss. (sur. 32).
axali armazi – 1 cali, aRmoCnda # 11 qvis samarxSi (mcxeTis muzeum-na-
krZali, 01/12 - inv. 50), gamosaxulia meetle da etlSi Sebmuli cxeni, ax. w.
IV s. dazianebuli, kuTxe aqvs motexili (sur. 33).
rogorc irkveva, nastagisis #2 (30-e samarxi), baierniseul (samTavro) da
baiaTxevur mravalwaxnagebze gamosaxulia erTi da igive kompozicia -
monadirisa da lomis Serkineba, oRond nastagisurze monadiresa da loms
adgilebi aqvT gacvlili. riyianebis velis, wiwamurul #2 da axal ar-
mazul mravalwaxnagebze gamosaxulia meetle da etlSi Sebmuli cxeni,
xolo samTavros # 110 qvevrsamarxisa da wiwamurul # 1 mravalwaxnagebze
gamosaxulia 2 cxeni – erTi profilSi, meore – sxeuliT fasSi da Tavmo-
brunebuli.
erTi da igive kompoziciis ganmeorebadoba marTlac saeWvos xdis lurji
minis mravalwaxnagebis sakuTrebis damadasturebel sabeWdavebad gamoyene-
bas. rogorc Cans, lurj minis mravalwaxnagebze gamosaxul kompoziciebs
Zalze mniSvnelovani ideologiuri datvirTva hqondaT da sakulto ga-
mosaxulebebs warmoadgendnen. savaraudod, amitom xdeboda maTi xSiri
gameoreba da STamomavlobisaTvis gadacema. erTxel Casaxuli rwmena imi-
sa, rom am gamosaxulebebs RvTiuri, mfarveli Zala aqvT, kidev didi xnis
ganmavlobaSi darCa xalxis mexsierebaSi, rac adamianis cnobierSi pirve-
lyofili magizmis gamovlinebad iTvleba [Менделеева Д. 2013: 3]. vfiqrobT,
swored amiT unda aixsnas lurji minis mravalwaxnagebis yofacxovrebaSi
xangrZlivad arsebobac da maTi avgarozebad Tu avgarozis funqciis mqone
samkaulad gamoyenebac.
rogorc aRvniSneT, Zv. w. V-IV ss-Si mTel maSindel samyaroSi gavrcelebu-
li iyo skarabeoidebi, romlebic sxvadasxva naxevradZvirfasi qvebisgan iyo
damzadebuli. adgilobrivi gli ptikis mniSvnelovan nimuSs warmoadgens
wiTeli iasp-aqatisagan gamoTlili da kargad gaprialebuli mcire zomis
(19X13 mm.) ovaluri skarabeoidi (erovnuli muzeumi, gl. f. 299), romelic
Zv. w. V-IV saukuneebiTaa daTariRebuli da aRmoCenilia samTavros sama-
rovnis # 177 kramitsamarxSi. igi mTel sigrZeze gaxvretilia, mniSvnelo-
vani nawili Camotexili aqvs ise, rom gamosaxuleba dazianebulia, Tumca,
Cans brtyel pirze sqematurad gamosaxuli sami, erTmaneTis gverdigverd
416
34. iasp-aqatis skar- 35. kamaraxevi, sa- 36. armazisxevi, sa- 37. samTavro, samarxi
abeoidi, samTavro, marxi 9, Zv. w. IV marxi 48, ax. w. 310, ax. w. V-VI ss.
kramitsamarxi 177, s-is, pirveli nax- III s.
Zv. w.V s. evari (asli)
mimavali iremi (sur. 34) gamosaxuleba dazgazea amoWrili dabali relief-
iT. sabeWdavi skarabeoidebis klasikur nimuSadaa miCneuli [lorTqifaniZe
m. 1969: 52, 53, 120, 121, sur, 51] da mcireaziuri Zeglebis gavleniTaa Seqmnili.
aseTi skarabeoidebi aRmoCenilia agreTve sanTaSi, abeliaSi da arkneTSi,
Tumca isini, samTavrulisgan gansxvavebiT, mcireaziuri Zeglebis gavleniT
Seqmnil lokalur ti pebs warmoadgenen [lorTqifaniZe m. 1969: 53].
Zv. w. V-III saukuneebSi saqarTveloSi, sadac liTonis damuSavebis uZvele-
si tradiciebi arsebobda, metad popularuli xdeba antikuri samyarodan
da aRmosavleTidan gavrcelebuli sxvadasxva liTonisagan damzadebuli
TiTze Sesacmeli farakiani beWdebi, romelTa farakebze sxvadasxva gamo-
saxulebebia amokveTili. liTonis mxatvrulad damuSavebis iseTi mZlavri
tradiciis mqone qveyanaSi, rogoric saqarTveloa, farakiani beWdebis damza-
debisa da Semkobis teqnika swrafad aiTvises adgilobrivma ostatebma da
rogorc dasavleT, ise aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi SesaniSnavi nakeTobebi
Seqmnes [javaxiSvili q. 2015: 6]. farakiani beWedi uxvadaa mopovebuli mTel
saqarTveloSi – afxazeTidan kaxeTamde [lorTqifaniZe m. 1969: 39-48] da
yvela niSniT, j. bordmanis mier gamoyofil berZnul-aRmosavluri sabe-
Wdavi-beWdebis wreSi eqcevian, gansakuTrebiT aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi
aRmoCenili beWdebi, romelTa saerTo forma da gamosaxulebaTa kveTis
teqnika aSkarad berZnulia, xolo farakebze amokveTili gamosaxulebebis
Tematika – aRmosavluri, maT Soris wminda aqemeniduri motivebic gvxvdeba
[gagoSiZe i. 2009: 15-16].
mcxeTaSi am periodis farakiani beWdebi TiTqmis ar Cans, Tumca, kamarax-
evis samarovnis # 9 samarxSi aRmoCnda brinjaos sakmaod masiuri beWedi
(asli inaxeba erovnuli muzeumis gli ptikis kabinetSi; intalio – 21X15
mm; beWdis simaRle – 24 mm), romlis ovaluri faraki uSualod gadadis
dawaxnagebul rkalSi. farakis btyel pirze gamosaxulia fexze mdgomi
qali marcxena profilSi (sur. 35), grZeli kabiT, Wvintiani fexsacmliT,
welamde CaSvebuli nawnaviT (SesaZloa Tavsafaric exuros), cal xelSi
bologafarToebuli - lotosisebri yvaviliT, xolo meoreSi – rgol-
isebri gvirgviniT [ramiSvili r. 1959: 9, sur. 10]. es siuJeti aqemenidur
gli ptikaSi erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli iyo da ,,sparseli qalis“
saxeliTaa cnobili. beWedi gamosaxulebis Taviseburi stiluri niSnebiT,
teqnikiT, mxatvruli SesrulebiT, gansxvavebuli formis nawnaviTa Tu sa-
mosiT, adgilobriv naxelavadaa miCneuli da ekuTvnis berZnul-sparsuli
417

brinjaos marTkuTxa da samkuTxa sabeWdavebi, Zv. w. III-I ss.
a b 39. erTawminda 40. Zvlis sabeWdavi
mxedris gamosax-
ulebiT, svet-
38. kavTisxevi (cixia gora) icxovlis ubani,
kramitsamarxi 4,
Zv. w. I s.
sabeWdavebis im wres, romelic ,,Sereuli stilis“ Zeglebs, kerZod aqe-
menidurmotivianebs aerTianebs, amdenad, intalio arasparsuli warmoSobis
,,Sereuli stilis“ Wrila qvebis uSualo gavleniT Seqmnili adgilo-
brivi nakeTobaa [lorTqifaniZe m. 1981: 49, tab. II/7]. beWedi davaTariReT Zv.
w. IV s-is dasawyisiT, [ramiSvili q. r. 2021]. vercxlis farakiani beWedi
,,sparseli qalis“ gamosaxulebiT aRmoCenilia agreTve taxtiZirSic, qals
idayvSi moxril da zeaweul xelSi momcro Tasi uWiravs, daTariRebulia
Zv. w. IV-III ss. [javaxiSvili q. 2015: 10; ramiSvili q. r. 2021]. kamaraxevisa
da taxtiZiris sabeWdavi-beWdebis farakze gamosaxuli ,,sparseli qali“
maTi atributebis gaTvaliswinebiT (yvavili, rgolisebri gvirgvini, Tasi),
anahitas kultan unda iyos dakavSirebuli. Tavsafari, lotosisebri an
SroSanisebri yvavili, rgolisebri gvirgvini an Tasi is atributebia, rom-
lebic gvavaraudebinebs, rom qali SesaZloa asrulebdes anahitasadmi miZ-
Rvnil rituals [ramiSvili q. r 2021]. anahitas oficialuri Tayvaniscema
iranSi Zv. w. IV saukuneSi artaqserqse II-s SemouRia. misi kulti Zv. w. IV
s-idan Sedis armeniaSi, kapadokiaSi, pontosa da lidiaSi. lidiaSi mox-
da misi asimilireba kibelasTan da artemis efeselTan [afxazava n. 1979:
88]. safiqrebelia, msgavsi procesi mimdinareobda saqarTveloSic. Sesa-
Zleblad migvaCnia misi sinkretizacia iseT adgilobriv qalRvTaebasTan,
rogoricaa nayofierebisa da siyvarulis RvTaeba ca/ciskris varskvla-
vi [afxazava n. 1979: 88-89]. selevkidur da arSakidul periodSi anahitas
kulti erTgvarad daCrdilulia sxva kultebis mier da emTxveva, rom am
periodSi e. w. ,,sparseli qalis“ gamosaxuleba qarTlSi ar Cans. Tumca,
armazisxevis # 48 qvis samarxSi aRmoCenilia daqanebulmxrebiani oqros
beWedi maRali budiT, romelSic zis granatis gema (erovnuli muzeumi,
gl. f. 850; beWdis simaRle – 27 mm.; intalio 14X10 mm.). beWedi Seiswavla
m. lorTqifaniZem da aRniSna, rom igi daqanebulmxrebiani beWdebis sax-
esxvaoba unda iyos da beWedi ax. w. III s-iT. daaTariRa. misi mosazrebiT,
intalios ovalur da amoburcul pirze dabali reliefiT, magram mkafiod
amokveTilia e. w. ,,sparseli qali“ profilSi marcxniv, Semosili grZeli,
viwro kabiTa da saxeze mWidrod Semoxveuli TavsafriT (sur. 36). grZeli,
nawnaviseburad Caxveuli Tma CaSvebuli aqvs. idayvSi moxril marjvena
xelSi yvavili uWiravs. mkvlevaris mosazrebiT, intalio parTuli xanis
418
gli ptikis nimuSia da masze ,,sparseli qalis“ ti pia gadmocemuli, sadac
berZnul-aRmosavluri gli ptikis Zveli tradiciebia Semonaxuli (gvian-
deli replika) [lorTqifaniZe m. 1958: 74-76; tab. VI/26]. aRsaniSnavia, rom
qalis es gamosaxuleba zogi detaliT (terfebi, xelebi da sxv.) metad Ta-
viseburadaa gaazrebuli da gamosaxulebac sakmaod sqematuria da stili-
zebuli. am samarxis gamTxrelebis varaudiT, gemaze SesaZloa sulac mamak-
aci iyos gamosaxuli muzaradiTa da xelSi isriTa Tu SubiT [afaqiZe da
sxv. 1955: 126]. Cveni mosazrebiT, es gamosaxuleba mandilosnisaa, romelic
poziT, proporciebiT, nawilobriv CacmulobiT, atributebiTa da Jestiku-
laciiT ufro met msgavsebas poulobs ax. w. I-III ss. romaul intalioebze
gamosaxul qalRvTaebebTan, mag. isidasTan (I s.), venus-viqtrisTan (II s.) da
viqtoriasTan (III s.) bonis muzeumidan [Zwierlein-Diehl E. 2003: tab. 78, 60a, 61b],
rac mis ,,sparsel qalobas“ erTgvarad eWvis qveS ayenebs.
saerTod, anahitas kultis kvlav aRorZineba sasanianTa gamefebis droidan
iwyeba. anahita sasanidebis dinastiis mfarveli xdeba ax. w. IV s. dasawy-
isSi, Sapur II-is (309 w.) gamefebis Semdeg. am periodidan igi siyvarulis,
wylebisa da mcenareTa mfarvelia. emTxveva, rom nawnaviani qalis gamosax-
uleba yvaviliT xelSi isev Cans sasanur gemebze [Борисов А., Луконин В. 1963:
# # 142, 170; Берзина С. 2010: 132, 134, 152, 154; ## 58, 59, 68, 69]. mcxeTaSi es motivi
aisaxa ax. w. V-VI ss-iT daTariRebul, yavisferi frcxilisgan gamoTlil
beWedze samTavros samarovnis # 450 samarxidan (erovnuli muzeumi gl.
f. # 310; piri – 13X4 mm.; beWdis simaRle – 21 mm.). beWdis rkals waxnagi
gasdevs, xolo wakveTil nawilze - ovalursa da brtyel pirze Zalze
sqematurad gamosaxulia qali profilSi marjvniv (sur. 37). gamosaxule-
ba gviansasanuri ,,Strixuli maneriTaa“ Sesrulebuli - yabalaxiseburi
TavsaburaviT, grZeli nawnaviTa da naoWiani, kalTebakecili samosiT. qals
xelebi win aqvs gawvdili, TiTqos xelSi yvavili an nayofi eWiros (ar
Cans). beWedi Seiswavla q. i. ramiSvilma da qalis es gamosaxuleba anahitas
kults daukavSira [ramiSvili q. i. 1979: 100-101, tab IV/50].
Zv. w. III-I saukuneebSi saqarTveloSi, ZiriTadad qarTlSi (roqi, urbnisi,
kavTisxevi - cixiagora (sur. 38 a, b), waRvli, TeTri wyaro, monasteri, samTa-
visi, vaCnaZiani, erTawminda (sur. 39), dasavleT saqarTvelo - sairxe), brin-
jaosagan amzadeben sakmaod mozrdil marTkuTxa an samkuTxa sabeWdavebs,
romlebsac momrgvalebuli kuTxeebi da zurgze mirCiluli sqeli naxe-
varwriuli saxeluri aqvT. sabeWdavebze gamosaxulia adamiani (sur. 38 a),
cxovelebi, delfini, fantastikuri cxovelebi (sur. 38 b) da mxedrebi (sur.
39) sabeWdavebi adgilobrivadaa damzadebuli da maTi Semqmnelebi, rogorc
Cans, kargad icnobdnen rogorc aqemenidur, ise berZnul xelovnebas [ma-
TiaSvili T. 2005: 15-21, tab. 1-4]. imis safuZvelze, rom aseTi sabeWdavebis
anabeWdebi dasturdeba mag. cixia-goris sataZro kompleqsSi mopovebul
bulebze, q. javaxiSvilma gamosTqva mosazreba, rom SesaZloa, isini sataZro
sabeWdavebi yofiliyvnen (sur. 38 a, b), miT umetes, rom im periodSi mosax-
leobis TiTqmis yvela socialuri fenis warmomadgeneli liTonis msubuq
da moxdenil farakian sabeWdav-beWdebs atarebda da didi zomis, uxeSi sa-
beWdavebis gaCena ramdenadme ucnaurad Cans [javaxiSvili q. 1997: gv. 221-229,
tab. I-5; tab II-8;].
zemoganxiluli brinjaos sabeWdavebis msgavsi marTkuTxa sabeWdavi, oRond
Zvlisa (sur. 40), mcxeTaSi, sveticxovlis ubanze, ax. w. I-II ss-iT daTari-
Rebul #4 kramitsamarxSic aris aRmoCenili (mcxeTis muzeum-nakrZali
419

41. urbnisi, samarxi 165, ax. w. 42. Jinvali, samarxi 552, ax. w. 43. karsnisxevi, samarxi
I-II ss. II s. meore naxevari ax. w. II-III ss.
44. urbnisi, samarxi 1, ax. w. 46. giSris ormxrivi tab-
III s. loidi samTavro, qvevrsa-
marxi 31,Zv. w. I aTaswleu-
lis miwuruli
– 01/6-78; m#11796). q. javaxiSvilis mosazrebiT, es sabeWdavi brinjaos sabe-
Wdavebis Tanadroulia da mas Zv. w. III-I ss-iT, ufro ki Zv. w. I s-iT aTari-
Rebs. sabeWdavze gamosaxulia mxedari profilSi, romelsac cali xeliT
TiTqos aRviri uWiravs, meore - maRla aqvs SemarTuli [afaqiZe a. da sxv.
1978: 70, sur. 437, 438; javaxiSvili q. 1997: gv. 228, tab. I-5A;AjavaxiSvili q. 2015:
12]. safiqrebelia, rom Zvlis sabeWdavze amokveTili mxedari e. w. miTras
gamoxatavdes [dundua g. 1977: 343-347].
rogorc cnobilia, miTraizmi swrafad gavrcelda yvela im qveyanaSi, sadac
farTod iyo aRiarebuli cxenisa da mnaTobTa Tayvaniscema,amitom bunebriv-
ia, cxenisa da mxedris kultis iseTi mZlavri tradicis mqone qveyanaSi, ro-
goric saqarTveloa, man farTo gamoZaxili hpova [makalaTia s. 1927: 181-194],
rac kargad aisaxa saqarTveloSi, ZiriTadad qarTlis sxvadasxva punqtSi
da maT Soris mcxeTis raionSi ax. w. I aTaswleulis sawyisi saukuneebiT
daTariRebul da adgilobrivad damzadebul gema-intalioebze, romlebzec
toraweul cxenze Semomjdari e. w. miTra-mxedaria gamosaxuli. maT Soris
uadresi minis oTxi intalio aRmoCnda urbnisis samarovnis ## 189, 165, 129,
164 samarxebSi (erovnuli muzeumi gl. f. ## 1040, 1010, 1074, 1009), daTariRe-
bulia ax. w. I-II saukuneebiT [javaxiSvili q. 1975: 76-78; gv. 107-111] (sur. 41);
Jinvalis samarovnis # 552 samarxSi aRmoCenil brinjaos beWedSi Casmul
sardionis gema-intalioze (sur. 42) [lorTqifaniZe m. 1990: 188; CixlaZe v.
2015: 109-156. tab. LX] (erovnuli muzeumi gl. f. #1854), intalio davaTari-
ReT ax. w. II saukunis boloTi, meoradi gamoyenebis gemaa da Casmuli iyo
ax. w. IV s-is beWedSi, romelic amJamad dazianebulia [ramiSvili q. r. 2019:
58-85]; karsnisxevis # 27 samarxSi - rkinis beWedSi Casmul sardionis in-
talioze (sur. 43) (mcxeTis muzeum-nakrZali, 01/5-88), daTariRebulia ax. w.
420
II s-is boloTi da III s-is dasawyisiT [nikolaiSvili v. 1993: 72, 86, tab.
XCV-5]; quTaisis maxloblad napovn sardionis intalioze (moskovis isto-
riul muzeumi) [Кибальчич Т. В. 1910: 49, tab. VIII-267], daTariRebulia III s-is
dasawyisiT [lorTqifaniZe m. 1969: 144, tab. X-136]; urbnisis samarovnis # 1
samarxSi aRmoCenil sardionis intalioze (sur. 44) (erovnuli muzeumi gl.
f. 1107) [WilaSvili l. 1964: 61, 82, 83, tab. XXVI- 2; javaxiSvili q. 1972: 82, #
135], daTariRebulia ax. w. III s-iT [lorTqifaniZe m. 1969: 145: javaxiSvili q.
1975: 77-78]; samTavros samarovnis # 600 qvis samarxSi aRmoCenil vercxlis
27, beWedSi Casmul sardionis intalioze (sur. 45) (erovnuli muzeumi, gl. f.
# 587) [lorTqifaniZe m. 1954: 34-35, tab. III-29], daTariRebulia ax. w. III-IV
ss-iT [lorTqifaniZe m. 1954: 34-35, tab. III-29 lorTqifaniZe m. 1969: 145, tab.
X-137]. gasaziarebelia g. dunduas mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom am gemebze
gamosaxuli mxedari-RvTaeba identuria biWvinTaSi aRmoCenil trapezun-
tul monetebze gamosaxuli mxedar-RvaTaebisa da igi aris miTra ara puri-
tanuli gagebiT, aramed adgilobriv RvTaebasTan Serwymuli e. w. miTra. es
nivTebi, adgilobrivad damzadebul vercxlis Tasebze gamosaxul bomonis
winaSe toraweul cxenebis gamosaxulebebTan da sxva masalebTan erTad,
qarTul miTraizmze saubris saSualebas gvaZlevs. misaRebad gveCveneba
mkvlevaris mosazreba imisTan dakavSirebiTac, rom am e. w. miTra-mxedris
ikonografia mogvianebiT safuZvlad daedo wm. giorgis gamosaxulebas da
mis kults qarTvelur samyaroSi [dundua g. 1977: 343-344; ramiSvili q. r.
2019].
Zv. w. I aTaswleulis miwuruli saukuneebiT aris daTariRebuli sam-
Tavros samarovnis # 31 qvevrsamarxSi (erovnuli muzeumi, gl. f. # 320;
zomebi: 21X17X6 mm) aRmoCenili giSris intalio-kameo (CaWrili da amobur-
culi ornamentebis erToblioba), ormxrivi, romelic sakid-avgarozadaa
miCneuli (sur. 46). avgarozs dabali tabloidis forma aqvs da orive
piri marTkuTxedis moyvanilobisaa. cal mxares, or kuTxeSi gamWoli nax-
vretebia gakeTebuli, rac adasturebs, rom nivTi sakidad yofila gamoy-
enebuli. erT pirze centrSi gamosaxulia svastika, romelic figurul
- rombisebur CarCoSia moTavsebuli, piris oTxive kideze, sakmaod Rrmad,
samkuTxedebia amokveTili. meore mxares piri oTxadaa gayofili, TiToeul
segmentSi dabal reliefSi Sesrulebuli TiTo svastikaa mocemuli erT-
maneTis miyolebiT, rac mTlianobaSi xeTur meandrs qmnis. gamosaxuleba
saWrisiT aris amoWrili, faqizi da xarisxiani naxelavia [lorTqifaniZe
1954: 35; lorTqifaniZe 1969: 21-22, 82-83, sur 14a]. svastikas gamosaxuleba
farTod iyo gavrcelebuli kretasa da kapadokiaSi, aseve troaSi, suzas
keramikaze, da sxv. xeTurma meandrma Zvel saqarTveloSi erTgvarad popu-
laroba moi pova. Mmag. uflicixeSi aRmoCenil da Zv. w. XIV s-iT daTari-
Rebul sabeWdavzea gamosaxuli (sur. 15) da mis prototi pad mersinaSi aR-
moCenili xeTuri sabeWdavis gamosaxulebaa miCneuli [lorTqifaniZe 1969:
70, sur. 13]. svastika yvelaze xSirad mzis, cecxlisa da drois maradiuli,
wriuli moZraobis simboloa. xeTuri meandri da svastika xSirad gvxvdeba
geometriuli stilis xanaSi da mikenur moxatul WurWlebze. Ees motivebi
saqarTveloSi gvxvdeba agreTve kolxuri kulturis Zeglebze, xeTuri me-
andri gamosaxulia TrialeTur WurWlebze, samTavroSi mopovebul Tixis
WurWelsa da sakinZis Tavebze. rogorc Cans, am ornamentma, romelic mar-
adisobis simbolodaa miCneuli, svastikasTan erTad didxans iarseba saqa-
rTveloSi da gamoZaxili hpova Zv. w. I aTaswleulis miwurulis mcxeTur
giSris avgarozze, romlis damcavi Zala giSerTan erTad am ornamentebis
simbolikiTacaa gaZlierebuli.
421
 Znul-sparsuli“ gemebi. iberia-kolxeTi, masalebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis ar-
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12. dundua g., kidev erTxel trapezuntis gamosaxulebiani fibulebi, Ziebani, Zieba-
monetebis ikonografiis Sesaxeb. didi ni saqarTvelos arqeologiaSi N19, 2010
pitiunti II, Tb., 1977 31. ramiSvili q. r., ,,fantastikuri cxove-
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47. lurji minis mravalwaxnagebis aRmoCenis punqte- Zvel saqarTveloSi, avtoreferati, Tb., turis mxatvruli xelosnobis Zegleb-
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tracia aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, ZiriTadad, qa- 14. kapanaZe m., saruxaniSvili a., Cagunava r., #20, Tb., 2011
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dmanisi saCxere (inaxeba s. janaSias saxelobis saqarT- 36. samsonia n., miTanuri gli ptika, Tb., 2016
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Ketevan R. Ramishvili
National Museum of Georgia,
Simon Janashia Museum of Georgia,
Supervisor of Glyptic Fund,
Academic Doctor of Archaeology,
Art Historian
GLYPTIC
MONUMENTS
FROM GREAT
MTSKHETA
(ACCORDING TO GLYPTIC MATERIALS,
PRESERVED IN GEORGIAN NATIONAL MUSEUM
AND GREAT MTSKHETA ARCHAEOLOGICAL
STATE MUSEUM-RESERVE – FROM ANCIENT TIME
TO ROMAN PERIOD)
The paper mainly covers glyptic monuments Due to special geographic location of Mtskhe-
from ancient time to late antique period, di- ta, numerous and diverse glyptic items were
scovered in Mtskheta and Mtskheta district, settled there through international trade transit
as a result of archaeological excavations; ne- road, crossing the city. At the same time, local
vertheless, we also cover some other pieces of products were manufactured, which, in spite
work of antique period. The fact that the socie- of the fact, that they always reflect the trends,
ty, residing on the territory of Great Mtskheta developed in the outer world of that time quite
widely used glyptic items and that there was well, are characterized by special uniqueness,
high demand for such items, is proven by the exquisite forms and content.
facts of discovery of large number of diverse
stamps, gemma- intaglios and adornments with Glyptic monuments, discovered in Mtskheta,
gemmas in Mtskheta and its surroundings. As together with written sources and other ar-
a result of systematic archaeological excavati-chaeological materials, represent one of the
ons, conducted in Mtskheta, several hundreds important information sources related to Great
of glyptic monuments were discovered, which Mtskheta. Their comprehensive study allows
were found abundantly in burials of Samtavro us to trace ideological views of the population
necropolis. Important glyptic materials were of Mtskheta of different periods, their cultural
obtained in Armaziskhevi, Bagineti, Karsnisk- and economic contacts with the outer world;
hevi, Kamarakhevi, Tuiakochora, Baiatkhevi, we also obtain certain idea about the level of
Pikrisgora, Nerakvavi and other cemeteries, as development of jeweler’s art. According to the
well as near Svetitskhoveli. Majority of these images, engraved on glyptic monuments, it is
materials is preserved in Georgian National also possible to judge about their owners and
Museum and Great Mtskheta Museum-Reser- world views of the society of that period. Thus,
ve, and part – in Russian (Moscow, Petersburg) glyptic monuments, discovered in Mtskheta,
and French museums. represent important source for study of econo-
mic and cultural level and relation with the ou-
The oldest intaglios are engraved on clay and ter world of not only the capital of Kartli, but
stone stamps of different shapes, polyhedra, the Kingdom of Iberia.
made of semi-precious stones, rectangular
and triangular bronze stamps, shields of metal
stamps-rings, glass polyhedra, bone stamps,
agate tabloid, ring stones, etc.
425
 ana gabunia
saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi,
simon janaSias saxelobis muzeumi,
mecnier-TanamSromeli,
magistri
lurji
minis
mravalwaxnagebi
saukuneze meti gavida pirveli lurji minis mra-
valwaxnagis1 saqarTveloSi aRmoCenidan da isini
dRemde mkvlevarTa did interess iwvevs2. azrTa
sxvadasxvaobaa maTi warmomavlobis, TariRis, fun-
qciisa da sxva gli ptikur ZeglebTan damokidebu-
lebis Sesaxeb. maT SeswavlaSi didi wvlili Seita-
nes Mmecnierebma: m. maqsimovam, m. lorTqifaniZem, s.
barnavelma, q. javaxiSvilma, i. gagoSiZem3.
saqarTvelos teritoriaze mravalwaxnagebis gavrc-
elebis areali umetesad qarTliT Semoifargleba,
Tumca erTeulebi dasturdeba kaxeTSi _ lagodexSi,
yandaurasa da dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze
- saCxereSi, kldeeTsa da brilSi. mcxeTasa da mis
SemogarenSi, mravalwaxnagebi gamovlenilia samTav-
ros samarovanze, baiTxevSi, wiwamurSi, da tuiaqoCo-
raze. samarxebi sxvadasxva periodiTaa daTariRebu-
li (Zv.w. II-I, ax.w. II, III da IV saukuneebi).
am bolo xans lurji minis mravalwaxnagebis ko-
leqcias kidev ramdenime aTeuli cali Seemata
da gamoCnda ramdenime axali siuJeti. mravalwax-
nagebze dakvirvebis Sedegad Sevecdebi ramdenad-
me dazustdes maTi TariRi, funqcia, damzadebis
teqnika. kvlevis procesSi davakvirdi samarxebSi
aRmoCenil sabeWdavTa mdebareobas, erTsa da ima-
ve samarxSi gamovlenili mravalwaxnagebis ga-
mosaxulebaTa Tanxvedras. sainteresoa Tu rome-
li socialuri fenis warmomadgenlebi iyenebdnen
1 mravalwaxnaga minisagan Camosxmuli aTwaxnaga sakidia _ wakveTili piramidis formis
zurgiani, sigrZiv gaxvretili paralelepi pedi, romlis qveda, marTkuTxa waxnagze
gamosaxulebaa datanili. bordmani aseT mravalwaxnagebs tabloidebs uwodebs
[Boardman 1970:313]
2 lurji minis mravalwaxnaga pirvelad samTavros samarovanze aRmoCnda. gaTxrebs
xelmZRvanelobda baierni 1870-1877 wlebSi
3 vrclad ix. javaxiSvili 2002: 71-78
426
mravalwaxnagebs da iyo Tu ara msgavs siuJetiani mravalwaxnagebi xma-
rebaSi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi. am kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemas statiaSi
Sevecdebi.
lurji minis mravalwaxnagebis
damzadebis teqnologia
1
iTvleba, rom lurji minis mravalwaxnagebis damzadebisa da masze gamo-
saxulebis datanisaTvis Camosxmis teqnika gamoiyeneboda [lorTqifaniZe
1969: 49], magram arsad ar aris aRniSnuli Tu konkretulad rogor xdeboda
maTi damzadeba. mravalwaxnagebze dakvirvebis Sedegad, Semdegi daskvnis
gamotana SevZeli. metad damajerebelia, rom mina Ria yalibSi isxmeboda,
saidanac miiReboda mravalwaxnagas zeda, dawaxnagebuli mxare. tabloidis
brtyel pirze ki gamosaxulebis miReba tvifariT xdeboda manam, sanam mi-
nis masa yalibSi sabolood gacivdeboda. am varauds safuZvlad ramdenime
faqtori udevs. 1. ori tabloidis (nastagisi, inv. #239, neron deresi g.f
#773) brtyel pirze, marjvena kide mkveTrad amozneqilia (sur. 1). aRniSnu-
li Sedegis miReba ki mxolod tvifa-
ris daWeriT SeiZleba momxdariyo im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu tvifari ufro mokle
iyo vidre yalibis forma. 2. gamosa-
xulebebs, zog SemTxvevaSi Semouyveba
moCarCoeba kideebSi, rac aseve Stam-
pis kvals unda warmoadgendes (sur.
2) (g.f #296, 1820, 947, 1159). 3. erT-er-
Ti gavrcelebuli siuJeti iremi da
maszed gamosaxuli frinveli nastagi-
sis calze gansxvavebul suraTs gvaZ-
levs (inv. #239.3, 513/2). mravalwaxnagas
brtyel pirze gamosaxul frinvels
Tavi aqvs waWrili, xolo cxens - rqe-
bi (sur. 3). rogorc Cans, SedarebiT
viwro mravalwaxnagaze farTo tvifa-
ri gamouyenebiaT, ramac nakluli ga- 2
427
 mosaxuleba mogvca. tvifaris napiri
eyrdnoba yalibis kides, ris Sedega-
dac gamosaxulebis zeda ukiduresi
nawilebi iWreba da amasTanave mopir-
dapire mxares gamosaxuleba ufro
Rrma aris vidre SuaSi.
lurji minis gamoyeneba Zv.w. II aTas-
wleulis II naxevridan dasturdeba
egvi pteSi, mcire aziasa da xmelTaSua
zRvis regionebSi. lurji mina Zvir-
fasi qvebis, lapis lazurisa da firu-
zis imitacias warmoadgenda. lurji
feris misaRebad xmarobdnen kobalti-
3
sa da spilenZis oqsidebs [Schilck-Nolte,
B., Lierke, R. 2002: 22].
kobaltiT Seferili minis nawarmi saqarTvelos teritoriaze mxolod
Zv. w. VI saukunidan Cndeba (brili, kamaraxevi) [baxtaZe 1962: 94]. lurji
minis mravalwaxnagas TrialeTidan (inv. N755) gaukeTda speqtruli ana-
lizi [baxtaZe 1962]. aRmoCnda, rom mina natrium-kalcium-siliciumiania.
mniSvnelovani raodenobiT Seicavs alumins, magniums, rkinas, agreTve man-
ganums, titansa da kaliums. minis lurji feri miRebulia kobaltiTa da
spilenZiT, romelTa raodenoba 1%-mdea. mcire raodenobiT Secavs nikels,
tyvias, vercxls, kaliumsa da bors [baxtaZe 1962: 88]. rusudan baxtaZem, lur-
ji minis analizze dayrdnobiT gamoTqva varaudi, rom mina adgilobrivi
warmoebis ar unda iyos, is sxvaganaa gamodnobili, xolo misgan sabeWdavi
adgilobriv unda iyos gakeTebuli. Tumca, radgan saqarTvelos terito-
riaze aRmoCenil iqna kobaltis madnebi, ar gamoricxavs minis adgilobriv
warmoebasac [baxtaZe 1964: 88-89].
baxtaZisagan gansxvavebiT, m. kapanaZes miaCnia, rom lurji minac saqarT-
veloSi adgilobrivad mzaddeboda [kapanaZe 1999]. brilis (Zvw. V-III ss.)
lurji minis mZivebis qimiur-teqnologiuri kvlevis safuZvelze is ad-
gens, ucxouri minebisagan, raWis minebis Tavisuburebasa da gansxvavebas
rogorc SemadgenlobiT, ise teqnologiuri TvisebebiT da maT warmoebas
adgilobriv saxelosnoebs miawers [kapanaZe 2004: 124]. sxvadasxva regione-
bis minis analizis Sedarebis safuZvelze m. kapanaZe ambobs, rom Zv.w. 1400
wliT daTariRebul da lurjad SeRebil minaTa umravlesobaSi, saqarT-
velos farglebs gareT, qimiurma analizma daadgina 0.075-dan 0.5 mas.%-mde
kobaltis oqsidi, xolo Zv.w. V s-dan ax.w. VIII-IX ss-mde aRmoCenil lurj
minebSi kobaltis oqsidi aRar figurirebs [kapanaZe 2004: 80]. kapanaZes ase-
ve mohyavs a. lukasis mosazreba minebis Sesaxeb, romlis azriTac, vinaidan
egvi pteSi ar moi poveboda kobaltSemcveli wiaRiseuli, igi SeiZleba eg-
vi pteSi iranidan, an kavkasiidan SehqondaT [kapanaZe 2004: 80].
428
lurji minis mravalwaxnagebis arqeologiuri
konteqsti da maTi funqcia
saqarTvelos teritoriaze aRmoCenili lurji minis mravalwaxnagebi Zi-
riTadad samarxeuli kompleqsebidan momdinareobs. samarxebze dakvirve-
bis Sedegad SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom Zv.w. II-I, ax.w. I saukuneebis samarxebi,
sadac mravalwaxnagebia aRmoCenili erTgvarovania da, savaraudod, mosax-
leobis saSualo fenas ekuTvnoda. samarxebi aris rogorc individualuri,
ise wyviladi. zog SemTxvevaSi samarxSi sami adamiania dakrZaluli. aseve,
ar arsebobs sqesobrivi da asakobrivi kanonzomiereba im samarxebisa, sa-
dac mravalwaxnagebia gamovlenili. samarxebSi gvxvdeba rogorc bavSvebi,
ise zrdasruli mamkacebi da qalebi (baiaTxevi, Jinvali, neron deresi da
sxv.). socialuri statusis mxriv, mdgomareoba aSkarad icvleba ax.w. III-
IV saukuneebiT daTariRebul samarxebSi, sadac mravalwaxnagebTan erTad
fiqsirdeba oqrosa da vercxlis nivTebi (Treli, Jinvali, tuiaqoCora), rac
socialurad dawinaurebul fenaze unda miuTiTebdes. rogorc Cans, mra-
valwaxnagebi aq moxvda rogorc winaprebisagan memkvidreobiT miRebuli
Zveli nivTi, rariteti.
q. javaxiSvili da i. gagoSiZe lurji minis mravalwaxnagebis sabeWdavebad
gamoyenebas eWvqveS ayeneben, radganac maT warmoebas seriuli xasiaTi hqon-
da da identur gamosaxulebiani tabloidebi didi raodenobiT mzaddebo-
da [q. javaxiSvili 2002: 75, i. gagoSiZe 1975: 94, sqolio 29].
vfiqrob, mecnierTa eWvs sruliad
asabuTebs nastagisis samarxebSi ga-
movlenili lurji minis mraval-
waxnagebis mdebareobac: ZiriTadad
micvalebulis gulmkerdis areSi. ro-
gorc Cans, mravalwxnagebi yelsabamis
Sesamkobad gamoiyeneboda. nastagisis
erT-erT samarxSi aRmoCnda yunwiani
4
mravalwaxnaga, rac mis sayured ga-
moyenebas gulisxmobs (sur. 4).
sxva samarovnebis SemTxevaSic igive meordeba. minis tabloidebi samar-
xebSi gul-mkerdisa Tu majis areSi fiqsirdeba (urbnisi, ufliscixe, kav-
Tisxevi, tuiaqoCora da sxv.). savaraudoa, rom mravalwaxnagebs sayureebis,
samajurebisa da yelsabamis Sesamkobad iyenebdnen.
mravalwaxnagebs ZiriTadad avgarozis funqcia unda hqonoda. sxvanairad
rTulia aixsnas Zv.w. I saukunis mravalwaxganis ax.w. III-IV saukuneebis mdi-
drul samarxebSi ganTavseba. savaraudod, mravalwaxnagebi Taobidan-Tao-
bas gadaecemoda da maTi funqcia mflobelis avi Tvalisagan dacva iyo.
xazgasmiT SeiZleba aRiniSnos faqti, rom arcerT samarxSi, sadac ori an
meti mravalwaxnaga fiqsirdeba, zog SemTxevaSi 4-6 tabloidebze gamosaxu-
li siuJeti ar aris identuri (ufliscixe, bambebi, neron-deresi, nastagisi,
abelia da sxv.). rogorc Cans, mravalwaxnagebze datanil gamosaxulebebs
sxvadasxva mniSvneloba eniWeboda.
429
 lurji minis mravalwaxnagebis TariRi
azrTa sxvadasxvaoba arsebobs lurji minis mravalwaxnagebis daTariRebis
Sesaxebac [ix. q. javaxiSvili 2002: 73-74]. q. javaxiSvilisa da i. gagoSiZis
azriT, lurji minis mravalwaxnagebi qarTlSi Zv.w. II-I ax.w. I saukuneebSi
iwarmoeboda [q. javaxiSvili 2002: 74; i. gagoSiZe 2009: 16].
lurji minis tabloidebis Semcveli arqeologiuri kompleqsebis umrav-
lesoba Zv.w. II-I ax.w. I-II saukuneebiT TariRdeba. amave periods ekuTvnis
nastagisis samarovanis is nawili, sadac lurji minis mravalwaxnagebia
5 rom cixiagoras mdidruli samarxi Zv.w. III saukunis dasawyisi xaniT aris
gamovlenili, gamTxreli samarovans arqeologiur angariSebSi Zv.w. II-I da
ax.w. I saukunebiT aTariRebs [Бохочадзе 1981: 151].
sagulisxmoa, rom mravalwaxnagebi xmarebaSi gvian xanamde darCa (mcxeTa-
ax.w. II s., Jinvali ax.w. III s., baiaTxevi ax.w. III s., Treli ax.w. III s.; tuiaqo-
Cora ax.w. IV s.), Tumca isini iseTive sixSiriT aRar gvxvdeba, rogorc Zv.
w. II-I saukuneebis samarxebSi da gansxvavebiT wina periodisgan, mravalwax-
nagebi samarxebSi TiTo cali fiqsirdeba.
axali welTaRricxvis samarxebSi aRmoCenil lurji minis mravalwaxna-
gebze dakvirvebis Sedegad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom arcerTi siuJeti ar aris
axali da msgavsi siuJetebi Zv.w. II-I saukuneebis samarxebSic fiqsirdeba.
Zv.w. II s-is samTavrosa da ax.w. III saukunis Jinvalis samarxSi identur
gamosaxulebiani mravalwaxnagaa gamovlenili (sur. 5). SedarebiTi anali-
zis safuZvelze Tu vimsjelebT maT Soris TiTqmis aranairi sxvaoba ar
arsebobs, Tu ar CavTvliT Jinvalis mravalwaxnagis wiboebis metad gacve-
Tilobas4.
sainteresoa cixiagoras mdidrul samarxSi gamovlenili minis ori mrval-
waxnaga [cqitiSvili 2001: 42 inv. #1570, 1571]. mina irizebulia da SeuZlebe-
lia imis dadgena Tu ra feris mina iqneboda gamoyenebuli mravalwaxnagis
4 22 sxvadasxva tvifariT damzadebuli 100-ze meti minis mravalwaxnidan, identuri gamo-
saxulebebi gvxvdeba or-oridan cxra-cxra calamde. aRsaniSnavia, rom mxolod erTi
siuJeti - adamianisa da lomis brZola gvaZlevs gansxvavebul suraTs. CvenTvis cno-
bili rva erTeulidan oTxis (nastagisi, kazreTi, miunxeni, britaneTi) anabeWdze lomis
figura marcxena mxares dgas, danarCen oTxze ki - marjvniv
430
7
6
dasamzadeblad (sur. 6). mravalwaxnagebze sam da oTxfiguriani brZolis
scenebia gamosaxuli. cixiagoras mdidrul samarxSi gamovlenili orive
mravalwaxnaga emsgavseba erTmaneTs gamosaxulebis stiliTa da siuJetiT,
amdenad isini erTi saxelosnodan unda momdinareobdes, romelSic nasta-
gisis samarovanze 1979 wels aRmoCenili TiTqmis kvadratul fuZiani gam-
Wvirvale, momwvano minis intalio unda gavaerTianoT (sur. 7). sagulisxmoa,
daTariRebuli xolo nastagisis samarxi savaraudod Zv.w. I saukuniT unda
daTariRdes.
brZolis scenebi aqemeniduri xelovnebis erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebu-
li motivia [Wu2014: 216]. e.w. berZnul-sparsul gli ptikaSi xSirad gvxvde-
ba gemebi sabrZolo siuJetebiT [Boardman 2000: 176]. aqemeniduri sabrZolo
scenis gamosaxulebebze asaxulia eTnikurad sxvadasxva mebrZolebi, xolo
maTi identificireba SesaZlebelia samosiT, iaraRiTa da TavsamkauliT. am
scenebSi sparselis mowinaaRmdege berZeni, egvi pteli an Sua aziasa da ev-
raziis stepebSi mcxovrebi xalxebia [Wu2014:218]. aqemeniduri sabrZolo
gamosaxulebebi aRmoCenilia mTeli imperiis masStabiT da isini Seqmnilia
sxvadasxva stiliT radganac maTi warmoeba xdeboda sxvadasxva saxelos-
noSi sparseTis gareTac [Wu 2014: 221].
vfiqrob, cixiagorasa da nastagisis mravalwaxnagebi adgilobrivad unda
iyos damzadebuli, Tumca gamosaxulebebs cxadad etyoba e.w. berZnul-
sparsuli xelovnebis gavlena.
sainteresoa daskileionis (aqemeniduri sparseTis satrapia frigiaSi) bu-
lebze datanili gamosaxulebebi, romelTaganac ramdenime bulas siuJeti
emsgavseba nastakisisa da cixiagoris gamosaxulebebs. avtori, bulebs e.w.
„persianizirebuli~ stilis jgufSi aTavsebs da Zv.w. IV saukuniT aTari-
Rebs [Kaptan 2002: 107].
xom ar SeiZleba, iberiaSi minis mravalwaxnagebis damzadebis tradicia
ufro adreul xanaSi - Zv.w. III saukunis pirvel naxevarSi iwyebodes? sau-
baria cixiagoras mravalwaxnagebze. isini formiTa da siuJetiT aSkarad
gansxvavdebian gviani periodis Zv.w. II-I saukuneebis mravalwaxnagebisgan.
cixiagoris mravalwaxganebis gamosaxulebiani fuZe TiTqmis kvadratulia
431
 da zomiT bevrad aRemateba lurji minis mravalwaxnagebis jgufs. igive da siriul nawarmad miiCnevs5 [Vollen-
SeiZleba iTqvas neron-deresisa da dvinis TiTqmis kvadratuli formis weider 1967: 116-117, tab. 60, #147].
mravalwaxnagebze. aSkaraa, waxnagebis gacveTiloba, rac maT xangrZliv ga-
moyenebaze unda miuTiTebdes. zed samfiguriani nadirobis da brZolis 8 cali lurji minis mravalwaxnaga
scenebia gamosaxuli, romelic msgavsebas iCens e.w. berZnul-sparsuli in- 1980 wels londonis bazrobaze moiZia
talioebis gamosaxulebebTan. doqtorma jefri spaierma. maT warmo-
mavlobad mcire azia an beiruTia da-
saxelebuli6. aRniSnuli 8 tabloidi-
dan, erTi gamosaxuleba jer-jerobiT
ucxoa saqarTveloSi aRmoCenili ca- 9
lebisTvis (gamosaxuleba Jenevis mu-
lurji minis mravalwaxnagebi kerZo koleqciebidan zeumis calis identuria).

kidev erTi qerCSi aRmoCenili lurji minis mravalwaxnaga inaxeba ermi-

minis tabloidebis kvlevis procesSi,
taJis saxelmwifo muzeumSi [lorTqifaniZe 1969: 119]. pirze gamosaxulia
saqarTvelos farglebs gareT, sxva-
SebrZolebis scena qveiTsa da mxedars Soris (sur. 9)7. mravalwaxnaga
dasxva muzeumebSi daculi ramdenime
msgavsi gamosaxulebiT gamovlenilia kavTisxevis Zv.w. I ax. w. I saukunee-
mravalwaxnaga gaxda CemTvis cnobili.
biT daTariRebul samarxSi (g.f #1566) [jinjixaSvili 1980: 42-59]. fariTa
da SubiT aRWurvili qveiTisa da mxedris brZolis scena gvxvdeba bernis
oTxi cali lurji minis tabloidi
jgufis wrisadmi mikuTvnil skarabeoidebsa da mravalwaxnagebze [Boardman
inaxeba adanas arqeologiur muzeumSi
1970:320-322]. maTgan CvenTvis sainteresoa qalcedonis ori mravalwxnaga
(TurqeTi) [Poncy, Casabonne 2001]. mecnie-
kerZo koleqciebidan [Furtwangler 1900, Pl. 11:15, Boardman 1970, :438, 370, fig. 310]
rebi tabloidebis arsebobas drois
da pol geTis muzemSi daculi iaspis tabloidi, romlis warmomavlobad
did monakveTs siro-finikiur da aqe-
irania dasaxelebuli [Spier 1992:62, fig.122].
menidur xanas ukavSireben. maTi war-
momavloba ucnobia, Tumca fiqroben,
azrTa sxavadasxvaobas iwvevs lurji minis mravalwaxnagebis dednebis
rom mravalwaxnagebi kilikiidan unda
sakiTxi8. sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, veTanxmebi q. javaxiSvilisa da i. gago-
momdinareobdes, radganac minis war-
SiZis mier gamoTqmul mosazrebas. maTi azriT, lurji minis mravalwaxna-
8 moebis industria, aqemeniduri xanidan
gebi unda ganvixiloT, rogorc „berZnul-sparsuli~ sabeWdavebis erT-erTi
dawyebuli, aq sakmaod maRal doneze
damoukidebeli, adgilobrivi iberiuli gli ptikuri Zeglebis jgufi, ro-
iyo ganviTarebuli [H. Poncy, O. Casabon-
melic axlos aris berZnul-sparsuli sabeWdavebis im mogviano jgufTan
ne 2001: 14].
romelsac mkvlevarebi adgilobriv mcireaziur, siriul-kabadokiursa an
bernis jgufis saxeliT moixsenieben [Boardman 1970: 321, javaxiSvili 2015:
minis ori mravalwaxnaga daculia Jan pol geTis muzeumSi (aSS, kali-
14; gagoSiZe 2009: 16].
fornia) [Spier 1992: 66, #134, 135]. mkvlevari mravalwaxnagebis warmoSobis
adgilad aRmosavleT mcire azias an sirias asaxelebs da Zv.w. IV sauku-
kvlevis Sedegad, mniSvnelovnad gaizarda mravalwaxnagTa raodenoba da
niT aTariRebs [Spier 1992: 64]. erT maTganze gamosaxulia cxeni da kvici.
dRemde arsebuls, daemata aqamde ucnobi ramdenime gamosaxuleba. amJamin-
mravalwaxnagebi identuri siuJetiT gamovlenilia nastagisis inv. #513.2,
deli monacemebiT 22 sxvadasxva tvifariT damzadebuli 100-ze meti minis
walkis [lorTqifaniZe 1969: 105, g.f. #773], loWinis (g.f. #754), abeliisa
mravalwaxnaga aris CvenTvis cnobili. maTgan 70-mde aRmoCenilia saqarT-
[kviJinaZe 1975] da tuiaqoCoras [nikolaiSvili 1978: 160] samarxebSi, meo-
velos teritoriaze, 15 cali azerbaijansa da somxeTSi, erTi CrdiloeT
reze tabloidze gamosaxulia cxeni moZraobaSi marcxniv. mravalwaxnaga
oseTSi da erTic qerCSi. adanas, kaliforniisa da Jenevis muzeumSi da-
identuri gamosaxulebiT mogvepoveba ufliscixidan, bambebi, samarxi #13,
culi calebi, iseve rogorc londonis xelovnebis bazrobaze mopovebu-
daTariRebulia Zv.w. II-I saukuneebiT [xundaZe 2000: 97]. inaxeba Salva ami-
li anabeWdebi (sul 16 erTeuli) koleqciebis nawilia da warmomavloba
ranaSvilis saxelobis xelovnebis muzeumSi, inv. #511, tabloidi msgavsi
gamosaxulebiT aseve momdinareobs oSakanis (somxeTi) Zv.w. II-I saukunebiT
daTariRebuli samarxidan [Есаян, Калантарян 1976:37].
5 fotos gamogzavnisa da gamoyenebis uflebisaTvis madlobas vuxdi Jenevis xelovnebisa
kidev erTi lurji minis mravalwaxnaga daculia Jenevis (Sveicaria) xelov- da istoriis muzeumis personals
6 mravalwaxnagebze informaciis mowodebisa da anabeWdebis fotoebis gamogzavnisaTvis
nebisa da istoriis muzeumSi (sur. 8). tabloidze warmodgenili siuJeti
did madlobas vuxdi paul geTis muzeumis antikuri ganyofilebis mTavar kurators,
jer-jerobiT ucxoa saqarTveloSi dRemde aRmoCenili mravalwaxnagebis doqtor jefri spaiers
gamosaxulebebisaTvis Tumca, tabloidi aSkarad lurji minis mravalwax- 7 fotos gamogzavnisa da gamoqveynebis uflebisaTvis madlobas vuxdi ermitaJis
nagebis jgufs ekuTvnis. mkvlevari mas Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebiT aTariRebs saxelmwifo muzeumis personals
8 dawvrilebiT SegiZliaT ixiloT q. javaxiSvili 2002: 71-78

432 433

10
ucnobia, Tumca avtorebi maT damzadebas axlo aRmosavleTs, ufro metad,
mcire azias ukavSireben. mravalwaxnagebze warmodgenili 22 siuJetidan,
mxolod samia iseTi, romelic saqarTveloSi jer-jerobiT ar aRmoCenila.
maTgan erTi momdinareobs Cveni mezobeli somxeTidan, erTi dRevandeli
azerbaijanis teritoriidn, xolo erTis warmomavloba ucnobia (ix. minis
mravalwaxnagebis urTierTTanxvedris cxrili, (sur. 10)). amdenad, vfiqrob,
saerTo suraTi ar Secvlila da mkvelavrTa mosazreba lurji minis mra-
valwaxnagebis iberiaSi (qarTlis samefoSi) damzadebis Sesaxeb sruliad
safuZvliania [javaxiSvili 2002: 75, gagoSiZe 2009: 16].
vfiqrob, tabloidebis warmoeba iberiaSi Zv.w. III saukunis dasawyis xanaSi
unda dawyebuliyo, xolo Zv.w. II-I saukunebis mravalwaxnagebi warmoebis
mogviano jgufs unda ekuTvnodes, romelic xmarebaSi didi xnis ganmavlo-
baSi darCa da isini ax.w. III da IV saukuneebis samarxebSic gvxvda erTeu-
lebis saxiT. nivTebze dakvirvebam dagvanaxa, rom minis mravalwaxnagebi
Camosxmuli unda iyos Ria yalibSi, gamosaxuleba ki brtyel zedapirze
Stampis dawoliT miiReboda.
434
bibliografia
1. baxtaZe r., saqarTvelos uZvelesi minebis
SeswavlisaTvis. Tb., 1964
2. gagoSiZe i., saqarTvelo da `berZnul-
sparsuli~ gemebi. iberia-kolxeTi. Tb.,
2009
3. kapanaZe m., saruxaniSvili a., Cagunava r.,
minis qimia da teqnologia Zvel saqarT-
velSi, Tb., 2004
4. kviJinaZe k., sadisertacio naSromi. xel-
naweri. 1975
5. lorTqifaniZe m., Zveli saqarTvelos
gli ptikuri Zeglebis korpusi. Tb., 1969
6. nikolaiSivili v., tuiaqoCoras samaro-
vani. mcxeTa II. Tb., 1978
7. cqitiSvili g., mdidruli samarxi cixia-
goras samarovnidan. Ziebani #7, Tb., 2001
8. xundaZe n., bambebis samarxTa TariRisaT-
vis, arqeologiuri Jurnali I. Tb., 2000
9. javaxiSvili q., lurji minis mravalwax-
nagebi. Ziebani #9. Tb., 2002 G
10. javaxiSvili q., saqarTvelos gli ptiku-
ri Zeglebi. iberia-kolxeTi #7. Tb., 2015
11. jinjixaSvili g., Zv.w. I da ax. I s. qvevrs-
amarxebi sayaraulo seris samarovnidan.
kavTisxevis arqeologiuri Zeglebi, Tb.,
1980
12. Bordman J., Greek Gems and Finger Rings. Lon-
don, 1970
13. Furtwangler A., Die Antiken Gemmen (Leipzig,
Berlin), 1900
14. Poncy H., Casabonne O., De Vos J., Egetmeyer M.,
Lebrun R., Lemaire A., Sceaux du musée d’Adana.
Groupe du „Joueur de lyre“ (VIIIe siècle av. J.-C) -
Sceaux en verre et cachets anépigraphes d’époque
achéménide - Scaraboïdes inscrits - Scarabées et
sceaux égyptisants. Anatolia Antiqua IX, 9-37, 2001
15. Schilck-Nolte B., Lierke R., From Silica to Glass.
On the Track of the Ancient Glass Artisans. In Bi-
anchi, R., S. (ed)., Reflections of the Ancient Glass
from the Borowski Collection. Bible Lands Muse-
um Jerusalem. Mainz am Rhein, In 9-40, 2002
16. Spier J., Greek Gems and Finger Rings: Catalogue
of the Collections of the J. Paul Getty Museum
(Malibu, California), 1992
17. Kaptan D., The Daskyleion Bullae: Seal images
from the western Achaemenid Empire (Leiden),
2002
18. Vollenweider M.L., Catalogue raisonné des sceaux,
cylindres et intailles. Genève, Musée d’Art et d’His-
toire, Vol. I. (Genève), 1967
19. Wu X., „O YOUNG MAN… MAKE KNOWN OF
WHAT KIND YOU ARE“ : WARFARE, HISTO-
RY AND ELITE IDEOLOGY OF THE ACHAE-
MENID PERSIAN EMPIRE. Iranica Antiqua, vol.
XLIX, 2014
20. Бохочадзе А.,Минианашвили И., Нариманишвили
Г., Настакисская археологическая експедици
Мцхетского района, ПАИ. (Полевиые археоло-
гические исследования в 1978 году, 1981
21. gagoSiZe i., К датировке могильника Нерон-
Дереси (с. Санта Цалкиинского района
Грузинской ССР, macne, #2. Tb., 1975
22. Есаян, Калантарян, Античный некрополь
Ошакана. Вестник Общественных наук. Ереван,
1976
435
 Ana Gabunia
Georgian National Museum,
S. Janashia Museum of Georgia,
Researcher, Master Degree

POLYHEDRONS
OF BLUE
GLASS
The present paper is dedicated to the study of
blue glass polyhedrons. The number of poly-
hedrons has significantly increased and, besi-
des, several units added to the images, existing
on them. According to the present data, over
100 blue glass polyhedrons, made by 22 dif-
ferent casts are known to us. 70 of them were
discovered on the territory of Georgia, 15 – in
Azerbaijan and Armenia, one in North Ossetia
and one in Kerch. The ones, preserved in Ada-
na, California and Geneva museums, as well
as, the impressions, obtained on London Art
Fair (total 16 units), are the part of the collec-
tion and their origin is unknown. The results of
the study further supported the opinion about
manufacturing of glass polyhedrons in Iberia
(Kingdom of Kartli) [Javakhishvili 2002:75,
Gagoshidze 2009: 16].
Manufacturing of tabloids in Iberia should have
started in early III c. B.C., representing early
group of polyhedrons with battle and hunting
scenes (Tsikhiagora, Nastagisi, Neron- Dere-
si, Dvin); and the polyhedrons of II-I c.c. B.C.
should be attributed to the later group of manu-
facturing, remaining in use for quite long peri-
od, and then they occured in the graves of III
and IV c.c. A.D., in rare cases. Glass polyhe-
drons should have been casted in open moulds
and the images should have been obtained as
a result of pressing the stamp against the flat
surface.

436 437
438 439
 marika mSvildaZe damsaxurebisaTvis misi mokavSire qarTlis mefeebi romis moqalaqis sapa-
tio wodebasac flobdnen.
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, am titulis matarebeli iyo, magaliTad, flavius dadesi. armazisxevis
istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori bersuma pitiaxSis #3 akldamaSi (ax.w. IIs.) dafiqsirebuli vercxlis did
langarze arsebuli berZnuli asomTavruli warwera gvamcnobs: `me mefe
flavius dadesma vaCuqe bersuma pitiaxSs“ (daculia saqarTvelos erov-

iberia nul muzeumSi) [13. 35]. Tu vin iyo mefe flavius dadesi sxva wyaroebiT
cnobili ar aris. naTelia, rom mas raRac gansakuTrebuli samxedro dam-
antikuri saxurebisaTvis romis imperatorisgan miuRia romis moqalaqis sapatio
wodeba, rac unda momxdariyo flaviusebis zeobis xanaSi (69-96). Tavisi es
oikumenis sagvareulo saxeli, anu `nomeni“ SesaZloa mas mieRo imperator vespasianes
(69-79) [8. 70] mmarTvelobis bolo wlebSi, an misi memkvidreebis dros. ro-
nawili mis moqalaqeebi iyvnen qarTlis didebulebic: iberTa didi mefis qsefar-
nugis `mraval gamarjvebaTa mompovebeli“ `epitropis“ publikos agri pas
(mcxeTaSi aRmoCenili artefaqtebis Suqze)
Ze iodmangani _ cnobili serafitas meuRle [4. 4]. iseve, rogorc mcxeTis
mxatvarTuxucesi, xuroTmoZRvari avrelios aqolisi [6. 153]. is rom romis
imperatorebi ar iSurebdnen saxsrebs qarTlis nobilitetis, samefo karis
gvianantikur xanaSi iberia (qarTli) Zlier sa-
keTilganwyobis mosapoveblad arqeologiuri aRmoCenebiTac dasturdeba.
xelmwifos warmoadgenda, romelic angariSgasawevi
werilobiTi wyaroebi da saqarTveloSi ukanasknel wlebSi gamovlenili
Zala iyo mezobeli qveynebisa Tu imperiebisaTvis.
arteqfaqtebi gviCvenebs Tu ra maRal dones miaRwia I-III ss-Si qarTlis
qarTlSi ayvavebuli Cans rogorc soflis meurneo-
mmarTveli wreebis romaul samyarosTan urTierTobam. maT Soris Sesa-
ba, ise saqalaqo cxovreba. dawinaurebulia ekono-
Zloa dinastiuri kavSirebic ki arsebobda [7. 26-40].
mika, vaWroba, xelosnoba... iberiaze gadis mezobeli
qveynebidan momavali mniSvnelovani savaWro gzebi.
mcxeTaSi 2001 wels sveticxovlis sa-
zemoaRniSnuli geopolitikuri mizezebis gamo ibe-
kaTedro taZris Crdilo-aRmosavleT
ria didi imperiebis interesis sferos warmoadgen-
kedelTan aRmoCenil mdidrul akld-
da, sadac gabatonebisaTvis erTmaneTs upirispir-
amaSi (samarxi #14, TariRdeba ax.w. III
debodnen, erTi mxriv, romis imperia, xolo meore
s-iT), romelSic oqros, vercxlis, brin-
mxriv, parTia _ mogvianebiT sasanianTa irani. gvia-
jaos, rkinis, minis da sxvadasxva mine-
nantikur periodSi iberiis politikuri orientacia
ralebisgan damzadebuli 25 dasaxele-
dasavleTisken _ romis imperiiskenaa mimarTuli.
bis nivTi dafiqsirda, aRmoCnda oqros
gamonakliss III saukunis meore naxevari warmoad-
sabeWdavi beWedi mowiTalo sardio-
gens, rodesac qarTlis mefe amazaspi politikuri
nis gemiT, romlis Tvalzec amokveTi-
situaciidan gamomdinare, iZulebulia saxelmwifo
lia qalis mkerdzeda gamosaxuleba
orientacia Secvalos da Tavi iranis Sahis Sabur 1 _ marcxena profili. mas garSemouy-
I-is (215-270) vasalad aRiaros.
veba berZnuli mTavruli negatiuri
warwera: BACIΛICCA OVΛΠIANΛΞIA _
saxelmwifo interesebidan gamomdinare, rogorc
`dedofali ulpia mbrZanebeli“ (sur.
romi, ise parTia (mogvianebiT sasanianTa irani) yve-
1, 2) (daculia saqarTvelos erov-
lanairad cdilobdnen sakuTari cxovrebis wesis,
nul muzeumSi). sabeWdavi beWdis rka-
maT Soris kulturuli, religiuri gavlenis, ganaT-
li warmoadgens oqrosgan Camosxmul
lebis damkvidrebas qarTlis samefoSi. ufro zu-
ori avazis gamosaxulebas, romelTac
stad, samefo karsa da nobilitetSi. im socialur,
kbilebiTa da TaTebiT uWiravs Tval-
jgufebSi, romliTac saxelmwifos marTavdnen. ideo-
bude. beWedi gulaRma, gaSotil mdgo-
logiuri eqspansia mniSvnelovan iaraRad iqca. romi
mareobaSi dakrZalul qalbatons
klient qveynebSi afarToebda romis moqalaqeTa (Ci-
marcxena xelis falangaze ekeTa [2.81-
vitas Romana) ricxvs. romis imperatorebi `megobari
2 123]. Cven yuradRebas i pyrobs sabeW-
da mokavSire“ qveynebis mefeebsa da didgvarovnebs
davze arsebuli warwera BACIΛICCA
damsaxurebisdamixedviT aniWebdnen romis moqala-
OΥΛΠIANΛΞIA _ `dedofali ulpia
qeobasa da aZlevdnen sakuTar gvars. gamonakliss
mbrZanebeli“. zedmiwevniT msgavsi be-
arc iberia warmoadgenda. romis imperiis winaSe
Wedi saqarTvelos teritoriaze dRem-

440 441
 de ar aRmoCenila. masTan SedarebiT axlos dgas armazisxevSi #2 samarx-
Si dafiqsirebuli warweriani, figurulrkaliani beWedi (samarxi III s-is
II naxevriT TariRdeba).
saxeli ulpia antikur sinamdvileSi romis imperator traianes (Marcus Ul-
pius Nerva Traianus 98-117) ojaxis saxelTanaa (nomen) dakaSirebuli, romelic
q. italikidan (provincia betika) modis. ulpiusebis gvaris genealogias
Tu mivyvebiT, davinaxavT, rom isini pirdapir Tu iribad roms ganagebdnen
ax.w. II saukunis ganmavlobaSi, anu im periodSi, romelic istoriaSi Sevi-
da rogorc romis imperiis oqros xana. masalis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT,
CvenTvis mniSvnelovania pantikapeionSi ax.w. 37-38 ww-Si moWrili brinjaos
monetebi [26. #321-4743, 322-4008], romlebzec arsebuli gamosaxulebebis Tav-
saburavi mniSvnelovan msgavsebas iCens mcxeTis #14 samarxSi aRmoCenil
oqros beWedze gamosaxul qalis TavsaburavTan.
ulpias sabeWdavze gamosaxuli mo-
grZo formis Tavsaburavis msgavsi
sxvadasxva formisa da variaciebis
Tavsaburavebi, gavrcelebuli Cans
geografiulad sakmaod did arealSi
_ rogorc zogadad skviTur-sarmatu-
li tomebis migraciis adgilebSi, ise
Crdilo SavizRvispireTisa da mcire
aziis teritoriaze mcxovreb xalxeb-
Si. saxelidan gamomdinare, ulpias po-
litikuri orientacia dasavleTisken,
3 kerZod romisken aris mimarTuli. Tu
ulpias garegnobiTa da CacmulobiT
vimsjelebT, igi mniSvnelovan msgavse-
bas iCens armazisxevis #1 akldamaSi (`aspavruk erisTavis samarxi“) da-
fiqsirebul muqi feris piropis intalioze, romelic TvlebiT mooWvil
oqros balTas amkobs, gamosaxuli karpakis gamosaxulebasTan (sur. 3)
(daculia saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumSi). ulpias Cacmuloba msgavsia
karpakis Cacmulobisa. ulpias profilic, odnav kexiani cxviriT, iseTive
gorozi aqvs, rogorc karpaks. karpakis siyvaruli zevaxi aspavruk qarT-
lis erisTavis Zed moiazreba. aspavrukis beWedi ki iberiis qvis mWrelTa
skolis naxelavs ganekuTvneba [9. 56-57, 65, tab. IX, #121.]. Sesabamisad, Cveni
azriT, ar aris gamoricxuli, rom saqme adgilobrivi, an kavkasiuri war-
momavlobis didgvarovan qalTan gvqondes, romelic qarTlis dedoflad
SegviZlia moviazroT da sabeWdavze arsebuli warwera BACIΛICCA ulpi-
as uflebrivi mdgomareobis aRmniSvnelad miviCnioT [11. 51-61], rasac, Cveni
azriT, aRniSnul samarxSi dafiqsirebuli saweri mowyobilobis penalze
arsebuli warwerac _ `mefe ustamosisa da agreTve evgeniosisa“ _ ganamt-
kicebs (sur. 13) (daculia saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumSi).
aRniSnul samarxSia aRmoCenili, agreTve, romis saimperatoro flaviusebi-
sa da antoninusebis gvarTan dakavSirebuli kidev ramdenime nivTi. kerZod:
1. moneta-sakidebi oqrosi faustinasa da lucilas gamosaxulebiT (sur. 4,
5); 2. sakidi oqrosi, ovalur CarCoSi Casmulia qalis portretulgamosaxu-
lebiani qalcedonis biusti, oqros yelsabamiT Semkuli (sur. 6); 3. sakidi
oqrosi (ori cali), yunwian budeSi Casmulia sardionisagan damzadebuli
bavSvis portretuli biusti (sur. 7) (yvela nivTi daculia saqarTvelos
442
4 5
erovnul muzeumSi). oqros sakidebi
(sakidi medalionebi) _ faustina um-
crosisa da misi qaliSvilis luci-
las oqros aureusebi (sur. 4, 5), Cveni
azriT, medalion-falerebia (falere-
bis erT-erTi saxeoba) da jildos
saxiT iqna gadacemuli ulpiasaTvis
6 7
romis imperatoris mier.
kamea-sakidebi ufro swori iqneboda gveTqva, miniaturuli skulptura-sa-
kidebi (samive skulptura qalisa da ori bavSvis) xelovnebis nimuSad Seg-
viZlia CavTvaloT. am formis skulpturebi arc Tu ise bevria aRmoCenili
msoflioSi. xelovnebis es daxvewili nimuSebi budeSi ismeboda, ukeTdebo-
da Zewkvis an tyavis gasayreli yunwi da Zewkvze Camokidebuls ZiriTadad
rogorc medalionebs (kuloni) ise atarebdnen. aseTi biustebiT irTvebo-
da oqros gvirgvinebi. SedarebiT didi zomebis ismeboda romauli legio-
nebis banerebze [23. 140-141,№58]. magaliTad, pol getis muzeumSi (J. Paul Getty
Museum) kalifornia daculi TeTri qalcedonisagan damzadebuli antonia
umcrosis _ imperator klavdiusis dedis miniaturuli skulptura-kamea
[25]...
l. kurciusma pirvelad gamoTqva varaudi imis Sesaxeb, rom kameebze gamosa-
xuli adamianebi realuri istoriuli pirebi iyvnen [20. 115-127]. dResdReobiT
sul ufro bevr mkvlevars miaCnia, rom minisa da naxevradZvirfasi kameebis
medalion-falerebze gamoisaxebodnen iulius-klavdiusebis dinastiis im-
peratorebi, taxtis memkvidre ufliswulebi da Svilebi. ufro iSviaTad ki
maTi meuRleebi [19. 194]. imperatorebisa da maTi ojaxis wevrebis portre-
tuli gamosaxulebebi farTod gamoiyeneboda dinastiis propagandisaTvis
ax.w. I s-Si [21. 165]. aseTi medalion-falerebis dasamzadeblad muSaobdnen
saiuveliro xelovnebis gamocdili qvismWreli ostatebi da mxatvrebi.
upirvelesad unda aRvniSnoT ovalur CarCoSi Casmuli qalis portre-
tulgamosaxulebiani qalcedonis biusti, romelic grexili oqros yelsa-
bamiTaa Semkuli.1 qals danaoWebuli qitoni(?) mosavs. Tmis varcxniloba
1 simaRle biustianad - 2.7 sm,. sigane - 1.6 sm,. CarCos dm. - 1.5×1.6 sm. aRmoCnda muclis
areSi
443
 sardionisganaa damzadebuli (sur. 6). varcxnilobidan (tutulusi, tutulus)
gamomdinare, flaviusebisa da traianes imperatorobis periodiT SeiZleba
daTariRdes. skulptura-sakidze gamosaxuli qali Zalzed waagavs sankt-
peterburgSi, saxelmwifo ermitaJSi dacul erTfenovani mwvane prazeri-
sagan damzadebul titusis qaliSvilis iulia flavias (Iulia Flavia) minia-
turul skulptura-kameas (ax.w. Is.) [23. 140-141, #58]. Cveni azriT, mcxeTis
miniaturul skulptura-sakidze gamosaxuli qalbatoni flaviusebis an
traianes _ ulpiusis (antoninusebis) saimperatoro gvaris warmomadgene-
li qalbatoni SeiZleba iyos [12. 103-115]. sardionisagan damzadebuli bavS-
vebis mcire zomis biustebze, romlebic ovaluri moyvanilobis crugrexi-
liT Sedgenil, Zirgaxsnil yunwian budeSia Casmuli da oqros yelsabami
aqvT Sebmuli (sur. 7),2 Cveni azriT, saimperatoro gvaris warmomadgenlis
Svilebia gamosaxuli `amuris“ saxiT [12. 103-115].
mcxeTis #14 samarxSi dafiqsirebuli minia-
turuli skulptura sakidebis msgavsi mamaka-
cis portretulgamosaxulebiani kamea-sakidi
(sur. 8) (daculia mcxeTis muzeum-nakrZal-
Si) dafiqsirda 1986 wels mcxeTaSi, samTav-
ros velis CrdiloeTiT mdebare baiaTxevis
marjvena sanapiroze mcxeTis mudmivmoqmedi
arqeologiuri eqspediciis mcxeTa-samTavros
razmis mier gaTxril gvianantikuri xanis #35
kramitsamarxSi, romelic III saukuniT TariR-
8 deba [10. 128-129, sur. 1075-1077, tab. 1262]. var-
disferi sardionisagan damzadebuli kamea _
mamakacis(?) biusti _ zurgiT Casmulia mrgval oqros CarCoSi _ saTval-
budeSi, romelsac TavTan mirCiluli aqvs brtyeli yunwi.3 mamakacis Tmebi
Sua nawilSi winaa gadmovarcxnili nawnavis saxiT. mas maRali, daqanebuli
Subli, swori cxviri da win wamoweuli nikapi aqvs. kamea dazgazea amoWri-
li, nawilobrivad aris gaprialebuli, kveTa uxeSi. Tvalbudis im nawils
romelic kameas gahyveba uswormasworo napirebi aqvs, daudevari naxelavis
STabeWdilebas tovebs, rac imTaviTve TvalSisacemia kameis fonze. sakidi
ufro gviani unda iyos vidre kamea, romelic ar aris gamoricxuli Tavda-
pirvelad sxva samkaulis (?) nawils Seadgenda.
Cveni azriT, misi iersaxe mainc unda vivaraudoT, rom Seesabameba Zv.w. I _
ax.w. II saukunis pirveli meoTxedis modas, rac, Tavis mxriv, moicavs ilius-
klavdiusebis, flaviusebisa da antoninusebis dinastiis pirvel periods.
baiaTxevis miniaturuli skulptura gamosaxvis stiliTa da kveTis mane-
riT siaxloves poulobs, britaneTis muzeumSi (British Museum) berZnul-ro-
maul siZveleTa departamentSi dacul ax.w. 100-130 wlebiT daTariRebul
safironis qalis (pompea plotina? (Pompeia Plotina), imperator traianes (98-
117) meuRlis portretulgamosaxulebian miniaturul skulpturasTan [24].
zemoaRniSnulis safuZvelze baiaTxevis #35 kramitsamarxSi aRmoCenili
2 pirveli biustis simaRle - 1,2 sm., sigane - 1,2 sm,. wona - 1,6 gr. meore biusti pirvelis
analogiuria, oRond yelze, qvemoT, badiseburi naWdevebiani griliandaa gamosaxuli.
biustis garSemo kideebze ori amoRaruli Rrmuli emCneva. simaRle - 1,2 sm,. sigane - 1,2
sm,. wona - 1,71 gr.
3 biustis simaRle - 1,5 sm.; sisqe - 0,5 sm.; wona kameianad - 1,130 gr.; aRmoCnda yel-cxviris
areSi, yelsabamTan asxmuli
444
9 10 11
mamakacis portretulgamosaxulebiani miniaturuli skultpura-kamea ax.w.
I s-is bolo da II saukunis I naxevriT SeiZleba daTariRdes. xolo kameis
bude, ar aris gamoricxuli, samarxis Tanamedrove iyos.
romis imperatorebi qarTlis mefeebsa da mmarTveli elitis warmomad-
genlebs xSirad Zvirfasi saCuqrebiT axalisebdnen. aseTi Zvirfasi saimpe-
ratoro karis saCuqrebi cnobilia zRuderis, armazisxevis, samTavros da
bagineTis samarxebidan. mcxeTaSi vrceldeba romauli warmoSobis fufu-
nebisa da masobrivi moxmarebis saxelosno nawarmi, Zvirfasi liTonis
sufris WurWeli: mcxeTa, vercxlis fiala antinoes gamosaxulebiT (sur.
9); bagineTi, vercxlis fiala romis imperator markus avreliusis gamosa-
xulebiT (sur. 10); armazisxevi, vercxlis pinaki, II-III ss. (sur. 11) (yvela da-
culia saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumSi)... maT Sorisaa religiuri saweso
daniSnulebis sagnebi, paterebi da surebi, saiuveliro nawarmi, samkaulebi
da sxv. qarTlSi mimoqcevaSi iyo romauli vercxlis (denarebi) da oqros
(aureusebi) monetebi. gvxvdeba maTi adgilobrivi minabaZebi.
arqeologiuri masala adasturebs,rom
gvianantikur xanaSi ganaTlebis done
mcxeTaSi _ iberiaSi sakmaod maRali
yofila. saweri mowyobilobebi,Pbrin-
jaos, vercxlis da oqros samelnee-
bi, maT Soris kalpurniusis damRiT
arsebuli, dafiqsirebulia samTavros
samarovanze [5. 29]. dReisaTvis mcxe-
Tis teritoriaze gvianantikuri xaniT
daTariRebuli saweri mowyobilobe-
bis Tu misi calkeuli nawilebis aR- 12
moCenis 13 SemTxvevaa dadasturebuli.
rac Seexeba samelneebs _ mcxeTaSi
maTi aRmoCenis 5 SemTxvevaa dafiqsirebuli (XIX s-is 70-ian wlebSi baier-
nis mier samTavros samarovanze, 1958 wels aragvis quCaze gaTxril #6
kramitsamarxSi, sveticxovlis siaxloves, 1975 wels gaTxril@#6 kramit-
samarxSi, 1986 wels baiaTxevSi #35 kramitsamarxSi da sveticxovlis ezo-
Si 2001 wels gaTxril #14 akldamaSi). isini damzadebuli arian oqros,
vercxlisa da brinjaosagan... saweri mowyobilobebi mcxeTis teritoriaze
aRmoCenilia: 1. samTavros samarovanze; 2. baiaTxevis samarovanze; 3. sve-
ticxovlis taZris ezoSi da 4. mcxeTa-qalaqSi [3. 48].
saweri mowyobilobis sruli kompleqti ki jerjerobiT mxolod Cven mier
zemoT dasaxelebul sveticxovlis #14 akldamaSi dafiqsirda (sur. 12)
445
 (daculia saqarTvelos erovnul mu-
zeumSi). mniSvnelovania sawer mowyo-
bilobaze arsebuli (amoWrili) berZ-
nuli asomTavruli warweraB`ΒACIΛΕωC
OVCΤAΜOV ΤOV KAI EVГENIOV“. T. yaux-
CiSvilis TargmaniT: `mefe ustamosi-
sa da agreTve evgeniosisa“ (sur. 13).
saweri mowyobiloba aRWurvilia 3
vercxlis kalam-kalmistariT, romle-
13
bic vercxlis or furcelSi _ bu-
deSia Casmuli. saweri mowyobiloba
masze arsebuli warwerebis mixedviT,
II-III saukuneebiT TariRdeba [14. 124-
127]. niSandoblivia, rom mcxeTaSi aRm-
oCenili saweri mowyobilobis xuTi
SemTxvevidan oTxi qalis samarxSia
dafiqsirebuli, maTgan oTxi kramit-
samarxSi, xolo erTi qvis sarkofagSi
dadasturda. mkvlevarTa azriT, sa-
14 weri mowyobilobebi ucxo eTnosis
mcxeTel mosaxleobas ekuTvnoda [3;
20.11]. Cveni azriT, mcxeTis SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs antikur kulturas
naziareb adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan. faqti erTia, rom qarTlis dedaqa-
laqSi wera-kiTxvis codna qalaqis mosaxleobis mxolod samefo fenis, an
mamakacTa privilegias ar warmoadgenda.
artefaqtebis Seswavlis Sedegad dgindeba, rom qarTlSi gavrcelebulia
berZnul-romauli warmarTuli panTeoni. iseTi RvTaebebi rogoricaa aTena,
afrodite (venera), demetra, aresi-marsi, nike, tixe-fortuna da sxv. niSand-
oblivia, rom aRniSnuli RvTaebebis gamosaxulebebi mniSvnelovanwilad
gli ptikis nimuSebze gvxvdeba. gli ptikuri Zeglebi ki nivTieri kulturis
is mxarea, romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs warmodgena viqonioT konkretuli
pirovnebis religiur rwmena-warmodgenebze.
imperatoris kultis gavrceleba da saimperatoro gvaris popularizacia
klient qveynebSi romis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes amocanad iqca. mcxeTis
teritoriaze dafiqsirebulia imperatoris kultTan dakavSirebuli amu-
risgamosaxulebiani kameebi. kerZod: 1. 1947 wels mcxeTaSi (samarxi #1,
bavSvis samarxi) aRmoCenili amurisgamosaxulebiani yavisferi sarderisa
da mowiTalo sardionis kameebi, romlebic oqros sayureebSi iyo Casmu-
li (inv. #388, S.w.) (sur. 14) (daculia saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumSi).
kameebi ax.w. I saukuniT TariRdeba [9. 91-98]; 2. 1985 wels samarovnis ve-
lis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT orferdasaxuravian akldamaSi (samarxi #905)
(akldamaSi dafiqsirda ori micvalebuli qalis ConCxi xelfexmokecil
mdgomareobaSi erTmaneTis pirispir. odnav adre (45-50 wlis) da gvian
(25-30 wlis) dakrZaluli), romlis samarxeuli inventaric gamoirCeva ro-
mauli nawarmis fufunebis sagnebis siuxviT (masSi oqros, vercxlis, brin-
jaosa, rkinis, minisa da sxva mineralebisagan damzadebuli 32 nivTi aRm-
oCnda. maT Soris sufris saweso WurWeli, pirissafareSo sagnebi, samkauli,
saweso-saritualo da tanisamosTan dakavSirebuli nivTebi) aRmoCenili:
a) amurisgamosaxulebiani ameTvistos kamea oqros beWedSi (inv. #2700)
(sur. 15) (daculia saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis Zvirfasi liTon-
446
ebis fondSi); b) almadinis amurisga-
mosaxulebiani kamea oqros sayureSi
(inv. #1573) (sur. 16) (daculia saqarT-
velos saxelmwifo muzeumis gli p-
tikis fondSi) [1.7-79, tab. XXXIIv.].
romis imperiisa da misi gavlenis qveS
15
myof teritoriaze aRmoCenili amuris-
gamosaxulebiani kameebis Seswavlis
Sedegad, mecnierebi mividnen im da-
skvnamde, rom amurebis saxiT kameebze
saimperatoro gvaris warmomadgeneli
bavSvebi iyvnen gamosaxulni [22. 46-53].
niSandoblivia, rom 1947 wels mcxe-
Tis orferdasaxuravian kramityuTSi 16 17
(samarxi #1) dafiqsirebuli amuris-
gamosaxulebiani yavisferi sarderi-
sa da mowiTalo sardionis oqros
sayureebSi Casmuli kameebi m. lorT-
qifaniZem Tavis droze aixlerisa da
krizis mier gamocemul erosisTavian
falerebTan daakavSira [9. 91-98]. Cvenc
zemoaRniSnul amurisgamosaxulebian
kameebs swored imperatoris kultTan
18 19
konteqstSi ganvixilavT.
mcxeTaSi aRmoCenil oqros beWedsa da sayureSi Casmuli amurisgamosaxu-
lebiani kameebi antikuri samyarodan momdinare am ti pis amurisgamosaxu-
lebian kameebs Soris erT-erTi yvelaze saukeTeso namuSevaria. q. javaxiS-
vilma Seiswavla ra amurisgamosaxulebiani oqros beWedi, igi ax.w. I an II
saukuniT daaTariRa, xolo mis budeSi Casmuli kamea, ermitaJSi daculi
sardionis kameas mixedviT, Zv.w. I saukuniT [17. 83]. Cveni azriT, marTlac
SesaZlebelia aRniSnuli kamea egvi ptur samyaros ukavSirdebodes da Zv.w.
I saukuniT daTariRdes, magram arc is aris gamoricxuli, rom kamea ax.w. I
saukunis nimuSs warmoadgendes. akldama romelSic amurisgamosaxulebia-
ni nivTebi aRmoCnda, ax.w. II saukunis bolosa da III saukunis pirveli na-
xevriT (an SuaxanebiT) TariRdeba. masSi dafiqsirda kidev ramdenime kamea.
oqros beWdebi mamakacisa da qalisgamosaxulebiani kameiT da oqros sayu-
re qalis (gogonas) gamosaxulebiani kameiT (sur. 17, 18, 19) (yvela daculia
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumSi) [18. 16-54]. #905 samarxSi aRmoCenili
kameebis damzadebis teqnika msgavsia. Cveni azriT, amurisgamosaxulebian
kameebze realuri istoriuli pirebi _ iulius-klavdiusebis saimperato-
ro gvaris warmomadgenlebi unda iyvnen gamosaxulni. Sesabamisad, mcxeTis
teritoriaze aRmoCenili amurisgamosaxulebiani kameebi swored romis
imperatoris kultis propagandis nawilad migvaCnia.
sakiTxis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT kidev erT mniSvnelovan aRmoCenaze
gvinda SevCerdeT. 1979 wels mcxeTis mudmivmoqmedi arqeologiuri eqspedi-
ciis samTavros razmis mier samTavros samarovnis CrdiloeT ubanze #445
banursaxuravian qvayuTSi (qvayuTSi dakrZaluli iyo 40-45 wlis qali da
sami bavSvi. 2-3 wlis, 2-3 wlis da 5-6 wlis. samarxSi micvalebulebis Zvlebi
areuli iyo. qvayuTi gaZarcvulia) aRmoCnil oqros medalionze (inv. #1537.
447
 diametri _ 2,4 sm. wona _ 1,395 gr.) (sur. 20) bibliografia
(daculia mcxeTis muzeum-nakrZalSi).

medalioni warmoadgens calmxrivgamo- 1. afaqiZe a., nikolaiSvili v., mcxeTis war- mecnierebaTa fakultetis saqarTvelos
saxulebian mrgvali formis oqros fir- CinebulTa gansasvenebeli ax.w. III sau- istoriis institutis Sromebi, XIII, Tb.,
fitas, misi meore mxare gluvia. masze kunisa, akldama 905, mcxeTa XI, Tb., 1996 2018
gamosaxulia savarZelSi mjdomi konstan- 2. afaqiZe a., yifiani g., nikolaiSvili v., man- 13. yauxCiSvili T., berZnulwarweriani niv-
tinopolis personificirebuli gamosaxu- jgalaZe m., kapanaZe m., sveticxovlis ezo- Tebi mcxeTidan, VI samecniero sesia.
leba. RvTaebas marjvniv mibrunebul Tav- Si Catarebuli arqeologiuri samuSaoe- 2001 da 2002 ww. savele arqeologiuri
ze muzaradi axuravs. tanT grZeli qitoni bi, mcxeTa, 2001; 2001-2002 wlebis savele kvlevebis Sedegebi, Tb., 2003
acvia. marjvena gawvdil xelSi sfero uWi- arqeologiuri kvleva-Ziebis Sedegebi, 14. yauxCiSvili T.,saqarTvelos berZnuli
ravs, zeaRmarTul marcxena xelSi ki grZe- angariSebi. VI samecniero sesia. Tb., 2003 warwerebis korpusi, Tb., 2003
li kverTxi. niadagis zolTan gemis qi- 3. diRmelaSvili q., saweri mowyobilobebi 15. Serozia m., oqros medalioni samTavros
20
mis monaxazi Cans. gamosaxulebis irgvliv mcxeTidan, muzeumi da kulturuli memk- samarovnidan, ssm moambe, III (48- B), Tb.,
erT striqonad gamoyvanilia mrgvlovani vidreoba III, Tb., 2016 2012
asoebiT berZnuli warwera. warweris da- 4. dundua T., publius agri pa, flavius 16. cuxiSvili i., medalioni samTavrodan,
sasruls varskvlavia, gamosaxulebis gar- dade da ormagi moqalaqeoba _ aris Tu Ziebani, #11, 2003
Semo ki wertilovani rkali. warwera nak- ara es momavali evropis modeli, Tb., 2002 17. javaxiSvili q., qarTlis samefosa da
luli ar aris. 5. lomTaTiZe g., saqarTvelos mosaxleo- egvi ptis urTierTobis istoriidan ro-
bis kultura da yofa I-XIII ss. (arqeo- maul xanaSi (gli ptikuri masalis mi-
medalionze arsebuli gamosaxulebis ikonografia Seiswavla ra numiz- logiuri masalis mixedviT), Tb., 1977 xedviT), Ziebani, #12, 2003
matma i. cuxiSvilma, medalioni 395-450 ww-iT daaTariRa [16.93]. V saukunis 6. lorTqifaniZe g., ΑΥΡΗΛΙΟС ΑΧΟΛΙС _ 18. Apakidze A., Nikolaishvili A., An Aristocratic Tomb
I naxevriT gansazRvra igi medea Seroziam [15.133-138]. Cveni azriT, samTa- romis moqalaqe, kr. qristianobis oci of the Roman Period from Mtskheta. Georgia. The
vros oqros medalioni masze arsebuli warweridan gamomdinare, religiu- saukune saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2004 Antiquties Journal, London, 1994, vol. LXXIV
ri identifikaciis daniSnulebisaa. medalionze arsebuli ikonografiuli 7. lorTqifaniZe g., mSvildaZe m., qarTlis 19. Boschung D., Roemische Glas Phalerae mit Portra-
gamosaxulebisa da warweris mixedviT, misi mflobeli qristianuli re- (iberia) samefos `romanizaciis“ kul- etbuesten. BJ. 187. 1987
ligiuri orientaciis matarebelia, rac gvianromauli da adrebizantiuri turologiuri aspeqtebi (I-III ss.), mec- 20. Sena Chiesa G., Facchini G. M., Gemme romane di
xanis qarTlSi imTaviTve politikuri orientaciis maCvenebeli unda yofi- nierebaTa akademiis macne, #1, Tb., 2016 eta imperiale: produzione, commerci, commitenze.
liyo. samTavros medalionze gamosaxuli RvTaeba ikonografiulad msgav- 8. lorTqifaniZe g., noneSvili a., romis mo- ANRW. II, 12, 3. Berlin; N. Y., 1985
sia, ax.w. IV saukunis monetebze _ imperator Teodosi I-is (379-395), magnus qalaqe (Civitas Romana) qarTvelebi ax. w.II- 21. Елницкий Л. А., О малоизученных или
maqsimusis (dasavleT romis imperiis uzurpatori 383-388 wlebSi) soli- IV ss-Si, qarTuli politika, #1, 2013 утраченных греческих и латинских надписях
debze gamosaxuli RvTaeba konstantinepolisa. am SemTxvevaSi qalRmerTs 9. lorTqifaniZe m., antikuri drois gemebi Закавказья. ВДИ, 2, 1964
marcxena xelSi sfero, xoli marjvenaSi Subi uWiravs. gvinda aRvniSnoT mcxeTaSi aRmoCenili bavSvis samarxidan, 22. Латышев В.В., ΠΟNTIKA Херсонесский
is faqtic, rom samTavros oqros medalionze gamosaxuli konstantinopo- ssmm, XVI-В, Tb., 1959 почетный декрет в честь Диа... сына Димитрия.
lis gamosaxuleba msgavsebas poulobs, agreTve, Teodosi I-is, valentiniane 10. mcxeTa X, Tb., 1995 СПб., 1909
II (378-383)... brinjaos monetebze gamosaxul RvTaeba romasTan (antioqiis 11. mSvildaZe m., ulpias sabeWdavi beWdis 23. Неверов О. Я., Античные геммы в собрании
samoneto saxelosno). samTavros oqros medalionze arsebuli konstanti- Seswavlis sakiTxisaTvis, Tsu humanita- Эрмитажа. Ленинград, 1988
nepolis gamosaxulebis ikonografiidan gamomdinare, medalioni IV sauku- rul mecnierebaTa fakultetis saqarT- 24. h t t p : / / a n c i e n t r o m e . r u / a r t / a r t w o r k / i n d e x .
nis II naxevriTa da V saukunis I naxevariT SeiZleba daTariRdes. velos istoriis institutis Sromebi, htm?id=282&pn=20&sp=11
XII, Tb., 2017 25. http://bosporan-kingdom.com/pantikapey/?pa-
mcxeTis teritoriaze aRmoCenili artefaqtebis Seswavlis Sedegad dgin- 12. mSvildaZe m., flaviusebisa da antoninu- ge=42&usgn=4ffe, #321-4743, 322-4008
deba, rom iberia gvianantikur xanaSi antikuri oikumenis nawils warmoad- sebis saimperatoro gvarTan dakavSire- 26. h t t p : / / a n c i e n t r o m e . r u / a r t / a r t w o r k e n / i m g .
genda. mcxeTaSi gavrcelebuli iyo romauli warmoSobis fufunebisa da buli nivTebi sveticxovlis #14 mdi- htm?id=568
masobrivi moxmarebis saxelosno nawarmi, Zvirfasi liTonis sufris WurWe- druli akldamidan, Tsu humanitarul
li, gli ptikis nimuSebi, berZnul-romauli warmarTuli panTeoni.

448 449

Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University
Doctor of History
IBERIA _ THE PART
OF ANTIQUE
OECUMENE
(IN THE LIGHT OF ARTIFACTS, DISCOVERED IN MTSKHETA)
As a result of study of the artifacts discovered
on the territory of Mtskheta, it was stated that
Iberia was a part of Antique Oikumene, in the
late Antique Age. Rome tried to establish its
way of life, including cultural, religious and
educational influence, among the Royal Court
and nobility of Kartli. Rome tried to increase the
number of its citizens among the social groups
that ruled the client states. Ally Georgian kings
would be granted honorable title of a Roman
citizen for their merits (Flavius Dades). Kartli
Noblesse representatives also frequently en-
joyed Roman citizenship. On their turn, Roman
Emperors did their best and incurred financial
expenses in order to gain benevolence of Kartli
Nobility, Kartli Royal Court. Luxury products,
as well as consumer goods of Roman origin,
such as precious metal dinnerware, glyptic art
pieces, Greek-Roman pagan pantheon, new-
ly established Cult of Roman Emperor, were
widely spread in Mtskheta.
This paper studies a number of objects related
to Roman Empire, specifically to Flavius and
Antonius Emperor dynasties: a signet ring of
the Queen Ulpia the Ruler (according to the
450
Marika Mshvildadze
sealing function and the depiction and inscrip-
tion on the intaglio, we assume that the lady,
owner of the ring, had the title of the Queen of
Kartli); gold coin-pendants with the image of
Faustina and Lucilla; gold pendant with a la-
dy’s portrait and chalcedony bust, with golden
necklace in an oval frame; gold pendant (two
units), with a child’s bust, made of cornelian,
set in a nest with an eyelet; cameos with Amor
portraits: 1. Cameos of brown sard and red-
dish cornelian with Amor images set in gold
earrings, discovered in 1947 in burial N1 in
Mtskheta; 2. A). Amethysts cameo in gold ring
with an Amor depiction; B). Almandine cameo
in gold earring with an Amor depiction discov-
ered in 1985, in burial N905 in Mtskheta; writ-
ing instruments, which we associate with the
local Romanized population, familiar with the
Antique culture, rather than alien ethnic group.
The paper studies a gold medallion discovered
in 1979 in a stone box N445 in Samtavro buri-
al - with a personified image of Constantinople
sitting in an armchair, which we assume is a
religious (Christian) object and can be dated
back to II half of the IV century and I half of
the V century.
451
 marika mSvildaZe
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti,
istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori
didi mcxeTis
arqeologiur
muzeum-nakrZalSi
daculi
gvian antikuri
xanis
gliptikuri
Zeglebi
elinisturi xanidan moyolebuli iberia saerTaSo-
riso vaWrobis obieqtia, romelzec gadis mezobe-
li qveynebidan _ somxeTidan, kolxeTidan, Crdi-
loeTidan samxreTisken momavali mniSvnelovani
savaWro gzebi, romelic qarTls iranTan da maxlo-
beli aRmosavleTis im qveynebTan akavSirebda, rom-
lebzec gadioda didi abreSumis gza. rom araferi
vTqvaT romis imperiaze, romelTanac mWidro ekono-
mikuri da politikuri urTierTobebi hqonda. qar-
Tlis dedaqalaqi mcxeTa am savaWro gzebis epicen-
trs warmoadgenda, rac dasturdeba kidec mcxeTaSi
aRmoCenili artefaqtebiT.
qarTli antikuri oikumenis nawili iyo. mcxeTa _ qa-
rTlis dedaqalaqi umniSvnelovanes rols TamaSob-
da ara marto aRmosavleT saqarTvelos, aramed zo-
gadad samxreT kavkasiisa da axlo aRmosavleTis
istoriaSi. Sesabamisad, misi kulturis kvleva mniS-
vnelovan masalas gvawvdis rogorc saqarTvelos,
ise antikuri samyaros Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT.
raSic didi roli `didi mcxeTis~ teritoriaze aR-
moCenil gli ptikur Zeglebs eniWeba, vinaidan Wrila
qvebi nivTieri kulturis is mxarea, romelic Tval-
naTliv gviCvenebs ama Tu im qveynis, qalaqis ganvi-
Tarebas. saSualebas gvaZlevs warmodgena viqonioT
mis savaWro-ekonomikur, socialur mdgomareobaze,
arsebul religiur rwmena-warmodgenebze da sxv.
mcxeTa gli ptikuri Zeglebis mopovebis Tvalsazri-
siT yvelaze mniSvnelovan centrs warmoadgens
452
saqarTveloSi. `didi mcxeTis~ teritoriaze warmoebuli sistematiuri
arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad ramdenime aseuli (berZnuli, romauli,
parTuli) Wrilaqvaa aRmoCenili, romelTa nawilic safuZvlianad aris
Seswavlili (m. maqsimova, marg. lorTqifaniZe, q. javaxiSvili).
qarTlis samefos dedaqalaqis samarovnebze araerTi sabeWdavia dafiq-
sirebuli. TiToeuli maTgani qveynis mosaxleobis socialuri aqtivobis,
savaWro urTierTobis, religiuri rwmena-warmodgenebis Sesaxeb erT-erTi
metyveli mTxrobelia. gvian antikur xanaSi, rogorc cnobilia, iberiis
(qarTli) politikuri orientacia dasavleTisken _ romis imperiisken aris
mimarTuli, rac kargad aisaxa gli ptikur Zeglebze.
Wrila qvebze datanili Tematika antikuri gli ptikisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
Tematikisgan ar gansxvavdeba. ZiriTadad dafiqsirebulia adamianis piradi
qonebisa da keTildReobis mfarveli RvTaebebi da maTTan dakavSirebuli
simboloebi: soli (heliosi), hermesi, marsi, amuri, demetra, tixe-fortuna,
nike, nemesisi, sinkretuli RvTaebebi, gmiri herakle, cxovelebi da frin-
velebi. fiqsirdeba warweriani Wrila qvebi, da rac Zalzed mniSvnelovania,
intalioebi qristianuli simboloebiT: Tevzi, paralelurad mcuravi ori
Tevzisa da Ruzis gamosaxuleba.
sabeWdavis dasamzadebel masalad gamoyenebulia Zvirfasi da naxevrad-
Zvirfasi qvebi, mina. qvebidan granati (almadini, piropi), sxvadasxva fe-
ris sardioni (narinjisferi, moyavisfro, mowiTalo), sarderi, aqati, iaspi.
gvxvdeba rogorc mrgvali, ise ovaluri formis, brtyelzedapiriani, amo-
burculzedapiriani qvebi, wakveTili konusis formis intalioebi, skulp-
tura-kameebi. qvebis dasamuSaveblad gamoyenebulia dazga.
daniSnulebis TvalsazrisiT, gvxvdeba rogorc individualuri, anu pira-
di sabeWdavebi, romlebsac mosaxleobis sxvadasxva fenebi xmarobdnen, ise
uflebrivi sabeWdavebi. aRniSnul sabeWdavebze portretuli gamosaxule-
bebia datanili, romlebic berZnuli warweriTaa damowmebuli.
1958 wels mcxeTis arqeologiuri muzeumis daarsebis Semdeg `didi mcxe-
Tis~ teritoriaze aRmoCenili gli ptikuri Zeglebis udidesma nawilma,
muzeumis fondsacavSi daido bina.
`didi mcxeTis~ teritoriaze Wrila qvebis araerTi Zeglia aRmoCenili,
romlebic xelovnebis nimuSad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. es arc aris gasakviri,
vinaidan saukuneebis manZilze qalaqSi intensiuri aReb-micema mimdina-
reobda. amas emateba is faqti, rom antikur periodSi mcxeTaSi arsebob-
da qvis saWreli saxelosno, sadac gli ptikis nimuSebi iqmneboda [2.37-38;
12.240].
istoriuli mcxeTis teritoriaze mopovebuli gli ptikuri Zeglebis xe-
lovnebis aRiarebuli nimuSebidan aRsaniSnavia: 1. 1940 wels armazisxevis
#7 akldamaSi aRmoCenili oqros beWedi, romelsac amkobs maRali relie-
fiT Sesrulebuli qalis gamosaxulebiani muqi feris granatis kamea (II
s-is bolo - III s-is dasawyisi) [2.37-38; 12.221-274]; 2. cxvris Tavis gamosa-
xulebiani ameTvistos kamea, romelic TvlebiT mooWvil maniaks amkobs da
romelzec sanelsacxeble WurWelia Sekiduli (gl.f. inv. #844. ax.w. II ss.);
3. 1947 wels mcxeTaSi orferdasaxuravian kramityuTSi (samarxi #1) da-
453
 fiqsirebuli amuris gamosaxulebiani yavisferi sarderisa da mowiTalo
sardionis kameebi, romlebic oqros sayureebSi iyo Casmuli (gl.f. #614);
4. armazisxevis #1 akldamaSi aspavruk pitiaxSis oqros balTa karpakisa
da zevaxis gamosaxulebiT (inv. #834); 5. 1985 wels didi mcxeTis teri-
toriaze mdidrul akldamaSi, samarxi #905 aRmoCenili kameebiT Semkuli
gli ptikis nimuSebi: 1) wiTeli granatis mamakacis gamosaxulebiani kamea
oqros beWedSi (gl. f. #1572); 2) iisferi ameTvistos amurisgamosaxule-
biani kamea oqros beWedSi (gl. f. #1573); 3) muqi wiTeli granatis qalis
gamosaxulebiani kamea oqros beWedSi (gl. f. #1574); 4) granatis qalis
gamosaxulebiani kamea oqros sayureSi (gl. f. #1577); 5) almadinis amuris
gamosaxulebiani kamea oqros sayureSi (gl. f. #1578). akldama ax.w. II s-is
II naxevriTa da III s-is I naxevriT (an SuaxanebiT) TariRdeba [1.7-79,tab.
XXXIIv]; 6. 2001 wels sveticxovlis sakaTedro taZris Crdilo-aRmosavleT
kedelTan aRmoCenil mdidrul akldamaSi (samarxi #14, ax.w. III s.) dafiqsi-
rebuli gli ptikis nimuSebi: 1) oqros beWedi mowiTalo sardionis gemiT,
romlis Tvalzec amokveTilia qalis mkerdzeda gamosaxuleba berZnu-
li mTavruli negatiuri warweriT BACIΛICCA OVΛΠIANΛΞIA _ `dedofali
ulpia mbrZanebeli~ (inv. #16-2002:1); 2) miniaturuli skulptura-sakidebi:
sakidi oqrosi, ovalur CarCoSi Casmulia qalis portretuli gamosaxule-
biani qalcedonis biusti, oqros yelsabamiT Semkuli (#16-2002:6); 3) sakidi
oqrosi (ori cali), yunwian budeSi Casmulia sardionisagan damzadebuli
bavSvis portretuli biusti (inv. #16-2002:7,8), romlebic dakavSirebulia
romis saimperatoro flaviusebisa da antoninusebis gvarTan [4. 103-115.]
(nivTebi daculia saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumSi).
naSromSi ganvixilavT `didi mcxe-
Tis~ teritoriaze aRmoCenil da didi
mcxeTis arqeologiur muzeumSi da-
cul gvian antikuri xaniT daTari-
Rebul gli ptikur Zeglebs. masalis
ganxilvas viwyebT portretuli ge-
mebiT. zogadad, portretuli gemebis
gavrceleba antikur samyaroSi aleq-
sandre makedonelis saxels ukavSir-
deba, xolo maTi popularobis mwver-
vali romaul periodze modis. didi
mcxeTis tertoriaze aRmoCenili por-
tretuli gemebidan sagamofeno dar-
bazSi warmodgenilia aspavruk piti-
1 2
axSis gema wiTeli feris naxevrad
gamWvirvale ovaluri formis sardio-
nis TvliT oqros beWedSi (inv. #837.
intalios sigrZe - 21 mm.,. sigane - 17 mm., beWdis simaRle - 23 mm., diametri
- 17-16 mm.) (sur. 1) (originali daculia saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumSi),
romelic 1940 wels iqna aRmoCenili armazisxevis #1 akldamaSi. pirze ga-
mosaxulia qarTlis erT-erTi pitiaxSis aspavrukis portreti mkerdamde
profilSi marjvniv. portretis irgvliv amokveTilia warwera ACПAYPOY
KIC ПITIAΞHC `aspavruk pitiaxSi~ [9.260]. beWedi da intalio Tavis dro-
ze Seiswavla marg. lorTqifaniZem, romelmac gemaze arsebuli warweris
moxazulobisa da beWdis formis mixedviT, intalio II saukunis bolo-III
saukunis dasawyisiT daaTariRa da adgilobrivi ostatis naxelavad miiC-
nia [2. 59-61].
454
portretul gamosaxulebas unda warmoadgendes, agreTve, baiaTxevis #35
kramitsamarxSi aRmoCenili skulptura-sakidi (inv. #14530. simaRle - 15
mm.; sisqe - 5 mm.) (sur. 2), vardisferi sardionisagan damzadebuli kamea.
mamakacis biusti zurgiT Casmulia mrgval oqros CarCoSi _ saTvalbude-
Si, romelsac TavTan mirCiluli aqvs brtyeli yunwi. mamakacis Tmebi Sua
nawilSi winaa gadmovarcxnili nawnavis saxiT. mas maRali, daqanebuli
Subli, swori cxviri da win wamoweuli nikapi aqvs. kamea dazgazea amoWri-
li, nawilobrivad aris gaprialebuli, kveTa uxeSi. Tvalbudis im nawils
romelic kameas gahyveba uswormasworo napirebi aqvs, daudevari naxelavis
STabeWdilebas tovebs, rac imTaviTve TvalSisacemia kameis fonze. sakidi
ufro gviani unda iyos vidre kamea, romelic ar aris gamoricxuli Tavda-
pirvelad sxva samkaulis (?) nawils Seadgenda.
Zneldeba kameaze gamosaxuli piris dadgena. rogorc cnobilia, romauli
portretuli ferwera sakmaod stilizebulia, amitom, yovelTvis ar aris
gasagebi vin aris gamoxatuli. kameaze gamosaxuli mamakacis garegnuli
iersaxiT Tu vimsjelebT (Tmis varcxniloba, mas ar aqvs wveri), igi romis
imperiasTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli. mamakacis garegnuli iersaxe romis
imperiaSi arsebul Zv.w. I _ ax.w. II saukunis pirveli meoTxedis modas
Seesabameba. kamea ax.w. I s-is bolo da II s-is I naxevriT SeiZleba daTa-
riRdes.
mcxeTis arqeologiur muzeumSi RvTaeba hermesis (Zv. berZnuli Ἑρμῆς) ga-
mosaxulebiani sami intalioa daculi. hermesi uZvelesi droidan bunebis
mefed iTvleboda. berZnebi mas miawerdnen anbanis, ricxvTa gamogonebas,
RvTismsaxurebis dawyebas da sxv. igi RmerTebis nebis macnea. zevsis Sikri-
ki da misive nebis aRmsrulebeli, romlisTvisac icvams mfrinav sandlebs.
amitom hermess xSirad am sandlebiT gamosaxavdnen. mfrinavi sandlebiT
gamosaxavdnen RvTaebas maSinac, rodesac igi mogzaurobisa da mogzau-
rebis mfarvelad surdaT warmoeCinaT. vinaidan adamianisTvis yvelaze
ucnauri imqveynad mogzaurobaa, hermesi aqac maT megzurad gvevlineba.
igi hadesSi micvalebulebis sulebis gamcilebelia. hermesi mfarvelobda
vaWrebs, mwyemsebs. RvTaeba Tavisi saswaulmoqmedi kverTxiT _ kerikeioniT
_ Zils hgvris xalxs.
RvTaebis sapativcemulod ewyoboda sazeimo svla, romelzec yvelaze la-
maz axalgazrda ymawvils mxrebze Semogdebuli cxvari mihqonda. antikuri
xanis xelovnebis nimuSebze swored es siuJeti iyo popularuli. hermess
gamosaxavdnen rogorc swori aRnagobis axalgazrda ymawvils, romelsac
xSirad qisa da kverTxi _ kerikeioni _ eWira xelSi. an terfebze frTe-
biT, farTofarflebiani, brtyeli, samogzauro qudiT. Tumca misi uZvelesi
saxe oTxkuTxa postamentze dadgmuli RvTaebis biustia. roca aziasa da
afrikaSi Cndeba berZnuli qalaq-saxelmwifoebi, hermesi gaigivebul iqna
egvi ptur RvTaeba TotTan (berZnuli _Θ Θώθ (TooT), romelic Tavis mxriv,
sibrZnis, mecnierebisa da magiis mfarveli iyo [10. 39-40]. elinuri da egvi p-
turi tradiciebis gaerTianebam mogvca axali RvTaeba Hermes Trismegistos _
hermetizmisa da legendaruli alqimiis fuZemdebeli. hermesi gansakuTre-
buli popularobiT sargeblobda gvian antikur xanaSi.
hermesis gamosaxulebian samive intalioze: 1. ovaluri formis sardionis
intalio vercxlis beWedSi (inv. #4702. intalios sigrZe - 16 mm., sigane
- 15 mm. ax.w. III s.) (sur. 3). samTavros #124 samarxi (ax.w. III s.); 2. ovalu-
455
 ri formis sardionis intalio verc-
xlis beWedSi (inv. #01/1-6423. ax.w. II-III
ss.) (sur. 4). samTavros veli, samarxi
#547 (ax.w. III s); 3. ovaluri for-
mis sardionis intalio rkinis beWdis
fragmentSi (inv. #01/5-6669. intalios
sigrZe - 10 mm., sigane - 7mm. ax.w. III s.)
(sur. 5). karsnisxevis meTune xelosan-
Ta ubani, ormosamarxi #6 (ax.w. III s.
3 sakmaod sqematuri namuSevaria), RvTae-
ba qisiTa da kverTxiT aris warmod-
genili. Sesabamisad, hermesi vaWrobis,
aReb-micemis, mogzaurobis mfarvelad
gvevlineba.
RvTaeba solis (laT. Sol) biustia ga-
mosaxuli ovaluri formis sardio-
nis intalioze vercxlis beWedSi
(inv. #4700. intalios sigrZe - 17 mm.,
sigane - 12 mm. ax. w. III s.) (sur. 6)
4 5 didi mcxeTis saqalaqo samarovnidan
(samTavros veli), samarxi #207 (ax.w.
III s.). Zveli romauli miTologiis mi-
xedviT, sols berZnuli heliosi (Zv.
berZn.Ἥλιος) Seesabameba. popularobis
zenits RvTaebam imperiis periodSi
miaRwia, rodesac antikur samyaroSi
elinisturi periodidan moyolebuli
arsebuli religiuri sinkretizmis
Sedegad, igi gaigivebul iqna romis im-
periaSi arsebul rogorc berZnul, ise
6 aRmosavlur kultebTan: miTrasTan,
serapisTan, heliosTan, heliogabalTan
da miRebul iqna axali sinkretuli
RvTaebebi: miTra-soli, zevsi-serapi-
si-soli, romelTa saxelebzec idgme-
boda sakurTxevlebi, igeboda taZrebi.
274 wels romis imperatori avrelia-
ne (270-275) atarebs religiur refor-
mas, romlis Sedegadac uZleveli mzis
(Sol Invictus) kulti romis mTavari sa-
xelmwifo RvTaeba xdeba. igi Tavis
TavSi aerTianebda araerT warmar-
7
Tul RvTaebas miTras, helios, iupi-
ters, marss [20.18; 5.64-76.].
saintereso nimuSs warmoadgens RvTaeba marsis (laT. Mars) gamosaxule-
biani ovaluri formis sardionis intalio vercxlis beWedSi (inv. #4701.
intalios sigrZe - ax.w. II s-is bolo-III s.) (sur. 7). samTavro, samarxi
#164 (ax.w. III s.). marsi erT-erTi Zveli romauli RmerTi iyo da im Rv-
TaebaTa triadaSi Sedioda, romelic Zvelromaul warmarTul panTeons
edga saTaveSi (iupiteri, marsi, kvirinusi), rogorc romulusisa da remu-
456
sis mama, romis mfarvelad iTvleboda.
Tavdapirvelad marsi nayofierebis
RvTaebas warmoadgenda, Semdeg ber-
Znul aresTan (Zv. berZn. Ἄρης) iqna gai-
givebuli da omis RmerTis funqciebi
8
SeiZina, magram imavdroulad, aresisa-
gan Zalzed gansxvavdeboda xasiaTiTa
da RirsebiT. aresis bevri uaryofi-
Ti Tviseba romaelebma ar gadaitanes
marsze. RvTaeba ganasaxierebda samx-
edro Zlierebas, rogorc mSvidobis
SenarCunebis saSualebas da romaeli
xalxis mamad iTvleboda. marss gamo-
saxavdnen rogorc Warmag da wverian,
an axalgazrda da gaparsul mamakacad, 9
muzaradiT Tavze, SubiT da fariT.
samTavros intalioze marsi gamosaxulia swored Warmagi, wveriani mebrZo-
lis saxiT muzaradiT Tavze, romelic marcxena xeliT Subs eyrdnoba. Sub-
is qveviT faria gamosaxuli. marjvena xeli ki win aqvs gawvdili. Sesabam-
isad, intalioze romis Zlierebis simboluri gansaxierebaa warmodgenili.
mniSvnelovan sabeWdavia karsnisxevis meTune-xelosanTa ubnis #27 kramit-
samarxSi dafiqsirebuli ovaluri formis narinjisferi sardionis in-
talio rkinis beWedSi (inv. #6725. intalios sigrZe - 15 mm, sigane - 10mm. ax.w.
II s-is bolo-III s.), zedapirze gamosaxulia mxedari profilSi marjvniv
(sur. 8). mxedris Tavs sxivebiani Tavsaburavi amkobs. mkerdTan naoWmiyri-
li kaba acvia da labada aqvs wamosxmuli, romlis boloc haerSi fria-
lebs. cxeni moZraobaSia, marjvena wina fexi sakurTxevlis win aqvs aweu-
li. sakurTxevelze cecxli anTia, mxedris ukan sicocxlis xe dgas. zeda
mxares naxevarmTvare da varskvlavia (?) gamosaxuli. sufTa namuSevaria,
kveTa Rrma da mkafio.
intalioze arsebuli ikonografiis gaTvaliswinebiT (mxedars ara aqvs
miTras atributebi, ar axuravs miTrasaTvis damaxasiaTebeli frigiuli
qudi. intalioze gamosaxuli mxedris tansacmeli gansxvavdeba miTras
tansacmlisagan. samarxeuli inventaris mixedviT, mcxeTis gema qalis kuT-
vnilbas warmodgens, rac aseve Zneli warmosadgenia gvian antikuri xa-
nis miTrasTan dakavSirebiT), mcxeTis intalioebze warmodgenili mxedari
adgilobriv niadagze warmoSobil sinkretul RvTaebad migvaCnia, romel-
ic romauli Sol Invictus-is msgavs RmerTad SeiZleba iqnas aRqmuli. ar aris
gamoricxuli, rom gema, romelzec aRniSnuli RvTaebaa gamosaxuli, adgi-
lobriv nawarms warmoadgendes [6.49-60].
didi mcxeTis arqeologiur muzeumSi daculia, agreTve, RvTaeba silvanu-
sis (laT. Silvanus) gamosaxulebiani sabeWdavi _ ovaluri formis pastis
intalio oqros beWedSi (inv. #10110. intalios sigrZe-17 mm, sigane-15 mm,
beWdis simaRle - 25 mm., diametri - 23x19 mm., ax.w. III s-is bolo - IVs-is da-
sawyisi) (sur. 9). avWaliskari, samarxi #2 (ax.w. IV-V ss.). silvanusi tyisa
da veluri bunebis, mindvrebis, baRebis, cxovelebis, sazRvrebis damcveli,
mSromeli xalxis mfarveli RvTaeba iyo. silvanusi romSi gansakuTre-
biT popularuli iyo plebeebsa da monebs Soris. sadac ki Sedioda misi
457
 kulti adgilobriv msgavs RvTaebebs
erwymoda. mag. saberZneTSi pans (Zv.
berZn. Πάν), oRond panisagan gansx-
vavebiT, igi keTili RvTaeba iyo. mas
harmoniuli damokidebuleba hqonda
garesamyarosTan. silvanuss gamosaxa-
vdnen (Zalzed cotaa SemorCenili
10 misi gamosaxulebebi) Warmagi mamaka-
cis saxiT, an ubralo tunikiT, an Seu-
mosels, namgaliT, fiWvisa da kvi paro-
sis totiT, fexebTan ZaRliT. sworad
aseTi Warmagi, xveulTmiani da wver-
ebiani fexze mdgomi mamakacia gamo-
saxuli avWaliskaris intalioze, ro-
melic marcxena fexs eyrdnoba. meore
moxril mdgomareobaSi aqvs. xelebiT
11 joxs(?) eyrdnoba. mamakacis gverdiT
fexebTan ZaRlia gamosaxuli. sqema-
turi gamosaxulebaa. intalios zeda-
piri dazianebulia.
mcxeTis arqeologiur muzeumSi inaxe-
ba, Zveli berZnuli miTologiis mixed-
12 viT, siyvarulis RmerTis erotis (Zv.
berZn. Ἔρως) gamosaxulebiani ovalu-
ri formis sardionis intalio verc-
xlis beWedSi (inv. #22142. ax.w. III s.)
(sur. 10). samTavros samarovani, #994
samarxi (ax.w. III s.). RvTaeba eroti
lodebze zis, xelSi gvirgvini uWi-
13 14
ravs. tlanqi, sqematuri namuSevaria.
saintereso gemas warmoadgens darbazSi gamofenili ovaluri formis od-
nav zedapiramoburculi intalio herakles (Zv. berZn. Ἡρακλῆς) gamosax-
ulebiT (inv. #01/6-16291. intalios sigrZe -17 mm. sigane - 13 mm) (sur. 11)
rkinis beWdis fragmentSi baiaTxevis #4 kramitsamarxidan (ax.w. III s.).
herakle Seumousavia. TaviT profilSi marcxniv. aqvs dakunTuli torsi
da fexebi. marcxena fexs eyrdnoba. marjvena xeliT, romelSic kombali
uWiravs, nemeis lomis tyavi (mzis simbolo) aqvs Semoxveuli da svets
eyrdnoba. marcxena xeli win aqvs gaSverili, berZnuli miTologiidan ga-
momdinare, SesaZloa, vaSlebi uWiravs. miuxedavad imisa, rom herakle nax-
evradRmerTi iyo _ zevsisa da mokvdavi qalis alkmenes Svili, berZnebi mas
rogorc RmerTs ise scemdnen Tayvans. niSandoblivia, rom herakle erT-er-
Ti yvelaze popularuli figura iyo antikur samyaroSi.
friad sayuradRebo nimuSebs warmoadgens RvTaeba viqtorias (laT. Victoria)
gamosaxulebiani ori msgavssiuJetiani intalios saxiT: 1. sardionis ova-
luri formis intalio vercxlis beWedSi (inv. #22128. intalios sigrZe -
25 mm., sigane - 16 mm., beWdis rkalis Sida diametri - 27 mm,. gare diametri
- 36 mm., ax. w. III s.) (sur. 12). samTavros samarovani, samarxi #984. intalios
pirze gamosaxulia etli, romelSic ori cxenia Sebmuli (biga (biga) – an-
tikuri orcxeniani etli). RvTaeba viqtoria (nike - Zv. berZn. Νίκη) dgas
458
etlze, xelSi sadaveebi uWiravs da SoltiT cxenebs mierekeba; 2. sardio-
nis odnav zedapiramoburculi ovaluri formis intalio (inv. #01/1-5247.
intalios sigrZe-18 mm., sigane - 14 mm. ax.w. II s.) (sur. 13) didi mcxeTis sa-
qalaqo samarovni (samTavros veli) samarxi #201 (ax.w. III s.).
romSi viqtoria Seesabameboda berZnul gamarjvebis RvTaeba nikes, romlis
gamosaxvac xelovnebis nimuSebze, maT Soris gli ptikur Zeglebze, gansa-
kuTrebiT gaizarda elinisturi periodidan moyolebuli. romis imperiaSi,
sadac viqtoria romis iaraRis ZlierebasTan asocirdeboda, kidev ufro
popularuli xdeba. sanqt-peterburgSi, ,,saxelmwifo ermitaJis“ muzeumSi
inaxeba ramdenime kamea etlze (biga) amxedrebuli nikes gamosaxulebiT:
ovaluri formis sardoniqsis kamea (mcire azia? Zv.w. I s.) [13.180-181,№78];
ovaluri formis samferovani aqatis kamea (Zv.w. I-ax.w. I ss.) [24].
etlze amxedrebuli viqtoria araerTxel gvxvdeba antikur intalioebzec.
jer jidev plinius ufrosi gvamcnobda, rom elinisturi periodis cno-
bilma moqandakem da mxatvarma evtiqidesma (berZn. Eutychides, Zv.w. IV-III s-is
dasawyisi, lisi pes mowafe) daxata etlSi Sebmuli ori cxeni, romlebsac
viqtoria marTavda (XXXV,141). ar aris gamoricxuli, rom es siuJeti aRe-
buli iyos swored evtiqidosis qmnilebidan. etlze amxedrebuli nikeaa
gamosaxuli antikur monetebzec. magaliTad, sirakuzis mmarTvelis hie-
ron II-is (Zv.w. 275-215) monetis reversze, rogorc cnobilia, gli ptikasa da
monetebze araerTxel gamousaxavT cnobili qandakebebidan kopirebuli
RvTaebebis gamosaxulebebi. mecnierTa azriT, ar aris gamoricxuli, rom
arsebobda suraTiani wignebis raRac saxeoba, rac SesaZleblobas aZlevda
xelosnebs erTmaneTisgan daSorebul qveynebSi ekeTebinaT msgavsi gamosa-
xulebiani nimuSebi [17.3].
nikes (viqtoria) gamosaxulebiani gema kidev aris daculi didi mcxeTis
arqeologiur muzeumSi _ zedapiramoburculi intalio ovaluri formis
almadinis oqros beWedSi (inv. #4488. beWdis rkalis Sida diametri - 20 mm,
gare diametric - 23 mm. ax.w. II s.) (sur. 14) #6 kramitsamarxi, sveticxoveli
VI (ax.w. III-IV ss.).
mcxeTis arqeologiuri muzeumSi warmodgenil `didi mcxeTis~ teritoria-
ze aRmoCenil gemebs Soris mniSvnelovania RvTaeba aTenas (Zv. berZn. Ἀθηνᾶ)
gamosaxulebiani sabeWdavi beWdebi. aTena _ sibrZnis, sabrZolo strategii-
sa da taqtikis, qalaqebisa da qveynebis, mecnierebisa da xelovnebis mfarve-
li qalRmerTi erT-erT yvelaze popularul RvTaebas warmoadgenda Zvel
saberZneTSi. man Seuqmna adamianebs kanonebi, aCuqa saxnisi, saqsovi dazga.
aTenas wminda sakulto cxovelebad iTvleboda gveli da bu. xolo sim-
bolod zeTisxilis xe. rogorc wesi, aTena gamoisaxeboda mkacr da dide-
bul qalwulad, xSirad grZeli samosiT, Tavze muzaradiT, xmliT, SubiTa
da egidiT busTan da gvelTan erTad. arsebobs Tvalsazrisi, rom aTena
winareberZnuli warmomavlobis RvTaebaa. rom misi mebrZoli xasiaTi da
aRWurviloba saTaves brinjaos xanidan iRebs.
baiaTxevis #1 ormosamarxSi (ax.w. III s.) aRmoCenil amoburculzedapirian
ovaluri formis intalioze rkinis beWedSi RvTaeba aTena-palada warmod-
genilia klasikuri formiT (inv.#01/35-16261. intalios sigrZe - 19 mm, sigane
- 11 mm. ax. w. II-III ss.) (sur. 15). aTena dgas fexze, TaviT profilSi marcxniv.
Tavze korinTuli muzaradi axuravs. tanT grZeli peplosiT aris Semosi-
459
 li. win gawvdil marcxena xelSi Tasi
uWiravs. zeapyrobil marjvena xeliT
ki Subs eyrdnoba. RvTaebas ferxTiT
egida (fari) devs. sakmaod kargi namu-
Sevaria. foni kargad aris gapriale-
buli. aTenas gamosaxulebiani meore
intalio rkinis beWedSi (inv.#01/5-
6821. intalios sigrZe - 7 mm., sigane
- 6 mm. ax.w. II-III ss.) (sur. 16) dafiq-
15 16 sirda karsnisxevis meTune xelosanTa
ubanSi #27 kramitsamarxSi (ax.w. II-III
ss.). RvTaeba igive formiT aris war-
modgenili. baiaTxevis intaliosagan
gansxvavebiT, gamosaxuleba Zalzed
zedapirulia, sqematuri. mcxeTis ar-
qeologiur muzeumSi daculia,agreTve,
tixe-fortunas (tixe _ Zv. berZn. Τύχη.
fortuna _ laT. Fortuna) gamosaxulebi-
17 ani ori beWedi: 1. zedapiramoburculi
ovaluri formis sardionis intalio
vercxlis beWedSi (inv. #4858. intali-
os sigrZe - 19 mm, sigane - 16 mm. ax.w. II
s-is bolo-III s.) (sur. 17). samTavros
samarovni, #605 samarxi (ax.w. III s.); 2.
ovaluri formis sardionis intalio
oqros beWedSi (inv. #4489. beWdis di-
ametric - 23 mm. ax.w. II s.) (sur. 18),
18 sveticxovli IV, #6 kramitsamarxi.
tixe-fortuna bedisweris qalRmer-
Ti, Tavdapirvelad miwaTmoqmedebi-
sa da qalTa mfarveli iyo, Semdeg
bednierebis momtani RvTaeba. misi
kulti nayofierebas, siuxves, adamian-
is beds ukavSirdeba. tixe-fortuna
antikur gli ptikaSi erT-erT yvelaze
gavrcelebul RvTaebas warmoadgen-
19 da. xalxma tixe-fortuna imTaviTve
adamianis cxovrebis mudmiv Tanamgza-
vrad miiCnia. misi kulti gansakuTre-
biT popularuli gaxda elinisturi
periodidan moyolebuli.
samTavros samarovnis #605 samarSi dafiqsirebul sardionis intalioze
vercxlis beWedSi tixe-fortuna dgas grZeli qitoniT Semosili. marjvena
xelSi siuxvis yanwi uWiravs. marcxenaTi saWes eyrdnoba. sakmaod kargi
namuSevaria. analogiurad aris gamosaxuli RvTaeba sardionis intalioze
sveticxovlis #6 kramitsamarxidan. orive SemTxvevaSi tixe-fortuna ada-
mianis bedisa da siuxvis simbolos mfarvelad gvevlineba.
sakmaod kargad aris Semonaxuli artemidas (Zv. berZn. Ἄρτεμις) gamosax-
ulebiani ovaluri formis sardionis intalio vercxlis beWedSi (inv.
460
#4859. intalios sigrZe - 25 mm,. sigane
- 16 mm,. beWdis rkalis Sida diametri
- 27 mm.; gare diametri - 36 mm. ax.w. III
s.) (sur. 19). samTavros samarovni, #605
samarxi (ax.w. III s.). artemida erT-er-
Ti yvelaze Zveli da Tayvansacemi Rv-
Taeba iyo antikur samyaroSi. uZvele-
si periodidan iTvleboda nadirobis
qalRmerTad, cxovelTa mfarvelad. 20 21
iyo mcenareTa da nayofierebis qal-
RmerTi, fexmZime qalebisa da axalSo-
bil bavSvTa mfarvelic. mis wminda
cxovels furiremi warmoadgenda. Rv-
Taebas gamoxatavdnen moklekvarTiani,
zurgze kaparWmogdebuli monadire
qalis saxiT furiremTan, mSvildiTa
da isrebiT. romaelebma artemida dau-
kavSires RvTaeba Ddianas. RvTaeba sam-
Tavros intalioze gamosaxulia moZ-
raobaSi mSvildiTa da isrebiT. mis
ferxTiT ki furiremi dgas. aRniSnul
22
SemTxvevaSi artemida nadirobis qal-
RmerTad gvevlineba.
muzeumSi daculia RvTaeba nemesisis (Zv. berZn. Νέμεσις) gamosaxulebiani
ori intalio: 1. ovaluri formis sardionis intalio rkinis beWdis frag-
mentSi (inv. #01/35-16382. intalios sigrZe - 23 mm., sigane - 18 mm. ax.w. III s.)
(sur. 20). mcxeTis saqalaqo samarovani (baiaTxevi), #33 kramitsamarxi (ax.w.
III s.); 2. ovaluri formis sardionis intalio rkinis beWdis fragmentSi
(inv. #01/5-6733. intalios sigrZe - 9 mm,. sigane -7 mm. ax.w. II s.) (sur. 21).
karsnisxevis meTune xelosanTa ubani, #27 kramitsamarxi (ax.w. II-III ss.).
RvTaeba nemesisi erT-erTi uZvelesi da pativdebuli _ bedis ganmasax-
ierebeli RvTaeba iyo Zvel saberZneTSi. igi SurisZiebis qalRmerTad
gvevlineba. mis movaleobas danaSaulisaTvis dasja, mokvdavTa Soris sike-
Tis Tanabrad gadanawileba warmoadgenda. romSi nemesiss upiratesad me-
brZolebi da gladiatorebi scemdnen Tayvans. RvTaeba gamoisaxeboda tan-
maRal qalad, iseTi atributebiT, romlebic meTvalyureobaze, sasjelze
mianiSnebdnen (saswori, aRviri, maxvili, frTebi, etli). `didi mcxeTis~ ter-
itoriaze dafiqsirebul intalioebze qalRmerTi nemesisi warmodgenilia
profilSi marcxniv. mosavs grZeli peplosi. RvTaebas Tvalebi axveuli
aqvs. idayvSi moxril da zemoT aweuli marcxena xeliT peplosis zeda
nawili uWiravs, dabla daSvebul marjvenaTi ki - saswori.
mniSvnelovan intalios warmoadgens agreTve, afrodites (Zv. berZn. Ἀφροδίτη)
gamosaxulebiani ovaluri formis sardionis intalio rkinis beWdis frag-
mentSi (inv. #11231. intalios sigrZe - 9 mm., sigane - 6 mm. ax.w. III s.), tuiaqo-
Coras #3 samarxi (ax.w. III s.) (sur. 22). RvTaeba dgas fexze, TaviT profil-
Si marcxnic, erTi xeliT Tmas isworebs, xolo meore xelSi sarke uWiravs,
romelSic ixedeba. afrodite miTebis Tanaxmad, cis RmerTis uranosis
Svili, zRvis qafisgan iSva, xolo msubuqma qarma igi kvi prosamde miiyvana.
afrodite erT-erT yvelaze gavrcelebul RvTaebad gvevlineba antikur
461
 samyaroSi. romSi afrodites kulti
Seerwya veneras (laT. Venus) kults.
delfinebi da gedebi afrodites wmin-
da cxovelebi iyvnen. isini acocxleb-
dnen zRvis talRebs, xolo maT mier
anTebuli varskvlavebi manaTobel
Suqurad iqceodnen mezRvaurTaTvis.
ase rom, afrodite iyo zRvis, mezRvau-
rebis mfarveli RvTaebac. iliadaSi
23 24
RvTaeba troelebis damcvelia.
afrodite (venera), erTis mxriv, iTv-
leboda qorwinebis damcvelad, ro-
melsac romaeli matronebi (matro-
nae – ojaxis dedebi) cemdnen Tayvans.
meores mxriv, igi gvevlineba msubuqi
yofaqcevis qalebis (meretrices) RvTae-
bad. imavdroulad, mas Tayvans scem-
da sula bednieri veneras (Venus Felix),
25 26
xolo pompeusi gamarjvebuli veneras
(Venus Vicrtix) saxiT. iulius keisarma
farsalosTan brZolis Semdeg, Zv. w. 46
w. taZari augo da mas venera winapari (Venus Genetrix _ eneusis gvaris, ro-
melsac iuliusebic ganekuTvnebodnen, RvTaebrivi winapari) uwoda (Suetonius,
De vita Caesarum, Iulius, 6; Velleus Paterculus, Historiae Romanae libri, II, 41). avgustusis
religiuri reformidan moyolebuli ki, venera marsTan erTad ukve romae-
li xalxis winaprad iTvleboda. igi didi popularobiT sargeblobda ro-
mis aRmosavleT provinciebSic. tuiaqoCoras gemaze gamosaxuli afrodite,
ikonografiidan gamomdinare, silamazis RvTaebas ganasaxierebs.
elinisturi periodidan moyolebuli religiuri sinkretizmi didi mcxe-
Tis teritoriaze mopovebul gemebzec aisaxa. muzeumSi daculia RvTae-
bebis gamosaxulebiani gemebi. magaliTad, aTena-tixe-fortuna-demetra-nike
(atributebi: gemis (bedis) saWe da siuxvis Tasi _ tixe-fortuna, puris
TavTavebi _ demetra (puris TavTavebi zogadad kidev sxva RvTaebebTan _
isidasTan da didi deda kibelasTan aris dakavSirebuli), frTebi _ nike
(viqtoria) karsnisxevis meTune xelosanTa ubnis #27 kramitsamarxSi (ax.w.
II-III ss.) dafiqsirebul ovaluri formis sardionis intalio rkinis beWe-
dis fragmentSi (inv. #01/5-6695. ax.w. II-III ss.) (sur. 23). sinkretuli RvTaeba
demetra-tixe-fortunaa warmodgenili `didi mcxeTis~ sveticxovlis ub-
nis #46 samarxSi aRmoCenil ovaluri formis sardionis intalioze (inv.
#01/6-12247. intalios sigrZe - 10 mm, sigane - 7 mm. ax.w. III s.) (sur. 24), pro-
filSi marcxniv, RvTaebas marjvena xelSi siuxvis yanwi uWiravs. marcxena
xelSi ki saWe da puris TavTavi. demetra-aTenaa gamosaxuli karsnisxevis
meTune-xelosanTa ubnis ovaluri formis sardionis intalioze rkinis
beWdis fragmentSi (inv. # 01/5-6721. intalios sigrZe-11 mm,. sigane - 8 mm.
ax.w. III s.) (sur. 25). RvTaeba warmodgenilia profilSi marcxniv. marcxena
xelSi TavTavi uWiravs. marjvenaTi Subs eyrdnoba.
saintereso nimuSs warmoadgens ovaluri formis iaspis intalio ver-
cxlis beWedSi _ dionises (Zv. berZn. Διόνυσος), panis (Zv. berZn. Πάν), silenis
(Zv. berZn. Σειληνός) _ dionises kultTan dakavSirebuli RvTaebebis Tavebis
462
gamosaxulebiT. iqve gamosaxulia mwyemsis kverTxi (laT. pedurn) (inv.#3681.
beWdis diametri 20x16 mm., intalios sigrZe - 7 mm., sigane - 3 mm. ax.w. II-III
ss.) (sur. 26). vercxlis beWedSi (ax. w. II-III ss.).
dionise (Zv. berZn. Διόνυσος,), igive bakxusi (Zv. berZn. Βάκχος, laT. Bacchus) um-
crosi olimpieli RvTaeba, Zveli berZnuli miTologiis mixedviT, mevenax-
eobis, meurneobis, meRvineobis, bunebis ganaxlebis, STagonebis, religiuri
eqstazis mfarveli RvTaeba iyo. dionise jer kidev kunZul kretaze mo-
makvdav da mkvdreTiT aRmdgar RmerTs, mcenareTa RvTaebas ganasaxierebda
(Diod. V, 75, 4; Firmic. Matern. VI, p. 15). misi saxeli pirvelad Zv.w. XIV saukuniT
daTarirebul `B~ xazovani damwerlobis teqstebSi gvxvdeba. dionises uZve-
lesi i postazi iyo Zagrevsi (Zv. berZnuli Ζαγρεύς–didi monadire) (Nonn. VI,
155-156), misteriebis RvTaeba. Zvel berZnul sinamdvileSi pirvelad dionise
homerosis `odiseaSia~ moxseniebuli (XXIV, 74). gamoisaxeboda rqebiT, mag-
aliTad, kizikosSi (Zv. berZn. Κύζικος, laT. Cyzicus) frigiaSi. Zveli berZnu-
li miTologiidan gamomdinare, arsebobda dionises rqebiani ikonografi-
uli ori saxe – dionise xaris rqebiT (miTis mixedviT, dionise mokles
titanebma roca man xaris saxe miiRo) da dionise Txis rqebiT (miTSi inos
mier dionises aRzrdis Sesaxeb zevsi cdilobda ra heras mrisxanebidan
dionises dacvas, igi Txad (zogjer miTiTebulia cxvari) gadaaqcia). Tx-
asTan da zogadad bunebis ganaxlebis ZalebTan kavSiri vlindeba kidec
dionises Tanmxleb personaJebTan - satirebTan.
pani Zveli berZnuli RvTaeba pirvelyofili tyis, Walebis arkadiuli Rv-
Taeba iyo. igi mxiaruli RmerTia. daexeteba mTebsa da tyeebSi. cekvavs
feriebTan erTad, uyvars gancalkeveba, Tu am dros masTan vinme miva pan-
ikur SiSs mohgvris. hqonda winaswarmetyvelebis niWi. pans gamosaxavdnen
rqebian, grZelTmian, wverian, Cliqebian arsebebad. igi dionises erT-erTi
Tanamgzavria.
sileni iyo antikuri komediis erT-erTi centraluri personaJi. iTvlebo-
da dionises miTiur aRmzrdelad. iyo keTili moxuci, romelic mudam mT-
vrali dabarbacebda, Wvretda momavals, hqonda maxvili da cocxali goneba,
gamosaxavdnen gudiT, TasiT, gvirgviniT da viriT, romliTac mogzaurobda
[13. 170-171, #73].
`didi mcxeTis~ teritoriaze aRmo-
Cenil gli ptikur Zeglebze kargad
aris warmodgenili cxovelTa da fr-
invelTa samyaro. samTavros samaro-
vanze gaTxril #990 samarxSi aRmo-
Cenili vercxlis beWedSi, romelSic
Casmulia ovaluri formis intalio,
gamosaxulia maRali foTlovani xis
ZirSi mwoliare Sveli (invn. #22139. 27
intalios sigrZe - 17 mm., sigane - 14
mm., beWdis sigane - 30 mm,. simaRle - 23
mm., Sida diametric - 21 mm. ax.w. III s.) (sur. 27). niSandoblivia, rom samarx-
Si dakrZaluli mamakacis sakrZalavi poza qristianuli dakrZalvis wess
Seesabameba (ax.w. III-IV ss.) [7.124-130].
qorbuda iremia gamosaxuli tuiaqoCoras #4 samarxSi (ax.w. IV s.) aR-
463
 moCenil oqros beWedSi Casmul minis
intalioze (inv. #4370. ax.w. III s-is
bolo - IV ss.) (sur. 28);
sveticxovlis IV kulturul fenaSi
dafiqsirebul oqros beWedSi Casmul
sardionis marTkuTxa formis inta-
lioze warmodgenilia qurciki (inv.
#4480. ax. w. III-IV ss.) (sur. 29); samTa-
vros samarovanis #134 samarxSi (ax.w.
28 29 III-IV ss.) aRmoCenil ovaluri for-
mis sardionis intalioze vercxlis
beWedSi (inv. #4706. ax.w. III s.) (sur.
30) kurdReli; frinvelia gamosaxuli
samTavros samarovnis #907 samarxSi
(ax.w. II-IV ss.) aRmoCenil sardionis
intalioze (inv. #2320 beWdis rkalis
diametri-18 mm. ax. w. II-III ss.) (sur. 31).
frTebgaSlili arwivis gamosaxuleba
fiqsirdeba ovaluri formis sardio-
30 nis intalioze vercxlis beWedSi (inv.
#4720 ax. w. III s.) (sur. 32) samTavros
samarovnis #237 samarxSi (ax.w. III-IV
ss.).
arwivis gamosaxuleba Zalian iyo ga-
vrcelebuli Zvel romSi. antikur
sinamdvileSi arwivi gamarjvebis,
Zlierebis simboloa. igi gaigivebu-
lia sinaTlesTan, nayofierebasa da
31 ukvdavebasTan. tyuilad rodi airCia
zevsma igi Tavis niSnad [15.150]. ro-
mauli miTologiis mixedviT, arwivma
uwinaswarmetyvela tarqviniuss mefis
taxti. arwivi gaxda respublikis sim-
bolo. Zv. w. 104 wels gaius mariusma
(Zv.w. 157-86) frTagaSlili oqros an
vercxlis arwivi saomar niSnad gaxa-
da, romlis satarebladac TiToeul
romaul legionSi gamoyo specialu-
ri mebrZoli – aqviferi (laT. aquila –
arwivi da fero – mimaqvs). avgustusebTan
arwivi saxelmwifos simboloa. qris-
32 tianul simbolikaSi ganasaxierebda
zebunebriv STagonebas. gemebze xSi-
rad gvxvdeba zevsTan erTad. ufro
xSirad romis legionebis disloci-
rebis adgilebSi, romlebsac mkvle-
varTa nawili `jariskacis gemebs~
uwodebs [21.476-503].
33 arqeologiur muzeumSi daculia, aseve,
464
didi mcxeTis teritoriaze aRmoCenili simboloiani intalioebi, romelTa
Sorisac aRsaniSnavia ovaluri formis sardionis intalio rkinis beWedis
fragmentSi (inv.01/1-6438. intalios sigrZe - 6 mm,. sigane - 4 mm. ax.w. III s.)
(sur. 33) didi mcxeTis samarovani, #577 samarxi. xelisCamorTmevis scena
erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli siuJetia mTeli antikuri periodis gan-
mavlobaSi. pirvelad is Zv. w. VI-V saukuneebis sabeWdavebze gvxvdeba da
ZiriTadad Tanxmobisa da kavSiris niSans warmoadgenda. aRniSnuli siuJe-
tiT gemebi aRmoCenilia TiTqmis yvelgan, sadac ki mniSvnelovani antikuri
naqalaqaria gaTxrili. mkvlevarTa nawilis TvalsazrisiT, gvian antikur,
e. w. romaul xanaSi xelisCamorTmeva _ Tanxmobisa da kavSiris simbolo
_ qorwinebis simbolod gadaiqca da beWdebi aRniSnuli gamosaxulebiT,
ZiriTadad saqorwino beWdebad ixmareboda [12. 230-231]. nawilis mixedviT
ki, gvian antikuri xanis bolos xelisCamorTmeva yovelTvis rodi iyo
col-qmruli erTgulebis aRmniSvneli simbolo. magaliTad, o. neverovis
azriT, ar aris gamoricxuli, rom gvian antikuri xanis bolos aRniSnuli
siuJeti mebrZolTa Tanxmobas ganasaxierebda [14.121].
mcxeTis muzeumSi inaxeba naxevarmTvare da varskvlavis gamosaxulebia-
ni ovaluri formis sardionis intalio rkinis beWdis fragmentSi (inv.
#11232. intalios sigrZe - 7 mm,. sigane - 5 mm. ax.w. III s.) (sur. 22), rome-
lic dafiqsirda tuiaqoCoras #3 samarxSi (ax.w. III s.). naxevarmTvarisa da
varskvlavis simbolikas didi xnis istoria aqvs jer kidev Sumerebidan
moyolebuli. Cvens mier sakvlev periodSi aRniSnuli simbolo damaxasia-
Tebeli iyo rogorc aRmosavleTis, ise dasavleTis samyarosTvis.
sparseTSi naxevarmTvarisa da rvaqimiani varskvlavis erTad gamosaxva,
saTaves parTiis epoqaSi iRebs. ax.w. III saukunis pirvel naxevarSi naxe-
varmTvare da varskvlavi parsas mbrZaneblis niSnad iTvleboda. sasanuri
iranis periodSi imperiis simbolos warmoadgenda da misi mmarTvelebis
samefo gvirgvinze gamoisaxeboda. [22.39-40]. ardaSir I (224-241) da Sabur I
(241-272) monetebze warmodgenilni arian swored am simbolosTan erTad.
papakisa da Saburis portretebi gameorebulia grafitoebze persepolisi-
dan [11.28,158-162].
rac Seexeba antikur samyaros, naxevarmTvare da varskvlavi arc antiku-
ri samyarosTvis iyo ucxo jer kidev Zveli bizantionidan moyolebuli.
rogorc samefo emblema pirvelad miTridate VI-m gamoiyena [16.257]. Cvens
sakvlev periodSi ki aRniSnuli simbolo romaul monetebze RvTaeba arte-
midesTan erTad gvxvdeba (ax.w. I s.). ax.w. II saukuneSi ki romis imperatore-
bis: adrianes, getas, karakalas da septimius severusis monetebis reversze.
iqidan gamomdinare, rom beWedi romelSic naxevarmTvarisa da varskvlavis
gamosaxulebiani sardionis intalio aRmoCnda, formis mixedviT antikuria
(ax.w. IIIs.) da aRniSnul samarxSi dafiqsirda analogiuri formis beWedi
afrodites gamosaxulebiani sardionis intalioTi. Cven tuiaqoCoras #3
samarxSi aRmoCenil sardionis intalioze gamosaxul naxevarmTvaresa da
varskvlavis simbolos antikur samyaros vukavSirebiT.
gansakuTrebuli datvirTvis matarebelia `didi mcxeTis~ teritoriaze
mopovebul gli ptikur Zeglebze qristianuli simboloebis aRmoCenis fa-
qti. es arc aris gasakviri, radgan mcxeTa _ qarTlis dedaqalaqi, rogorc
aRvniSneT, saerTaSoriso savaWro centers warmoadgenda. niSandoblivia,
rom adreqristianuli simboloebi sakmao raodenobiT aris SemorCeni-
465
 li rogorc aRmosavleT, ise dasav-
leT saqarTvelos teritoriaze, rac
qristianuli religiis aRmsarebelTa
arsebobis damadasturebel sabuTad
gvevlineba jer kidev im periodSi, ro-
34 35 desac qristes mimdevrebi ZiriTadad
warmarTTa garemocvaSi imyofebodnen
da saxelmwifos mier arakeTilsai-
medod iTvlebodnen, rac maTi devnis
erT-erTi mizezi xdeba. swored amis
gamo pirveli qristianebi farTod
iyenebdnen simboloTa enas, romlis
saSualebiTac SeeZloT farulad ga-
moexataT sakuTari religiuri mrwam-
si.
adreqristianul simboloTa Soris
gansakuTrebuli datvirTva Tevzis
gamosaxulebas eZleva. berZnuli si-
tyva ΙΧΘΥΣ Σ (Tevzi) qristianebs miaC-
ndaT Semdegi sityvebis simbolod
`ieso qriste, Ze RmrTisa, macxovari~
(Ἰησοῦς Χριστός, Θεοῦ Υἱός, Σωτήρ), romel-
37 sac jer kidev uZveles qristianul
katakombebSi gamosaxavdnen. Tevzis
gamosaxva purTan erTad evqaristiis
datvirTvas iZenda. RuzasTan erTad
ori Tevzis gamosaxva ki simtkicis
simbolod aRiqmeboda da jvarcmul
qristeze mianiSnebda [3.72; 23.88-89].
38 39
mcxeTis arqeologiuri muzeumSi
daculia didi mcxeTis teritoriaze
adreqristianul simbolosTan _ Tevzi
_ dakavSirebuli Semdegi sabeWdavi
beWdebi: 1. samTavros samarovnis #870
samarxSi (ax.w. II-III ss.) dafiqsirebu-
li Tevzis gamosaxulebiani ovaluri
formis sardionis intalio oqros be-
WedSi (inv. #2117. beWdis diametri -20
mm. ax.w. III s.) (sur. 34); 2. sveticxov-
40 lis ubanze #15 samarxSi (ax.w.II-IVss.)
aRmoCenili Tevzis gamosaxulebiani
ovaluri formis sardionis intalio
vercxlis beWedSi (inv. 01/6-3682. intalios sigrZe-7mm, sigane-3mm. ax.w. III
s.) (sur. 35); 3. sveticxovlis #7 samarxSi (ax.w. III s.) dafiqsirebuli
erTmaneTis pararelurad mcuravi ori Tevzisa da Ruzis gamosaxulebi-
ani ovaluri formis sardionis intalio (inv.#4721. intalios sigrZe-16mm,
sigane-15mm. ax.w. II s-is bolo-III s.) (sur. 36); 4. samTavros samarovnis #71
samarxSi (ax.w. II-III ss.) dafiqsirebuli erTmaneTis paralelurad mcuravi
ori Tevzisa da Ruzis gamosaxulebiani sardionis intalio vercxlis be-
WedSi (inv.#4703. ax.w. II-III ss.) (sur. 37).
466
qristianul simboloiani beWdebis dafiqsireba `didi mcxeTis~ terito-
riaze qristianobis saxelmwifo oficialur religiad gamocxadebamde
im faqtis naTel dadasturebas warmoadgens, rom qarTlis dedaqalaqSi
sakmao raodenobis axali monoTeisturi religiis mimdevari cxovrobda.
romlebic, Tavis mxriv, mefe mirianis mier religiuri reformis gatarebis
sayrdeni Zala gaxdnen. aRniSnuli mosaxleobis ararsebobis SemTxveva-
Si, niadagis momzadebis gareSe, mirians Zalzed gauWirdeboda dasaxuli
miznis miRweva.
mcxeTis arqeologiur muzeumSi gamofenil gli ptikis nimuSebs Soris
warmodgenilia, agreTve, gvian antikuri xanis warweriani beWdebi: 1. mogv-
Takaris #6 samarxSi (ax.w. II-III ss.) dafiqsirebuli sardionis intalio
warweriT ,KVIRIA KALE~ (inv. #8093. intalios sigrZe - 1 mm,. sigane - 9 mm
.ax.w. III s.) (sur. 38); 2. samTavros #970 samarxSi (ax.w. III-IV ss.) aRmoCenili
pastis warweriani intalio vercxlis beWedSi (inv. #21999. ax.w. III s.) (sur.
39); 3. samTavros #970 samarxSi (ax.w. III-IV ss.) aRmoCenili vercxlis waxna-
govani firfitisgan damzadebuli beWedi, romlis zeda rkalze datanilia
warwera `ZOH~ (inv. # 22076) (sur. 40).
warweriani beWdebi sakmaod iyo gavrcelebuli berZnul-romaul gli pti-
kaSi. adre antikuri xanidan moyolebuli isini xSirad gvxvdeba sxvadasx-
va dasaxlebisa Tu naqalaqaris teritoriaze. samTavros #970 samarxSi
aRmoCenili warweriani vercxlis beWedi (inv. #21999), formis mixedviT ax.w.
III saukunes ganekuTvneba. rac Seexeba amave samarxSi dafiqsirebul vercx-
lis waxnagovani firfitisgan damzadebul beWeds (inv. #22076), gli ptikis
nimuSebs mas mxolod beWdis rkalze datanili warwera miakuTvnebs. am
formis warwerian beWdebs fr. henkeli ax.w. III saukuniT aTariRebs [18. tab.
III, 51a, 51b, 51c; tab. XVIII, 355a, 355b, 355c; 364a,364b, 364c]. maRali, wakveTili ko-
nusis formis intalioebi, rogorc es mogvTakaris #6 samarSi aRmoCenili
sardionis intalios SemTxvevaSia (inv.#8093), damaxasiaTebelia aseve ax.w.
III saukunisTvis [2.44-45;19.182-185].
amrigad, kvlevis Sedegad dgindeba, rom gvian antikur xanaSi `didi mcxe-
Tis~ teritoriaze romauli (antikuri) sabeWdavi beWdebi gavrcelebulia
sazogadoebis yvela fenaSi. saSualo da dabali fenebisTvis gankuTvnili
Wrila qvebis umravlesoba maRali xarisxiT ar gamoirCeva _ masobriv pro-
duqcias warmoadgens. rogorc cnobilia, romaul xanaSi ufro adreuli
drois gli ptikuri ZeglebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli lokaluri stilistu-
ri Taviseburebebi TandaTan waiSala. magram, imavdroulad, vxvdebiT karg
namuSevrebsac.
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom mcxeTis muze-
um-nakrZalSi daculi gvian antikuri xanis gli ptikuri Zeglebis kvleva
mniSvnelovan masalas gvawvdis rogorc saqarTvelos, ise antikuri sam-
yaros Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT.
467
 bibliografia
1. afaqiZe a., niklaiSvili v., mcxeTis warCi-
nebulTa gansasvenebeli ax.w. III sauku-
nisa, akldama 905, mcxeTa XI, Tb., 1996
2. lorTqifaniZe marg., saqarTvelos saxel-
mwifo muzeumis gemebi, II, Tb., 1958
3. mSvildaZe m., adreuli qristianoba saqa-
rTveloSi, Tb., 2009
4. mSvildaZe m., flaviusebisa da antoninu-
sebis saimperatoro gvarTan dakavSire-
buli nivTebi sveticxovlis #14 mdi-
druli akldamidan, Tsu humanitarul
mecnierebaTa fakultetis saqarTvelos
istoriis institutis Sromebi, XIII, Tb.,
2018
5. mSvildaZe m., saqarTvelos teritoriaze
aRmoCenili gvian antikuri xanis romau-
li medalionebis Seswavlis sakiTxisaT-
vis, kr. kulturul-saistorio Ziebani
II, miZRvnili saqarTvelos mecniereba-
Ta erovnuli akademiis wevr-korespon-
dentis, Tsu-is sapatio profesoris
guram lorTqifaniZis dabadebidan 80
wlisTavis iubilesadmi, Tb., 2018
6. mSvildaZe m., mxedris ikonografiuli
gamosaxulebebi saqarTvelos terito-
riaze aRmoCenil gli ptikis nimuSebze,
saerTaSoriso qarTvelologiuri kon-
gresi II, masalebi, Tb., 2018
7. mSvildaZe m., mcxeTaSi aRmoCenili erTi
gemis gansazRvrisaTvis (TanaavtorobiT
q. diRmelaSili), saqarTvelos erovnu-
li muzeumi, iberia-kolxeTi, #12, Tb., 2016
8. mSvildaZe m., mcxeTaSi aRmoCenili mxe-
drisgamosaxulebiani gemebis Seswavlis
sakiTxisaTvis (Tanaavtori q. diRmel-
aSvili), saerTaSoriso samecniero kon-
ferencia `quTaisuri saubrebi~ - XIV,
`qarTuli enobriv-kulturuli mem-
kvidreoba~. quTaisi 3-4 noemberi. qarT-
velologiuri kvlevebi, XXI, 2017
468
Marika Mshvildadze
Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University,
9. yauxCiSvili T., saqarTvelos berZnuli
Doctor of History
warwerebis korpusi, Tb., 2009
10. Кун Н. А., Легенды и мифы древней Греции,
Москва, 1954 GLYPTIC
MONUMENTS
11. Луконин В.И., Культура Сасанидского Ирана,
Москва, 1971
12. Максимова М. И., Геммы из некрополя
Мцхеты-Самтавро, saxelmwifo muzeumis
OF LATE ANTIQUE
moambe, XVI-B, 1950 PERIOD,
13. Неверов О. Я., Античные камеи, издательство,
СПб, 1994
PRESERVED IN
MTSKHETA
14. Неверов О. Я., Геммы античного мира,
Москва,1983
15. Словарь античности, Москва, 1989 MUSEUM-RESERVE
16. Andrew G., Traver, From Polis to Empire, The An-
cient World, c. 800 B.C.–A.D. 500, Greenwood
Publishing Group, 2002
Glyptic monuments of Late Antique period, di- sculpture-cameos occur. Lathes are used for
17. Ch. Daremberg et Edm. Saglio, Dictionnaire des
scovered on the territory of “Great Mtskheta“ processing of stones.
Antiquités Grecques et Romaines. Paris, 1892
and preserved in Mtskheta Museum-Reserve,
18. Henkel Fr., Die römischen Fingerringe der Rhein-
are studied and analyzed in the paper. Number From the viewpoint of purpose, there are in-
lande und der benachbarten Gebiete., Berlin, 1913
of stamps were found in the necropolises of the dividual, i.e. personal stamps, used by various
19. Higgins R. A., Greek and Roman Jewelry, Methuen,
capital of the Kingdom of Kartli. Each of them layers of population, as well as rights-related
London, 1980
colorfully narrates about social activities, trade stamps. On the above-mentioned stamp, port-
20. Hijmans S. E. Sol: The Sun in the Art and Religions
relations, religious beliefs of the population of rait image is depicted, certified with Greek in-
of Rome  (diss., University of Groningen 2009),
the country. As it is well known, political orien- scription...
2009
tation of Iberia (Kartli) in Late Antique period
21. Krug A., Römische Fundgemmen. 3. Speyer,
was directed towards the west – Roman Em- As a result of research, it is established, that
Worms, Bad Kreuznach, Mainz und Saalburg, Ger-
pire, that also reflected on glyptic monuments. in Late Antique period, the rings-stamps were
mania 56, 1978
spread among all social layers on the territory
22. Michael G.,Morony, Iraq After the Muslim Conque-
The topics, expressed in engraved stones, don’t of “Great Mtskheta“. Majority of engraved sto-
st,Gorgias Press LLC, 2005
differ from the topics, characteristic for an- nes for middle and lower layers, is not of high
23. Tristan F., Premieres images chrétiennes: Du sym-
tique glyptic. Mainly the deities – patrons of quality – they are mass product. As it is well
bole à l’icône : II-e-V-e siècle. Paris, 1996
people’s personal property and welfare, and known, in Roman Period, local stylistic pecu-
24. https://www.hermitagemuseum.org/wps/por-
the symbols, related to them, are recorded: Sol liarities, characteristic for glyptic monuments
tal/hermitage/digital-collection/18.+Carve-
(Helios), Hermes, Mars, Amor, Demeter, Ty- of earlier period, gradually disappear; never-
d+Stones/1002479/?lng=ru
che-Fortune, Nike, Nemesis, Syncretic deities, theless, good pieces of work also occur.
Hercules the hero; animals, birds. Engraved
stones with inscriptions are also recorded, and, Following from the above state we can con-
most importantly, intaglios with Christian sym- clude, that study of glyptic monuments of Late
bols: fish, anchor and two fishes... Antique period, preserved in Mtskheta Muse-
um-Reserve provide significant materials from
Precious and semi-precious stones, glass were the viewpoint of study of Georgia, as well as
used as materials for making stamps; out of the Antique world.
stones – garnet (almandine, pyrope), carnelian
of different colors (orange, brownish, reddish),
sard, agate, jasper... intaglios of round, as well
as oval shapes, stones with flat surface, as well
as convex surface, intaglios of cut cone shape,
469
 medea Serozia
saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi,
simon janaSias saxelobis saqarTvelos muzeumi,
numizmatikuri koleqciebis mTavari kuratori
mglis
gamosaxulebiani
romauli denarebi
samTavros
samarovnidan
romauli samyarosaTvis damaxasiaTebelia fufu-
nebis sagnebisa da samkaulis moxmarebis siuxve,
SeiniSneba monetebis gamoyeneba samkaulad. sxva-
dasxva motiviT SerCeuli monetebi ixvriteboda an
ukeTdeboda liTonisave yunwi (mirCiluli) da mas
yelze Sekiduls atarebdnen.
moneta, rogorc oficialuri Zalauflebis simbo-
lo, farTod gamoiyeneboda mosaxleobis mier da
warmoadgenda mmarTveli Zalis propagandis saSua-
lebas. monetebis ikonografiis yvelaze gavrcele-
buli Temebi iyo: romaeli RmerTebi, qalRmerTebi
da sxva RvTaebebi, miTiuri warsuli, personifici-
rebuli Rirebulebebi, romauli sazogadoebis Rir-
sebebi, samxedro da politikuri movlenebi.Aax. w. I
saukunis dasawyisidan, monetebis aversze imperato-
ris an misi ojaxis wevris portreti an legenda
iyo datanili, reversis siuJeti ki, zemoT CamoTvli-
li Temebis garda, ganadidebda imperatoris tri-
umfs, mogzaurobas, miRwevebsa da Rirsebebs. amasTan,
Zalzed popularuli iyo astrologiis Tema.
cnobilia, rom iberiis samefos mTel teritoriaze,
maT Soris, dedaqalaq mcxeTaSi, mimoqcevaSi farTod
gamoiyeneboda romauli fulis niSnebi. fuladi mi-
moqcevis ZiriTadi saSualeba romauli denarebi
da parTuli draqmebi iyo. romauli safasebis erT
mcire nawils etyoba samkaulad tarebis kvali, aqvs
mirCiluli yunwi an gaxvretilia. aRsaniSnavia, rom
parTuli fulis niSnebi am saxiT gamoyenebuli ar
Cans.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, monetis yelsabmelad Tu
avgarozad tarebis motivi sxvadasxvaa. amis naTe-
li dadasturebaa tabulaze datanili am niSniT
470
SerCeuli safasebi.Yyvela maTgani qa-
laq mcxeTis teritoriaze aris aR-
moCenili sxvadasxva dros, arqeo-
logiuri samuSaoebis warmoebisas.
naTelia, rom, rig SemTxvevaSi, es da-
kavSirebulia rwmena-warmodgenebTan,
xolo rig SemTxvevaSi imperatoris
personis an misi ojaxis wevrebis pa-
tivsacemad.
1. romauli Zu mglis brinjaos qan-
dakeba. Zv.w.V s. tyupi Zmebis skulp-
tura XVIs.
samTavros samarovanze, sxvadasxva
wlebSi, mopovebul numizmatikur ma-
salaze muSaobisas, Cveni yuradReba
miiqcia romis imperator domicianes
(ax.w. 81-96 ww.) saxeliT moWrilma sam-
ma identurma denarma, romlebsac aS-
karad etyoboda samkaulad gamoyene-
bis kvali. erTi maTgani gaxvretilia,
ors ki uxeSad mirCiluli yunwi aqvs.
samive maTganis reversze gamosaxulia
romauli Zu mgeli, romelic kvebavs
yrmebs - romulussa da remuss (miTi
romis daarsebis Sesaxeb). (sur. 1)
moneta ase gamoiyureba:
romis imperia. denari. domiciane (ax.w.
81-96 ww.) moWrilia vespasianes (69- 2. romis imperator domicianes ro-
79 ww.) mmarTvelobis dros, 77-78 ww. mauli denari
romis zarafxanaSi.
aversi: domicianes wveriani Tavi daf-
nis gvirgviniT marjvniv. irgvliv
warwera: CAESAR AVG F DOM ITIANUS.
irgvliv xazovan-wertilovani rkali.
reversi: Zu mgeli, romelic ZuZus
awovebs tyupebs remuss da romuluss.
miwis gamyofi xazis qvemoT navia gamo-
saxuli. mglis gamosaxulebis zemoT:
COS V. irgvliv xazovan-wertilovani
rkali (Mattingly H. 1965, I, gv. 43, #240.
tab. 7 sur. #8).
analogiuria samTavros samarovanze
gamovlenili calebi:
g.f. #9940, aRmoCenilia 1938 wels
3. romis imperator domicianes ro-
samTavros samarovanze, S (samxreTi) mauli denari
ubanze, #1 qvasamarxSi. wona: 2,84 gr.
zoma:18/19mm. gaxvretilia. saSualo
daculobisaa. samarxi ekuTvnis bavSvs.
471
 TariRdeba ax.w. II s-iT (Иващенко М.1980:
10) (sur. 2).
g.f. #9972, aRmoCenilia 1939 wels
samTavros samarovanze, S ubanze, №86
agursamarxSi. wona: 3,00gr. zoma: 1821
mm. samarxi TariRdeba ax.w. II s-is da-
sawyisiT (Иващенко М.1980: 11). monetas
yuri aqvs mirCiluli, cudadaa dacu-
li, gacveTilia (sur. 3).
mesame aseTive denari aRmoCnda samTav-
ros samarovanze 1976 wels, CXVIII na-
kveTis me-2 kvadratSi, miwis samuSaoe-
bis dros. wona: 3,19 gr. (yunwianad).
zoma: 16/17 mm. monetas yunwi aqvs mir-
4. romis imperator domicianes ro-
Ciluli. sav. №1552. moneta gacveTil-
mauli denari ia (amJamad daculia mcxeTis muzeum-
Si)Y(sur. 4).
vfiqrobT, samTavros samarovanze da-
krZaluli, antikuri xanis qalaq mcx-
eTis rigiTi moqalaqeebis mier xsen-
ebuli denarebis SerCeva, samkaulad
gadakeTeba, tareba da micvalebuli-
saTvis Cataneba, SemTxveviTi ar aris.
es dakavSirebulia maT rwmena-warmod-
genebTan. kerZod, mglis, mgel-ZaRlis
kultTan, romelsac sakmaod Rrma fes-
vebi hqonda qristianobis gavrcele-
bamde da mis Semdgomac. warmodgena
mgelze, rogorc mamacobis da gamar-
jvebis simboloze, didxans SemorCa
qarTul sazogadoebaSi. am mniSvne-
lobiT, misTvis konkurenciis gaweva
mxolod loms SeeZlo. V saukunis
meore naxevarSi mglis gamosaxule-
5. romis imperator domicianes ro- ba amSvenebda qarTlis mefe vaxtang
mauli denari
I-s, ris gamoc sparselebma mas gor-
gasali (e.i. mglisTaviani) Searqves
(Бардавелидзе В. : 44).
qarTvelTa rwmena-warmodgenebSi mgels miewereba zebunebrivi fiziku-
ri Zala da moqniloba, Wkua, gamWriaxoba, mxedvelobis gansakuTrebuli
simaxvile, unari - aacilos adamians meore adamianis mtruli qmedeba
(Бардавелидзе В. : 44).
amave dros, magaliTad, svanTa warmodgeniT, mgels gaaCnia magiuri Zala,
romelic mimarTulia adamianTa sasikeTod. isini mTeli Tavisi arsebiT
exmarebian da mfarveloben adamianebs. amiT aixsneba mglis kbilis tareba
amuletad, rogorc avi Zalebisa da boroti Tvalis asacileblad (an gasa-
neitraleblad), aseve, mglis xorcis, cximisa da maTgan damzadebuli nax-
472
arSis miReba garkveuli daavadebebis
dros (Бардавелидзе В.: 44). T. abakelia,
msjelobs ra ZaRli-mglis simboloze
qarTul miTo-ritualur sistemaSi,
aRniSnavs, rom mglebis ZaRlebTan gai-
giveba Cveulebriv movlenas warmoad-
gens saerTo kavkasiur (da ara marto
kavkasiur tradiciaSi). gaigiveba, ro-
gorc enobrivi, aseve miTologiuria. 6. romauli kvinariusi, Ffaustina II
ZaRlisa da mglis aRreva damaxasiaT- (umcrosi) avgusta
ebelia aseve, sxvadasxva miTologiu-
ri tradiciebisTvisac, sadac mgels
SeiZleba `ZaRls~ eZaxdnen da piriqiT
(abakelia n. 1997: 56).
`garda eTnografiuli monacemebisa,
mglis problemisaTvis Tvalyuris
gadevneba istoriuli wyaroebiTac xe-
rxdeba. cnobilia, rom mefe vaxtangs
mglis saxiani muzaradi exura da
met-saxeli `gorgasali~ aqedan war- 7. romauli kvinariusi, dedofaliF-
lucila
momdgara. saxeli vaxtangi iranulad
niSnavs `mglis tanis mqones~.Uuaxlesi
gamokvlevebiT dasturdeba, rom III s-is
parTuli wyaroebi iverias ixsenieben
saxeliT `virSan~ (gamoTqmis `virCan~),
xolo saSualo sparsulze ewodebo-
da `v-ruCan~, rac mglis qveyanas niS-
navs. cxadia, roca qveyanas ase eZaxian,
saamiso safuZvelic unda hqonodaT~
(surgulaZe i. 2002: 67).
8. romauli aureusi imperator sep-
rogorc aRiniSna, mglis saxeli vlin- timi severusisa
deba qarTvelTa ucxour, kerZod, iran-
ul saxelwodebebSic. aRniSnuli
cxadad miuTiTebs, rom religiuri
cnobierebis adreul safexurze, mge-
li SeiZleba yofiliyo qarTvelTa
socialuri erTobis simbolo, rac
uZvelesi, totemuri rwmena-warmodgen-
ebis gamoZaxils unda warmoadgendes.
9. romauli spilenZis moneta
mglis kultis amgvari gaazrebis wina-
pirobebs iZleva miTo-religiuri kon-
teqstebi da mdidari istoriul-eT-
nografiuli masala, romelic mglis
kultisa da eTnikuri saxelis urT-
ierTmimarTebis sakiTxebs logikur
safuZvels uZebnis (miqelaZe m. 2014: 13).
10. romauli spilenZis moneta
samTavros samarovanze mglis gamo-
saxulebiani romauli denarebis aR-
moCena yovelive zemoTqmuls exmianeba
473
 da adasturebs, rom gvian romauli epoqis mcxeTelebisTvis damaxasiaTe-
beli iyo mglisadmi (mgel-ZaRlisadmi) Tayvaniscema. am monetebs, xangr-
Zlivi tarebis Semdgom (samive safases etyoba xangrZlivi moxmarebis kva-
li, gacveTilia) imqveyniur samyaroSic atandnen.
winareqristianul periodSi mgel-ZaRlis saxe, rom popularuli iyo, amaze
metyvelebs mravalricxovani arqeologiuri masala. am mxriv sayuradRe-
boa aragvis auzSi, fSavis aragvis xeobaSi, badrianebis samarovanze mop-
ovebuli brinjaosagan Camosxmuli abzindis msgavsi nakeToba, romelzec
mglisa Tu ZaRlis sami miniaturuli _ skulpturuli Tavia warmodgeni-
li. nivTi TariRdeba ax.w. III-IV saukuneebiT. aseve TariRdeba Jinvalis sa-
marovanze gamovlenili brinjaos saybeuri, romelzec mgel-ZaRlis Tavia
gamosaxuli (ramiSvili q. 2003: 70).
sinatifiT gamoirCeva armazisxevis pitiaxSTa samarovanze, meore samarxSi
aRmoCenili oqros gulsakidi, ZaRlis gamosaxulebiT (mcxeTa I, 1955: 41.
#38. tab. II, sur. 2).@
mgel-ZaRlis kultis popularobasTan dakavSirebiT mravali sxva magali-
Tis moyvanaa SesaZlebeli. amjerad amiT SemovifarglebiT.
samTavros samarovanze gamovlenilia romauli denari imperator adriane-
si, romelic imave daniSnulebiT aris gamoyenebuli, rogorc zemoT ganxi-
luli domicianes monetebi. (sur. 5).
moneta ase gamoiyureba:
romis imperia.Ddenari.Aadriane (117-138 ww). moWrili romis zarafxanaSi 125
wels. wona: 2,77 gr. zoma: 18/21. Gg.f. 9973.
aversi: adrianes wver-ulvaSiani biusti dafnis gvirgviniT, marjvniv.
irgvliv wriuli warwera:HHADRIANUS AVGUSTUS, irgvliv wertilovan-xaz-
ovani rkalis fragmenti.
reversi: axali mTvare da masSi Svidi varskvlavi. irgvliv warwera: COS
III. irgvliv wertilovan-xazovani rkalis fragmenti (Mattingly H. 1966, II, gv.
296, N463. tab. 55 sur. № 16).
moneta sakmaod gacveTilia xangrZlivi tarebis gamo, gaxvretilia. aRmoCe-
nilia…1939 wels samTavros samarovanze, samxreTis ubanze, 86-e agursamarx-
Si (Иващенко М. 1980: 242, N185). samarxi TariRdeba ax.w. II saukunis dasawyi-
siT (Иващенко М. 1980: 11).
rogorc wina SemTxvevebSi, gvaqvs safuZveli, vivaraudoT, rom moneta yel-
ze Sekiduli utarebia qalaq mcxeTis mcxovrebs, gardacvalebis Semdgom
misTvis imqveyniuri cxovrebisaTvis CautanebiaT. mizezi am konkretuli
nivTis SerCevisa da samkaulad tarebisa, unda veZeboT qarTvelTa rwmena-
wamodgenebSi. kerZod, ciur mnaTobTa TayvaniscemaSi, konkretulad, mTva-
ris kultTan mimarTebaSi. ciur mnaTobTa Tayvaniscema gavrcelebuli
iyo msoflios xalxebSi, umetesad, aRmosavleTis xalxebSi. astraluri
kultebis aRmocenebasa da ganviTarebas xels uwyobda miwaTmoqmedebis
ganviTareba (sergeevi v. 1941: 661).
474
winareqristianul xanaSi mTvare erT-erTi mTavari Tayvaniscemis obieqti
yofila. Semdgom mas, rogorc ivane javaxiSvils miaCnia, wminda giorgis
saxe miuRia. `qarTveli xalxis azrovnebaSi wminda giorgis Zveli warmar-
Tobis droindeli, qarTvelebis mTavari RvTaebis, mTvaris adgili ukavia~
(javaxiSvili i. 1979: 90).
Tavis TxzulebaSi, straboni ambobs, rom albanelebi rogorc RmerTs, eTa-
yvanebian mzes, zevss da mTvares, metadre mTvares. mTvaris taZari iberiis
maxloblad mdebareobs. mefis Semdgom yvelaze ufro pativcemulad is iT-
vleba, vinc taZars emsaxureba.Aalbaniis erTi nawili, saxeldobr, iberiis
mosazRvre adgili, qarTuli warmomavlobis eriT iyo dasaxlebuli. is mT-
varis taZari, romelic, gamoCenili geografis sityviT, iberiis sazRvarze
mdebareobda, SeiZleba swored kaxeTSi yofiliyo (javaxiSvili i. 1979: 90).
ivane javaxiSvils miaCnia, rom TeTri giorgis xatoba, mTvaris Zveli, warm-
arTobis droindeli dResaswaulis naSTia (javaxiSvili i. 1979: 93).
`...sadac qarTvelebs ucxovriaT, mTvaris Tayvaniscemis kvali SerCenilia;
amis gamo, mTvaris, viTarca mTavar-meufisa da RvTaebis Tayvaniscema, yvela
qarTveli tomebis uZveles rwmenad unda CaiTvalos~ (javaxiSvili i. 1979:
99).
mnaTob-RvTaebaTa SvideulSi mTvares orSabaTi dRe miekuTvneba. qarTu-
li warmarTuli wesebis SeswavlaSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eZleva
kviris dReebis megrul saxelwodebas, romelic dakavSirebulia mnaTobTa
TayvaniscemasTan. amas pirvelad yuradReba miaqcia m. janaSvilma da man
megrul-Wanuri kviris saxelebi Seadara berZnul-romauls da daadgina am
dReebis saxelwodebaTa warmoSoba. kviris dReebis megrul saxelwodeba-
Ta mixedviT, qarTulad orSabaTs (mTvarisa), megrulad TuTaSxas uwodeben.
warmarTobis dros TiToeul RvTaebas SvideulSi erTi romelime dRe
hqonda gankuTvnili da es dRe mis saxels atarebda. mis Tayvaniscemad
kvireulis am dRes imarTeboda sadResaswaulo rituali (makalaTia s.
2006: 360, 361).
am rituals megrelebi didmarxvaSi asruleben, axali mTvaris orSabaT
saRamos. dRe aucileblad orSabaTi unda yofiliyo. orSabaT dilasve
Seudgebodnen saxlisa da ezo-karmidamos dasufTavebas. Semdeg, ojaxis
diasaxlisi xel-pirs daibanda da sxvenze avidoda. aq idga xis kodi anu
qvevri, romelSiac am dRisaTvis Senaxuli iyo puris fqvili, lobio, xaxvi
da sxva samarxvo saWmelebi. sxvenze diasaxlisi saoTxaSuro kods samjer
marjvniv moabrunebda da RmerTs Seevedreboda ojaxis gamravlebasa da
kargad yofnas. Semdeg gamoacxobda imden or-or kvers, ramdeni ojaxis
wevric iyo ojaxSi. erTi kveri iyo mogrZo formisa, meore ki _ mrgvali.
acxobdnen, agreTve, Txunelisa da qoris gamosaxulebis or kvers. keraze
gamoacxobdnen fetvis erT did mWadsac. saRamoJams am kverebs Caalagebd-
nen kalaTaSi da saxlis kerasTan midgamdnen. gamoCndeboda Tu ara axali
mTvare da varskvlavebi, ojaxis wevrebi karSi gavidodnen. diasaxlisi
saxlSi rCeboda, karebs mixuravda, sanTlebs aanTebda, keriasTan daiCoqeb-
da, kalaTas xeliT abrunebda da dailoceboda: mTvare winamZRolo, Sens
bednier Tavs vloculob Cemi qmrisa da Svilis sasimrTelod. fuZenerCi
damicavi yoveli Wirisagan, faTerakisagan, sicxisagan, sicivisagan, cudis
Sexvedrisagan Sen daicavi. orSabaT bedniero, Cemi Ze (vaJi) gaamravle, wels
475
 ramdeni kaci iyo, imdeni ori kveriT gilocav, gaisad or amdenad gaamravle
Cems saxlSi kaci da qalio da a.S. sazogadod, `TuTaSxa~-s (orSabaTs) me-
grelebi gansakuTrebuli pativiT eqceodnen. am dRes ar SeiZleboda mog-
zauroba da ojaxidan sxvagan wasvla. arafers ar gascemdnen. orSabaTs ar
SeiZleboda Tavis dabana, Zma mogikvdebao, arc tirili da micvalebulis
dasaflaveba. am dRes ar daiwyevlebodnen, radgan wyevla male asrul-
debao da sxva (makalaTia s. 2006: 382, 383).
gamoCenili qarTveli eTnologi vera bardaveliZe astraluri bunebis
mTavar qal-RvTaebad barbareas miiCnevs, romelic mesaqonleobisa da Si-
nauri frinvelis mfarvel RmerTad moiazreboda (bardaveliZe v. 1941: 12).
vfiqrobT, samTavroze dakrZalul moqalaqes, romauli, mTvaris gamosax-
ulebiani denari, mTvaris Tayvaniscemis gamo unda SeerCia,Erac Cveni az-
riT, kidev erTi naTeli magaliTia imisa, rom ciur sxeulebs (am SemTx-
vevaSi, mTvaresa da varskvlavebs) gvian romaul periodSi gansakuTrebuli
adgili ekava qarTvelTa warmarTul panTeonSi.
zemoT mimoxiluli monetebis garda, gulsakidad gamouyenebiaT kidev ram-
denime moneta. motivi amjerad gansxvavebulia.
1937 wels armazisxevis pitiaxSTa samarovanze, II samarxSi sxvadasxva
nivTebTan da monetebTan erTad, aRmoCnda oqros aureusi romis imperator
septimi severisa (193-211 ww). moneta moWrilia romis zarafxanaSi 201 wels.
wona: 7,07gr. zoma: 19/20 mm. g.f. 9149. aRmoCnda micvalebulis yel-mkerdis
areSi, es bunebrivicaa, vinaidan monetas etyoba, rom igi patrons Camok-
idebuli utarebia: SemorCenili aqvs darCiluli yunwis naSTi. amasTan,
es moneta mudmivi xaxunisagan Zlier gacveTilia da saerTod, erT-erTi
yvelaze cudad SemonaxulTagania armazisxevis aureusebs Soris. rodesac
moneta am yunwiT Camoikideboda, septimi severis profili Tavdayira moeq-
ceoda. rogorc Cans, am sakidis tarebis mizani misi colSvilis gamosax-
ulebis gamoCena iyo. Zeglis gamTxrelebi…weren: `SeiZleba SemTxveviT ar
SeerCios erisTavTa ojaxis wevr qals keisris col-Svilis gamosaxuleba
yelze Sesabmelad~: FELISITAS SAECVLIF e. i. bednieri, keTildReobaSi myo-
fi modgma, gvareuloba, Taoba. (mcxeTa I, 1955: 44) (sur. 8).
aversi: septimi severusis dafnis gvirgviniani Tavi mimarTuli marjvniv
irgvliv laTinuri warwera: SEVERUS PIVS AVG - P M TR PVIIII
reversi: iulia domnas drapirebuli biusti pirdapir da misken mimarTu-
li, marcxnidan - karakalas drapirebuli biusti gvirgviniTa da abjriT,
marjvniv _ getas biusti. irgvliv laTinuri warwera: FELISITAS (zemoT
SAECVLIF(qvemoT).
Mattingly H. 1950, V, gv. 203, N255. tab. sur. №6 ).
am azrs iziarebs daviT kapanaZec, igi wers: “sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom
yunwi morCilulia im ganzraxviT, rom sami gamosaxuleba da warwera FE-
LISITAS SAECVLIF(saukunis bedniereba) iyos swored, maSin, rodesac impera-
toris gamosaxuleba, yunwTan mimarTebaSi, gamodis TaviT qvemoT.Ees, erTi
SexedviT, umniSvnelo detali, SesaZlebelia, iyos iribi miTiTeba micvale-
476
bulis ojaxuri Semadgenlobisa, radgan micvalebuli zrdasruli qalis
garda, samarxSi iyo gardacvlili bavSvis Zvlebi~ (Капанадзе Д. 1957: 164).
romis imperatoris ojaxis wevrTa mimarT pativiscemis gamo unda SeerCi-
aT kidev ori oqros kvinariusi, gadakeTebuli samkaulad. sveticxovlis
ubanze, 2001 wels sveticxovlis ezoSi warmoebuli gamagrebiTi samuSaoe-
bis dros gamovlinda warCinebuli qalis mdidruli samarxi (`dedofali
ulpia saqsoneli~). samarxi gamoirCeva mdidruli inventariT. masSi ar
CautanebiaT monetebi, Tumca, samkauls Soris iyo ori romauli kvinariusi,
romlebsac hqondaT oqrosave yunwebi da sxva kulonebTan (?) yelsabamis
Semadgenel nawils Seadgendnen (afaqiZe a. 2003).
1. sag. #16-2002:14. romis imperia.Ddedofali faustina II umcrosi (+175w.)
kvinariusi. Ooqro. Yyunwiani. (sur. 6)
aversi: faustinas drapirebuli biusti mimarTuli marcxniv. irgvliv la-
Tinuri warwera: FAUSTINA AVGUSTA. irgvliv wertilovan-xazovani rkali.
reversi: venusis drapirebuli gamosaxuleba mTeli taniT pirdapir, Tavi
marjvniv aqvs mibrunebuli. irgvliv laTinuri warwera: VENUS.
irgvliv wertilovan xazovani rkali.
(Mattingly H. 1950, IV, gv. 406 N164. tab. 56, sur. №9) .
2. sag. #16-2002:15. romis imperia.Ddedofali lucila (164. 168/69 ww.) kvinar-
iusi.Ooqro. Yyunwiani. (sur. #7).
aversi: lucilas drapirebuli biusti mimarTuli marjvniv. irgvliv laT-
inuri warwera: LUCILLA AVGUSTAE. irgvliv wertilovan-xazovani rkali.
reversi: venusis drapirebuli gamosaxuleba mTeli taniT pirdapir, Tavi
marjvniv aqvs mibrunebuli. irgvliv laTinuri warwera: PIETAS (?).
irgvliv wertilovan-xazovani rkali.
(Mattingly H. 1950, IV, gv. 406 N164. tab. 56, sur. №9) .
gvaqvs safuZveli, vifiqroT, rom didebulma qalbatonma dedofalTa pa-
tivsacemad SearCia zemoT moxseniebuli kvinariusebi da yelze Sebmuls
atarebda.
mxolod oqrosa da vercxlis monetebi ar SeurCeviaT da utarebiaT samkau-
lad antikuri periodis qalaq mcxeTis mcxovreblebs.Ggvaqvs SemTxvevebi
spilenZis monetebis analogiuri daniSnulebiT gamoyenebisa.Ees, savarau-
dod, dakavSirebulia adamianis socialur mdgomareobasa da ekonomikur
SesaZleblobaze.
1977 wels mcxeTaSi, mogvTakaris samarovanze warmoebuli savele samu-
Saoebisas II (kombinirebuli, qviSaqvis filebiTa da kramitiT nagebi) da
VI (kramit-samarxi) samarxSi aRmoCnda spilenZis safasebi, romlebic sam-
kaulad gamouyenebiaT.Oorive maTgani gaxvretilia, amave dros, xangrZlivi
tarebisa da xaxunis gamo gacveTilia imdenad, rom ver xerxdeba maTi gan-
sazRvra, garda imisa, rom orive maTgani antikuri periodisaa, ax.w. I an II
saukunes miekuTvneba. (sav. №12, sav. №43). (mcxeTa V, 1981:127,129). (sur. #9, 10).
477
 iberiis samefos dedaqalaq mcxeTis xangrZlivma Seswavlam gamoavlina Medea Sherozia
didi raodenobiT antikuri monetebi. safaseebis am raodenobaSi, rogorc
zemoT aRvniSneT, monetebis erTi mcire nawilia samkaulad gamoyenebuli. Georgian National Museum,
am movlenam gvian SuasaukuneebSi ufro farTo saxe miiRo. S. Janashia Museum of Georgia
Chief Curator of Numismatic Collections
SemoklebaTa ganmarteba

g.f. _ ganZebis fondi. saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis, simon janaSias sa-
qarTvelos muzeumis numizmatikuri saganZuris ganZebis fondi.
bibliografia
1. afaqiZe a., gobejiSvili g., kalandaZe al.,
lomTaTiZe g., mcxeTa I, Tb., 1955
2. afaqiZe a., yifiani g., nikolaiSvili v.,
manjgalaZe g., kapanaZe m., sveticxovlis
ezoSi Catarebuli arqeologiuri samu-
Saoebi. mcxeTa. 2001. VI samecniero sesia
_ 2001 da 2002 wlebis savele arqeolo-
giuri kvleva-Ziebis Sdegebi. angariSebi,
2003
3. abakelia n., simbolo da rituali qar-
Tul kulturaSi, Tb., 199
4. bardaveliZe v., qarTvelTa uZvelesi
sarwmunoebis istoriidan (RvTaeba bar-
bar-babar), Tb., 1941
5. makalaTia s., samegrelos istoria da
eTnografia, Tb., 2006
6. miqelaZe m., qarTvelTa eTnikuri saxeli
arqauli rwmena-warmodgenebis Suqze.
Tb., 2014
7. mcxeTa V, arqeologiuri kvleva-Ziebis
Sdegebi. tomi V. (red. afaqiZe), Tb., 1981
8. ramiSvili q., mglis gamosaxulebebi md.
aragvis xeobidan. iberia-kolxeTi. sa-
qarTvelos antikuri periodis arqeolo-
giur gamokvlevaTa krebuli, #1, Tb., 2003
9. sergeevi v., Zveli romis istoriis nark-
vevebi, Tb., 1941
10. surgulaZe i., miTosi, kulti, rituali
saqarTveloSi, Tb. 2002
11. javaxiSvili i., Txzulebani Tormet to-
mad. t. I, Tb., 1979
12. Бардавелидзе В., Древнейшие религиозные
верования и обрядовое графическое искусство
Грузинских племен, Тб., 1957
13. Иващенко М., Самтаврские погребения первых
трех веков н. э. mcxeTa III, Tb., 1980
14. Капанадзе Д., Ауреусы Армазского некрополя.
СА №3, Москва, 1957
15. Mattingly H., Coins of the Roman Empire in the
British Museum. v.II L., 1965
16. Mattingly H., Coins of the Roman Empire in the
British Museum, v.III. L., 1966
17. Mattingly H., Coins of the Roman Empire in the
British Museum, v.V L., 1950
ROMAN DENARII
WITH THE WOLF
IMAGE FROM
SAMTAVRO
GRAVEYARD
Roman currency units were in wide circulation At different times, three identical denarii (cut in
on the whole territory of the Kingdom of Iberia, 77-78 in mint in Rome), cut in the name of Ro-
including its capital Mtskheta, in Antique peri- man Emperor Domitian (81-96 A.D.), clearly
od. Roman Denarii and Parthian drachms were bearing the traces of being used as adornments,
the basic means of monetary circulation. One were found. One of them is perforated, and two
small part of the Roman coins bears the traces have roughly brazed loops. On the reverse side
of being worn as adornment, having the brazed of all the three coins there is an image of a she-
loop or being perforated. It shall be mentioned, wolf, feeding kids.
that Parthian coins do not appear to have been
used for this purpose. In our opinion, the fact of selecting the above-
mentioned denarii by ordinary citizens, buried
The motives of wearing coins as a necklace in Samtavro burial ground, their transformation
or amulet are different. It is clear that in some into adornments, wearing and putting them with
cases, it is related to beliefs-understandings; in the dead is related to the cult of wolf, wolf-dog,
other cases, they were selected for expressing obviously having quite deep roots before and
respect to the Emperor’s personality or his fa- after introduction of Christianity.
mily members.

478 479
 qeTevan diRmelaSvili
saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis
dacvis erovnuli saagento,
istoriis doqtori
xoirebi
mcxeTis
arqeologiuri
muzeumidan
didi mcxeTis arqeologiur saxelmwifo muzeum-na-
krZalis fondSi araerTi saintereso artefaqtia
daculi. maT Sorisaa sakrZalavi ritualis Semad-
geneli nivTebi. amjerad, yuradRebas xoirebze Seva-
CerebT (153 furceli).
isini damzadebulia oqros Txeli furclisgan, rom-
lis sisqe 0.02 sm-s ar aRemateba. umetesad aqvT niaxu-
ris foTlis msgavsi moyvaniloba _ samkuTxedisebu-
rad iSleba da ikbileba. foTolTa kbilebi samidan
eqvsamde meryeobs. furclis Ziridan Tavisken sxive-
bad iSleba reliefuri xazebi, romlebic foTolTa
ZarRvebis imitacias qmnian. aris gansxvavebulebic,
romlebic ufro dafnis foTlebs waagavs. furcle-
bis zomebi meryeobs: sigrZeSi _ 1.4-5.6 sm., siganeSi _
1-5 sm., xolo wona _ 0.135-0.665 gr. Soris. am 153 eqspo-
natidan erTi SemTxveviTi aRmoCenaa armazcixidan1,
danarCeni ki mcxeTis teritoriaze gaTxrili 13 sa-
marxis inventaria. maTgan, 4 cali aRmoCenilia 1958
w. aragvis (amJ. mamulaSvilis) quCis #2 samarxSi2, 6
cali _ iqve, 1959 w. gaTxril kramitsamarxSi3, 25 cali
_ 1966 w. leninisa (amJ. aRmaSeneblis) da aragvis
(amJ. mamulaSvilis) quCis kveTaSi (Zegl karibWis
* naSromi pirvelad gamoqveynda saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis er-
ovnuli saagentos sakonferencio masalebis krebulSi `muzeumi da kulturuli memkv-
idreoba~ 2014, gv. 61-64
1 xoiri (sam.#22083) aRmoCnda 2001 w. eqvsabsidian taZarSi misi gawmendis dros
2 aragvis (mamulaSvilis) quCis samarxi #2 (1958 w.) samarxis naSTia. masSi mamakaci
iyo dakrZaluli. garda xoirisa (sam.#626), samarxSi aRmoCnda gotarz II-is (39-51 ww.)
(sam.#620) vercxlis moneta. gotarzes monetebi mcxeTis samarxebSi drois farTo mon-
akveTSi _ I-III ss. gvxvdeba (mag. karsnisxevi, baiaTxevi), amitom samarxis TariRad gvian-
antikuri xana unda ganisazRvros
3 aragvis quCis kramitsamarxSi (1959 w.) aRmoCnda: minis samelne, Zvlis stilosi, rki-
nis beWedi, oqros garsakravi, oqros xoirebi, giSris, pastis, egvi pturi pastis mZivebi,
gotarzes vercxlis moneta (sam.#263254-263265). samarxi gvianantikuri xaniT unda da-
TariRdes
480
siaxloves) gaTxril qvasamarxSi4, 25 cali _ 1967 w. aRmaSeneblis #140-Si
gaTxril kramitsamarxSi5 da 30 cali _ iqve, 2006 w. gaTxril akldamaSi6,
10 cali _ samTavros 1976 w. #71 qvasamarxSi7, 1 cali _ sveticxoveli V
ubnis #45 qvasamarxSi8, 7 cali _ 2001 w. sveticxovlis ezoSi gaTxril #11
kramitsamarxSi9. koleqciis danarCeni nawili baiaTxevis samarovnidanaa: 6
cali _ #1, 7 cali _ #11, 2 cali _ #15, 13 cali _ #32 da 15 cali _ #3510
samarxebSi.
mcxeTis muzeumSi daculi erTeulebis garda, xoiris oqros furclebi
aRmoCenilia: armazisxevis #3 (bersuma pitiaxSis) da #9 (bavSvis) samar-
xebSi, (afaqiZe... 1955: 49,99-100); mcxeTis stalinis q. #24-Si 1948 w. gaTxril
#1 kramitsamarxSi (kalandaZe... 1949: 272); aragvis (amJ. mamulaSvilisa) da
leninis (amJ. aRmaSeneblis) quCebis SesayarSi 1958 w. gaTxril #1 filasa-
marxSi (bibiluri 1983: 201-207), samTavros samarovnis 1920 w. gaTxril akld-
amaSi11 (makalaTia 1928: 180), 1939 w. `A~, #140,144 da 1940 w. #212 qvayuTebSi,
1938 w. #32, 1939w. #116, 1941 w. #319 kramitsamarxebSi, 1941 w. #335 filasamarx-
sa (Иващенко 1980: 106) da #905 qvis sarkofagSi (afaqiZe... 1996: 28-29), aseve
borSi12, TbilisSi (qoriZe 1958: 78), urbnisSi (Wyonia 1981: 61). aRniSnuli
samarxebi II-IV ss. TariRdeba.
samgloviaro gvirgvinis _ xoirebis dakrZalvis ritualTan dakavSireba
pirvelad egeosur samyaroSi xdeba. igi gansakuTrebiT vrceldeba klasi-
kuri xanis saberZneTSi, elinistur da romaul xanaSi. samgloviaro gvirg-
vinSi igulisxmeboda rogorc liTonis, ise cocxali yvavilebis gvirgvine-
bi (Wyonia 1981: 59-63). isini mzaddeboda oqros, vercxlisa da brinjaosgan.
iyo rogorc erTgvarovani, aseve sxvadasxva masaliT damzadebuli gvirg-
4 Zegl karibWis siaxloves 1966 w. gaTxril qvasamarxSi dakrZaluli iyo ori individi
gulaRma gaSotili, TaviT dasavleTiT. samarxSi aRmoCnda: Tixis moWiquli WurWeli _
amforiski, minis WurWlis fragmenti, ferumarilis sasresi niJara, xoiris oqros fur-
clebi 25 cali (maTgan 6 cali _ dafnis foTlisebri, 5 cali _ mrgvali firfita da 14
cali _ niaxuris foTlisebri), beWedi oqrosi Zowis konusuri TvliT, wyvili sayure
oqrosi wiwibosebri, beWedi vercxlisa iaspis intalioTi, romelzec gamosaxulia 3 ma-
makacis portreti, beWedi vercxlisa Tevzis gamosaxulebiani sardionis gemiT, beWedi
vercxlisa Zowis konusuri TvliT, beWedi rkinis, qamris abzindebi vercxlisa, sawvive
Tasmis 2 rgoli brinjaosi, vercxlis 3 moneta avgustusisa (Zv.w. 27-ax.w. 14 ww.) da
gotarz II-isa (39-51 ww.), rkinis danis natexebi, Zvlis maxaTi, mZivebi aqatisa, sardionisa,
giSrisa, pastisa, Zvlisa da qarvisa (sam.#3671-3691). CamoTvilili artefaqtebi samarxis
daTariRebis myar safuZvels iZleva: erTi mxriv moWiquli amforiski (manjgalaZe 2008:
72-75), meore mxriv wiwibosebri sayureebi da beWdebis formebi, samarxs III s. aTariRebs
5 samarxi daTariRebulia III s. (nikolaiSvili... 2012: 67-81)
6 samarxi daTariRebulia III-IV ss. I naxevriT (nikolaiSvili... 2006: 11-22)
7 samarxi IV s. I naxevriT TariRdeba (manjgalaZe 1985: 45-46,101)
8 samarxi gvianantikuri xanisaa (afaqiZe... 1996: 49, sur. 308)
9 sveticxovlis ezoSi 2001 w. gaTxrili kramitsamarxi #11 gamarTuli iyo Crdilo-samx-
reTis RerZze. daekrZalaT zrdasruli, gulaRma gaSotili, TaviT CrdiloeTiT. sa-
marxSi aRmoCnda: xelada Tixisa 2 cali, stilosi Zvlisa, moneta vercxlisa gotarzesi,
xoiris furclebi (sam.#22084-22094). samarxi III-IV ss. TariRdeba (afaqiZe... 2003: 81-82)
10 baiaTxevis aRniSnuli samarxebi III-IV ss. I naxevriT TariRdeba (nikolaiSvili... 1995:
128-132)
11 samarxi gamarTuli iyo aRmaSeneblis #140-Si 1967 da 2006 ww. gaTxrili samarxebis
axlos
12 unda SevniSnoT, rom borSi aRmoCenili ori oqros figuruli firfita ti pologiurad
sruliad gansxvavdeba saqarTveloSi aqamde aRmoCenil gvianantikuri xanis xoiris
furclebisgan (Придикь 1914: 98, таб. II-12)
481
 vinebi. am SemTxvevaSi, sarCulad ga-
moiyeneboda nazi qsovili an tyavi.
gvirgvinis furclebi gamosaxavda
zeTisxilis, dafnis, muxis, vazis, aseve
niaxuris foTlebs. isini sarCulze
magrdeboda naxvretis an webos saSua-
lebiT (Гаидукевич 1949: 394; Wyonia 1981:
62; afaqiZe... 1955: 49).
xoirebis gamoyeneba gavrcelebuli
Cans Zveli bosforis samefos samar-
xebSi. Tumca, aq TiTqos kanonzomie-
ria I-III ss-Si maTi aRmoCena mxolod
gansakuTrebulad mdidrul samar-
xebSi, rac mecnierebs afiqrebinebs,
rom sakrZalavi gvirgvinebiT maRali
wris warmomadgenlebi ikrZalebod-
nen. iqaur gvirgvinTa SemadgenlobaSi,
garda niaxuris minabaZi furclebisa, gvxvdeba aseve zeTisxilisa da daf-
nis foTolTa minabaZebic. erT SemTxvevaSi es furclebi oqros masiur
mavTulzea mimagrebuli, meore SemTxvevaSi ki _ oqrosfurclovan lentze.
saSuble nawili furclebis magier xSirad imkoboda RvTaebis, miTiuri pi-
rovnebis an mefis gamosaxulebiani medalionebiT. aseTi saSuble gvirgvi-
nebis Semcveli samarxebi bosforSi Zv.w. I-ax.w. IV ss. TariRdeba (afaqiZe...
1955: 49; Иващенко 1980: 107; Отчет... 1906: 45-46; Отчет ... 1903: 60).
igive periodis samarxebSi Cndeba xoiris oqros furclebi saqarTvelo-
Sic13. isini sami formiTaa warmodgenili: wriuli firfitebi, dafnisa da
niaxuris foTlebis minabaZebi. unda SevniSnoT, rom pirveli da meore
formis furclebi mcxeTis samarxebSi calke ar aRmoCenila, isini yovelT-
vis niaxuris furclebs axlavs Tan, maSin, roca es ukanasknelni samarxebSi
damoukidebladaa dadasturebuli. es garemoeba unda miuTiTebdes imaze,
rom xoiris ZiriTad nawils niaxuris foTlebis minabaZebi warmoadgenda,
danarCeni ori ki misi danamati gaxldaT. mcxeTis samarxTa monacemebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, mecnierTa nawili fiqrobda, rom maT sarCulad gamoye-
nebuli unda yofiliyo nazi qsovili, radgan misi kvali samarxebSi ar
dasturdeboda (afaqiZe... 1955: 49; Иващенко 1980: 107), magram 2006 w. mcxeTaSi
gaxsnilma akldamam cxadyo, rom sarCulad gamoyenebuli unda yofiliyo
tyavic. maTze gvirgvinis furclebi magrdeboda webos an furclebze ga-
keTebuli naxvretebisa da mavTulis saSualebiT (afaqiZe... 1955: 49). mcxe-
Tis samarxebSi aRmoCenil samarxTa magaliTze Tu vimsjelebT, mcxeTaSi
gavrcelebuli xoirebi sami saxis iyo: 1. mxolod niaxuris foTlebiT; 2.
niaxuris foTlebiTa da mrgvali firfitebiT da 3. niaxurisa da dafnis
foTlebiT Sedgenili gvirgvinebi. maTgan dafnis foTlis msgavsebi gar-
digardmo, xolo niaxuris foTlis minabaZebi simaRleze, oRond gaSlili
kidiT dabla momarTuli da erTmaneTis monacvleobiT magrdeboda. aseTi
gvirgvinebi iSviaTia. ufro gavrcelebulia niaxuris foTlebiT Sedgeni-
li xoirebi. foTolTa raodenoba sakrZalav gvirgvinebze gansxvavebulia:
13 gvirgvinis zeTisxilis furclebi aRmoCenilia vanSic, magram isini samarxeul inven-
tars ar warmoadgens (Wyonia 1981: 61)
482
1-dan 24-mde. sainteresoa, rom xoiris furclebis raodenoba imave samarxSi
aRmoCenili inventaris raodenobisa da siZvirfasis proporciulia. anu, Tu
inventari mdidrulia, xoiris furclebic SedarebiT metia. es faqti gva-
fiqrebinebs, rom xoiris furclebis raodenoba damokidebuli unda yofi-
liyo micvalebulis SeZlebulobaze14. maRali wris warmomadgenlebs, bu-
nebrivia, xoiri ufro srulad Semkuli unda hqonodaT oqros furclebiT,
saSualo wris warmomadgenlebs ki, mxolod nawilobriv. es ki, Tavis mxriv,
imaze miuTiTebs, rom mecnierTa erTi nawilis mosazreba, TiTqos aseTi
gvirgvinebiT micvalebulTa Semkobis tradicia qarTlis samefos maRali
wreebisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli, radgan isini mxolod oqros firfite-
bisganaa damzadebuli da mxolod mdidrul samarxebSi Cndeba (afaqiZe...
1955: 49), ar unda iyos marTebuli.
aRniSnuli mosazrebis dasturia erTi mxriv, sveticxovlis #45 samarxi da
meore mxriv, baiaTxevis samarovani15. am samarxebSi xoiris furclis mini-
maluri raodenoba da Raribuli inventari imaze miuTiTebs, rom xoiriT
micvalebulis Semkoba ara mxolod sazogadoebis maRali wrisTvis iyo
damaxasiaTebeli, aramed saSualo fenis warmomadgenlebisTvisac. ufro
Raribuli fenebisTvis ki, rogorc Cans, xoiris furclebs ukve cocxali
mcenareebisa da yvavilebiT mownuli gvirgvini cvlis. amaze unda miuTi-
Tebdes 2006 w. wiwamuris velze gaTxrili #101 samarxi (V s.). masSi da-
krZalulis Tavis aridan aRebuli miwis palinologiurma kvlevam uCvena,
rom micvalebuli dakrZaluli iyo xorblis, qeris, Svriis, vazis da sxva-
dasxva yvavilebiT dawnuli gvirgviniT (Kvavadze... 2008: 217-224). marTalia,
aRniSnuli samarxi ufro mogviano periodisaa, magram cocxali gvirgviniT
micvalebulis Tavis Semkoba, swored gvianantikuri periodis tradiciis
gagrZelebad unda moviazroT.
xoiris furclebis aRmoCena mcxeTaSi gaTxril rogorc mamakacis, ise qa-
lis da bavSvis samarxebSi metyvelebs, rom xoiriT micvalebulTa Semkoba
erTi romelime sqesisTvis ar iyo gankuTvnili da is erTnairad gamoiyene-
boda rogorc mamakacebis, ise qalebis da bavSvebis SemTxvevaSic.
14 unda aRiniSnos isic, rom sxvadasxva formis furclebiT Sedgenili xoirebi mxolod
mdidrul samarxebSi gvxvdeba
15 inventaris mixedviT baiaTxevis #1 samarxi simdidriT ar gamoirCeva, iseve, rogorc
#11 qalis da #32 kacis samarxebi. rac Seexeba #15 samarxs, is saerTodac gaZarcvuli
iyo da masSi aRmoCenili xoiris 2 furcelic Zarcvis dros unda davardnodaT. Ca-
moTvlil 5 samarxs Soris yvelaze uxv inventariani aRmoCnda #35 samarxi, romelSic
micvalebuls Catanebuli hqonda xoiris 15 oqros furceli. baiaTxevis xuTive samarxi
III s.-IV s. I meoTxediT TariRdeba da miuxedavad inventariT aseTi gansxvavebisa, miC-
neulia, rom baiaTxevis samarovani saSualo fenis gansasvenebels warmoadgens (niko-
laiSvili... 1995: 102-132)
483
 kidev erTi saintereso detali, esaa xoiris furcelTa mxolod sami sa-
xiT warmodgena: mrgvali usaxo firfita, dafnis foTlebi (iSviaTad) da
daRarulkbila trapeciis msgavsi firfitebi, romelnic erTmaneTisgan
mniSvnelovanwilad mxolod daZarRvulobiTa da dakbilvis raodenobiT
gansxvavdeba. amasTan, rogorc ukve SevniSneT, arc erT SemTxvevaSi daf-
nis foTolTa da mrgval firfitaTa aRmoCena calke, niaxuris foTolTa
minabaZebis gareSe ar momxdara, rac imaze unda miuTiTebdes, rom mTavari
swored mesame ti pis furclebia, danarCeni ki maTi danamati.
rogorc cnobilia, niaxuris simbolo erT-erTi gavrcelebuli iyo an-
tikur samyaroSi16. misi gvirgvinebiT amkobdnen sxvadasxva TamaSebSi ga-
marjvebul gmirebs. magaliTad, poseidonisadmi miZRvnil istmosis (ko-
rinTos) Sejibrebebis gamarjvebulTa gvirgvinebi klasikur epoqaSi
keTdeboda niaxuris foTlebisagan (imperiis dros ki palmisa an fiWvi-
sagan) (Энциклопедический словарь, 1894). magram ufro metad, niaxuri micva-
lebulis kultTan iyo dakavSirebuli. magaliTad, SeiZleba dasaxeldes
zevsisadmi miZRvnili nemeis (peloponesis) Sejibrebebi, romlebic daR-
upul mebrZolTa xsovnis sapativsacemod imarTeboda da gamarjvebulebs
swored niaxuris gvirgviniT amkobdnen (Dictionnaire... 1996).
niaxuri iyo simbolo sikvdilisa da mwuxarebisa, romlisganac dawnul
gvirgvinebs iyenebdnen micvalebulTa an saflavebis Sesamkobad. saqarTve-
los warmarTul rwmena-warmodgenebSi niaxuris simbolo ar gvxvdeba, ami-
tom misi gamosaxulebebis gaCena qarTlis mosaxleobaSi, swored antikuri
religiis gavleniT da qarTlis romTan mWidro urTierTobis Sedegad
unda moviazroT.
saqarTveloSi sakrZalavi gvirgvinebis am saxiT gamoyeneba ukanasknel
dromde mxolod gvianantikuri periodiT da amasTan iberiis samefoTi
Semoifargleboda17. qarTlis samefos teritoriaze didi mcxeTis sama-
rovanTa garda, is aRmoCenilia mxolod TbilisSi, borSi da urbnisSi da
dRemde araa dadasturebuli iberiis im samarovnebze, romlebic mkvidri
mosaxleobis gansasveneblebad moiazreba (mag. aragvis xeoba, ivris xeoba,
brili, kldeeTi da sxv.).
rogorc aRvniSneT, adgilobrivi araa da igi antikuri samyarodan aris
Semosuli.
xoiris furclebis kvlevisTvis gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa samTavros
samarovanze 1976 w. gaTxrili #71 qvasamarxi. masSi aRmoCnda vercxlis be-
Wedi sardionis intalioTi, romelzec gamosaxulia Ruza da ori Tevzi. am
simbolikis mqone intalioebi II-IV ss. gavrcelebuli da is qristianuli
semantikis matarebelia. rogorc cnobilia, Ruza qristianobaSi rwmenis
simbolo iyo, xolo Tevzi _ Tavad iesos gamoxatuleba. beWdebze Ruzisa
da misi pirisken mimarTuli ori Tevzis gamosaxulebas mecnierebi miiC-
neven qristes rwmeniT qorwinebis simbolod (diRmelaSvili 2012: 29-36).
samTavros #71 samarxSi aRmoCenili intalio swored aseT qristianul
simbolod gvevlineba, rac imas niSnavs, rom samarxSi dakrZaluli bavSvi
qristianad unda moviazroT. Tuki, samTavros #71 samarxis da wiwamuris
#101 samarxis monacemebs gaviTvaliswinebT, romelSic micvalebuli qris-
tianuli wesiT iyo dakrZaluli, gamodis, rom sakrZalavi gvirgvinis ritu-
alSi monawileoba qristianobis gavrcelebis Semdegac grZeldeba da ara
mxolod warmarTebSi, aramed qristianebSic. Tumca, momdevno saukuneebSi
qristianobis ganmtkicebis da qristianuli sakrZalavi wesis gabatonebis
paralelurad es tradicia daviwyebul iqna.
amdenad, mcxeTis muzeumSi daculi xoiris oqros furclebi sakrZala-
vi ritualis nawilia. isini, rogorc sikvdilisa da mwuxarebis simbolo,
romauli samyaros gavleniT da masTan urTierTobis Sedegad unda iyos
qarTlis samefos dedaqalaqSi gavrcelebuli. maTi gamoyeneba mosaxleo-
bis maRali da saSualo fenisTvis Cans damaxasiaTebeli da gavrcelebu-
lia II-IV ss. qristianobis ganmtkicebis kvaldakval sakrZalavi gvirgvine-
bis gamoyeneba daviwyebas mieca.

mecnierTa azriT, es dedaqalaqis garesamyarosTan intensiuri kontaqtebis

dasturia (afaqiZe... 1996: 28-29; nikolaiSvili... 2006: 12). aqve ismis kiTxva:
xoirebis gavrcelebaSi didi roli xom ar unda eTamaSa mcxeTis eTnikur
siWrelesac?! am niuansze yuradReba erT-erTma pirvelma T. bibilurma gaa-
maxvila da amis gaTvaliswinebiT, sakrZalavi gvirgvinis tradicia adgi-
lobriv niadagze warmoSobilad ar moiazra (bibiluri 1983: 118). vfiqrobT,
unda gaviziaroT mkvlevaris mosazreba, radgan Tavad niaxuris simboloc,

16 niaxuri daitaneboda siciliis q. selinuntis monetebze, rogorc am qalaqis simbolo,

qalaqis berZnuli saxelwodeba swored niaxuris berZnuli saxelwodebidan warmomd-
garad moiazreba (Энциклопедический словарь, 1900)
17 Tumca, 2013 w. oqros sakrZalavi gvirgvini - xoiri aRmoCnda xelvaCauris munici palitetis mcxeTaSi xoirTa aRmoCenis geografia. melnisferiT aRniSnulia didi mcxeTis arqeo-
sof. kapandibSi (masala daculia baTumis arqeologiur muzeumSi (kaxiZe... 2015),romelic logiur saxelmwifo muzeum-nakrZalSi, xolo stafilosferiT - saqarTvelos erovnul
sxva masalebTan erTad samarxeuli masala unda iyos da TariRdeba II saukuniT. muzeumSi daculi samarxeuli kompleqsebi
vfiqrobT, saintereso faqtia, xoiris aRmoCena SaviszRvispireTis im teritoriaze,
romelic Zidritebis sacxovris warmoadgenda da romelic aRniSnul periodSi
qarTlis samefos SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda

484 485
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Ketevan Digmelashvili
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Tis teritoriaze 1967 aRmoCenili sain- represented in three forms: circular plates, im- cates that the ethnic diversity of the cities must
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muzeumis moambe. saz. mec. seria. #3. 2012 to their discovery, wreaths were of three va-
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1949 wreaths varies from 1 to 20. Their number de- Christianity and domination of the Christian
18. Иващенко М.М., Самтаврские погребения pended on the wealth of the deceased person. funeral rite, this tradition was forgotten.
первых трех веков н.э. Мцхета. III. Тб., 1980
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комиссии за 1901 год. С-Пб. 1903 its way in Kartli under the influence of classi-
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комиссии за 1903 год. С-Пб. 1906
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 nino sulava
saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi,
simon janaSias saxelobis saqarTvelos muzeumi,
mTavari kuratori, istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori
minanqriani
fibula
mcxeTidan
XIX saukunis bolo periodi kavkasiaSi gvianbrin-
jao-adrerkinis xanis brinjaos brwyinvale nawar-
mis aRmoCenebis xanaa.
am aRmoCenebTan erTad, drodadro Cndeboda iseTi
nivTebic, romelic sul sxva epoqisa da regionis
gemovnebisa da teqnologiuri miRwevebis amsaxve-
li iyo. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs minanqriani fibulebi,
romlebic mzaddeboda e.w. dasavleTis provincie-
bis did saxelosnoebSi (panonia, galia, rainis mxa-
re) da SavizRvispireTSic Semodioda. Ees fibulebi
vrceldeboda kavkasiaSic (Амброз А. К. 1966: 93).
kavkasiaSi gavrcelebuli minanqriani fibulebidan
erTi saxeoba minanqriT Semkuli brinjaos fibu-
la-broSebi, romlebic CamosxmiT mzaddeboda, war-
momavlobiT galiis saxelosnoebTanaa dakavSirebu-
li. amgvari nivTebis saxelosno belgiis galiaSi
_ vila anteSia aRmoCenili. vila antesagan 4 km-is
daSorebiT gamovlenilia kremaciuli samarovani,
sadac aRmoCenilia 80 cali amgvari broSi. Sedar-
ebiT naklebi raodenobiTaa cnobili minanqriani
fibula-broSebi safrangeTidan, luqsemburgidan,
rainis sanapiros provinciebidan, italiidan, ruse-
Tis samxreTidan da kavkasiidan. m. teniSevas azriT,
kavkasiaSi aRmoCenili minanqriani fibulebis ga-
liuri warmoSoba eWvgareSea. maT dublikatebic ki
eZebnebaT sen-Jermenisa da namiuris muzeumebSi.Aax.w.
III saukunis meore naxevarSi minanqriani nivTebis
warmoeba antes saxelosnoSi frankebis Semosevis
Sedegad wydeba (Тенишева М. К. 1930: 71-85).
saqarTveloSi amgvari nivTebis gamoCena XX sauku-
nis dasawyisSi boris aRmoCenebTanaa dakavSirebu-
li (Придик Е. М. 1914: 103, tab. VI/8). maTi mTavari dama-
xasiaTebeli niSania sxvadasxvagvari geometriuli
formis an zoomorfuli faraki; xolo sasuraTo
sibrtye Semkulia sxvadasxva feris minanqris naWre-
biT.saqarTveloSi aRmoCenili minanqriani fibulebi
488
(12 cali; Tumca, SesaZloa es cifri gaizardos regionul muzeumebSi da-
culi, CvenTvis amJamad ucnobi masalis xarjze) teqnologiis mixedviT
erTi saxisaa _ brinjaosganaa Camosxmuli. SesaZloa iyenebdnen Wedvasac
(Амброз А. К. 1966: 11). faraki, zogjer tixrebis gareSe, Semkuli iyo mwvane,
wiTeli, cisferi, Savi, TeTri minanqris naWrebiT. formisa da konstruqciis
mixedviT isini iyofa or jgufad _ I. fibula-broSebi (Tavisi qveti pebiT)
da II. Sarniriani rkaliseburi fibulebi (sulava n. 2008: 183, tab. I).
saqarTveloSi aRmoCenili fibula-broSebis I jgufi farakis formisaa da
Semkulobis mixedviT iyofa:
IA ti pi _ mrgvali formis, mrgvali SverilebiT (stirfazi, II-III ss. (afxa-
zava n. 1979: 29, tab. I/17); SoSeTi, II-III ss. (fancxava l. 2001); mcxeTa, II-III ss.
(sulava n. 1996: 30, tab. X/79, XIX/79; sulava n. 2008: 86-89; sulava n., 2012: 38).
saqarTvelos garda isini aRmoCenilia _ Crd. kavkasiidan (kamunTa, kumbul-
Ta) (Уварова П. С. 1900: tab. CXXVI/8-12, 14-18); yirimidan (pantikapeoni, olbia,
CernoreCie, qersonesi) (Амброз А. К. 1966: 32, tab. 14/20,22, 26, ტაბ. 152-4, 6, tab.
273; Амброз А. К. 1984: 241, tab. CLIV/320); mingeCauridan (Асланов Г. М. 1955: sur.
27/16; Халилов Д. А. 1985: 101, tab. LVII/24, 25); panoniidan, md. dunai-tisas ormdi-
nareTi, Sveciidan (Patek E. 1942: tab. XVI/12, 14, 15; Pârducz M. 1944: tab. IX/2; Silven
U. 1961: 118, sur. 16, 18; Böhme-Schönberger A. 1994: 516, 517, sur. 112/10, 11, sur. 115/4,
5);
IAa ti pi _ mrgvali formis, rqisebri SverilebiT (kldeeTi, II s. (lomTaTi-
Ze g. 1957: 103-119, tab. II/1; afxazava n. 1979: 29; sulava n. 2008: 86-89);
IB ti pi _ rqisebri formis (kldeeTi, II s. (lomTaTiZe g. 1957: 103-119, tab.
III/2; sulava n. 2008: 86-89);
IC ti pi _ rombiseburi formis, mrgvali SverilebiT (mcxeTa, I-III ss. (kalan-
daZe al. 1949: 270-273, tab. IX, sur. 2/57; afxazava n. 1979: 29, tab. I/12]; kikeTi
II-III ss. [afxazava n. 1979: 29, tab. I/11; sulava n. 2008: 86-89).
saqarTvelos garda isini aRmoCenilia: Crd. kavkasiaSi (kamunTa, kumbulTa)
(Уварова П. С. 1900: tab. CXXVI/8-12, 14-18); pantikapeonSi, olbiaSi, saratovis
mxaris sof. kanoSi (Амброз А. К. 1966: 33, tab. 157; Амброз А. К. 1984: 241, tab.
CLIV/31); ust-almaSi (yirimi) (Высотская Т. Н. 1994: 101, tab. 16/16); zaalburgSi,
II s-is pirveli naxevari (Böhme A. 1972: tab. 6/343,344; Böhme-Schönberger A. 1994:
516, 517, sur. 112/12).
ID ti pi _ zoomorfuli (xari, hi pokamfi) (soxTa (Куфтин Б. А. 1949: 21, 22, tab.
I/14; Пчелина Е. Г. 1969: 134, tab. I/15; afxazava n. 1979: 29); bori (lomTaTiZe g.
1957: 201; ОАK за 1908: 182-184 ОАK за 1909-1910: 216; Придик Е. М. 1914: 103, tab.
VI/8); webelda (farSevangi (Воронов Ю. Н., . . . 1982: 25, tab. 29/18; sulava n. 2008:
86-89).
saqarTvelos garda isini (xari, hi pokamfi, pantera, kurdReli, Txa, fantas-
tikuri cxovelebi, mamali, farSevangi, mtredi) aRmoCenilia - pantikapeonSi,
olbiaSi, tanaisSi, qersonesSi (Амброз А. К. 1966: 34, tab. 15/14); kamunTaSi, kum-
bulTaSi (Уварова П. С. 1900: tab. CXXVI/19); ust-almas samarovanze (Высотская
Т. Н. 1994: 101, tab. 430); iranSi, II-III ss. (Ghirshman R. 1964: tab. XXXI/3); dasavle-
489
 Tis romauli provinciebSi, I-II ss. (Böhme-Schönberger A. 1994: 517). bibliografia
II jgufis minanqriani Sarniriani rkaliseburi fibulebi saqarTvelos Zeg-
lebidan mxolod boridanaa cnobili (Придик Е. М. 1914: 103, 104, tab. VI/4, 6, 1. afxazava n., adreuli Suasaukuneebis aR-
10). analogiuri fibulebi cnobilia _ Crd. kavkasiidan (kamunTa, kumbulTa) mosavleT saqarTvelos nivTieri kul-
(Уварова П. С. 1900: tab. CXXVI/7); yirimis Zeglebidan (olbia) da krasnodaris tura, Tb., 1979
mxaridan, II s. (Амброз А. К. 1966: 29, tab. 1410; Амброз А. К. 1984: 241, tab. CLIV/34); 2. kalandaZe al., axladaRmoCenili sama-
mingeCauridan (Халилов Д. А. 1985: 101, tab. VII/21); evropis Zeglebidan, I-II ss. rovani mcxeTaSi. mimomxilveli, t. I. Tb.,
(Böhme-Schönberger A. 1994: 516, 517, sur. 112/7,8,9; sulava n. 2008: 86-89)). 1949
3. lomTaTiZe g., kldeeTis samarovani, Tb.,
CvenTvis saintereso, da amjerad Cveni kvlevis sagani mcxeTis minanqriani 1957
fibula ganekuTvneba I jgufis IC ti ps _ rombiseburi formis, mrgvali 4. sulava n., mTiani kolxeTi antikur xana-
SverilebiT (sulava n. 2008: 86-89). Si (leCxumi), Tb., 1996
5. sulava n., minanqriani fibulebi saqarT-
am ti pis fibulebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia rombuli formis firfiti- veloSi. Jurn. `iberia-kolxeTi~, # 4. Tb.,
seburi faraki, centrSi lursmniseburi SveriliT an amoWrili Sua nawi- 2008
liT, wveroebze da kideebze mrgvali formis nakvTebiT. sasuraTo sibrtye, 6. sulava n., aRapiSvili T., kopaliani n.,
lursmniseburi Sverili da kideebze ganlagebuli mrgvali nakvTebi amo- qoriZe i., patariZe m., baqraZe i., CageliS-
Rarulia da Semkulia sxvadasxva feris (cisferi, wiTeli) minanqris naWre- vili r., mamardaSvili g., cageris isto-
biT. farakis ukana mxares orsayrdeniani Sarniriani Sesakravia. riuli muzeumi. albomi, Tb., 2012
7. fancxava l., minanqriani fibula raWidan
mcxeTis minanqriani fibula (sur. 1) aRmoCenilia #1 individualur kramit- (moxseneba wakiTxulia akad. s. janaSias
samarxSi (Tanmxlebi inventari: oqro _kameebiT Semkuli sayureebi, beWedi, sax. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis
qoiris firfitebi; brinjaos rgoli; rkinis dana; minis _ sura, sanelsac- samecniero sesiaze), Tb., 2001
xeblebi; Tixis doqi; lurji minis waxnagovani mZivebi. inaxeba _ sem - 2-54: 8. Амброз А. К., Фибулы юга европейской части
12516). samarxi daTariRebulia I-III ss-iT (kalandaZe al. 1949: 270-273, tab. IX, СССР. САИ, вып. D1-30, 1966
sur. 2/57; afxazava n. 1979: 29, tab. I/12). 9. Амброз А. К., Фибулы. Археология СССР. М.
1984
minanqriani fibulebis saqarTveloSi gavrcelebis mixedviT isini kavka- 10. Асланов Г. М., К изучению раннесредневековых
sionis mTiswineTis Zeglebidanaa cnobili. saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTis памятников Мингечаура. КСИИМК, вып. 60.
Zeglebidan am saxis masala ucnobia. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom minanqriani 1955
fibulebi Crdilo kavkasiidan vrceldeboda sauReltexilo gzebiTa da 11. Высотская Т. Н., Усть-Альминское городище и
gadasasvlelebiT. некрополь. Киев, 1994
12. Куфтин Б. А., Археологическая маршрутная
radgan maTi warmoebis dawyeba I saukunis meore naxevridan ivaraudeba, экспедиция в Юго-Осетию и Имеретию. Тб.,
xolo warmoebis Sewyveta belgiis galiaSi frankebis Semosevis gamo III 1949
s-is meore naxevarSi moxda, unda vivaraudoT, rom isini CvenSi II-III ss-Si
vrceldeboda, da SesaZloa, IV saukuneSic iyo SemorCenili.
490
13. Отчёт Археологической комиссии за 1908 г.
СПБ. 1912
14. Отчёт Археологической комиссии за 1909-1910
гг. СПБ. 1913
15. Придик Е. М., Новые кавказские клады. МАР, №
34. Петроград, 1914
16. Пчелина Е. Г., Погребальные комплексы из
Сохта, Урс-дзуар и Рук Юго-Осетии. Изв.
ЮОНИИ, XV. Цхинвали, 1969
17. Тенишева М. К., Эмаль и инкрустация. Seminari-
um Kondakovianum. Прага, 1930
18. Уварова П. С., Могильники Северного Кавказа.
МАК, т. VIII. СПб. 1900
19. Халилов Д. А., Кавказская Албания. Археология
СССР. Москва, 1985
20. Böhme A., Die Fibeln der Kastelle Saalburg und
Zugmantel. Saalburg-Jahrbuch, 29. 1972
21. Böhme-Schönberger A., Fibel und Fibeltracht. Re-
allexikon der Germanischen Altertums kunde, 8.
Berlin-New York, 1994
22. Ghirshman R., Fibule en Iran. Iranica antiqua, IV.
1964
23. Patek E., Verbreitung und Herkunft der römischen
Fibeltypen von Panonien. Budapest, 1942
24. Pârducz M., Denkmäler der Sarmatenzeit Ungarns,
II. Budapest, 1944
25. Silven U., Provinsialromerska emaljspänen. Svens-
ka fynd och deras kontinentala relationer. Tor, VII.
Stockholm, 1961
491
 Nino Sulava
Georgian National Museum, S. Janashia Museum of Georgia
Doctor of History, Chief Curator

ENAMELED
FIBULA
FROM
MTSKHETA
Appearing of Fibula with enamel in Caucasus also be used; the plate, sometimes, without
is related to the end of the XIX c. Fibulas were partitions, are decorated with green, red, light
made in big workshops of the so-called West blue, black, white enamel pieces. According
Provinces (Panonia, Gaul, Rhineland) and were to the shape and construction, they are divided
delivered to Black Sea coast and Caucasus. into two groups – fibula- broches (with sub-ty-
Appearing of such items in Georgia is related pes – IA, IAa, IB, IC, ID) and II. Arched fibula
to the discoveries of Bohr, in the beginning of with hinge joint.
the XX c. Their common characteristic feature
is decoration of the picture plain of the plate The subject of our study – fibula with enamel
of different geometrical shapes or zoomorphic from Mtskheta belongs to IC type of I group –
plate with enamel pieces of different colors. diamond-shaped, with round heads. The grave,
where it was discovered, is dated back to I-III
Fibulas with enamel, discovered in Georgia c.c.
(12 pieces), according to technology, are of the
same type – casted of bronze, forging might

492 493
 kiti maCabeli
g. CubinaSvilis saxelobis qarTuli xelovnebis
istoriisa da ZeglTa dacvis
erovnuli kvleviTi centri,
mTavari mecnier-TanamSromeli,
xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori,
mcxeTa
gvianromaul
da sasanur
imperiaTa
Soris
(gvianantikuri
torevtika
armazisxevidan)
Sua saukuneebis qarTuli xelovnebis Camoyali-
bebaSi udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda qristianobis
winare gvianantikur epoqas. amasTan dakavSirebiT
unda gavixseno xelovnebis gamoCenili mkvlevris
andre grabaris mier adreqristianuli xelovnebis
gansazRvra: `paleoqristianulma xelovnebam rodi
Secvala antikuri xelovneba, igi misi ganStoeba
iyo. Sto, romelic ayvavda maSin, rodesac sxvebs
momavali ar gaaCndaT“. es gakvriT naTqvami fraza
mniSvnelovania CvenTvis, radgan naTeli xdeba, Tu
ra wvlili miuZRvis gvian antikurobas Semdgomi
epoqis xelovnebis ganviTarebaSi.
Zveli samyaros civilizaciaTa gzajvaredinze mde-
bare saqarTvelo aqtiurad iyo CarTuli wina aziisa
da xmelTaSuazRvispireTis intensiur politikur
da kulturul cxovrebaSi. istoriis yvela etapze
saqarTvelos kulturas ori faqtori ganapirobeb-
da: erTi mxriv, igi warmoadgenda uZveles erovnul
tradiciebze dafuZnebuli originaluri kulturis
keras, meore mxriv ki igi iyo aRmosavleTsa da da-
savleTs Soris gadebuli xidi. sxvadasxva dros
samxreT kavkasiaze, saqarTveloze gadioda uZvele-
si gzebi, romliTac sxvadasxva xalxTa kultur-
ebis urTierTgacvla xdeboda. yoveli maTgani Ta-
vis kvals tovebda saqarTvelos miwaze, rac xels
uwyobda xelovnebis intensiur ganviTarebas, msof-
lios mowinave kulturul movlenebTan ziarebas.
494
gareSe gavlenebi erTgvarad stimuls aZlevda xelovnebis tradiciuli
dargebis ganviTarebas, maT sicocxlisunarianobasa da mudmiv ganaxlebas.
saqarTvelos, rogorc uZvelesi originaluri kulturis keris, rogorc
aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis kulturul samyaroTa damakavSirebeli
rgolis mniSvneloba amZafrebs interess misi xelovnebisadmi ganviTa-
rebis sxvadasxva etapze. saqarTvelos rolze Zveli xelovnebis saerTo
ganviTarebaSi araerTgzis miuTiTebdnen xelovnebisa da kulturis mkvle-
varni. TrialeTis kulturis cnobili mkvlevari b. kuftini gansakuTre-
biT usvamda xazs saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis rols `uZvelesi winaaziuri
samyaros formirebisa da ganviTarebis erTian procesSi“. o. daltoni
aRniSnavda, rom `romaul da bizantiur xanaSi qveyana (saqarTvelo) kvlav
warmoadgenda gzas, romliTac aziis xelovneba evropaSi aRwevda“.
gvianantikuri xana, udidesi Zvrebis epoqa, saqarTvelos istoriaSi erT-
erTi umniSvnelovanesTagania. am dros mimdinare politikuri, socialuri
da kulturuli procesebi uklebliv yvela qveyanas Seexo. III saukuneSi,
rodesac romis msoflio imperia umZimes kriziss ganicdida, romis aRm-
osavleTis provinciebi da axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebi am krizisis miRma
aRmoCndnen. mcire aziis qalaqebi kvlav inarCunebdnen savaWro-kulturul
urTierTobebs. CrdiloeTi da aRmosavleTi SavizRvispireTi kvlav aqtiu-
rad iyo CarTuli kulturul-ekonomikur urTierTobebSi. aRmosavleTis
qveynebi TandaTan elinistur-romauli gavlenebisagan Tavisufldebian da
adgilobrivi tradiciebis aRorZinebas cdiloben.
es iyo qveynebs Soris kulturuli da mxatvruli kavSirebis ukidure-
si gaRrmavebisa da gafarTovebis epoqa, rodesac romis, parTiisa da Sem-
deg ki sasanuri iranis gavlenebi aqtiur zemoqmedebas axdenda uZvelesi
tradiciebis qveynebis, maT Soris saqarTvelos kulturaze. saqarTvelo
Taviseburad gamoexmaura gvianantikur kulturul samyaroSi mimdinare
procesebs. am epoqis xelovnebis qmnilebaTa mxatvrul-stiluri Tavise-
burebebis gaTvaliswinebiT ufro srulad SegviZlia aRvadginoT is sa-
fuZvlebi, romlebzec aRmocenda da ganviTarda Sua saukuneebis qarTuli
erovnuli xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargi.
xelovnebis mTeli istoria adasturebs, rom xelovnebis qmnilebebSi zu-
stad airekleba qveyanaSi mimdinare socialuri, politikuri da kultur-
uli procesebi. Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom xelovnebis nawarmoebebi
aris `istoriis vizualizacia“. saqarTvelos gvianantikuri xelovneba
unda ganixilebodes epoqis dawinaurebuli qveynebis kulturul mona-
povrebTan mimarTebaSi. amasTanave, unda gvaxsovdes, rom saqarTvelo mxo-
lod elinistur-romauli xelovnebis produqciis momxmarebeli rodi iyo,
xmelTaSuazRvispireTis mravalmxrivi da farTo kulturuli gavlenebis
pirobebSi igi ganagrZobda xelovnebis adgilobrivi dargebis ganviTare-
basa da srulyofas.
gvianantikuri xanis qarTuli xelovnebis Zeglebi gviCvenebs, rom xmel-
TaSuazRvispireTTan urTierTobam Tavisi kvali daaCnia adgilobriv xe-
lovnebas, magram es iyo gavlenis sakmaod zedapiruli Sre. elinistur-ro-
mauli kultura Tavis zemoqmedebas saqarTvelos sazogadoebis umaRlesi
fenebis gemovnebaze axdenda, rac asaxavda maT politikur orientacias.
xalxi ki kvlav mihyveboda cxovrebis tradiciul wess da Zveli religi-
495
 is, tradiciuli msoflSegrZnebis erTguli rCeboda. iberia, sxva qveynebis
msgavsad, politikuri orientaciiT nakarnaxevi elinizebuli kulturuli
tendenciebis miuxedavad, saTuTad inaxavda mama-papaTa tradiciebs. elini-
zebuli zedafenisa da tradiciebis erTguli xalxis masebis Tanaarseboba
gansazRvravda epoqis Taviseburebas.
gvianantikuri saxviTi xelovnebidan saqarTveloSi upiratesad liTon-
mqandakeblobis qmnilebebi SemorCa, romelTa Soris gamorCeulia mcxeTaSi,
armazisxevis pitiaxSTa nekropolSi aRmoCenili vercxlis naqandakaris
udidesi saganZuri. es aris is `istoriuli sabuTebi“, romlebSic SeiZleba
amovikiTxoT Cveni welTaRricxvis pirvel saukuneebSi qveyanaSi mimdinare
kulturuli, politikuri da socialuri procesebi. swored gvianantikuri
torevtika gvexmareba am epoqis saqarTvelos xelovnebis Zireuli tenden-
ciebis garkvevaSi. xelovnebis es dargi gviCvenebs qveyanaSi originaluri
adgilobrivi xelovnebis arsebobas, elinizmisa da orientalizmis Tavise-
bur urTierTmimarTebas.
vidre konkretul mxatvrul nawarmoebebs Sevexebode, unda SevniSno, rom
armazisxevSi aRmoCenil am epoqis vercxlis mxatvrul nakeTobebSi ramde-
nime jgufi gamoikveTa:
1. romauli importi.
2. romauli gavlenebiT Seqmnili adgilobrivi vercxlis nawarmi.
3. aRmosavluri warmomavlobis nivTebi.
4. mkafiod gamovlenili adgilobrivi niSnebiT aRbeWdili nakeTobebi.
I-III saukuneTa mxatvruli vercxlis nivTebi saqarTveloSi araTanabrad
aris warmodgenili. SeimCneva garkveul kanonzomiereba _ SedarebiT nakle-
bia I saukunis torevtikis nimuSebi, isini upiratesad elinistur-romauli
xasiaTisaa da maTi umetesoba dasavleT saqarTveloSi aris aRmoCenili
(Tagiloni, xaiSi). mkvlevarTa nawili I saukunis saqarTvelos torevtikas
adgilobriv saxelosnoebSi romauli gavleniT damzadebulad miiCnevs. es
viTareba zustad asaxavs qveyanaSi arsebul situacias. romauli gavlene-
bis Semosvla saqarTveloSi I saukuneSi aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTidan
daiwyo da TandaTan aqedan gavrcelda aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi.
Semdgomi periodis (II-III ss.) torevtikis qmnilebebi upiratesad aRmosav-
leT saqarTvelos ganekuTvneba. gansakuTrebuli simdidriTa da mravalfe-
rovnebiT swored mcxeTaSi aRmoCenili torevtikis saganZuri gamoirCeva.
armazisxevis pitiaxSTa nekropolSi da bagineTSi aRmoCenil mxatvruli
vercxlis nawarmSi, romelic sazogadoebis umaRles fenas ekuTvnoda, mka-
fiod aisaxa iberiis rogorc Sinauri, aseve sagareo viTarebis mWevrmety-
veli suraTi.
mcxeTaSi aRmoCenil mxatvrul vercxlSi naTlad ikveTeba qveynis elini-
zaciisa da orientalizaciis sakiTxi, romlis ganxilvisas ar unda davivi-
wyoT, rom armazisxevisa da bagineTis samarxeuli inventari asaxavs qveynis
oficialur mxatvrul tendenciebs. unda gvaxsovdes, rom xmelTaSuazRv-
ispireTis brwyinvale kulturas naziarevi iyo sazogadoebis maRali fena.
sakmarisia, gavixsenoT iberiis mmarTvelebisTvis romis imperiis boZebu-
li `di plomatiuri saCuqrebi“: vercxlis langari antinoes reliefuri
496
1. vercxlis Tasi antinoes portretiT. 2. vercxlis Tasi markus avreliusis por-
armazisxevi tretiT. bagineTi
portretiT armazisxevidan da vercxlis langari imperator markus avre-
liusis portretuli medalioniT bagineTis sarkofagidan. werilobiTi
wyaroebidan vecnobiT romis saimperatoro karisa da romael didebulTa
gatacebas Zvirfasi liTonis mxatvruli nawarmiT, vercxlis mxatvruli
nivTebis koleqcionerobas romSi (pliniusi, marciali, ciceroni, petroniu-
si). saimperatoro sufras amSvenebda cnobil moqandakeTa mier Seqmnili
qandakebebiT Semkuli vercxlisa da oqros WurWeli. armazisxevis samar-
xeuli inventari imis dasturia, rom iberiis mmarTvelTa karis cxovrebaSi
es Zvirfasi nivTebi farTod gamoiyeneboda da pitiaxSebs maT samarxebSi
atandnen sxva Zvirfas nivTebTan erTad.
am problemasTan dakavSirebiT unda gavixsenoT gvianantikur saqarTve-
loSi arsebuli oficialuri enis sakiTxi. mcxeTaSi aRmoCenili berZnul-
arameuli warwerebi safuZvels aZlevs mkvlevarT amtkicon, rom orenovani
warwerebi `ar asaxavda ori tradiciuli eniT sargeblobis miswrafebas,
aramed saqmis warmoebis ori sistemis, ori kancelariis arsebobas“ (r.
frai). iberiaSi es viTareba karga xans ganagrZobda arsebobas.
yuradReba unda SevaCero zemoxsenebul portretebian langrebze. gansa-
kuTrebuli mniSvnelobis aris imperator adrianes mmarTvelobis epoqiT
(117-138) zustad daTariRebuli antinoes reliefuri portreti (samarxi
N1) (sur. 1). imperatoris brZanebiT Seqmnil misi favoritis _ antinoes
mravalricxovan skulpturul portretebs Soris dReisaTvis ar arse-
bobs arcerTi portreti vercxlis Tasis medalionSi. Zvirfas liTonis
Tasebsa da langrebze portretebiani medalionebis (imago clipeata) moTavse-
ba iyo romauli tradicia, romelic pirovnebis xsovnis ukvdavyofas, mis
gandidebas emsaxureboda. imperatoris amgvari Zvirfasi saCuqari iberiis
pitiaxSisaTvis yvela dokumentze ukeT asaxavs am samefosadmi romis da-
mokidebulebas. miTumetesad, rom istoriuli wyaroebidan CvenTvis cnobi-
lia iberiis mefisadmi imperator adrianes gansakuTrebuli guluxvoba.
497
 mTavari tendenciebis saCveneblad. aq-
cents mxolod zogierT, gansakuTre-
bulad mniSvnelovan nivTze vakeTeb.

Semdegi nivTi, romelic romis saimpe-

ratoro karis Zvirfas WurWels mi-
nisterium-s ganekuTvneba, aris bersuma
pitiaxSis samarxSi (#3) aRmoCenili,
mxatvrulad da teqnikuri Sesrule-
biT gamorCeuli didi vercxlis lang-
ari (sur. 4) man yuradReba aRmoCenis-
Tanave mii pyro berZnuli warweriT,
romelSic moxsenebulni arian mefe
flavios dadesi da bersuma pitiax- 4. vercxlis langari. armazisxevi
Si. warweras gamokvlevebis mTeli
rigi mieZRvna da mis garSemo kamaTi
aTeuli wlebis ganmavlobaSi grZel-
3. vercxlis Tasi mamakacis portretiT. armazisxevi deba. amjerad CemTvis mniSvnelovania
vercxlis langris mxatvruli mxare.
iberieli pitiaxSis samarxeul inven-
rac Seexeba markus avreliusis portrets bagineTis vercxlis Tasze (sur. tarSi iseTi maRalmxatvruli romau-
2), isic unikaluria, radgan imperatoris portretTa Soris esec am impe- li nivTis arseboba, romelTa Sesaxeb
ratoris erTaderTi reliefuri portretia Zvirfas WurWelze (e.w. emb- mogviTxroben Zveli mwerlebi, bevri
lemata). bagineTis reliefuri portretis SejerebiT markus avreliusis ramis mTqmelia. langris ti pi, pal-
mravalricxovan portretebTan SesaZlebeli gaxda misi zusti TariRis metebis variaciebiT Seqmnili cen-
dadgena _ II s-is 70-iani wlebi (markus avreliusi, 161-180). es reliefu- traluri medalioni da farTo or-
ri portreti imperatoris cxenosani qandakebis Tanadrouli unda iyos. namentuli zoli Tavisi mxatvruli
niSnebiTa da rac mTavaria, teqnikuri
cnobilia, rom romis saimperatoro karTan arsebobda saoqromWedlo saxe- Sesrulebis maneriT II saukunisa da 5. vercxlis Tasi sasaniani didebu-
losnoebi, sadac sxvadasxva maRalmxatvrul WurWelTan erTad, sagangebod lis portretiT. armazisxevi
III saukunis I naxevris romaul verc-
iqmneboda vercxlis langrebi da Tasebi saimperatoro portretebiT, rom- xlis WurWelTan siaxloves avlens.
lebic megobari da mokavSire qveynebis mmarTvelebis Rirseul saCuqrebad
moiazreboda, swored am `di plomatiur saCuqrebs“ ganekuTvneba mcxeTaSi III saukuneSi, rodesac aRmosavleTis qveynebSi Sesustda romauli kul-
aRmoCenili es ori vercxlis WurWeli. turis zemoqmedeba, asparezze sasanianTa iranis didi imperia gamodis da
am SemTxvevaSic mcxeTaSi Cven gvaqvs iberia-iranis urTierTobis mWevrm-
gansakuTrebul interess iwvevs didi vercxlis Tasi mamakacis skulptu- etyveli sabuTi _ vercxlis Tasi sasaniani didebulis portretiT (sa-
ruli biustiT armazisxevidan (samarxi N6) (sur. 3), romlis ikonografiu- marxi N2) (sur. 5). vercxlis didi Tasi gamorCeulia Tavisi dekoratiuli
li niSnebi (Tmis varcxniloba, wveri) imperator adrianes portretebTan gadawyvetiT. mrgvali `ubeebiT“ dafaruli Tasis zedapiri centralur
siaxloves avlens. vercxlis skulpturuli portretis mxatvruli sti- medalionSi Casmul mamakacis gravirebul portrets cxovelxatul moCar-
lis analizma cxadyo, rom igi Seqmnilia ara romaul saxelosnoSi, ara- Coebas uqmnis. Zvirfasi vercxlis Tasi mamakacis portretiT sasanianTa
med romis imperiis aRmosavleTiT mdebare romeliRac mxatvrul centrSi iranis samefo karis xelovnebas ganekuTvneba. arsebobs mosazreba, ro-
da xasiaTdeba adrianes epoqis portretuli niSnebiT. am azrs iziareben melsac adasturebs portretis stiluri da ikonografiuli niSnebi, rom
romauli portretis mkvlevarni. ar aris gamoricxuli am skulpturuli gamosaxuli pirovneba iranis SahinSahis narses Tanamedrove didi moxele
biustis Seqmna iberiis saxelosnoSi. sakmarisia, SevadaroT armazisxevis pitiaxSi papaki unda iyos.
Tasze mamakacis skulpturuli portreti palmiris samarxeul `portre-
tul“ biustebs (II s.), romelnic adrianes ikonografiuli niSnebiT ari- am Tasmac, bersumas langris msgavsad, yuradReba mis fskerze moTavsebu-
an aRbeWdilni, rom cxadi gaxdes armazisxevis biustis `aRmosavluri“ li warweris wyalobiT mii pyro. me ar vexebi warweris teqstsa da mis
ieri. garda amisa, biustis struqtura, misi plastikuri maxasiaTeblebi interpretaciebs (g. wereTeli, S. amiranaSvili, v.HHheningi, v. lukonini).
axloa sabeWdavze amokveTil asparugis portretis kompoziciasTan (II s.). yoveli mkvlevari am sakmaod dazianebuli warweris Tavisebur wakiTxvas
gvTavazobs. oRondac yvela Tanxmdeba, rom igi pitiaxS papakis kuTvni-
armazisxevis mxatvrul vercxls araerTi gamokvleva mieZRvna, misi Rirse- lebas warmoadgenda. CemTvis sainteresoa torevtikis am gamorCeul qmni-
bebi farTod aris cnobili, amitom me aRniSnuli epoqis iberiis xelovnebis lebaSi gamJRavnebuli sasanuri iranisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mxatvruli

498 499
 da ikonografiuli niSnebi, romlebic
SemdgomSi zegavlenas moaxdens Sua
saukuneebis qarTuli xelovnebis Ca-
moyalibebaze.

sainteresoa, rom sasanuri iranis xe-

lovneba Tavis mxriv moeqca romis im-
periis kulturuli zegavlenis qveS.
es portretiani Tasi amis kargi maga-
liTia. yvelasTvis kargad aris cno-
bili sasanuri vercxlis langrebi
SahinSahTa nadirobisa da brZolis
scenebiT. armazisxevis Tasze, medali-
onSi portretuli biustis moTavseba
romSi gavrcelebuli imago clipetae-s
garkveul iranul `variacias“ warmo- 6. sasanuri vercxlis Tasi. detali
adgens.

biustis qvemoT gaSlili ornamentu-

li motivi romauli akanTis foTlebis
ornamentisa da aRmosavleTSi gavrc-
elebuli RvTaebaTa frTebis Tavise-
buri aluziaa. analogiuri „frTebi“
III saukunidan moyolebuli xSirad
gamoisaxeboda sasanur sabeWdavebze
da Stukis reliefebze. mamakacis kos-
tiumisa da misi Tavsaburavis („kula-
xi“) nairsaxeobebs vxedavT sasanur
monumentur kldis reliefebze da
monetebze. amgvari samoseli gvxvdeba
ara mxolod SahinSahebis, aramed sasa-
nian didebulTa portretebze.

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxu-

rebs mamakacis Jesti da yvavili mis
xelSi (sur. 6). mravalricxovan weri-
lobiT wyaroebSi aRwerilia sasani-
anTa samefo karis brwyinvaleba da iq
gavrcelebuli ceremoniebi. erT-erTi
aseTi tradicia iyo didebulTaTvis
sagangebo Rvawlis aRsaniSnavad Sahis
mier ayvavebuli totis an yvavilis
boZeba. amis ilustraciebia vercxlis
langrebze gamosaxuli samefo miRebe-
bis, banketebis reliefuri kompozicie-
bi. sasanur sabeWdavebze xSirad vxe-
davT sasanian didebulebs yvaviliT
xelSi. amgvarad, armazisxevis Tasze
gamosaxuli mamakaci CacmulobiTa da
atributebiT uTuod didi iraneli
7. qvasveti qarTveli di-
moxele unda iyos. aRsaniSnavia, rom debulis portretiT.
sasanianTa samefo karze gavrcelebu- dmanisi. VIs. 8. vercxlis Tasi sakurTxevlis win mdgomi cxenis gamosaxulebiT. armazisxevi

500 501
 li es atributi _ Yyvavili _ gvxvdeba adreuli Sua saukuneebis (VI-VII
ss.) qarTul reliefebze gamosaxul qarTvel feodalTa portretebSi, ro-
gorc maTi socialuri Rirsebis aRmniSvneli simbolo (sur. 7).
armazisxevis zemoganxiluli vercxlis ramdenime mxatvruli nivTis mi-
xedviT SesaZlebelia garkveuli daskvnebis gakeTeba imis Taobaze, Tu ra
roli Seasrula erTi mxriv romaulma, meore mxriv _ iranulma gavlenebma
maT Tanadroul da Semdgomi xanis qarTul xelovnebaze.
bas. mcxeTis gvianantikuri torevtikis mdidari koleqcia kidev bevr in-
formacias gvTavazobs am epoqis iberiis mxatvruli cxovrebis mTavari
tendenciebis Sesaxeb. magram am mokle mimoxilvidanac sakmaod naTlad
Cans, rom xmelTaSuazRvispireTis kulturuli samyaros zemoqmedebis sfe-
roSi Sesuli saqarTvelo gverds ver auvlida iranuli mxatvruli cen-
trebis moZalebul gavlenas. es dualizmi Tavs iCens ara mxolod am is-
toriul etapze, aramed Semdgomi xanis saqarTvelos xelovnebaSi.

rac Seexeba elinistur-romauli mxatvruli elementebis mdgradobas, unda

aRvniSno, rom armazisxevis gvianantikuri vercxlis nakeTobebis nawili,
uTuod romauli gavlenebiT Seqmnili adgilobrivi nawarmia. antikur
mcxeTaSi aRmoCenili adgilobrivi oqromWedlobis WeSmariti Sedevrebi
da mkafiod gamovlenili adgilobrivi niSnebiT aRbeWdili vercxlis na-
keTobebi (langrebi sakurTxevlis win mdgomi cxenis medalioniT, rTuli
struqturis sareclis fexebi, surebi da sxv.) imis naTeli dasturia, rom
Cv. w. pirvel saukuneTa iberiaSi yvaoda ZirZvel tradiciebze aRmocene-
buli, elinistur-romauli gemovnebis liTonis mxatvruli damuSavebis xe-
lovneba, romelSic aRmosavluri elementebi iyo Sereuli.
iberiaSi damzadebuli vercxlis Tasebis reliefur
dekorSi iranuli elementebis arseboba aRmosavle-
Tidan momdinare miTraizmis niSniT aris aRbeWdili
(sakurTxevlis win toraRmarTuli cxenebi) (sur. 8).
unikaluria armazisxevis nekropolSi aRmoCenili
sareclis originaluri struqturis sareclis fe-
xebi (samarxebi NN 3, 6), romelTa dekoratiul kompo-
ziciebSi vxedavT ornamentuli da figuruli moti-
vebis Serwymis nairgvar variaciebs (sur. 9). rTuli
teqnikiT Seqmnili sareclis fexebi mxatvruli li-
Tonis nawarmoebTa erTian jgufs Seadgens, romelic
Seqmnilia iberiis saxelosnoebSi adgilobriv tra-
9. sareclis fexebi. diciebze damyarebul da sxvadasxva kulturuli ke-
vercxli. armazis- rebidan aTvisebul mxatvrul miRwevaTa SerwymiT.
xevi
axloaRmosavluri samyarodan momdinare, oRond ad-
gilobriv, iberiul niadagze gadamuSavebuli ikono-
grafiis sruliad gansakuTrebuli nimuSebia taxtis
vercxlis skulpturuli fexebi bagineTis samefo
sarkofagidan, romlebsac msoflio xelovnebis is-
toriaSi analogi ar moepoveba (sur. 10). rTul mo-
noliTur plastikur konstruqciaSi, skulpturuli
fantaziiT Seqmnil am miTologiuri arsebis dide-
bulebaSi adgilobriv xalxur rwmenaTa da uZveles
religiur warmodgenaTa mTeli mravalferovneba
aris Serwymuli.
bibliografia
1. afaqiZe a., gobejiSvili g., kalandaZe a.,
lomTaTiZe g., mcxeTa I, Tb., 1955
2. maCabeli k., Zveli saqarTvelos vercxli,
Tb., 1983
3. maCabeli k., saqarTvelo da irani _ mxat-
vrul-kulturul urTierTobaTa aspeq-
tebi: SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis sti-
pendiatTa Sromebi, I, Tb., 2008
4. maCabeli k., markus avreliusis portre-
ti bagineTidan: sabWoTa xelovneba, #7,
1975
5. CubinaSvili g., armazis saganZuri, Tb.,
2007
6. Bandinelli R. B., Rome, II, La fin de l`art antique,
Paris, 1970
7. Borelli L. V., Marco Aurelio, EACO, IV, Roma,
1961
8. Christensen A., L`Iran sous les sassanides, Copen-
hague, 1934
9. Dalton O., East Christian Art, Oxford, 1925
10. Francovich G., Persia, Siria e il medioevo europeo,
Napoli, 1984
11. Girshmann R., Iran, Parthes et Sassanides, Paris,
1962
12. Grabar A., Le premier art Chrétien, Paris, 1972
13. Machabeli K., La toteutique géorgienne de la fin
de l`antiquité: „Bedi Kartlisa“, vol. XXXIV, Paris,
1976
14. Porada E., Iran ancient, Paris, 1966
15. Riegle A., Spätrömische Kunstindustrie, B. 1-2,
Vien, 1901-1923
16. Strong D. E., Greec and Roman Gold and Silver
Plate, London, 1966
17. Апакидзе А. М., Города и городская жизнь
древней Грузии, Тб., 1963
18. Луконин В. Г., Культура сасанидского Ирана, М.-
Л. 1969
19. Мачабели К. Г., Серебряные фиалы из Арма-
зисхеви, Тб., 1970
20. Мачабели К. Г., Несколько памятников сасанид-
ской торевтики в Грузии: saq. ssr. mecniere-
baTa akademiis saz. mecn. ganyofilebis
macne, N3, 1972
21. Мачабели К. Г., Торевтика позднеантичной Гру-
зии, Тб., 1976
22. Мачабели К. Г., Памятники торевтики и вопро-
сы культурных взаимосвязей в дохристианскую
эпоху (Грузия. Армения). П Международный
Симпозиум по армянскому искусству. Сборник
докладов. т. 1, Ереван, 1981
23. Фрай Р., Наследие Ирана, Москва, 1972

romis imperiis dasustebam da aRmosavluri elemen-

10. taxtis fexebi. tebis momZlavrebam biZgi misca saqarTvelos tra-
vercxli. bagine- diciul, axloaRmosavlur mxatvrul midgomebTan
Ti daaxloebuli adgilobrivi xelovnebis ganviTare-

502 503
 Kitty Machabeli
George Chubinashvili National Research Centre
for Georgian Art History and Heritage Preservation,
Chief Scientific Researcher, Doctor of Art History

MTSKHETA
BETWEEN
LATE
ROMAN
AND
SASSANID
EMPIRES
(LATE ANTIQUE TOREUTICS FROM ARMAZISKHEVI)

The importance of Georgia, as the ancient where we can read cultural, political and so-
original cultural center, as the link, connecting cial processes, occurring in the country in the
cultural worlds of the East and the West, inten- first centuries A.D. It is Late-Antique toreutics,
sifies the interest towards its art at different his-
which helps us to identify the basic trends of
torical stages. Georgian arts of that period. This branch of art
shows presence of original local art, peculiar
Late-Antique period, the period of greatest inter-relations of Hellenism and Orientalism.
shifts, is one of the most important ones in the
history of Georgia. Political, social and cultur- On the example of remarkable creations of to-
al processes, occurring in that period touched reutics, discovered in Armaziskhevi and Bag-
every country without exceptions. It was the ineti, the paper discusses the issue of Helleniza-
period of extreme intensification and widening tion and Easternization of the art of the country.
of cultural and artistic connections between the
countries, when the influences of Rome, Par- Weakening of Roman Empire and strengthen-
thia and afterwards Sasanian Iran were exerting ing of the oriental elements triggered develop-
active impact on the culture of the countries, ment of local art, approximated with tradition-
having ancient traditions. Art of the Late-An- al, Near-Eastern artistic approaches of Georgia.
tique period in Georgia shall be considered in Rich collection of Late-Antique toreutics of
the context of cultural achievements of the ad- Mtskheta offers even more information about
vanced countries of the period. basic trends of artistic life of Iberia of that pe-
riod; however, even this brief overview clear-
From the Late-Antique fine arts, predominantly ly shows that Georgia, being involved in the
the creations of metal sculpting were preserved sphere of influence of Mediterranean cultural
in Georgia; among them, the greatest treasury of worlds, could not avoid prevailing impact of
silver sculptures, discovered in Armaziskhevi Iranian artistic centers. This dualism occurs not
Pitiakhshes’ necropolis in Mtskheta, is out- only at this historical stage, but even in Geor-
standing. These are the “historical documents“, gian art of further period.

504 505
 qeTevan r. ramiSvili
saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi,
simon janaSias saxelobis saqarTvelos muzeumi,
gli ptikis fondis kuratori,
arqeologiis akademiuri doqtori,
xelovnebaTmcodne
sasanuri
gliptikuri
Zeglebi
didi
mcxeTidan
(saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumsa
da didi mcxeTis muzeum- nakrZalSi
daculi gliptikuri masalis mixedviT)
iranis istoriaSi axali etapi daiwyo mas Semdeg,
rac ax. w. 227 wels qveynis saTaveSi moeqca sasani-
anTa dinastia, Tumca, pirveli Sahebis dros, xeli-
suflebas jer kidev ar hqonda gakeTebuli reli-
giuri arCevani, rac Zalze mniSvnelovani iyo ara
marto iranis politikuri momavlisaTvis, aramed
sasanuri xelovnebis CamoyalibebisaTvisac. sasanu-
ri iranis mmarTvelebi idgnen didi dilemis winaSe,
maT unda aerCiaT an mazdeizmi, romlis mqadagebe-
li iyo kartiri, an maniqeizmi, romlis gavrcelebas
cdilobda axalgazrda mociquli mani [ramiSvili
r. 210: 144]. dapirispirebam sakmaod didxans gastana
da mxolod III s-is bolos, 70-ian wlebSi gamarjveba
moi pova kartirma, romelmac ahuramazdas magupatT
magupatis – umaRlesi qurumis saxeli miiRo da
Semdgom, varahran II-is droidan, III s. 70-90 wlebSi
gaatara reformebi, ris Sedegadac iranSi Camoyal-
ibda Zlieri orTodoqsuli zotoastrizmi. swored
am periodidan iwyeba sasanuri iranis oficialu-
ri xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargis, maT Soris gli p-
tikis Camoyalibeba [Фрай Р. 1972: 298-302; Луконин В.
1969: 97; Тревер К., Луконин В. 1987: 35-38].
saqarTveloSi sasanur iranTan urTierTobis niSnebi
Cndeba,ax. w. III s-is miwuruls da IV s-Si,Tumca,qarTl-
Si sasanuri gli ptikis Zeglebi Semosvlas iwyebs,Zir-
iTadad, IV s-idan. I-III saukuneebi, rogorc cnobilia,
qarTlis samefosa da romauli samyaros politiku-
ri da kulturuli urTierTobis xanaa da iberiaSi
506
am dros romauli gli ptikis nawarmia gabatonebuli [javaxiSvili q. 2015:
20]. IV s-is dasawyisidan, ZiriTadad aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, ukve Cndeba
mcire raodenobiT sasanuri gemebi, romlebic TandaTanobiT anacvleben
romaul gemebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom saerTod, qarTli IV s-is pirveli naxevar-
Si gamoirCeva gli ptikuri masalis simciriT, rasac q. javaxiSvili xsnis
iberiaSi romauli gemebis Semodinebis SemcirebiTa da sasanuri gli pti-
kuri nawarmis araintensiuri SemosvliT. IV s-Si romauli gemebi kvlav
inerciiT ganagrZoben arsebobas, magram maTi ricxvi klebulobs. IV s-is
meore naxevarSi romauli gemebis sasanuriT Canacvlebis procesi grZel-
deba da kargad Cans e. w. maRalTvalbudian da mxrebdaqanebul iberiuli
(armazuli ti pis) beWdebis SemkulobaSi. maT nawilSi isev romauli gem-
ebia Casmuli, xolo meore nawilSi - ukve sasanuri [javaxiSvili q. 1972:
105-106; javaxiSvili q. 2015: 20]. sasanuri gemebis uxvi raodenobiT Semosvla
V s-is meore naxevridan iwyeba da grZeldeba VI-VII ss-is ganmavlobaSi,
rac ganpirobebuli iyo erTi mxriv, sasanur iranTan intensiuri vaWrobis
dawyebiT, xolo meore mxriv, samxreT kavkasiaSi iranis poziciebis Tan-
daTanobiT gaZlierebiT, rasac 532 wels qarTlSi mefobis gauqmeba mohyva
[ramiSvili q. i. 1979: 55; javaxiSvili q. 2015: 20].
saqarTveloSi aRmoCenil sakmaod mravalricxovan sasanur sabeWdavs So-
ris umetesoba mopovebulia mcxeTis raionSi, yvelaze uxvad - samTavros
samarovanze, aseve armazisxevis rigiT samarxebSi, fiqrisgoraze, avWal-
iskarSi, axal armazSi, sveticxovlis ezoSi da sxv. aRmosavleT saqarTve-
los sxvadasxva punqtebSi: TbilisSi, TelovanSi, sarTiWalaSi, vaSlijvar-
Si, rusTavSi, magraneTSi, JinvalSi, axalcixeSi, yoRoToSi, jinisSi, kaWreTSi
[ramiSvili q. i. 1979: 4], qvemo alevSi [afxazava n. 1988: 103, tab. XXV], mcire
raodenobiT dasavleT saqarTveloSi – modinaxeze [nadiraZe j. 1975: sur.
21] da korboulSi [ramiSvili q. i. 1979: 63-64].
saerTod,sasanuri sabeWdavebi da beWdebis Tvlebi,uklebliv yvela,mxolod
intalioebs warmoadgenen da gamoirCevian formaTa mravalferovnebiT -
1. beWdis Tvlebi: a) wakveTili konusi - amoburculpiriani; b) gverdeb-
daqanebuli da brtyelpiriani – gamosaxuleba farTo pirzea; g) Zlier
amoburculpiriani – e. w. kaboSoni; d) sworkuTxa - wakveTili piramida
– gamosaxuleba mcire pirzea. 2. mTlianad qvis sabeWdavebi: a) wakveTili
elifsisebri da b) wakveTili sferosebri - orives aqvs naxvreti zonri-
saTvis, piri wakveTil nawilzea - ovaluria an mrgvali; g) gumbaTisebri
– amoziduli zurgiTa da brtyeli piriT; d) mTlanad qvisgan gamoT-
lili beWdebi – cal mxares wakveTili gamosaxulebisTvis. 3. liTonis
Camosxmuli sabeWdavebi: a) gverdebSebrtyelebuli sfero; b) konoiduri
– orives aqvs naxvreti zonrisTvis, piri ovaluria an mrgvali, iSviaTad
oTxkuTxa an samkuTxa momrgvalebuli kuTxeebiT. formebisagan gansxvave-
biT, sasanur intalioebze gamosaxuli siuJetebi ar gamoirCevian mraval-
ferovnebiT da maTi Tematika sakmaod SezRudulia (mamakacis portreti,
RvTaebebi, gmirisa da cxovelis brZola, fantastikuri arsebebi, adamianebi,
cxovelebi, frinvelebi, mcenareebi, mnaTobebi da “neSanebi~ – niSnebi, e. w.
monogramebi). sadac ki unda iyos aRmoCenili sasanuri gemebi, isini yvel-
gan gamoirCevian erTgvarovani formiTa da dakanonebuli siuJetiT aseve,
erTiani Sesrulebis stiliTa da ikonografiuli detalebiTac ki [Борисов
А., Луконин В. 1963: 31]. masalad yvelaze xSirad gamoiyeneboda sardioni, la-
Jvardi, orive saxeobis granati (almadini, piropi), aseve qalcedoni, aqati,
frcxili, iaspi, nikolo, mTis broli, mina da sxv. sasanuri intalioebze ga-
507
 mosaxulebebi ZiriTadad dazgaze, brunvis teqnikiTaa amokveTili. adreul portretisagan gansxvavdeba Tavise-
nimuSebze gamosaxulebebi SedarebiT realisturia, sakmaod reliefuri, buri poziT (marjvnivaa mobrunebuli,
plastikuri da faqizad Sesrulebuli. sasanuri xelovnebis ganviTarebis ris gamoc Cans mxolod misi cali mx-
saerTo tendenciis fexdafex, romelic warimarTa realisturidan sqema- ari da nawilobriv mkerdi), saxasiaTo
tur-stilizaciamde, gli ptikur Zeglebzec mogviano xanaSi gamosaxuleba- saxis nakvTebiT, metyveli mzeriT, mok-
Ta umetesoba zedapiruladaa nakveTi, xazobriv-sqematuria da e. w. `Strix- le Tmis varcxnilobiTa (xazebiT gad-
ul da ,,eskizur~ maneraSia Sesrulebuli, Tumca SesaZloa, guldasmiT da mocemul Tmaze gadaWerili aqvs bab-
kargad nakveTi gamosaxulebebic Segvxvdes. sasanur gemebze amokveTili Ta, romlis boloebi kefaze eSveba) da
gamosaxulebebi, TiTqmis yvela, simboluri mniSvnelobisaa da mWidrod xveulebiT gadmocemuli wveriT. aseve
Cans dakavSirebuli iranis uZveles religiur rwmena-warmodgenebTan, as- imiTac, rom Tavsaburavi – kulaxi da
tralur kultebTan, RvTaebebTan da RvTaebaTa zoomorful oreulebTan insigniebi ar gaaCnia. igi aseve aRniS-
[Борисов А., Луконин В. 1963: 24, 34-35; Фрай Р. 1972: 317; ramiSvili q. i. 1979: 23, navs, rom samTavros portretuli gema
42]. garkveuli niSnebiT msgavsebas pou- 2. mamakacis 3. mamakacis
portreti portreti
lobs adrebizantiur monetebze gamo- grifonis ga- sardionis
saqarTveloSi aRmoCenili sasanuri gli ptikuri Zeglebi safuZvlianad saxul portretebTanac da rom aq adg- mosaxulebiani gema-intalioze,
Seiswavla cnobilma gli ptikosma q. i. ramiSvilma da Tavis saetapo mono- ili aqvs dasavluri da aRmosavluri TavsaburaviT samTavro, bai-
grafiaSi “sasanuri gemebi saqarTveloSi~ warmoaCina maTi Rrma kvleva (iranuli) elementebis Serwymas, rac sardionis erniseuli
da TandarTuli Zalze STambeWdavi katalogi. mkvlevarma naSromSi didi damaxasiaTebelia adresasanuri Ze- beWedze, IV-V
adgili dauTmo mcxeTis raionSi aRmoCenili beWdebisa da sabeWdavebis glebisaTvis, xolo CarCos (romelic ss., samTavro,
farTobi 209
kvlevas [q. i. ramiSvili 1979], rasac Cvens naSromSi aucileblad daveyrd- Tavis droze moTvaluli iyo) Tavis
nobiT da SeZlebisdagvarad SevecdebiT yvela forma da siuJeti warmo- margalitis mZiviani sakidiT adgilo-
vaCinoT, amave dros, davamatebT mcxeTis muzeum-nakrZalSi dacul sasanur briv nakeTobad miiCnevs da III-IV s-is
gli ptikur masalasac. qarTul oqromWedlobis ZeglebTan akavSirebs, ris safuZvelze gemas ax.
w. III s-is miwuruliTa da IV s-is pirveli naxevriT aTariRebs [ramiSvili
mcxeTaSi aRmoCenil gli ptikur Ze- q. i. 1079: 57-58]. warCinebuli mamakacis portretia amokveTili samTavros
glebze sasanuri iranis gli ptikaSi samarovnis samxreT nawilSi - 209 farTobze aRmoCenil narinjisferi sar-
farTod gavrcelebul TiTqmis yvela dionisgan gamoTlil beWedze (erovnuli muzeumi, gl. f. 227; intalio –
formasa da siuJets vxvdebiT. sasanur 8X7 mm.). beWedi naklulia, intalios mxolod zeda naxevaria SemorCenili,
xelovnebaSi yvelaze adre Camoyalib- magram Cans, rom gamosaxuli yofila mamakacis Tavi (portreti) profilSi
da mamakacis portreti, rac Zalian marjvniv, misi maRali Tavsaburavi grifonis protomiTaa dabolovebuli
kargad aisaxa da farTod gavrcelda (sur. 2). daTariRebulia IV-V ss-iT. [ramiSvili q. i. 1979: 71-72]. msgavsi
gli ptikur Zeglebze. iseve, rogorc Tavsaburavebi, romlebic cxovelebisa da fantastikur arsebaTa TavebiTa
torevtikaSi, gli ptikaSic didebul- da protomebiT bolovdeboda, farTod iyo gavrcelebuli sasanuri xe-
Ta da mefeTa portretuli gamosax- lovnebis Zeglebze da ZiriTadad mefeTa da warCinebul pirTa portreteb-
ulebebi mkacrad kanonizirebulia ze gvxvdeba. swored aseTi Tavsaburaviani, oRond varangis (mtacebeli fr-
– warmodgenilia biusti pirdapir, inveli) TaviT daboloebuli kulaxi axuravs didebuls, romlis portreti
1. oqros medalioni granatis (piro- xolo Tavi – profilSi marjvniv. amoWrilia brinjaos beWdis farakze sarTiWalis muRanlodan. beWedze
pi) gemiTa da margalitis sakidiT. Tmis varcxniloba, Tavsaburavi – ku- yvelaze adreuli portretia gamosaxuli da daTariRebulia III-IV ss-iT.
intalioze mamakacis portretia
samTavro, qvis samarxi 4
laxi, samkaulebi da samosi uflebriv [ramiSvili q. i. 2003: 66]. Tavsaburavebze es elementi IV s-idan vrceldeba
insigniebs warmoadgendnen [Борисов farTod da mfarvel RvTaebaTa zoomorful gamosaxulebebs warmoadgen-
А., Луконин В. 1963: 13]. sasanuri por- da. aq SeuZlebelia ar gagvaxsendes iberiis mefe vaxtang gorgasali Tavi-
tretebi Zalian ganzogadebulia da si mglisTaviani muzaradiT, romelic SesaZloa, sasanuri maneriT yofili-
yovelgvar individualur niSnebs yo damzadebuli, sadac mgeli ganasaxierebda iberielTa totems, romelic
moklebuli. mTavari iyo gadmoecaT kanonikuri poza, adoraciis Jesti da qarTvelur tomTa uZveles rwmena-warmodgenebTan iyo dakavSirebuli [ra-
investituris niSnebi [Луконин В. 1969: 21]. didebulTa portretebTan erTad miSvili q. 2018: 48-55]. samTavroSi kidev aris aRmoCenili fr. baiernis mier
sabeWdavebze gamoisaxeboda saSualo fenis adamianebis portretebic da erTi ufro gviandeli gema rigiTi adamianis portretiT (sur. 3). narinjis-
isini oficialur portretebTan erTad Tanaarsebobdnen. samTavros sama- feri sardionis daqanebulgverdebian gema-intalios ovalur da brtyel
rovanze #4 qvis samarxSi aRmoCnda oqros medalioni, romelSic Casmulia pirze gamosaxulia wverosani mamakacis portreti mxrebiT pirdapir da
granatis (piropi) gema-intalio (erovnuli muzeumi, gl. f. 265; intalio – TaviT profilSi (erovnuli muzeumi, gl. f. 341; intalio – 10X8X2 mm.).
12X11 mm.; medalioni 25X22 mm.; sakidi – 15 mm.). intalioze arcTu Rrmad, ma- yurs mozrdili, mrgvali sayure umSvenebs. gamosaxuleba sqematuria, gad-
gram mkafiod amoWrilia wverosani mamakacis SesaniSnavi portreti (sur. 1), mocemulia iribi da horizontaluri xazebis monacvleobiT, portretis
romelic metad daxvewili namuSevaria da romelic sasanuri oficialuri marjvniv da marcxniv wyvetili, ovaluri Rrmulebia amoWrili (warwer-

508 509
 is imitacia?). Sesrulebulia sasanur
gli ptikaSi gvian gavrcelebuli e. w.
`Strixuli maneriT~ da daTariRebu-
lia V-VI ss-iT [ramiSvili q. i. 1979:
103].
sasanur gli ptikur Zeglebze da maT
Soris mcxeTur masalebSi farTod
aris gavrcelebuli RvTaebaTa ga-
mosaxulebebi, romlebic antikuri
RvTaebebis mibaZviTaa gamosaxuli.
rogorc cnobilia, adresasanuri xe-
4. frTosani seroSi nikolos gemaze lovneba ganicdida romaul gavlen-
vercxlis rombulbudian beWedSi. ebs, rac gansakuTrebiT kargad aisaxa
IV s. pirveli naxevari, samTavro, sa- torevtikul masalaze. ganviTarebis
marxi 69 pirvel etapze sasanuri torevtikuli
Zeglebi Tavisi formiT dasavluria,
Tumca gamosaxulebebi ukve arso-
brivad sasanuria. cnobilia aseve, rom
sasanuri gli ptika Tavisi formebi-
Ta da stiliT viTardeboda iseve da
igive kanonebiT, rogorc torevtika
[Борисов А., Луконин В. 1963: 13, 47], amdenad,
adresasanur xanaSi romauli gavlen-
6. RvTaebis ebi gli ptikur Zeglebzec SeiniSneba.
gamosaxule- samTavros samarovnis #69 qvis samarx-
ba sardionis
intalioze,
Si aRmoCnda vercxlis beWedi, romel-
vercxlis Sic nikolos intalio zis (erovnuli
5. frTosani muzeumi, gl. f. 238; intalio – 6X5 mm.;
beWedSi, VI s.,
seroSi qa-
lcedonis
samTavro, sa- beWdis rkalis dm – 17 mm.). qva ti pi-
marxi 104 uri adresasanuri – wakveTili konu-
elifsur sabe-
Wdavze, V-VI sis formisaa da budidan amoweulia.
ss., samTavro, intalios ovalur da brtyel pirze,
samarxi 171 cisfer fonze - lurj fenaSi mkafiod
da Rrmad amoWrilia iranul miTo-
logiaSi kargad nacnobi keTili ge-
nia - patara, frTosani, arseba seroSi,
romelic mifrinavs (sur. 4). RvTaeba
marjvena profilSia warmodgenili da
gawvdil xelSi gvirgvini upyria. se-
8. frTosani cx- roSi antikuri erotis Sesatyvisia da
eni nikolos
intalioze, IV
adresasanur xanaSi mas frTosani ero-
s. samTavro, tis msgavsad gamosaxavdnen. kompozi-
samarxi 47 cia dinamikuria, xolo gamosaxuleba
sakmaod realisturad da plastiku-
7. qalis ga- radaa gadmocemuli. beWedic saerTo
mosaxuleba ieriT TiTqos gvianromauli xanis an-
frcxilis
tikur beWdebs waagavs, Tumca, rombuli
beWedze, V-VI
ss. samTavro, budis mixedviT kargad TariRdeba IV
samarxi 450 s-iT. amave dros, damzadebis teqnikiT
igi armazul IV s-is beWdebs emsgavse-
ba. amdenad, intalio gamosaxulebis
510
stilis, qvis formisa da beWdis mixed-
viT adresasanur nakeTobadaa miCneu-
li da daTariRebulia ax. w. IV s-is
pirveli naxevriT [ramiSvili q. i. 1979:
28, 59-60]. seroSis gamosaxuleba amoW-
rilia agreTve samTavros samarovnis
#171 qvis samarxSi aRmoCenil elif- 9. frTosani 10. frTosani cx-
siseburi formis sabeWdavzec (erovnu- cxeni la- eni laJvardis
Jvardis in- intalioze,
li muzeumi, gl. f. 189; intalio – 15X13
talioze, V-VI falauri war-
mm.; sabeWdavi – 20 mm.). sabeWdavis es ss. samTavro, weriT ,,kerpi“,
forma vrcel qronologiur periods samarxi 703 V-VI ss. arma-
moicavs. igi mTlianad monacrisfro zisxevi, sa-
qalcedonisganaa gamoTlili, aqvs marxi 173
naxvreti zonrisaTvis da cal mxares
wakveTilia. wakveTili nawili oval-
uria da brtyeli, masze mkafiod, ma-
gram Zalze sqematurad amoWrilia frTosani arseba seroSi profilSi,
gawvdil xelSi sasanurbabTebiani sainvestituro gvirgvini uWiravs (sur.
5). gamosaxuleba gadmocemulia pirobiTad - uxeSi, texili xazebiT, Rareb-
iTa da RrmulebiT. daTariRebulia ax. w. V-VI ss-iT [ramiSvili q. i. 1979:
88-89]. antikuri RvTaeba hermesis gviandel gamoZaxils unda warmoadgen-
des mamakacis gamosaxuleba, romelic amokveTilia samTavros samarovnis
# 104 samarxSi aRmoCenil vercxlis beWedSi Casmul brtyel da ovalur
narinjisfer sardionze (erovnuli muzeumi, gl. f. 208; intalio – 11X9 mm.,
rkalis dm – 20 mm.). RvTaebas gaSlil xelebSi qisa da himationi uWiravs
da wmindad gviansasanur stilSia Sesrulebuli – sqematurad da uxeSad
(sur. 6). beWeds mrgvalganivkveTiani rkali da konusuri bude aqvs. intal-
ioc da beWedic TariRdeba ax. w. VI s-iT. beWedi dazianebulia [ramiSvi-
li q. i. 1979: 29-30, 104-105]. antikuri pegasis gamoZaxils unda warmoadgen-
des toraweuli frTosani cxenis stilizebuli gamosaxuleba, romelic
TiTqos sakurTxevlis win dgas da romelic sakmaod xSirad gvxvdeba mcx-
eTur gli ptikur Zeglebze. samTavros samarovnis ##47, 703 da armazisx-
evis #17 qvis samarxebSi aRmoCenil vercxlis beWdebSi Casmul nikolosa
da laJvardis gemebze sakmaod Rrmad da mkafiodaa amoWrili toraweuli
frTosani cxenebi (erovnuli muzeumi, gl. f. 194, intalio – 8X7 mm., beWdis
simaRle – 25 mm.; gl. f. 602, intalios piris dm – 12 mm., beWdis simaRle
– 26 mm.; gl. f. 827, intalio – 12X10 mm., beWdis simaRle – 24 mm.). cxenis
es poza religiuri Tayvaniscemis niSania da mnaTobis gamosaxulebasTan
kombinaciaSi SesaZloa dakavSirebuli iyo mzisa da mTvaris kultTan,
aseve gamarjvebis RvTaeba vreTragnasTan. beWdebis formebic sasanuria -
mrgvalganivkveTiani rkali da wakveTili konusis formis bude, romelzec
mcire, mrgvali burTulebia darCiluli. da Tu samTavros #47 samarxis
nikolos gema wakveTili konusis formisaa da mis ovalur da brtyel
pirze Zalian sufTad amoWrili frTosani cxeni naxevarmTvaresTan erTad
daxvewili namuSevaria da daTariRebulia ax. w. IV s-iT (sur. 8), samTavros
samarovnis #703 samarxis (sur. 9) da arazisxevis #17 samarxSi (sur. 10)
aRmoCenili gemebi - laJvardisaa da maT brtyel pirze amoWrili cxenebi
(armazisxevur gemaze falaur warwerasTan erTad, niSnavs – “kerpi~) ukve
uxeSi xazebiT - sqematuradaa gadmocemuli da daTariRebulia ax. w. V-VI
ss-iT [ramiSvili q. i. 1979: 31, 61, 90, 91-92].
saqarTveloSi aRmoCenil sasanuri gli ptikis ZeglTa Soris gansakuTre-
511
 bul yuradRebas i pyrobs adamianebis
gamosaxulebebi, romlebic amoWrilia
qalcedonisgan, sardionisgan da aqa-
tisgan gamoTlil beWdebze. msgavsi
beWdebi sakmaod uxvadaa aRmoCenili
mcxeTis raionSi. isini TiTze Ses-
11. gmirisa da 12. gmirisa da
acmeli rgolebia, maTi rkali mxre-
lomis Serkine- lomis Serkine-
bisken odnav farTovdeba da gadadis
ba, V - VI s., ba, VII s.,
wakveTil, brtyel da ovalur nawilSi,
samTavro, bai- samTavro, sa-
erniseuli marxi 668 romelzec gamosaxulebebia amokveTi-
li da amdenad, sabeWdav pirs warmoad-
gens. beWdis rkals zogjer waxnagi
gasdevs.Aa. bivaris mosazrebiT ase-
Ti beWdebi farTod vrceldeba IV-V ss-Si [Bivar A. 1963: 21-22]. samTavros
samarovnis #450 samarxSi aRmoCenil yavisferi frcxilisgan gamoTlil
beWedze (erovnuli muzeumi gl. f. 310; intalio – 13X4 mm; beWdis simaR-
le – 21 mm.) gamosaxulia qali profilSi marjvniv, grZeli nawnaviTa da
naoWiani samosiT, xeli gawvdili aqvs, TiTqos yvavili an nayofi eWiros
(sur. 7). Sesrulebulia gviansasanuri e. w. Strixuli maneriT da daTari-
Rebulia ax. w. V-VI ss-iT da ukavSirdeba RvTaeba anahitas [ramiSvili q.
i. 1979: 100-101]. ufro adreul qarTul gli ptikur Zeglebze Zv. w. IV s-is
pirveli naxevriT daTariRebul brinjaos beWdis farakze gamosaxulia e.
w. “sparseli qali~ xelSi bologadaSlili yvaviliTa da grZeli nawnaviT,
romelic, Cveni mosazrebiT, aseve ukavSirdeba anahitas kults [ramiSvili
r. 1959: 9, sur. 10; ramiSvili q. r. 2021 a]. kamaraxevuri beWedi gamosaxulebi-
TurT aqemeniduri xanis berZnul-sparsuli gli ptikis “Sereuli stilis~
Wrila qvebis uSualo gavleniT Seqmnil adgilobriv nakeTobadaa miCneu-
li [lorTqifaniZe m. 1981: 49, tab. II/7]. anahitas oficialuri Tayvaniscema
iranSi Zv. w. IV s-Si artaqserqse II-s SemouRia. misi kulti Zv. w. IV s-idan
Sedis armeniaSi, lidiaSi, kapadokiaSi, pontosa da rogorc Cans, iberiaSic
[afxazava n. 1979: 88]. ax. w. IV s-is dasawyisSi ki, Sapur II-is (309 w.) gamefe-
bis Semdeg, iwyeba anahitas kultis xelaxali aRorZineba da emTxveva, rom
nawnaviani qalis gamosaxulebebi xelSi yvaviliT sasanur gli ptikur Ze-
glebzec farTod vrceldeba, rac kargad aisaxa samTavroSi aRmoCenil (#
310) aqatisgan gamoTlil gviansasanur sabeWdav-beWedzec [ramiSvili q. r.
2021 a].
sasanur gli ptikaSi gavrcelebulia SuamdinareTis uZvelesi siuJeti –
gmirisa da cxovelis (lomis) brZola, romelic gvxvdeba samTavroSi fr.
baiernis mier aRmoCenil gverdebdaqanebul, ovalur da brtyel, mowiTalo
sardionis gemaze (erovnuli muzeumi, gl. f. 342; intalio – 14X12 mm.), ro-
melzec sakmaod Rrmad da uxeSad amoWrilia Zvel aRmosavlur cilindre-
bze da gansakuTrebiT aqemenidur (sasaxlis stiliT Sesrulebul) gli p-
tikur Zeglebze farTod gavrcelebuli gmirisa da lomebis brZolis
scena. baierniseul gemaze Zalan sqematurad da sumarulad gadmocemulia
centrSi mdgomi wverosani monadire TaviT profilSi, taniT ki pirdapir,
romelsac gaSlili xelebiT upyria ori lomi (sur. 11). Mm. lorTqifaniZe
am gmirs lomebze gamarjvebul gilgameSs uwodebs da gemas postaqe-
meniduri xaniT aTariRebs [lorTqifaniZe m. 2014:107]. gasaziarebelia q.
i. ramiSvilis mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmad gema gviansasanuri gli ptikis
Zeglia (ax. w. V-VI ss.) [ramiSvili q. i. 1979: 29, 102]. gmirisa da cxovelis
brZola gamosaxulia agreTve samTavros samarovanze #668 samarxSi aRmo-
512
Cenil moyviTalo sardionis mrgval
da amoburcul gemaze, romelic ver-
cxlis beWeds amkobs (erovnuli muze-
umi gl. f. 589; intalios dm – 13 mm,
beWdis simaRle – 26 mm.). gemaze Rrmad,
magram uxeSad amoWrilia gmirisa da
pirdaRrenili lomis Zalze eqspre-
siuli Serkinebis scena (sur. 12). da- 13. lomis gamosax- 12. gmirisa da
TariRebulia VI-VII ss-iT [ramiSvili uleba niko- lomis Serkine-
los intal- ba, VII s.,
q.i. 1979: 130-131]. monadires cal xel- ioze oqros samTavro, sa-
Si satevari upyria, meore SemarTuli beWedSi, IV s. marxi 668
aqvs da gadamwyveti SetakebisTvis samTavro, sa-
emzadeba, lomi yalyze dgas brZolis marxi 32
molodinSi. msgavsi kompoziciebi ga-
mosaxulia ufro adreul, aqemeniduri
xanis - e. w. Sereuli stiliT Ses-
rulebul berZnul-sparsul gli ptikur Zeglebze (Zv. w. V-IV ss.). msgavsi
siuJeti Semonaxulia agreTve iberiul lurji minis mravalwaxnagebzec.
rogorc Cans, es siuJetebi gamoiyena sasanurma xelovnebamac da gli ptikur
Zeglebze ukve sasanuri stiliT Sesrulebul kompoziciebad mogvevlina.
sasanur gli ptikur Zeglebze farTodaa gavrcelebuli cxovelTa, frin-
velTa da mcenareTa gamosaxulebebi, rac kargada aris asaxuli mcxeTuri
gli ptikis Zeglebze. cxovelTa gamosaxulebebi gamoirCevian natural-
isturi, daxvewili da plastikuri formebiT, gansakuTrebiT adresasanur
gemebze, Tumca, gviandeli gamosaxulebebic metad gamomsaxveli da sasia-
movno aRsaqmelia. gansakuTrebiT STambeWdavia sasaneli ostatebis mier
cxovelebis gadmocema didi TvalebiTa da metyveli mzeriT, rac gamosax-
ulebebs ganumeorebel momxiblaobas aniWebs. cxovelTa Soris yvelaze
mniSvnelovania lomi, romelic siZlieris simboloa da mzis RvTaebis
erT-erT zoomorful saxes warmoadgens (sur. 13). Llomi SesaZloa zodia-
qos niSani iyos. amave dros, SesaZlebelia, igi romaul miTraizms ukavSir-
debodes [Bivar A. 1963: 26]. samTavros samarovnis #32 qvis samarxSi aRmoCnda
oqros beWedi nikolos intalioTi, romelzec amoWrilia xaxadaRebuli da
kudaweuli lomis figura profilSi, romelic dinjad miabijebs (erovnu-
li muzeumi, gl. f. 211; beWdis simaRle – 19 mm.; intalio – 5,5X4 mm.). lomis
sxeuli plastikuradaa modelirebuli da Zalian daxvewili namuSevaria.
beWeds aqvs mrgvali, sada rkali, romelzec darCilulia wakveTili konu-
sis formis bude. daTariRebulia ax. w. IV s-iT [ramiSvili q. i. 1979: 61-62].
msxvilfexa CliqosanTa Soris Zalian mniSvnelovania xari, romelic sim-
bolurad ukavSirdeboda pirvelqmnil xars – gao spentas, gamarjvebis
RvTaeba vreTragnas, xolo oqrosrqeba xari ki - varskvlav tiStriias anu
siriuss [Борисов А.,Луконин В. 1963: 34]. xaris uZvelesi kultis Tayvaniscemas-
Tan aris dakavSirebuli iranul miTologiaSi kargad cnobili fantasti-
kuri frTosani arseba - gopatSahi (mefe-xari an mwyemsi-xari, Tavi adamianis,
sxeuli xaris) [Тревер К. 2000: 310]. gopatSahi mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli
wina aziis xalxTa uZveles totemistur warmodgenebTan, saidanac misi
gamosaxuleba Sevida aqemeniduri iranis xelovnebaSi. igi moiazreboda,
rogorc enqidus damxmare gilgameSis TqmulebaSi, rac kargad aisaxa asir-
iul xelovnebaSi [Борисов А., Луконин В. 1963: 34]. gopatSahis gamosaxuleba
xSirad gvxvdeba sasanuri gli ptikis Zeglebzec. samTavros samarovnis
513
 # 711 qvis samarxSi aRmoCenil la-
Jvardis gema-intalios ovalursa da
brtyel pirze amoWrilia gopatSahis
gamosaxuleba (erovnuli muzeumi, gl.
f. 605; zoma – 14X13X2,5 mm.). mas aqvs
grZeli wveri da gadmocemulia TaviT
win, xolo sxeuliT – profilSi (sur.
15. zebus gamosax- 16. zebus gamosax- 14). Sesrulebulia Zalian sqematurad,
uleba sardi- uleba la-
sakmaod uxeSad – Rrma xazebiT, Rr-
onis intal- Jvardis intal-
ioze, VI s. ioze oqros mulebiTa da RarebiT. miuxedavad imi-
axali armazi, beWedSi, V-VI sa, rom gamosaxuleba absoluturad
samarxi 7 ss., armazisxevi, moklebulia plastikurobas, igi mainc
samarxi 82 metad gamomsaxveli da momxiblavia.
Sesrulebulia gviansasanuri - e. w.
`Strixuli maneriT~ da daTariRebu-
lia ax. w. VI-VII ss-iT [ramiSvili q.
i. 1979: 31-32, 123-124]. sasanur sabeWdav-
ebze Zalian xSirad gamoisaxeba kuz-
iani xari zebu, romelic ukavSirde-
ba xaris kultsa da marcvleulisa
da saqonlis nayofierebis uZveles
RvTaebas [Akerman Ph. 1938: 796]. axal
armazSi #7 samarxSi aRmoCnda narin-
17. verZis Sezrdili protomebi grana- jisferi sardionis intalio, romel-
tis intalioze oqros beWedSi, IV s. ic gverdebdaqanebulia da ovaluri
samTavro, samarxi 17
moyvaniloba aqvs. sabeWdavis odnav
Cadrekil pirze sakmaod mkafiod, ma-
gram zedapirulad amoWrilia kuziani
xaris - zebus gamosaxuleba (mcxeTis muzeum-nakrZali, #11256; intalio –
16X14 mm.), momrgvalebuli drunCiT, sokoseburi kuziT, grZeli CaSvebuli
kudiTa da daRaruli rqebiT (sur. 15). mkerdi horizontaluri RarebiTaa
gadmocemuli. gamosaxuleba sqematuria da stilizebuli, Tumca savsebiT
inarCunebs figuratulobas da gamomsaxvelobas. gansakuTrebiT STambeWda-
via mogrZo, didi Tvali sevdiani gamometyvelebiT. #7 samarxi sardionisa
da giSris Taviani brinjaos sakinZebis mixedviT daTariRebulia ax. w. VI
s-iT. gamosaxulebis Sesrulebis stilis mixedviT, vfiqrobT, rom sabeWda-
vic VI s-iT unda TariRdebodes. zebu gamosaxulia agreTve armazisxevis
#82 samarxSi aRmoCenil oqros beWedSi (sur. 16) Casmul laJvardis oval-
ur da brtyel gemaze (erovnuli muzeumi, gl. f. 829; intalio – 11X10 mm.,
beWdis simaRle – 19, 5 mm.), daTariRebulia ax. w. V-VI ss-iT [ramiSvili q.
i. 1979: 93-94].
wvrilfexa Cliqosan cxovelTa Soris Zalian mniSvnelovania verZi,
radgan garda imisa, rom igi gamarjvebis RvTaeba vereTragnas Tanxmlebia
da warmatebis gansaxierebaa, amave dros samefo didebis simbolocaa. sam-
Tavros samarovnis #17 qvis samarxSi aRmoCenil armazuli ti pis mxreb-
dakuTxul oqros beWedSi zis granatis intalio, romlis ovalursa da
brtyel pirze sakmaod Rrmad da mkafiod amoWrilia ori rqebCagrexili
verZis Sezrdili protomebi (erovnuli muzeumi, gl. f. 266; intalio – 12X9
mm, beWdis simaRle – 18 mm). gamosaxuleba sakmaod realisturia da cocxali
(sur. 17). qva gatexilia. daTariRebulia ax. w. IV s-iT [ramiSvili q. i. 1979:
60]. f. akermanis mosazrebiT, wyvili cxovelis gamosaxva RvTaebaTa ormag
514
bunebasa da mnaTobTa Tayvaniscemas
ukavSirdeba [Akerman Ph. 1938: 795].
xaxadaRebuli daTvis Zalian real-
isturi da eqspresiuli, plastikuri
formebiT modelirebuli da dinami- 18. daTvis ga- 19. qurcikis
kuri gamosaxulebaa amoWrili sakma- mosaxule- gamosaxule-
od Rrmad da mkafiod samTavros sama- ba nikolos ba almadinis
intalioze intalioze
rovnis #605 qvis samarxSi aRmoCenili oqrosbudi- vercxlis
oqrosbudian vercxlis beWedSi Cas- an vercxlis beWedSi, V s.,
mul nikolos intalioze (erovnuli beWedSi, IV-V samTavro, sa-
muzeumi, gl. f. 582; intalio – 11X9 mm., ss., samTavro, marxi 251
beWdis simaRle – 28 mm.). daTvis ga- samarxi 605
mosaxulebas irgvliv patara wreebis
mwkrivi Semouyveba, beWeds wakveTi-
li konusis formis bude da mrgval-
ganivkveTiani rkali aqvs (sur. 18).
daTariRebulia ax. w. IV-V ss. [ramiS-
vili q. i. 1979: 73-74]. daTvi erT-erTi 20 21
cxoveli iyo, romelzec nadirobdnen
da romlis xorci sakvebad gamoiyene-
boda, Tumca, zoroastrizmi mas boro- kurdRlisa da Tagvis gamosaxulebe-
bi almadinis intalioebze vercxlis
ti warmoSobis cxovelad da demonis rombulbudian beWdebSi, V s. samTav-
STamomavlad Tvlida [Brunner Ch.1978: ro, samarxebi 615 da 817
101].
gareuli Cliqosnebi yovelTvis naxtomis an sirbilis dros arian gamo-
saxulebi, samTavros samarovnis #251 qvis samarxSi aRmoCenil vercxlis
beWedSi Casmul almadinis mrgvali intalios brtyel pirze amokveTilia
zurgze rqebgadawyobili qurciki, romelic naxtomis momentSia aRbeWdili
(erovnuli muzeumi, gl. f. 1122; intalio – 6X8 mm., beWedi gatexilia, aklia
rkalis nawili). miuxedavad sqematurobisa, metad dinamikuri da gamomsax-
veli kompoziciaa (sur. 19). beWeds aqvs mrgvalganivkveTiani rkali da zed
darCiluli wakveTili konusis formis bude. daTariRebulia ax. w. V s-iT
[ramiSvili q. i. 1979: 80-81].
sakmaod xSiria kurdRlebisa da mRrnelebis gamosaxva. isini erTgvaro-
vani teqnikiTaa damzadebuli – Tavi da gava mcire CaRrmavebebiTaa gad-
mocemuli, maTi SemaerTebelia weli, romelic mcire RariTaa miniSnebuli.
samTavros samarovnis ##615 da 817 qvis samarxebSi aRmoCenilia vercxlis
rombulbudiani beWdebi, romlebSic ovaluri da piramoburculi almadin-
ia Casmuli (erovnuli muzeumi, gl. f. 581, intalio – 7X5, 5 mm., beWdis simaR-
le – 20 mm.; gl. f. 1123; intalio – 7X5 mm., beWdis simaRle – 20 mm.), erTze
kurdRlis (sur. 20), xolo meoreze Tagvis gamosaxulebebiT (sur. 21). da-
TariRebulia ax. w. V s-iT [ramiSvili q. i. 1979: 78-79]. iranuli tradiciiT
iTvleboda, rom kurdRlis mokvla ar SeiZleboda, radgan is iyo sikeTis
momtani cxoveli [Brunner Ch.1978: 103-104].
frinvelebidan sasanur gli ptikur Zeglebze Zalze xSirad gamoisaxeba
arwivi, romelic mzis RvTaebis erT-erT zoomorfuli saxea da iranis
oficialur simbolikaSi miRebuli iyo rogorc Zlierebis gansaxiereba.
avWaliskarSi, #2 samarxSi aRmoCnda rZisferi qalcedonisgan gamoTlili,
515
 gverdebSebrtyelebuli sferos form-
is sabeWdavi, romelic cal mxares
wakveTilia (mcxeTis muzeum-nakrZali,
m#13096, piris dm – 15 mm.). wakveTili
nawili pirs warmoadgens, wriulia
23. gareuli batis da brtyeli. sabeWdavs aqvs naxvreti
gamosaxule- zonrisaTvis. pirze Rrmad, mkafiod da
ba granatis naturalisturad amoWrilia arwivi
intalioze damaxasiaTebel pozaSi - marjvniv
22. arwivis ga- oqros beWedSi,
Tavmibrunebuli, taniT piradapir da
mosaxuleba IV-V ss., samTav-
qalcedonis ro, III Txrili naxevrad frTebgaSlili (sur. 22).
sabeWdavze, V kargad Cans momcro momrgvalebuli
s., avWaliskari, Tavi mokauWebuli niskartiT, mrgvali
samarxi 2 Tvali, daSvebuli kudi da klanWebiT
daboloebuli kidurebi. bumbuli tan-
sa da frTebze mokle xazebiT aris
gadmocemuli. metad moxdenili da
gulmodgined Sesrulebuli gamosax-
ulebaa. qva kargad aris gaprialebuli,
gamosaxuleba mqrqalia. avWaliskaris
#2 samarxi marjnisTaviani sakinZebis
mixedviT daTariRebulia ax. w. V-VII
24. mtredis gamosaxuleba almadinis ss-iT. gamosaxulebis stilisa da qvis
intalioze oqros beWedSi, IV-V ss., formis mixedviT, vfiqrobT, sabeWdavi
samTavro, samarxi 45 ax. w. Vs-iT unda daTariRdes.
gareuli batis gamosaxuleba aris
amoWrili samTavros samarovanze,
III TxrilSi aRmoCenil granatis in-
talioze, romelic oqros beWedSi
zis (erovnuli muzeumi, gl, f. 210; in-
talio – 7X5 mm., beWdis simaRle – 20
mm.). frinveli profilSia, zurgisken
Tavmibrunebuli da TiTqos mis zurgs
zemoT gamosaxul naxevarmTvares ucqers. Ppoza bunebrivia, xolo gamosax-
uleba - mkafio da moxdenili (sur. 23). beWdis rkali mrgvalganivkveTiania,
romelzec darCilulia wakveTili konusis formis bude, romelsac piri
dabtyelebuli aqvs. daTariRebulia ax. w. IV-V ss-iT [ramiSvili q. i. 1979:
71].
patara mtredi aris gamosaxuli samTavros samarovnis #45 qvis samarxSi
aRmoCenil almadinis wakveTili piramidis formis intalioze, romlis
piri mcire mxaresaa, marTkuTxa formisaa da brtyeli. intalio oqros be-
WedSi zis da budidan wamoweulia (erovnuli muzeumi, gl. f. 222; intalio
– 6X4 mm., beWdis simaRle – 18 mm.). bude Sig beWdis rkalSia CaWrili. gamo-
saxuleba Rrmad da mkafiodaa amokveTili, Tumca didi ostatobiT ar ga-
moirCeva (sur. 24). qva kargad aris gaprialebuli, gamosaxuleba mqrqalia.
beWedi formiT antikur beWdebs gavs, magram damzadebis mxriv armazuli
(IV s.) ti pis beWdebsac emsgavseba. beWedi da intalio daTariRebulia ax. w.
IV-V ss-iT [ramiSvili q. i. 1979: 70]. mtredi sasanuri rwmena-warmodgenebiT
sikeTis momtani frivnelia da misi es Tviseba postsasanuri tradiciidan
momdinareobs [Brunner Ch.1978: 111].
516
frinvelis gamosaxuleba aris amoW-
rili fiqrisgoris #37 samarxSi aR-
moCenil aqatisgan gamoTlili be-
Wedis wakveTil nawilze, romelic
ovaluria da brtyeli. frinvelis win
da zurgs zeviT ori jvaria amokveTi-
li (mcxeTis muzeum-nakrZali, inv. 60,
25. frinvelis gamosaxuleba aqatis be-
dm – 27 mm.). gamosaxuleba amoWril- Wedze, V s. meore naxevari, fiqris-
ia sakmaod mkafiod, magram arcTu Rr- gora, samarxi 37
mad. frinveli aqvs ixviseburi sxeuli,
dabali, brWyalebiani kidurebi, yvavis
moyvanilobis niskarti da daxrili
kudi (sur. 25) Y(yvavis gamosaxuleba
msgavsi niskartiT da kudiT ix. Brun-
ner J. 1978: 112, # 98). sxeuli, frTebi
da kudi paralelurad ganlagebuli
horizontaluri da vertikaluri xa-
zebiT aris gadmocemuli, Sesrule- 26. abraamis mier cxvris Sewirva sar-
bulia e. w. `Strixuli maneriT~. es dionis intalioze, vercxlis beWed-
Si, V-VI ss., samTavro, samarxi 17
samarxi daTariRebulia IV-V ss-iT
[maisuraSvili n. da sxv. 2018: 89-91],
Tumca, Sesrulebis sqematuri stili-
dan gamomdinare vfiqrobT, rom beWedi
V s-is meore naxevarze adreuli ar unda iyos. iranul tradiciaSi yvavi
yvelaze gonier da sasargeblo frinvelad iTvleboda (gvamuri narCenebi-
sgan wmendda garemos) da misi mokvla ikrZaleboda [Brunner J. 1978: 111-112].
yvavi simbolurad RvTaeba miTras ukavSirdeba [Луконин В. 1963: 34]. jvris
gamosaxulebiT beWedi SesaZloa adgilobriv nawarmad migveCnia, Tumca
jvari sasanur gli ptikur Zeglebzec farTodaa gavrcelebuli [ramiS-
vili q. i. 1979: 38], radgan qristianoba iranel mosaxleobas Sorisac iyo
gavrcelebuli, gansakuTrebiT xelosanTa Soris [Пигулевская Н. 1956: 293-
294]. a. bivaris mosazrebiT, imis gamo, rom jvris gamosaxulebas zogjer
Tan axlavs zoroastruli Sinaarsis warwerebi, ver dasturdeba, rom jvris
gamosaxulebiani beWdebi aucileblad qristianis kuTvnileba iyo [Bivar
A. 1963: 27]. q. i. ramiSvilis mosazrebiT, iberiel mosaxleobas ar esmoda
sasanur gemaTa gamosaxulebebis simboluri mniSvneloba da sabeWdavebis
SerCeva xdeboda mxolod maTi gemovnebis mixedviT [ramiSvili q. i. 1979: 49].
safiqrebelia, rom yvavis simboluri mniSvneloba SesaZloa marTlac ar
esmoda iberiel mosaxleobas da is aRiqmeboda, rogorc ubralod frinve-
li, rasac ver vityviT jvrebze, romlebic maTi mrwamsis aRmniSvneli iyo
da raSic arc frinveli (morwmune sulis gansaxiereba) SeuSlida xels.
sasanuri da qristianuli motivebis urTierTgavlenebisa da gamovline-
bebis Sesaxeb saintereso mosazrebas gamosTqvams v. lukonini, romlis
Tanaxmad qristianebisTvis sayvareli bibliuri siuJeti - abraamis mier
cxvris Sewirva – zoroastrul garemoSi axleburad gaiazreboda iranSi
macxovrebeli qristianebis mier, rac kargad aisaxa da farTod gavrcelda
gviansasanur gli ptikur Zeglebze [Луконин В. 1971: 49]. vfiqrobT, swored es
siuJeti unda iyos amokveTili samTavros samarovanze #17 qvis samarxSi
aRmoCenil vercxlis beWedSi Casmul narinjisferi sardionis intalios
ovalur da brtyel pirze (erovnuli muzeumi, gl. f. 293; intalio – 13X12
mm., beWdis simaRle – 23 mm.), romelzec sqematurad, Rrma da uxeSi xazebiT,
517
 e. w. Strixuli maneriT, amokveTilia
grZel, naoWebian samosSi gamowyobili
wverosani mamakaci profilSi, romel-
ic cecxldanTebuli sakurTxevlis
(aTaSdanis) win dgas xelapyrobili
27. morielis 28. SroSanise-
da rituals asrulebs (sur. 26). mis
gamosaxule- bri yvavili
ba brinjaos almadinis zurgs ukan Sesawirad moyvanili rqeb-
sabeWdavze, intalioze Cagrexili cxvaria amoWrili. beWdis
V-VI ss., arma- vercxlis be- rkali mrgvalganivkveTiania, bude
zisxevi, sa- WedSi, samTav- saltiania - wakveTili konusis form-
marxi 70 ro, samarxi isa, masze cal mxares burTulaa dar-
414
Ciluli. daTariRebulia ax. w. V-VI
ss-iT [ramiSvili q. i. 1979: 103-104].
mcxeTur gli ptikis Zeglebze gvx-
vdeba sasanur gli ptikaSi farTod
gavrcelebuli morielis gamosax-
uleba, romlebic astralur kultebs
ukavSirdeba da SesaZloa zodiaqos
30. broweulis niSani iyos. mis gamosaxulebas avga-
yvavilis
stilizebuli
rozisa da nakbenisgan damcavi funq-
gamosaxule- ciac gaaCnda.
ba sardionis
29. tita qalce-
donis sabe-
beWedze, V s. morielia amokveTili armazisxevis
meore naxevari, #70 qvis samarxSi aRmoCenil brin-
Wdavze, V-VI
fiqrisgora,
ss., samTavro, jaos gverdebSebrtyelebul da cal
samarxi 31
samarxi 203 mxares wakveTil sferoseburi sabeW-
davis ovalur da brtyel pirze, ro-
melsac TasmisTvis mozrdili naxvre-
ti aqvs (erovnuli muzeumi, gl. f. 804;
intalios piris dm – 11 mm,. sabeWdavis
simaRle – 10 mm.). morielis gamosax-
32. naxevarmT- ulebebi gadmocemulia Zalze sqemat-
varisa da urad, arcTu Rrmad amoWrili iribi
rvaqimiani da texili xazebisa da morkaluli
varskvlavis Rarebis monacvleobiT (sur. 27). sa-
31. tita qal- gamosaxule-
cedonis beWdavi Camosxmulia, gamosaxuleba
sabeWdavze,
ba moyviTalo
dazgaze unda iyos amoWrili, daTari-
qalcedonis
V-VI ss., rkaldaRarul Rebulia ax. w. V-VI ss-iT [ramiSvili
samTavro, beWedze, V s. q. i. 1979: 107-108].
samarxi 203 meore naxevari,
fiqrisgora, mcenareuli motivi xSirad gamoisax-
samarxi 37 eba sasanur sabeWdavebze. isini, gansa-
kuTrebiT SroSani, broweuli da tita,
anahitas kultTan Cans dakavSirebu-
li. mag. samTavros samarovnis #414
samarxSi aRmoCenil vercxlis beWdis
(erovnuli muzeumi, gl. f. 312; intalio
– 10X9 mm.) wakveTili konusis form-
33. aqatis pirSeumkobeli beWedi, V s. me- is budeSi Casmul amoburculpirian
ore naxevari, fiqrisgora, samarxi 37 almadinis intalioze sakmaod Rrmad
da mkafiod amoWrilia stilizebuli
SroSanisebri yvavili (sur. 28), rom-
lis rtoze orive mxares babTebia Seb-
muli (V s.) da samTavros samarovnis
#203 samarxSi aRmoCenil rZisferi
qalcedonis elifsisebr sabeWdavis
(erovnuli muzeumi, gl. f. 187; intalio
34. sardionisa (saguramo, samarxi 1)
– 19X18 mm., sabeWdavis simaRle – 20 da aqatis (fiqrisgora, samarxi 31)
mm.) ovalur da brtyel pirze sakma- pirSeumkobeli beWdebi, V s.
od zedapirulad amoWrilia stili-
zebuli tita (sur. 29), romelic Zalze
sqematurad, e. w. Strixuli maneriTaa
Sesrulebuli (V-VI ss.) [ramiSvili q.
i. 1979: 82-83,105-106]. fiqrisgoris sama-
rovnis #31 samarxSi aRmoCenil, mTli-
anad sardionisgan gamoTlili beWdis
35. qalcedonis pirSeumkobeli beWdebi,
wakveTil nawilze (mcxeTis muzeum-na- I-III ss. mogvTakari
krZali, inv. 58, rkalis dm-23 mm), oval-
ur da brtyel pirze sakmaod mkafiod
amokveTilia stilizebuli broweu-
lis yvavili, romelic Sesrulebulia
sqematurad, e. w. `Strixuli maneriT~
(sur. 30). daTariRebulia V s-is meo-
36. qalcedonis pirSeumkobeli beWedi,
re naxevriT. broweuli nayofierebis III s. baiaTxevi
simboloa da mWidrod ukavSirdeba
RvTaeba anahitas [ramiSvili q. r. 2021].
mTlianad qvisgan gamoTlili da Zalian kargad gaprialebuli beWdebi
aRmoCnda fiqrisgoris samarovnis ##31 da 37 samarxebSi (mcxeTis muze-
um-nakrZali, inv. 59, dm-27 mm, inv. 76, dm-24 mm.). maTi rkali Signidan brtyelia,
garedan amoburculi da uSualod gadadis wakveTil nawilSi, romelic
pirs warmoadgens. Taflisferi qalcedonis beWdis ovalursa da brtyel
pirze sakmaod mkafiod amokveTilia cecxldanTebuli sakurTxevelis sqe-
maturi gamosaxuleba (sur. 31), xolo moyviTalo qalcedonis rkaldaRarul
beWedze – mnaTobebis (naxevarmTvare da rvaqimiani varskvlavi) (sur. 32). es
samarxebi daTariRebulia ax. w. IV-V ss-iT [maisuraSvili n. da sxv. 2018: 89-
91]. gamosaxulebaTa Sesrulebis sqematuri stilidan gamomdinare vfiqrobT,
rom aRniSnuli beWdebi ax. w. V s-ze adreuli ar unda iyos. sakurTxeveli
mzis RvTaebasTanaa dakavSirebuli [Борисов А., Луконин В. 1963: 34], xolo
naxevarmTvare da rvaqimiani varskvlavi SesaZloa ukavSirdebodes RvTaeba
miTras [ramiSvili q. r. 2019: 58]. #37 samarxSi aRmoCenilia agreTve aqa-
tisgan naTali beWedi, romlis piri Seumkobelia (sur. 33). mcxeTis raionSi
mTlianad qvisgan gamoTlili pirSeumkobeli sasanuri beWdebi aRmoCenil-
ia saguramoSi (sardioni, 1 samarxi, V s. sur. 34) da fiqrisgoraze (aqati, sa-
marxi 31, V s. sur. 34). qvis beWdebi, romelTa piri Seumkobelia, aRmoCenilia
mcxeTis raionis ufro adreul samarxebSi - armazisxevSi [afaqiZe da sxv.
1955: tab. CXV/15], mogvTakarSi (qalcedoni, I-III ss. sur. 35) baiaTxevSi (qal-
cedoni, III s. sur. 36). qalcedonisgan gamoTlili pirSeumkobeli beWdebi
(maT Soris rkaldaRarulebic) aRmoCenilia urbnisis samarovnis ##20, 50,
96 ax. w. I-III ss-iT daTariRebul samarxebSi (sur. 37). isini romaul beWd-
ebTan erTadaa aRmoCenili da romaul nawarmadaa miCneuli [javaxiSvili
q. 1972: 31, 71]. rogorc irkveva, msgavsi mTliani qvisgan gamoTlili beWdebi
gamosaxulebis gareSe an antikuri gamosaxulebebiT sasanur iranze adre

518 519
 mzaddeboda romis imperiaSi, gamoi- debdaqanebuli, gamosaxuleba sakmaod
yeneboda xSirad qalcedoni da sxva sufTad da mkafiodaa amoWrili ganier
mineralebi: giSeri, qarva, mTis bro- mxareze (sur. 39). ,,monograma~ Sedge-
li. beWdebis gadakveTili nawili anu ba naxevarmTvarisa da varskvlavisgan
piri sasanurTan SedarebiT momcroa da gulis gamosaxulebisgan, romlis
da odnav wawvetebuli ovalis form- wveridan orive mxares rkaliseburi
isaa [Henkel 1913: 147-151, tab. LX/1615, 1616; babTebia gafrialebuli. beWdis rka-
37. qalcedonis rkaldaRaruli da tab. XII/1670, 1673,1674]. cnobilia, rom li mrgvalganivkveTiania, pirgadaSli-
sada pirSeumkobeli beWdebi, III s. sasanuri irani afarToebda ra Tav- li bude – wakveTili konusis formis,
urbnisi isi imperiis sazRvrebs dasavleTis kideze ganieri saltiT. daTariRe-
mimarTulebiT, eufleboda romaul bulia ax. w. V s-iT. ufro martivi
saxelosnoebs Tavis xelosnebianad, “neSani~ amoWrilia samTavroSi fr.
rac ganapirobebda kidec garkveul- baiernis mier aRmoCenil oqros be-
wilad sasanuri xelosnuri nawarmis WedSi Casmul laJvardis ovalur da
formaTa dasavlur stils [Тревер К., brtyel intalioze (erovnuli muze- 39. sasanuri mono- 40. sasanuri mono-
Луконин В. 1987: 56]. amdenad, mTliani umi, gl. f. 652; intalio – 9X7 mm.; grama almadi- grama laJvard-
qvisgan gamoTlili sasanuri beWdebi beWsis simaRle – 20 mm.). gamosaxule- nis intalioze, is intalioze
vercxlis oqros beWed-
Tavisi formiT msgavsia romis impe- ba Rrmad, mkafiod da simetriuladaa
beWedSi, V s. Si, V-VII ss.,
riaSi adre Camoyalibebul beWdebis amokveTili (sur. 40). beWdis rkali samTavro, sa- samTavro, bai-
formebisa, magram maTze amokveTili mrgvalganivkveTiania, xolo dabali marxi 17 erniseuli
gamosaxulebebi ukve wmindad sasanu- bude – cilindruli, daTariRebulia
38. mTis brolis beWedi qristianuli
monogramiT, VI s. samTavro, me-17 ria. SesaZloa, gamosaxulebis gareSe ax. w. V-VII ss-iT. [ramiSvili q. i. 1979:
ubani datovebul beWdebze SeZenis Semdeg 83-84; 135-136]. axal armazSi #7 samarx-
mflobels amoeWrevinebina sasurveli Si aRmoCnda narinjisferi sardionis mozrdili elifsiseburi sabeWdavi,
gamosaxuleba, magram faqtia, rom isini romelsac aqvs naxvreti zonrisaTvis, cal mxares wakveTilia (mcxeTis
gamosaxulebis gareSe utarebiaT da muzeum-nakrZali, m#11255; intalio – 16X14 mm). wakveTili nawili ovaluria
ise CauyolebiaT samarxSi. gamosaxulebiani beWdebi SeiZleboda gamoey- da brtyeli, masze sakmaod mkafiod, magram sqematurad da zedapirulad
enebinaT sabeWdav-beWdebad, rasTanac SeTavsebuli iqneboda samkaulisa da amoWrilia e. w. sasanuri monograma, romelic Sedgeba jvarze dafuZnebuli
avgarozis funqciebic, xolo beWdebi gamosaxulebis gareSe albaT gamoi- asimetriuli naxevarmTvarisgan da jvris qvemodan orive mxares mimarTu-
yeneboda mxolod samkaulad da avgarozad, miT umetes, rom im naxevradZ- li rkalebisagan. jvris horizontaluri mklavebi boloSi gadakveTilia
virfas qvebs, romliTac beWdebi mzaddeboda samkurnalo da damcavi Tvise- vertilaluri xazebiT (sur. 41). ,,monogramas~ gars uvlis CarCo, romelic
bebi miewereboda [ramiSvili q. r. 2021]. rogorc Cans, qvisgan gamoTlili Sedgeba mkafiod amokveTili ovalisagan da ovalis garSemo daudevrad
beWdebi metad popularuli yofila imdroindeli samyarosTvis da garda nakveTi - iribi xazebisagan. sabeWdavis zurgi ornamentirebulia da re-
romis imperiisa da sasanuri iranisa, mogvianebiT mzaddeboda bizantiaSic, liefuri wreebiT aris Semkuli. samarxi ax. w. VI s-iTaa. daTariRebuli,
magram modificirebuli saxiT. mag. mTlianad mTis brolisgan gamokveTi- vfiqrobT, es sabe|Wdavic imave xanis unda iyos.
li beWedi samTavros samarovnis me-17 ubnidan. igi bizantiuri beWedia,
samwaxnaga rkali da dawaxnagebuli mxrebi aqvs (sur. 38), xolo wakveTili Zalian saintereso “neSanebia~ aRbeWdili ori Tixis bulaze, romlebic
nawili – piri, romelzec qristianuli monogramaa amokveTili, wawvetebu- aRmoCnda sveticxovlis ubanze, abraamis saxlis #2 saTavsSi [afaqiZe a. da
li ovalis formisaa (erovnuli muzeumi, gl. f. 193). daTariRebulia ax. w. sxv. 2004: 70-81]. maT Soris erTi wmindad ganleqili, movardisfro Tixisga-
VI s-iT [Максимова М. И. 1950: 262. tab. II/62]. naa damzadebuli da dabrtyelebul momcro gundas warmoadgens, romlis
SuaSi moTavsebulia e. w. sasanuri monogramis (neSanis) mrgvali anabeWdi
sasanur gli ptikaSi metad gavrcelebuli gamosaxulebaa e. w. monogramebi (sur. 42), romlis garSemo saxel-patronimis Semcveli falauri warweraa
– “neSanebi~, romlebic b. lukonins gvarovnul niSnebad, aseve, titulebisa – iazdan-Sahi Ze stadanisa (warwera waikiTxa m. woweliam). bulis kideze
da taZrebis niSnebad miaCnia da maT prototi pad cecxlis sakurTxevlis SeiniSneba kidev ori anabeWdi – mwoliare lomisa da fexze mdgomi ada-
– aTaSdanis gamosaxulebas moiazrebda [Борисов А., Луконин В. 1963: 42, 45]. mianisa. meore aseTive, oRond monacrisfro Tixis bulaze, romelic imave
gemebi aseTi niSnebiT aRmoCenilia saqarTveloSic. qarTul masalaSi e. w. saTavsSi qvevris fskerze aRmoCnda, mocemulia mrgvali anabeWdi, romlis
monogramebis aucilebeli elementi aris zemoT moTavsebuli naxevarmTva- centrSi jvaria gamosaxuli, mis mklavebs zeviT - ori frTagaSlili frin-
re, Semdeg jvrisebur RerZze sxvadasxva kombinaciebiT ganlagebuli gareT veli, mklavebs qveviT - gafrialeburi sasanuri babTebi, xolo jvris ZirSi
gadaxrili rkalebi. yvelaze adreuli da Zalian originaluri `neSani~ erTmaneTTan kefiT mierTebuli ori jixvis Tavi (sur. 43). gverdiTa or
gamosaxulia almadinis intalioze, romelic samTavros samarovnis #17 anabeWdze gamosaxulia mwoliare jixvi da jvari gafrialebuli babTebiT
samarxSi aRmoCenil vercxlis beWeds amkobs (erovnuli muzeumi, gl. f. 192; (mcxeTis muzeum-nakrZali m#19765, m#19763). bulebi Seiswavla q. i. ramiS-
intalio – 11X9 mm.; beWdis simaRle – 23 mm.). intalio brtyelia da gver- vilma da gamoTqva mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmad pirveli bulis anabeWdi

520 521
 zoroastr qurum-msajuls ekuTvnoda,
romelmac Tavisi beWdiT daadastura
saqonlis vargisianoba, xolo meore -
qristiani sasuliero piris sabeWda-
vis anabeWdad miiCnia da aRniSna, rom
masze ukve sasanuri stiliT Sesrule-
buli qristianuli Sinaarsis mqone
gamosaxulebaa mocemuli. mkvlevarma,
bulebi ax. w. IV-V ss-iT. daaTariRa
da aRniSna, rom am bulebis aRmoCe-
41. sasanuri monogramis gamosaxuleba na kidev erTi dadasturebaa sasanuri
sardionis elifsuri formis sabe- iranisa da qarTlis samefos Soris
Wdavze, sabeWdavis zurgi ornamen- mWidro kulturuli da ekonomikuri
tirebulia reliefuri wreebiT, VI urTierTobisa adreul Suasaukuneeb-
s., axali armazi, samarxi 7 Si [ramiSvili q. 2005: 186-191].
VII s-Si saqarTveloSi arabebis ga-
moCenasTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli
samTavroSi fr. baiernis mier aRmo-
Cenili mTis brolis Zalian kargad
gamoTlili da zedmiwevniT gapri-
alebuli, Zlier amoburculpiriani
intalio –kaboSoni, romelic formiT
gviansasanuri gli ptikis nakeTobaa da
42. sasanuri mon- 43. qristianuli romlis ovalur pirze sakmaod mkaf-
ograma Tixis monograma
iod, magram, arcTu Rrmad gamosaxulia
bulaze Tixis bulaze
gviansasanuri stiliT Sesrulebu-
li Zu lomisa da mis fexebs Soris
IV-V ss. orive bula aRmoCenilia svet- ZuZusmwoveli bokveris gamosaxuleba
icxovlis ubanze, abraamis saxlis me-2 (erovnuli muzeumi, gl. f. 345; intali-
saTavsSi
os piri – 16X12 mm., simaRle – 9 mm.).
lomis figuris zemoT erTstriqoni-
ani arabuli warweraa amoWrili (sur.
44). miuxedavad Zlieri sqematizaciisa
da stilizaciisa kompozicia metad originaluri, sakmaod daxvewili da
gamomsaxvelia. ise, rogorc lomis TaTebi arabuli asoebic kuTxovani
moyvanilobisaa da kargad exameba gamosaxulebebis Sesrulebis saerTo
stils. intalio daTariRebulia ax. w. VI-VII ss-iT da igi, rogorc Cans,
islamur periodSic gamoiyeneboda [ramiSvili q. i. 1979: 132].
man ganixila es ori arabulwarweri-
ani sabeWdavi-beWedic, romelTa Soris
erTs (erovnuli muzeumi, gl. f. 351;
beWdis simaRle – 23 mm., dm – 20 mm.; in-
talios simaRle – 4 mm.) aqvs mkveTrad
gamoyofili horizontaluri mxrebi,
romelic gadadis maRal, sworkuTxa
nawilSi (farakSi). farakis zedapiri 44. mTis brolis amoburculpiriani
brtyelia da sabeWdavis pirs warmoad- sasanuri sabeWdavi (kaboSoni) lo-
gens (sur. 45). masze amoWrilia kuTx- mis gamosaxulebiTa da arabuli
warweriT, VI-VII ss., samTavro, bai-
ovani arabuli asoebiT Sesrulebuli erniseuli
orstriqoniani warwera. asoebis mox-
azulobis mixedviT sabeWdavi-beWedi
ax. w. X s. daTariRda. meore beWeds
aqvs CamogrZelebuli rkali, romel-
zec maRali sabeWdavia darCiluli
(erovnuli muzeumi, gl. f. 352; beWdis
simaRle – 24 mm., dm. – 16 mm,. intalios
sigrZe – 13 mm., sigane – 12 mm.). intali-
os brtyeli piri da Svidi momrgvale- 45 46
buli kide aqvs. sabeWdavis piri orive
mxares rva-rva paraleluri xaziTaa
brinjaos arabulwarweriani sabeWda-
daRaruli, xolo centrSi amoWrilia vi-beWdebi, X s. (sur. 46) da XII s. (sur.
arabuli asoebiT Sesrulebuli sam- 47), samTavro, baierniseuli
striqoniani stilizebuli warwera
(sur. 46). msgavsi beWedi o. dalto-
nis mixedviT X s-iT aris daTariRebuli [Dalton O. 1911: 121, 129], magram am
SemTxvevaSi ufro zusti damaTariRebeli aris warwera, romelic waikiTxa
qairos universitetis profesorma Subl ibraim ibeidma da beWedi (hijriT
VI s.) XII s-iT. daaTariRa, man aRniSna, rom beWedze aweria `bedniereba
mflobels~ [lorTqifaniZe m. 2014: 108].

samTavroSi baiernis mier mopovebulia ori brinjaos arabulwarweriani

beWedi, romelTa aRmoCenis faqti kidev ufro afarToebs mcxeTuri gli p-
tikis Zeglebis qronologiur diapazons da dgindeba, rom ganviTarebul
SuasaukuneebSic saqarTvelo (mcxeTa) aqtiurad iyo CarTuli garesam-
yarosTan kulturul da ekonomikur urTierTobebSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom fr.
baiernis mier mopovebuli Zeglebis savele dokumentacia sakmaod mouwes-
rigebelia da samarxebis dadgena, SeuZlebelia. am masalis nawili dacu-
lia saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis gli ptikis fondSi, xolo nawili
– moskovis istoriuli muzeumisa da saxelmwifo ermitaJis kuTvnilebaa.
Eerovnul muzeumSi daculi baierniseuli masala Seiswavla qarTuli
gli ptikis fuZemdebelma m. lorTqifaniZem da stiluri da SedarebiTi
analizis safuZvelze SemogvTavaza maTi klasifikacia. am masalebs Soris

522 523
 bibliografia
1. afaqiZe a., gobejiSvili g., kalandaZe a.,
lomTaTiZe g., mcxeTa, I, Tb., 1955
2. afaqiZe a., nikolaiSvili v., da sxv., mcx-
eTis eqspedicia, savele arqeologiuri
kvleva-Zieba 1989-1992 wlebSi (mokle an-
gariSebi), Tb., 2004
3. afxazava n., adreul Suasaukuneebis aR-
mosavleT saqarTvelos nivTieri kul-
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4. afxazava n., qvemo alevi adreul Sua
saukuneebSi, Tb., 1988
5. lorTqifaniZe m., uZvelesi sabeWdavi-be-
Wdebi iberiidan da kolxeTidan, Tb., 1981
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Tavros samarovanze mopovebuli gemebis
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masalebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis ar-
qeologiisaTvis, II. Tb., 1959
10. ramiSvili r., sulieri kulturis isto-
riis zogierTi sakiTxi saqarTveloSi
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iarebis kviraZalze, iberia-kolxeTi, #6,
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veloSi, Tb., 1979
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TiWalis sabeWdav-beWedze, iberia-kolx-
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icxovlis ubnidan, Ziebani #15-16, Tb., 2005
14. ramiSvili q. r., ZaRlis (,,fantastikuri
cxovelis gamosaxulebaTa semantika –
muzeumi da kulturuli memkvidreoba, V,
524
Ketevan R. Ramishvili
National Museum of Georgia,
Simon Janashia Museum of Georgia,
Tb., 2018
Supervisor of Glyptic Fund,
15. ramiSvili q. r., cxenosnis gamosaxule-
Academic Doctor of Archaeology,
ba gemaze Jinvalis samarovnidan, ibe-
Art Historian
ria-kolxeTi, saqarTvelos klasikuri
da adremedievuri periodis arqeologi-
SASSANID
ur-istoriuli kvlevani, #5, Tb., 2019
16. ramiSvili q. r., sasanuri beWdebis erTi
jgufi didi mcxeTis arqeologiuri
saxelmwifo museum-nakrZalidan - muze- GLYPTIC
umi da kulturuli memkvidreoba, VI. Tb., MONUMENTS
FROM
2021
17. ramiSvili q. r., „sparseli qalis~ mo-
tivi qarTul gli ptikur Zeglebze, xel-
GREAT
MTSKHETA
naweri, Tb., 2021
18. javaxiSvili q., urbnisis naqalaqaris
gli ptikuri Zeglebi, Tb., 1972
19. javaxiSvili q., saqarTvelos gli ptiku-
(ACCORDING TO GLYPTIC MATERIALS,
ri Zeglebi, iberia-kolxeTi, #11, Tb., 2015
PRESERVED IN GEORGIAN NATIONAL MUSEUM
20. Борисов А., Луконин В., Сасанидские геммы,
AND GREAT MTSKHETA ARCHAEOLOGICAL
Ленинград, 1963
STATE MUSEUM-RESERVE – FROM ANCIENT TIME
21. Луконин В. Г., Культура сасанидского Ирана,
TO ROMAN PERIOD)
Москва, 1969
22. Максимова М. И., Геммы из некрополя Мцхеты-
The paper covers the monuments of Sassanid led “hatchwork“ and “sketchy“ manner. The
Самтавро, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muze-
glyptic, obtained as a result of archaeological images, engraved on Sassanid gemmas, almost
umis moambe, XVI-B, Tb., 1950
excavations in Mtskheta and Mtskheta sur- all, have symbolic meaning and appear to be
23. Пигулевская Н., Города Ирана в раннем
roundings. The glyptic material is distinguis- closely related to ancient religious beliefs, as-
средневековье, Москва-Ленинград, 1956
hed not only for diversity of forms, but also tral cults, deities and zoomorphic duplicates of
24. Тревер К., Луконин В., Сасанидское Серебро,
very interesting repertoire of plots. Majority of deities of Iran.
Москва, 1987
quite numerous Sassanid stamps, discovered in
25. Тревер К., Мифы Народов Мира, I. Москва, 2000
Georgia, is found in Mtskheta districts, most Discovery of numerous Sassanid glyptic mo-
26. Фрай Р., Наследие Ирана, Москва, 1972
abundantly – in Samtavro necropolis, also in numents is a significant proof of close political,
27. Akerman Ph., Sasanian seals, SPA I, pp. 784-815,
ordinary burials of Armaziskhevi, in Pikrisgo- cultural and economic relations of Sassanid
New York, 1938
ra, Avchaliskari, New Armazi, Svetitskhoveli Iran and the Kingdom of Kartli in early Middle
28. Bivar A., Catalogue of the Western Asiatic Seals in
courtyard, etc. Ages.
the British Museum; Stamp Seals, II, London, 1963
29. Brunner Ch. J., Sasanian Stemp Seals in The Metro-
The most frequently used materials are corne- The paper also reviews two rings with Arabic
politan Museum of Art, New York, 1978
lian, lazurite, garnet of both types (almandine, inscriptions, the fact of discovery of which in
30. Dalton O., Early Christian antiquities, London, 1911
pyrope) as well as chalcedony, agate, onyx, jas- Samtavro by Fr. Bayern, extends chronological
31. Henkel F., Die romischen Fingerringe der Rhein-
per, nicolo, rhinestone, glass, etc. The images range of glyptic monuments of Mtskheta, and
land, Berlin, 1913
on Sassanid intaglios are mainly engraved it is established that even in late Middle Ages
using lathe, rotation technique. The images Georgia (Mtskheta) was actively involved in
on earlier samples are relatively realistic, qui- cultural and economic relations with the outer
te prominent, figurable and exquisitely done. world.
Following the general tradition of development
of Sassanid art, which was directed from rea-
listic to schematic-stylization, majority of the
images on glyptic monuments in later period is
engraved superficially and done in the so-cal-
525
 qeTevan r. ramiSvili
saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi,
simon janaSias saxelobis saqarTvelos muzeumi,
gli ptikis fondis kuratori,
arqeologiis akademiuri doqtori,
xelovnebaTmcodne
tab. I

sur. 1, 2, 3, 4 – qalcedonis, sardionisa da

sasanuri aqatis beWdebi baiaTxevisa da fiqrisgoris
samarovnebidan
beWdebis
erTi jgufi
didi mcxeTis msgavsi, mTlianad qvisgan gamoTlili beWdebi inaxeba niu-iorkis metropo-
liten muzeumSi, isini safuZvlianad Seiswavla kristofer branerma da mis
arqeologiuri mier SemuSavebuli klasifikaciis mixedviT moaTavsa sasanuri elifsoidu-
ri beWdebis C jgufSi [Brunner C. J. 1978: 33]. aqedan gamomdinare vfiqrobT,
saxelmwifo rom Cvens mier gansaxilveli beWdebic sasanuri warmoSobisaa, miT umetes,
muzeum-nakrZalidan rom gamosaxulebebi, romlebiTac beWdebia Semkuli rogorc stilurad, ise
Sinaarsobrivad wmindad sasanuria.

4 beWedia aRmoCenili fiqrisgoris samarovnis #31 samarxSi, xolo ori

didi mcxeTis arqeologiur saxelmwifo muzeum-na- - #37 samarxSi. maTze amokveTilia frinvelebi, mcenare, sakurTxeveli
krZalSi daculia mravalricxovani da mraval- da mnaTobebi, daTariRebulia ax. w. IV-V ss-iT [maisuraSvili n. da sxv..
ferovani arqeologiuri koleqciebi, romelTa 2018:], Tumca gamosaxulebaTa Sesrulebis sqematuri stilidan gamomdinare
mcire nawili - daaxloebiT 300 nivTi - dResdRe- vfiqrobT, rom aRniSnuli beWdebi ax. w. V s-ze adreuli ar unda iyos. 31-e
obiT eqsponirebulia simon janaSias saxelobis samarxSi aRmoCenil sardionis beWdis pirze arcTu Rrmad, magram, mkaf-
saqarTvelos muzeumSi. gamofenaze sxvadasxva Ses- iod amokveTilia stilizebuli mcenareuli motivi – broweulis yvavili
aniSnav eqsponatTa Soris Cvens gansakuTrebul (tab. I/6), qalcedonis beWdis pirze ki, Zalze sqematurad, cecxldanTebuli
yuradRebas i pyrobs jgufi beWdebisa, romlebic sakurTxevelia mocemuli (tab. I/7), moyviTalo qalcedonis, rkaldaRarul
mTlianad gamoTlilia iseTi naxevradZvirfasi qve- beWedis pirze naxevarmTvare da rvaqimiani varskvlavia gamosaxuli (tab.
bisgan, rogoricaa qalcedoni, sardioni da aqati I/5), xolo aqatis beWdis piri Seumkobelia. gamosaxulebebi ar aris Rrmad
(tab. I/1-4). beWdebi TiTze Sesacmeli rgolebia, maTi amoWrili, Tumca anabeWdze mkafio gamosaxulebas iZleva.
rkali mxrebisken odnav farTovdeba da gadadis
wakveTil, brtyel nawilSi, romelzec gamosaxule-
bebia amokveTili da amdenad, sabeWdav pirs an e.
w. ,,faraks~ warmoadgens. rkali Signidan brtyelia,
garedan amoburculi, umetesad gluvi da iSvia-
Tad daRaruli, rkals SesaZloa SuaSi wibo gasde-
vdes. piri yovelTvis ovaluria da brtyeli. masze
amokveTilia sxvadasxva gamosaxuleba, Tumca nawi-
li beWdebis piri Seumkobelia (tab. I/1-3). beWdebi
gulmodginedaa gaTlil-gaprialebuli da kargadaa
daculi [didi mcxeTis arqeologiuri saxelmwifo 5. qalcedonis 8. aqatis beWedi
muzeum-nakrZalis koleqciidan 2016: 86, 87]. amgvari beWedi naxevar- frinvelisa da
6. sardionis be- 7. qalcedonis
mTvarisa da ori jvris ga-
beWdebi gamofenaze sul 8 calia warmodgenili. Wedi stilizebu- beWedi cecx-
varskvlavis mosaxulebebiT,
aqedan 4-is piri gamosaxulebebiTaa Semkuli, xolo li broweulis ldanTebuli
fiqrisgoris
gamosaxulebiT nayofis gamosax- sakurTxevlis
4-isa - Seumkobeli. qvisgan gamoTlili beWdebis fiqrisgoris samarovani, #37
umetesoba, 6 cali, aRmoCenilia fiqrisgoris sama- ulebiT, fiqris- gamosaxulebiT,
samarovani, #31 samarxi
goris samaro- fiqrisgoris
rovanze, erTi - baiaTxevis samarovanze da erTic samarxi vani, #31 samarxi samarovani, #31
saguramoSi. samarxi

526 527
 tab. II

9. narinjisferi 12. #599 beWdis

sardionis be- anabeWdi
5. qalcedonis 6. vercxlis
Wedi mamakacis 10. #227 beWdis beWedi urb- beWedi ni-
Tavis gamosax- anabeWdi nisis sama- koloze se-
ulebiT (gl. f.
3. #184 beWdis rovnidan ga- roSis gamo-
#227), mamakacs
anabeWdi mosaxulebis saxulebiT.
axuravs grifo- 11. yavisferi aqatis 1. yavisferi 2. Ria yavis- gareSe samTavros sa-
nis protomiani beWedi lomis frcxilis feri frcx- marovani, #69
Tavsaburavi, gamosaxulebiT, beWedi ilis beWedi samarxi ver-
samTavros sama- samTavros sama- nawnaviani mamakacis cxlis beWedi
rovani, samxreT rovani, #734 qvis qalis gamo- gamosax- nikoloze
nawili, 208 far- samarxi, (gl. f. saxulebiT, ulebiT seroSis ga-
Tobi #599) samTavros barsmaniT mosaxulebiT.
samarovani, xelSi. samTavros sa-
#450 sa- rusTavi, marovani, #69
marxi. (gl. SemTxveviTi 4. qalcedonis 7. qalcedonis samarxi
rogorc cnobilia, sasanur xelovnebaSi TiToeuli gamosaxulebis sim- f. # 310) monapovari. beWedi urb- beWedi urb-
boluri daniSnuleba Zalze didi iyo [ramiSvili q. i. 1979: 22]. Tu gaviT- (gl. f. 184) nisis sama- nisis sama-
valiswinebT imasac, rom Wrila beWdebi gamoiyeneboda ara marto sabeW- rovnidan ga- rovnidan ga-
davebad, aramed avgarozebadac, maSin gamosaxulebaTa simbolikaze saubari mosaxulebis mosaxulebis
savsebiT misaRebad gveCveneba. Bbroweulis yvavili nayofierebis simboloa gareSe gareSe
da mWidrod ukavSirdeba RvTaeba anahitas. msgavsi ornamentuli samkauli
amkobs sasanur liTonis WurWels, keramikas, kedlis stukos da xSirad
gvxvdeba gli ptikur Zeglebzec [ramiSvili q. i. 1979: 37]. sakurTxeveli Tavisuflad SeeZloT etarebinaT iberiel qristianebs, viTarca sakuTari
ukavSirdeba mzis RvTaebas [Борисов А., Луконин В. 1963: 34], xolo naxevar- mrwamsis aRmniSvneli simbolo, raSic arc frinveli (rogorc morwmune
mTvare da varskvlavi (tab. III/2) savsebiT SesaZlebelia ukavSirdebodes sulis gansaxiereba) SeuSlidaT xels.
RvTaeba miTras. mag. mcxeTis muzeum-nakrZalis gamofenaze warmodgenilia
karsnisxevis #27 samarxSi aRmoCenili da III-IV ss-iT daTariRebuli rki- mTlianad qvis sabeWdavi-beWdebi cnobilia samTavros samarovnidanac. mag.
nis beWedi sardionis TvaliT, romelzec amoWrilia e. w. miTra-mxedris samarovnis samxreT nawilSi - 209 farTobze aRmoCnda narinjisferi sar-
gamosaxuleba (tab. III/1). mxedris Tavis marjvniv da marcxniv amokveTilia dionisgan damzadebuli beWedi (tab. I/9), romelic formiT zemoganxilul-
naxevarmTvarisa da varskvlavis gamosaxulebebi [ramiSvili q. r. 2019: 58]. Ta msgavsia (inaxeba erovnuli muzeumis s. janaSias saxelobis saqarTve-
los saxelmwifo muzeumis gli ptikis fondSi, sainventaro # 227). beWedi
37-e samarxSi aRmoCenili orive beWedi aqatisaa. erTis piri Seumkobelia naklulia, intalios mxolod zeda naxevaria SemorCenili, magram Cans, rom
(tab. 1/3), xolo meorisaze sqematurad amoWrilia frinveli (tab. I/8), ro- mis ovalursa da brtyel pirze gamosaxuli yofila mamakacis Tavi pro-
melic jvrebs Sorisaa moTavsebuli. mas aqvs momrgvalebuli sxeuli da filSi marjvniv, amoburculi mogrZo TvaliT, swori cxviriTa da iribi
mokauWebuli niskarti. frinveli simbolurad gamarjvebis RvTaeba vre- xazebiT gadmocemuli TmiT. mamakacs Tavze axuravs maRali Tavsaburavi,
Tragnas ukavSirdeba [Луконин В. 1963: 34]. gamosaxuleba e. w. ,,Strixuli romelic grifonis protomiTaa dabolovebuli. sakmaod daxvewili namu-
maneriT~ aris Sesrulebuli. jvris gamosaxulebiani beWdebi SesaZloa Sevaria, anabeWdze maRal reliefs da dasrulebul formas iZleva (tab.
adgilobriv nawarmad miviCnioT, Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom es motivi sasanur I/10). daTariRebulia ax. w. IV-V ss-iT [ramiSvili q. i. 1979: 71, 72; tab. II/17].
gli ptikur Zeglebzec farTodaa gavrcelebuli [ramiSvili q. i. 1979: 38]. msgavsi Tavsaburavebi, romlebic cxovelebisa da fantastikur arsebaTa
rogorc cnobilia, Sapur I-isa da nerses dros iranSi mravali qristiani TavebiTa da protomebiT bolovdeboda, farTod iyo gavrcelebuli sasanu-
dasaxlda da iq qristianoba sakmaod farTod gavrcelda TviT iranul ri xelovnebis Zeglebze da ZiriTadad mefeTa da warCinebul pirTa por-
mosaxleobaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki qalaqis xelosanTa Soris [Пигулевская Н. tretebze gvxvdeba. Tavsaburavebze es elementi ax. w. IV s-idan vrceldeba
1956: 293-294]. swored am periodidan sasanur simbolikaSi farTod vrcel- da mfarvel RvTaebaTa zoomorful gamosaxulebebs warmoadgenda.
deba jvris gamosaxulebebi, zogjer damoukideblad, zogjer ki sxva sim-
boloebTan erTad. a. bivaris mosazrebiT, jer-jerobiT ver dasturdeba, mTliani qvisgan - yavisferi frcxilisgan gamoTlili beWedi aRmoCnda
rom jvris gamosaxulebiani beWdebi aucileblad qristianis kuTvnileba samTavros samarovnis #450 samarxSi (inaxeba erovnuli muzeumis gli p-
iyo, radgan zogjer jvris gamosaxulebebs Tan axlavs zoroastruli Si- tikis fondSi, sainventaro #310). formiT zemoganxilulTa msgavsia, oRond
naarsis warwerebi [Bivar A. 1963: 27]. Tumca, Cveni mosazrebiT, jvriani beWdebi rkalze waxnagi gasdevs (tab. II/1). beWdis ovalursa da brtyel pirze

528 529
 tab. III
2. qalcedonis beWedi naxevarmT-
varisa da varskvlavis gamosax-
ulebiT, fiqrisgoris samaro-
vani, #31 samarxi
1. rkinis beWedi sardio-
nis Tvalze miTra-mxe-
dris, naxevarmTvarisa
da varskvlavis gamo-
saxulebiT, karsnisxevi
Zalze sqematurad gamosaxulia fexze mdgomi qali profilSi marjvniv,
grZeli nawnaviTa da naoWiani samosiT. xeli win aqvs gawvdili TiTqos
yvavili an nayofi eWiros. beWedi Seiswavla q. i. ramiSvilma, daaTariRa ax.
w. V-VI ss-iT da daukavSira anahitas kults [ramiSvili q. i. 1979: 100-101,
tab IV/50]. fexze mdgomi grZelnawnaviani qalis gamosaxuleba profilSi,
xelSi yvaviliTa da sxva ritualuri nivTebiT uZvelesi motivia da ufro
adreul gli ptikur Zeglebze gvxvdeba Ee. w. ,,sparseli qalis~ saxeliT.
,,sparseli qali~ Zv. w. V s-idan farTodaa gavrcelebuli aqemeniduri
xanis berZnul-sparsul gli ptikur Zeglebze. cnobilia sardionisa da qa-
lcedonis skarabeoidebi, romlebzec aRniSnuli gamosaxulebaa amoWrili
[Boardman J. 1970: ## 879, 903]. qarTul gli ptikur masalebSi e. w. ,,sparseli
qali~ gamosaxulia Zv. w. IV s-is pirveli naxevriT daTariRebul brinjaos
farakian beWedze kamaraxevidan da Cans, dakavSirebuli unda iyos anahitas
kultTan [ramiSvili q. r. 2021]. Taviseburi stiluri niSnebis mixedviT,
beWedi adgilobriv naxelavadaa miCneuli da berZnul-sparsuli sabeWdav-
ebis im wres ekuTvnis, romelic e. w. Sereuli stilis Zeglebs aerTianebs,
kerZod aqemenidurmotivianebs [lorTqifaniZe m. 1981: 49, tab. II/7]. Zv. w. IV-III
ss-iTaa daTariRebuli vercxlis farakiani beWedi taxtiZiridan, romlis
farakzec ,,sparseli qalis~ kidev ufro sqematuri gamosaxulebaa amoW-
rili. es beWedic adgilobriv nawarmadaa miCneuli [javaxiSvili q. 2015:
10]. rogorc Cans, nawnaviani qalis motivi xelSi yvaviliT aRorZinebulia
da popularulobas inarCunebs sasanur xanaSic, Tumca gansxvavebulad –
sasanur stilSia modelirebuli, rac kargad aisaxa samTavroSi aRmoCenil
(# 310) aqatisgan gamoTlil sabeWdav-beWedzec.
mTliani qvis sabeWdavi beWedi, yavisferi aqatisa, zogan gamWvirvale
zolebiT aRmoCnda samTavros samarovnis #734 qvis samarxSi (beWedi in-
axeba erovnuli muzeumis gli ptikis fondSi, sainventaro #599). rkalis
wakveTil nawilze – ovalur da brtyel pirze gamosaxulia lomi pro-
filSi marjvniv (tab. I/11). cxoveli Zalze sqematurad da uxeSi xazebiT
aris gadmocemuli. welSi gazneqili sxeuli ki erTiani wagrZelebuli
RrmuliTaa miniSnebuli. gamosaxuleba Rrmad da uxeSadaa nakveTi (tab.
I/12). daTariRebulia ax. w. VI-VII ss-iT [ramiSvili q. i. 1979: 126-127, tab
VII/83]. Llomi iyo siZlieris simbolo da mzis RvTaebis erT-erTi saxe.
zogi mosazrebiT, lomis gamosaxuleba romaul miTraizms ukavSirdeboda
[Bivar A. 1963: 26].
530
mTliani qvis, Ria yavisferi frcxilis TeTri da muqi yavisferi ZarRve-
biT sabeWdavi-beWedi aRmoCenilia rusTavSi, SemTxveviTi monapovaria (in-
axeba erovnuli muzeumis gli ptikis fondSi, sainventaro #184). rkali
waxnagiania, intalios piri brtyelia da ovaluri. pirze sqematurad gamo-
saxulia mamakaci, profilSi marjvniv (tab. II/2). moxril xelSi barsmanis
kona uWiravs. welSi gadaWerili kaba mosavs da wawvetebuli fexsacmele-
bi acvia. e. w. ,,Strixuli maneriT~ aris Sesrulebuli. anabeWdze dabal
reliefs iZleva (tab. II/3). daTariRebulia ax. w. V-VI ss. [ramiSvili q. i.
1979: 101-102, tab IV/51].
rac Seexeba mTliani qvis pirSeumkobel (,,farak~ Seumkobel) beWdebs, amg-
vari vardisferi sardionis beWedi qvemo alevis samarovanze, #33 samarxSi-
caa aRmoCenili da daTariRebulia ax. w. VI s-iT [afxazava n. 1988: 110, tab.
XVIII/38], aseve, armazisxevSi aRmoCenilia aqatis pirSeumkobeli beWedi da
ax. w. III-IV ss-iTaa daTariRebuli [afaqiZe da sxv. 1955: tab. CXV/15].
qvis beWdebi, romelTa piri Tu ,,faraki~ Seumkobelia (maT Soris rkalda-
Rarulic), gacilebiT ufro adreul samarxebSicaa aRmoCenili, mag., urb-
nisis samarovnis ## 20, 50, 96 ax. w. I-III ss-iT daTariRebul samarxebSi
(tab. II/4, 5, 7). isini yvela qalcedonisaa, sxva romaul beWdebTan erTadaa
aRmoCenili da romaul nawarmadaa miCneuli [javaxiSvili q. 1972: 31, 71]. ro-
gorc f. henkelis naSromidan irkveva, mTliani qvis beWdebi oRond pirze
antikuri gamosaxulebebiT an gamosaxulebis gareSe sasanur iranze ufro
adre mzaddeboda romis imperiaSi. masalad gamoiyeneboda giSeri, qarva,
mTis broli, qalcedoni da sxv. [Henkel F., 1913: 147-151, tab. LX/1615, 1616; tab.
LXII/1670, 1673,1674]. rogorc cnobilia, roca sasanuri imperia Camoyalibda,
Tavdapirvelad adresasanuri xelovneba ganicdida romaul gavlenas, rac
gansakuTrebiT kargad aisaxa torevtikul Zeglebze.PganviTarebis pirvel
etapze sasanuri torevtikuli nawarmi Tavisi formiT wmindad dasavluri
formisaa, Tumca gamosaxulebebi ukve arsobrivad sasanuria. aRsaniSnavia,
rom sasanur portretSic romauli gavlenebi SeiniSneba [Тревер К., Луконин
В. 1987: 47]. cnobilia aseve, rom sasanuri gli ptika Tavisi formebiTa da
stiliT viTardeboda iseve da igive kanonebiT, rogorc torevtika [Борисов
А., Луконин В. 1963: 13] anu romauli gavlenebi aqac SeiniSneba, rasac qvis
sabeWdavi-beWdebis formac naTlad gviCvenebs. ueWvelad gasaTvaliswine-
belia is faqtic, rom sasanuri irani warmatebiT awarmoebda ra Tavisi
imperiis sazRvrebis gafarToebas dasavleTis mimarTulebiT, tyved ig-
debda romaul (dasavlur) saxelosnoebs Tavis xelosnebianad, rac gana-
pirobebda kidec garkveulwilad sasanuri xelosnuri nawarmis formaTa
dasavlur stils [Тревер К., Луконин В. 1987: 56]. amdenad, savsebiT dasaSvebad
migvaCnia, rom qvisgan gamoTlili sasanuri beWdebi Tavisi formiT imeo-
rebdnen romis imperiaSi adre Camoyalibebul beWdebis formebs, Tumca
maTze amokveTili gamosaxulebebi ukve arsobrivad sasanuria. es procesi
kargad aisaxa qarTlis samefoSi, gansakuTrebiT mcxeTis raionSi aRmoCe-
nil gli ptikur nawarmze. am mxriv Zalian sainteresoa, rom samTavros sa-
marovnis #69 qvis samarxSi aRmoCenili da ax. w. III-IV ss-iT daTariRebuli
vercxlis beWedi formiT gvianromauli (gvianantikuri) beWdebis msgavsia
(tab.II/6), xolo nikolos (intalios) wakveTili konusis forma adresa-
sanuri xanisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. sasanuria agreTve nikolos pirze
gamosaxuli patara frTosani arseba seroSi, romelic antikuri erotis
Sesabamisia [ramiSvili q. i. 1979: 59, tab. IX/2].
531
 mTliani qvis beWdebi, romelTa gadakveTil nawilze (,,farakze~) gamosax- Ketevan R. Ramishvili
ulebebia amoWrili, gamoiyeneboda sabeWdav-beWdebad, agreTve maT SeTavse-
buli hqondaT samkaulisa da avgarozis funqciebi, xolo beWdebi gamosax- National Museum of Georgia,
ulebis gareSe ver iqneboda sabeWdavebi, Tumca gamoiyeneboda samkaulad Simon Janashia Museum of Georgia,
da avgarozebad, miT umetes, rom im naxevradZvirfas qvebs, romliTac beWd- Supervisor of Glyptic Fund,
ebi mzaddeboda samkurnalo da damcavi Tvisebebi miewereboda. SesaZloa Academic Doctor of Archaeology,
gvefiqra, rom gadakveTili adgili (piri, ,,faraki~), romelzec gamosaxuleba Art Historian
ar aris amokveTili gankuTvnili iyo gamosaxulebisTvis anu mflobels
SeeZlo SeZenis Semdeg survilisamebr amoeWrevinebina esa Tu is gamosax-
uleba. savaraudod, SesaZloa asec yofiliyo, magram faqtia, rom beWdebi ONE GROUP
ise CautanebiaT samarxebSi, rom zed gamosaxuleba ar amouWriaT.
OF SASSANID
rogorc Cans, qvisgan gamoTlili beWdebi metad popularuli yofila im- RINGS FROM
THE GREAT
droindeli samyarosTvis da maT xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi uarsebi-
aT. isini, garda romis imperiisa da sasanuri iranisa, mzaddeboda aRmosav-
leT romis imperiaSi anu bizantiaSic, magram modificirebuli saxiT. mag.
MTSKHETA
ARCHAEOLOGICAL
mTis brolis beWedi samTavros samarovnis me-17 ubnidan. igi bizantiuri
e. w. ,,farakiani~ beWedia, samwaxnaga rkali da dawaxnagebuli mxrebi aqvs,
xolo ,,farakis~ zedapiri, romelzec qristianuli monogramaa amokveTi-
li, wawvetebuli ovalis formisaa. daTariRebulia ax. w. VI saukuniT MUSEUM-RESERVE
[Максимова М. И. 1950: 262. tab. II/62]. maSasadame, naxevradZvirfasi qvebisgan ga-
moTlil beWdebs amzadebda sami imperia: romi, sasanuri irani da bizantia, The paper covers Sassanid rings, which are to- The rings, cut of stone, were very popular and
rac Zalian kargad aisaxa mcxeTaSi aRmoCenil samive periodis gli ptikur tally cut from semi-precious stones like chalce- stylish in the world of that time and existed du-
Zeglebze. dony, cornelian, or agate. The rings are circular ring long time. They, in addition to Sassanid
rings for putting on the finger; their arcs slight- Iran, were earlier manufactured in Roman Em-
ly widen towards shoulders and transition into pire, under the influence of which Sassanid Iran
bibliografia cut, flat part, where images are engraved and used to manufacture similar rings. Stone rings
thus, represent the surface of a stamp or the so- were made later too – in East Roman Empire
called “shield“. The ring is flat from the inside, of Byzantine, but in modified form. Thus, the
1. afaqiZe a., gobejiSvili g., kalandaZe a., 10. javaxiSvili q., saqarTvelos gli ptiku- bulging on the outside, mostly smooth, rarely rings, cut of semi-precious stones, were made
lomTaTiZe g., mcxeTa, I, Tb., 1955 ri Zeglebi – iberia-kolxeTi #11, Tb., grooved; the arc may have a facet in the idle. in three empires: Rome, Sassanid Iran and By-
2. afxazava n., qvemo alevi adreul Sua 2015 The surface always has oval shape and is flat. zantine, which found very good reflection in
saukuneebSi, Tb., 1988 11. Борисов А., Луконин В., Сасанидские геммы, Different images are engraved on it; neverthe- glyptic materials of all the three periods of the
3. didi mcxeTis aqeologiuri saxelmwifo Ленинград, 1963 less, some of the rings are not decorated. The Kingdom of Kartli of that time.
muzeum-nakrZalis koleqciidan, Tb., 2016 12. Максимова М. И., Геммы из некрополя Мцхеты- rings are cut well and polished.
4. lorTqifaniZe m., uZvelesi sabeWdavi-be- Самтавро. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo
Wdebi iberiidan da kolxeTidan, Tb., 1981 muzeumis moambe, XVI-B. Tb., 1950:
5. maisuraSvili n., diRmelaSvili q., mSvil- 13. Пигулевская Н., Города Ирана в раннем
daZe m., wowelia m., koberiZe k., janaSvili средневековье, Москва-Ленинград, 1956
j., Caduneli n., fiqrisgoris samarovani, 14. Тревер К., Луконин В., Сасанидское Серебро,
Tb., 2018 Москва, 1987
6. ramiSvili q. i., sasanuri gemebi saqarT- 15. Bivar A., Catalogue of the Western Asiatic Seals in
veloSi, Tb., 1979 the British Museum; Stamp Seals, II, London, 1963
7. ramiSvili q. r., gema mxedris gamosax- 16. Boardman J., Greek Gems and Finger Rings, Lon-
ulebiT Jinvalis samarovnidan. samecnie- don, 1970
ro-kvleviTi Jurnali Aarqeologia #2, 17. Brunner C. J., Sasanian Stemp Seals in The Metro-
Tb., 2019 politan Museum of Art. New York, 1978
8. ramiSvili q. r., ,,sparseli qalis~ mo- 18. Henkel F., Die romischen Fingerringe der Rhein-
tivi qarTul gli ptikur Zeglebze, xel- land, Berlin, 1913
naweri, Tb., 2021
9. javaxiSvili q., urbnisis naqalaqaris
gli ptikuri Zeglebi, Tb., 1972

532 533
 qeTevan diRmelaSvili
saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis
dacvis erovnuli saagento,
istoriis doqtori
saTamaSoebi
mcxeTis
arqeologiuri
muzeumidan
TamaSebisa da saTamaSoebis arsebobis erT-erTi
uadresi kvali rogorc arqeologiuri, ise monu-
menturi masalis mixedviT egvi pteSia dadasturebu-
li. ukve mesame aTaswleulis arqeologiur fenebSi
aRmoCenilia saTamaSoebi, romlebic damzadebulia
rogorc Zvlis, ise xisa da Tixisagan. saTamaSoebi
warmoadgens cxovelis da sxvadasxva formis figu-
rebs. brinjaosave epoqis saTamaSoebi aRmoCenilia
mcire aziaSi, dRevandeli TurqeTis teritoriaze.
msgavsi figurebi dadasturebulia adreantikuri
periodis samxreT italiaSi, saberZneTSi. romaul
periodSi ki is gacilebiT didi raodenobiTaa aRm-
oCenili romis sxvadasxva teritoriaze. am peri-
odSi saTamaSoebi ukve diferencirebulia sqesis
mixedviT. magaliTad, q. parionis samarovanze (Tur-
qeTi) gogonebis samarxebSi mxolod mdedrobiTi an-
Tropomorfuli terakotuli figurebia aRmoCenili,
xolo biWebis samarxebSi mxolod mamrobiTi an-
Tropomorfuli figurebi. imave romaul samyaroSi,
saTamaSoebTan gamoTxoveba bavSvebis srulwlova-
nobasTan iyo dakavSirebuli (Kastner Marie-Odile 1995;
Vandroux Karine 2002; Wellens Marc M. 2013; Touching Discove-
ry…2017).
saTamaSoebi mzaddeboda rogorc sxvadasxva cxo-
velis Zvlisgan da xisgan, ise liTonisgan da, gan-
sakuTrebulad, Tixisgan. pirvel saTamaSoebSi yve-
laze gavrcelebuli iyo zoomorfuli figurebi
da etlebi, romelTac borblebi qondaT gadasaad-
gileblad. antikur samyaroSi maT ricxvs emateba
Tojinebi. Zv.w. VII saukunidan isini erT-erTi yve-
laze gamoyenebadia jer berZnul, xolo Semdgom _
romaul epoqaSi. am periodis Tojinebs wina epoqe-
bis anTropomorfuli gamosaxulebebisgan, romel-
Tac ufro sakulto daniSnuleba hqondaT, is ganas-
xvavebda, rom maTi kidurebi moZravi iyo. uZvelesi
534
droidan erT-erT calke saxeobas qmnidnen saCxarunoebi. maTi uZvelesi
nimuSebi Tixisganaa damzadebuli (magaliTad, Zveli saCxarunoebi aRmoCe-
nilia adre brinjaos xanis sagmatras namosaxlarze (TurqeTi), asemoiuqis
da qiulTefes (TurqeTi) Zv.w. 2200-2000 ww. namosaxlarebze da sxv.). romaul
epoqaSi ki maTTan erTad Cndeba liTonisgan damzadebulebic (magaliTad,
brinjaos II-III ss. daTariRebuli saCxaruno daculia taranogis naciona-
lur arqeologiur muzeumSi). saCxarunoebi SeiZleba yofiliyo Tixis pa-
tara zomis WurWeli daxuruli TaviT, sxvadasxva cxovelis, an frinvelis
terakotuli figura, anda sferuli formis nivTi. yvela SemTxvevaSi maT
SigTavss warmoadgenda mcire zomis burTulebi, romlebic nivTis gato-
kebisas xmas gamoscemda, ramdenadac gasaocari ar unda iyos, saCxarunod
gamoiyeneboda zarakis ti pis nivTebic (Kastner Marie-Odile 1995; Vandroux Karine
2002; Wellens Marc M. 2013; Echoes...2016; 4,000 year old...2014).
saqarTveloSi saTamaSoebi calke aravis ukvlevia. amitom am Temazec bev-
ri araferia cnobili. am periodisTvis mxolod erTeuli SemTxvevebia,
romlebzec danamdvilebiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom isini saTamaSoebia, da-
narCeni ki an maTgan gamomdinare SeiZleba miviCnioT saTamaSod, anda isev
da isev sakulto daniSnulebis nivTad ganisazRvros.
amjerad SevCerdebiT mcxeTis arqeologiur saxelmwifo muzeum-nakrZalSi
dacul eqsponatebze, romelTa raodenoba rva erTeuls aRwevs da dRe-
vandeli monacemebiT is saqarTvelos muzeumebs Soris erT-erTi pirve-
lia. muzeumSi daculi saTamaSoebi terakotebia. ti pologiiT ki isini ase
jgufdeba: zoomorfuli figurebi da saCxarunoebi.
zoomorfuli figurebi oTxi calia. maTgan sami cxenis figuraa, erTi
ki cxvris. TiToeuli aRmarTuli iyo oTx Tixisave borbalze, romlebic
figuris fexebTan RerZulis (albaT xis?) saSualebiT iyo dakavSirebuli.
amJamad sruladaa SemorCenili erTi cxenis da cxvris figura Tavisi bor-
blebiT, erTi, aseve cxeni, mxolod protomiTaa SemorCenili, meoTxes ki ak-
lia Tavi da borblebi. cxenebi moSavodaa gamomwvari, cxvris qandakeba ki
- Ria monacrisfrod (TiTqos specialurad gaTvaliswinebulia realobaSi
cxovelTa Seferiloba).
aRvwerT TiToeul qandakebas:
1. cxvris qandakeba (mm#10546) damza-
debuli tlanqad, saxe dagrZele-
buli aqvs, piri odnav gaxsnili,
nestoebi daberili, Camozrdili
Rababi gaxvretilia, wina da uka-
na fexebs gaaCniaT saRerZe naxvre-
ti, sasqeso organo mkveTrad aqvs
gamokveTili. sigrZe - 19 sm., simaR-
le - 11 sm.
535
 2. cxenis qandakeba (mm#10553), naklu-
lia. piri Camotexili aqvs, yeli
maRali, tani wagrZelebuli, Sua-
Si odnav Cazneqili, dabal masi-
ur fexebze, borblebisaTvis gan-
kuTvnili saRerZe naxvretebi
aqvs datanili. fafari da kudi
wiwvovani WdeebiTaa mocemuli.
simaRle - 17 sm., sigrZe - 19 sm.
3. cxenis qandakeba (mm#10532), na-
klulia. wina fexebi gaer-
Tianebulia, gaaCnia saRerZe nax-
vretebi, qandakebis ZiriTadi
nawili dakargulia. simaRle -
14,4 sm., SemorCenili sigrZe - 9 sm.
4. cxenis qandakeba (mm#10470). piri
Camotexili aqvs, yeli maRali,
tani wagrZelebuli, SuaSi odnav
Cazneqili, dabal masiur fexebze
borblebisTvis gankuTvnili saR-
erZe naxvretebi aqvs datanili.
fafari da kudi wiwvovani Wdee-
biTaa mocemuli. simaRle - 12 sm.,
sigrZe - 19 sm.
pirveli sami qandakeba aRmoCnda werovnis samarovanze, gvianbrinjaos xanis
#75 samarxSi. ConCxi ar dadasturda, samarxis sxva masala ki mTlianad
Tixis WurWliTaa warmodgenili, ris gamoc samarxSi dakrZalulis asaksa
da sqesze saubari SeuZlebelia (sadraZe 1989: 131-137). rac Seexeba meoTxe
qandakebas, is aRmoCnda werovnis imave samarovnis, gvianbrinjaos xanis #74
samarxSi, romelSic erTi micvalebuli iyo dakrZaluli xel-fexmokeciT
marjvena mxares. samarxSi aRmoCenili nivTebis mixedviT (Tixis WurWeli,
brinjaos umboni, xvia, Rili, mZivi da rkinis dana) is mamrobiTi sqesis unda
yofiliyo (sadraZe 1989: 130-131).
cxovelis gamosaxulebiani liTonis an terakotuli figurebi saqarTve-
los araerT Zv.w. namosaxlarsa da samarovanzea aRmoCenili. Tumca yvelaze
axlo msgavsebas maTgan amJRavnebs Zv.w. II-I aTaswleulebis mijniT daTari-
Rebul yaTlanixevis pirvel nagebobaSi aRmoCenili cxvris terakota (ro-
melsac fexebis bolo nawilSi gamWoli xvreli aqvs borblebis samagri
RerZisTvis), Tixisave borblebi da xaris terakota (romelsac zurgi dab-
rtyelebuli aqvs raRac nivTis dasamagreblad). aRniSnul nagebobas d.
536
xaxutaiSvili didi deda nanas sakulto nagebobebad miiCnevs, da fiqrobs,
rom masSi aRmoCenili nivTebi kultisadmi Sewiruli sagnebia, romelTagan
nawili warmoadgens ukve mwyobridan gamosul nivTebs (xaxutaiSvili 1964:
18-25).
cxvrisa da cxenis terakotuli qandakeba aRmoCenilia bambebis Zv.w. III-II
ss. daTariRebul nagebobaSic, romelSic garda aRniSnuli nivTebisa, dada-
sturda WurWeli, sabeWdavebi da Cangze damkvrelis terakota. cxovelTa
figurebidan ufro realisturia cxenis qandakeba, romelic daraxtul
mdgomareobaSia gadmocemuli. cxvris nakluli qandakeba ki ufro daude-
vari namuSevaria. orive figuras aklia fexis boloebi, amdenad maT dab-
oloebaze saubari SeuZlebelia. gamTxreli cxovelTa figurebs Sesawir
nivTebad miiCnevs (xaxutaiSvili 1964: 71).
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, Zvel romSi dadasturebul tradicias, romlis mixed-
viTac, srulwlovanebs miRweuli bavSvebi saTamaSoebs RvTaebas swiravd-
nen da es, erTgvarad bavSvobasTan gamoTxovebis rituali iyo (Kastner
Marie-Odile 1995:91), araa gamoricxuli, rom ufliscixis saweso nagebobebSi
RvTaebisadmi Sewirul terakotebSic msgavsi Sinaarsi vigulisxmoT.
saTamaSoTa meore saxeoba, romelic mcxeTis muzeumSia daculi saCxaru-
noebs warmoadgens. sul oTxi calia. amaTgan erTi srulia xolo danarCe-
ni nakluli. maTi saerTo maxasiaTeblebia: Tixisgan namzadoba, zedapiris
daxvreta da fuye SigTavsi, romlebSic Tixis burTulebi iyo Cayrili.
aRvwerT TiToeuls:
1. saCxaruno Tixis (mm#24453). mo-
vardisfrod gamomwvari, ganleqili
keciT. fragmentis saxiTaa SemorCe-
nili. sferuli formis. zedapiri
daxvretili aqvs. SeRebili yofi-
la wiTeli saRebaviT. zedapirze
amokawrulia bavSvis frontaluri
gamosaxuleba, romelsac mtevangaS-
lili xeli idayvSi aqvs moxrili
da maRla aweuli.
2. saCxaruno Tixis (mm#21200). movard-
isfrod gamomwvari. ganleqili ke-
ciT. SemorCenilia ori fragmentis
saxiT. sferuli formis iyo, zeda-
piri daxvretili aqvs. SigTavsi
fuye hqonia.
537
 3. saCxaruno Tixis (mm#25375). mo-
vardisfrod gamomwvari, ganleqi-
li keciT. sferuli formis (Tu
erTi mxare dabrtyelebuli aqvs
dasadebad?). SemorCenilia naxe-
vari. zedapiri daxvretilia. Sig-
Tavsi fuyea, masSi Cadebulia sami
Tixis burTula, romelic nivTis
gaqnevisas Cxarunobs.
4. saCxaruno Tixis (mm#14315), Ria-
vardisfrad gamomwvari wmindad
ganleqili keciT. tani msxlise-
bri formisaa, romelic bolovde-
ba wagrZelebuli satare yeliT.
muclis zedapiri daxvretilia.
naxvretebs Soris ki kopebia das-
muli. aseTive kopebiTaa Semkuli
taric. SigTavsi fuyea, romelSic
Tixisave burTulebia moTavsebu-
li. burTulebi nivTis ganZrevis-
as Cxarunobs.
gavrcelebuli xdeba. istoriuli wyaroebiT cnobilia oTxi TamaSi, rom-
lebic ZvlebiT iTamaSeboda. amisTvis gamoiyeneboda yvelaze ufro xSirad
koWis Zvlebi, Tumca sxva SemTxvevaSi SeiZleboda yofiliyo falangisac.
rogorc werilobiTi, mxatvrobis Tu mcire plastikis nimuSebiT vigebT,
ZvliT TamaSobdnen ara mxolod bavSvebi, aramed zrdasruli mamakacebic
da qalebic (Tumca TamaSebis saxeoba gansxvavebuli iyo) (Kastner Marie-Odile
1995: 85-100). erT-erTi am TamaSebidan gaxldaT „kenti-luwi“, romlis dro-
sac erTi moTamaSe xelSi malavda koWebs, xolo meore asaxelebda kenti
eWira Tu luwi. Tu ricxvs gamoicnobda, mis Zvlebs iTvisebda. TamaSis
arsi is iyo, rom rac SeiZleba meti koWi Seegrovebina mowinaaRmdegisgan.
meore TamaSi gaxldaT zedapirze moxazul wreSi garkveuli distancii-
dan nasroli koWebis moTavseba. mesame varianti iyo xuTi koWis haerSi
ayra da marjvena xeliT maTi daWera. gansakuTrebulad popularuli iyo
„koWis gagoreba“ (Kastner Marie-Odile 1995: 85-100).
mcxeTis muzeumSi amJamad ramdenime
aTeuli koWis Zvalia daculi, romle-
bic aRmoCenilia samTavroze (mm#5810,
5894, 5924, 6036, 6124, 6254, 15279), karsnisxev-
Si (mm#7002), sveticxovlis mimdebared
(mm#2951, 19761), karibWeze (mm#3902, 4030),
baiaTxevsa (mm#20326) da bebriscixeze
(mm#2578). maTgan nawili samarxeuli
inventaria (samTavro, baiaTxevi), meore
nawili ki namosaxlar fenebSia aRm-
oCenili.

samwuxarod, imis dabejiTebiT Tqma es koWis Zvlebi amuletebi iyo Tu sa-

yvela saCxaruno namosaxlarzea aRmoCenili, kulturul fenaSi: pirveli
ori armazcixis saxlebidanaa, romlebic samefo karis moxeleTa sacxov-
rebladaa miCneuli (nikolaiSvili 2013: 8-15), mesame armazisxevis pitiaxSTa
rezidenciis teritoriaze, mogvianebiT gamarTuli nagebobidan (narimaniS-
vili 2016: 126), xolo meoTxe _ mcxeTisgoris namosaxlaridan. amdenad, yve-
la mosaxleobis farTo masebis kuTvnilebad unda miviCnioT. armazcixeze
aRmoCenili saCxarunoebi gvianantikuri periodiT TariRdeba, armazisxe-
visa da mcxeTisgoris ki _ IV-V ss. (nikolaiSvili 2013: 8-15; afaqiZe...1978:
61-64; narimaniSvili 2016: 126).
erT-erTi adreuli Cxaruna, romelic saqarTveloSia aRmoCenili Zv.w. XI-VI
ss. TariRdeba. is aRmoCenilia samTavros #84 ormosamarxSi, romelSic mo-
zardi iyo dakrZaluli (kalandaZe 1982: 15). esaa Tixis burTula, romelSic
raRacaa Cayrili da Cxrialebs. Tixis wriuli zedapirdaxvretili nivTi,
romelSic aseve burTulebi Cxrialebs, aRmoCenilia ufliscixis Sida qa-
laqis teritoriaze, samefo saxelosnoSi, romelic Zv.w. III s. xanZris Sede-
gadaa gadamwvari (xaxutaiSvili 1989: 25-27). Tavis dros is miCneuli iqna
sakulto nivTad, Tumca misi didi msgavseba armazcixisa da armazisxevis
saCxarunoebTan miuTiTebs, rom isic amave daniSnulebis nivTad unda mo-
viazroT.
TamaSoebi, Znelia, Tumca gasaTvaliswinebelia ori ram: maTi erTi nawili
namosaxlar fenebSia aRmoCenili, rac maT amuletad gamoyenebis SesaZle-
blobas amcirebs. koWis Zvlebi aRmoCenilia aseve samTavros samarovnis
1938-1940 ww. eqvs samarxSi, romlebSic bavSvebi iyvnen dakrZalulni. m.
ivaSenko xersonesis magaliTis gaTvaliswinebiT samTavros am samarxebSi
aRmoCenil koWis Zvlebs swored saTamaSoebad miiCnevs (Иващенко 1980: 145).
sainteresoa, rom gvianantikuri da adreSuasaukuneebis aRniSnuli SemT-
xvevebi koWis ZvlebiTaa warmodgenili, maSin roca gvianbrinjao-adrerki-
nis xanis narekvavis samarxebSi bavSvis saTamaSoebad cxovelis falangis
Zvlebi gvevlineba (afaqiZe... 1999: 40, 49, 93).
am niuansebis gaTvaliswinebiT ibadeba logikuri kiTxva, xom ar SeiZleba
mcxeTis gvianantikursa da adreSuasaukuneebis fenebSi aRmoCenili koWebi
qarTlis romTan urTierTobis gamoZaxili iyos da isini mcxeTis mosax-
leobaSi romauli koWiT TamaSebis gavleniT iyos gavrcelebuli?!
amdenad, mcxeTaSi aRmoCenili saTamaSoebi Zvel samyaroSi gavrcelebuli
saTamaSoebis ti puri nimuSebia, romlebic drois farTo monakveTSi da
sxvadasxva kulturebSia dadasturebuli.

aqve gvinda SevCerdeT saTamaSoebis kidev erT saxeobaze. esaa cxovelis

koWebi an falangis Zvlebi. rogorc cnobilia, ZvliT TamaSi jer ki-
dev Zvel egvi pteSi iRebs saTaves, xolo antikur samyaroSi ukve farTod

538 539
 bibliografia
1. afaqiZe a., kalandaZe a., nikolaiSvili v.,
mcxeTa. 1975. mcxeTa. II, Tb., 1978
Ketevan Digmelashvili
National Agency for Cultural Heritage Preservation of Georgia,
Doctor of History
documents d’époque romaine. In: Bulletin de l’As-
sociation Guillaume Budé, n°1, mars. 1995

2. afaqiZe a., nikolaiSvili v., yifiani g., si-
xaruliZe a., giunaSvili g., gavaSeli e.,
Rlonti n., kapanaZe m., 1999: narekvavi, mcxe-
Ta. I. Tb., 1998
3. kalandaZe a., samTavros winareantikuri
xanis samarovani. mcxeTa. VI. Tb., 1982
4. narimaniSvili g., armazisxevis arqeolo-
giuri kompleqsis 2014-2015 ww. arqeolo-
giuri gaTxrebis angariSi. Ziebani sa-
qarTvelos arqeologiaSi. 23, Tb., 2016
5. nikolaiSvili v., armazcixe-bagineTi, axa-
li arqeologiuri gaTxrebi. Jurn. `Zve-
li xelovneba dRes~. 4, Tb., 2013
6. sadraZe v., werovani II. brinjao-rkinis
xanis samarovani, katalogi. mcxeTa. IX.
Tb., 1989
7. xaxutaiSvili d., ufliscixe. Tb., 1964
8. xaxutaiSvili d., ufliscixe - qalaqi
kldeSi. Tb., 1989
9. Иващенко М., Самтаврские погребения первых
трех веков н.э. Мцxeтa. III. Тб., 1980
10. Kastner Marie-Odile, L’enfant et les jeux dans les
11. Vandroux Karine, Le hochet dans l’histoire. Revue
Spirale. N4, 2002
12. Wellens Marc M., Les premiers jeux et jouets de
l’antiquité. En ligne: https://www.arretetonchar.
fr/wp-content/uploads/2013/IMG/archives/civil-
isation/Les%20premiers%20jeux%20et%20jou-
ets%20de%20lAntiquite%20-%20Marc%20Wel-
lens.pdf
13. Touching Discovery of 2.000-Year-Old Toys Inside
Ancient Greek Child Tombs. 2017. En ligne: https://
www.ancient-origins.net/news-history-archaeolo-
gy/touching-discovery-2000-year-old-toys-inside-
ancient-greek-child-tombs-021635
14. 4,000 year old „baby rattle“ among Kültepe finds.
Read more at. 2014: https://archaeologynewsnet-
work.blogspot.com/2014/08/4000-year-old-baby-
rattle-among-kultepe.html#xiaXKG2Takg0yS7
15. Echoes of Ancient Children: 4,200-Year-Old Rat-
tle Discovered in Turkey. 2016: https://www.
ancient-origins.net/news-history-archaeology/
echoes-ancient-children-4200-year-old-rattle-dis-
covered-turkey-006557
TOYS FROM
MTSKHETA
ARCHAEOLOGICAL
MUSEUM
One of the earliest traces of existence of games
and toys are proven in Egypt. Toys were made
of animal bones and wood, as well as metal
and clay. Zoomorphic figures and chariots with
wheels were the most widely spread among
first toys. In Antique world, dolls were added.
Since ancient times, separate group has been
formed by jingling toys of different shapes,
made of clay or metal and ankle or phalanx
bones of animals. Playing with these toys orig-
inates from Egypt, and is quite widely spread in
the Antique world.
The toys, preserved in Mtskheta Museum are
represented by the following: 4 zoomorphic
wheeled figures (horse and sheep), made of
clay; 4 lay jingling toys and dozens of animal
ankle bones.
As for the ankle bones, part of them is the
burial inventory (Samtavro, Baiatkhevi), and
other part has been discovered in the layers of
settlement ruins (Karsniskhevi, Bebristsikhe,
Svetitskhoveli district) and all are dated back to
III-VI c.c. It is interesting, that the above-men-
tioned cases are represented by ankle bone,
whereas in Narekvavi burial grounds of Late
Bronze – Early Iron age, animal phalanx bones
are presented as toys for kids.
Considering this nuance, logical question aris-
es – could the ankle bones, discovered in Late
Antique – Early Medieval layers of Mtskheta,
be the echo of relations of Kartli with Rome
and spread in Mtskheta population under the
influence of Roman ankle games?!

Zoomorphic figures have been discovered in

Tserovani burial ground and are dated back to
the Late Bronze period, and jingling toys – in
Armaztsikhe houses, on the residential territory
of Armaziskhevi pitiakhshes, in later structures
and Mtskhetagora ruined settlement. They are
dated back to III-V c.c. and all represented the
property of all the layers of the society.

540 541
 აბგდევზჱთიკლმნჲოპჟრ

სტჳუფქღყშჩცძწჭხჯჰჵ

542 543
 ena
damwerloba
mwignobroba

544 545
 qarTulisa enisaTvis1
da marxul ars enaÁ qarTuli dRemde meored mos-
vlisa misisa sawameblad, rameTu yovelsa enasa
RmerTman amxilos amiT eniTa.
da ese enaÁ mZinare ars dResamomde.
da saxarebasa Sina amas enasa lazare hrqvian.
da axalman nino moaqcia da helene dedofalman da
ese arian orni dani, viTarca mariam da marTaÁ.
da megobrobaÁ amisTvis Tqva, rameTu yoveli sai-
dumloÁ amas enasa Sina damarxul ars.
da oTxisa dRisa mkvdari amisTvis Tqva daviT wi-
naswarmetyvelman, rameTu „aTasi weli – viTarca
erTi dReÁ.“
da saxarebasa Sina qarTulsa, Tavsa xolo maTeÁssa,
werili zis, romel asoÁ ars. da ityvis yovlad
oTx aTassa maragsa, -
da ese ars oTxi dReÁ, da oTxisa dRisa mkvdari
amisTvis misTanve dafluli sikvdiliTa naTlisRe-
bisa misisaÁTa.
da ese enaÁ, Semkuli da kurTxeuli saxeliTa uf-
lisaÁTa, mdabali da dawunebuli – moelis dResa
meored mosvlasa uflisasa,
da saswaulad ese aqvs: oTxmeocda aToTxmeti weli
umetes sxvaTa enaTa qristeÁs mosvliTgan vidre
dResamomde.
da ese, romeli weril ars, mowamed warmogiTxras,
ese wili anbanisaÁ.
ioane zosime
qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis erT-erTi umniS-
vnelovanesi Semadgeneli qarTuli enaa, uZvelesi,
msoflios cocxal enaTa Soris - ena - romlis
saerTo-qarTveluri fuZe-ena saerTo indo-evropul
1 X saukunis qarTveli himnografis, ioane-zosimes, X saukunis nusxis meSveobiT moRweu-
li, qarTuli enisadmi miZRvnili sagalobeli, romelic cnobilia saxelwodebiT ,,qebaÁ
da didebaÁ qarTulisaÁ enisa“. asomTavruliT gadaweril, nusxaSi misi saTauria ,,qar-
Tulisa enisaTvis“.
546
da saerTo-semitur fuZe enebTan Tanaarsebobda.
mematianis Tanaxmad, farnavazma `ganavrco ena qarTuli da arRara izraxe-
boda sxva ena qarTlsa Sina, Tvinier qarTulisa~.
erTiani, Zlieri saxelmwifos arsebobisa Tu saero-samTavroebad dayofis
pirobebSic qarTuli ena inarCunebda saxelmwifo enis statuss. qristia-
nobis miRebam da gavrcelebam (IV s.) qarTuli enis es statusi kidev ufro
gaamyara. qarTuli iyo da dResac rCeba saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli
eklesiis msaxurebis enad.
giorgi merCulis mecxre saukuneSi warmoTqmuli – ,,qarTlad friadi
queyanaÁ aRiracxebis, romelsaca Sina qarTuliTa eniTa Jami Seiwirvis da
locvaÁ aResrulebis...~ - aqtualoba dResac ar daukargavs.
qarTuli ena, qarTul saxelmwifoSi ganaTlebis, mecnierebis, literaturis,
kulturisa da religiis erTaderTi enaa. TavisTavad cxadia, im umTavres
TemaTagan, romelTac adgili unda daikavos mcxeTis muzeumis saeqspozi-
cio sivrceSi gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos Tema – qarTuli ena.
qarTuli saxelmwifo enis istoria pirvelyovlisa uSualod mcxeTasTa-
naa kavSirSi. samuzeumo eqspoziciaSi aqcentirebuli unda iyos qarTu-
li saxelmwifos dedaqalaqis – mcxeTis roli da mniSvneloba qarTuli
saliteraturo enis Camoyalibebis procesSi. qarTuli ena - gaazrebuli
unda iyos istoriuli dedaqalaqis, rogorc qarTuli saxelmwifos for-
mirebis, kavkasiis ekonomikur-kulturuli, strategiuli, mravaleTnikuri
(ebrauli, sparsuli, berZnuli, somxuri da sxv.) Tu qronologiuri (antiku-
ri da elinisturi mcxeTa) mniSvnelovnebis konteqstSi.
mcxeTas ukavSirdeba qarTuli saliteraturo (saxelmwifo) enis Seqmnisa
da Camoyalibebis procesi, qarTuli saliteraturo enis safuZveli - qar-
Tuli zedialeqturi koine (dedaqalaqis – mcxeTis metyveleba da Tavise-
bureba).
amjerad, Cven mxolod am TemasTan dakavSirebul im umTavresi aqcentebis
arasrul CamonaTvals warmovadgenT, rac sasurvelia aisaxos mcxeTis mu-
zeumSi. am Temis koncefcia, saeqspozicio vizualuri masalis darTviT,
srulyofili saxiT momzaddeba Sesabamis specialistTa mier, ris Sem-
degac efeqturi vizualizaciis xerxebis gamoyenebiT saTanado adgils
daimkvidrebs mcxeTis muzeumis saeqspozicio Tu eleqtronul sivrceSi.
es aqcentebia:
• qarTuli enis saerTo - qarTveluri fuZe-enidan gamoyofis TariRi – Zv.
w. V-IV aTaswleulebis mijna;
• qarTuli enis qronologia da qarTuli enis gavrcelebis geografiuli
areali;
• qarTuli saliteraturo ena - erTi - ,,TxuTmet saukunovani mTlianoba“.
qarTuli enis periodizacia;
• qarTuli enis statusi - qarTveli eris saxelmwifo da saqarTvelos
samociquli avtokefaluri eklesiis ena. qarTuli ena, rogorc qveynis
547
 saxelmwifo da religiuri erTianobis safuZveli;
• qarTuli enis lingvisturi Taviseburebani (rac sxva enebSi ar dastur-
deba);
• qarTuli enis (mTisa da baris) dialeqtebi da sxva;
• qarTuli enis adgili msoflio enaTa Soris - iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa
jgufi.

qarTuli ena erTaderTia iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa Soris, romlis uwyve-

tad fiqsirebuli istoria IV saukunidanaa cnobili. qarTuli enis Senar-
Cunebis erT-erTi umTavari mizezi qarTuli damwerlobis arsebobaa.

droTa ganmavlobaSi grafika viTardeboda da icvleboda (asomTavruli,

nusxuri, mxedruli), cvlilebebs gansxvavebuli saweri masala da Tematikac
uwyobda xels, viTardeboda da icvleboda enac (Zveli qarTuli, saSualo
da axali qarTuli ena), Tumca Tanamedrove qarTvels Tavisuflad SeuZlia
rogorc uZvelesi qarTuli saliteraturo enis Zeglis `SuSanikis wameba~
(Vs.), ise SoTa rusTavelis `vefxistyaosnis~ (XII s.) wakiTxva da gageba.

qarTul enasTan erTad, mcxeTis muzeumis saeqspozicio sivrcis erT-er-

Ti mniSvnelovani da damamSvenebeli Temaa, qarTuli anbanis sami saxeoba
- asomTavruli (V-IX/X ss.), nusxuri (IX-XI ss.) da mxedruli (IX/XI-XXI ss.).

saeqspozicio sivrceSi, mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT maqsimaluri efeqturi

vizualizaciis xerxebis gamoyenebis meSveobiT, unda moxdes qarTuli an-
banis samive saxeobis istoriis sainteresod interpretireba, kaligrafiu-
li nimuSebis mravali formiT ilustrireba, qarTuli anbanis grafikuli
ganviTarebis sqemis Cveneba, efeqturi 3D vizualizacia musikaluri gafor-
mebis TanxlebiT. am miznis ganxorcielebis safuZvlad iqceva krebulis
rubrikaSi ,,ena, damwerloba, mwignobroba“, warmodgenili avtorebis naS-
romebi.

548 549
 qarTuli wignis istoria
qarTul enasTan da anbanTan erTad, mcxeTis axali
muzeumis eleqtronul formatSi gaTvaliswinebu-
li unda iyos qarTuli wignis istoria da am isto-
riis umTavresi Tematuri aqcentebi.

es aqcentebia:
- qarTuli xelnaweri wigni, sasuliero xelnawerebi
(bibliuri, liturgikuli, Sereuli krebulebi, kano-
nikur-dogmatikuri), saero xelnawerebi (mxatvruli,
saistorio, samecniero, da sxv.,);
- qarTuli eniT Semonaxuli bizantiuri mwerlobis
Zeglebi (romelTa berZnuli dednebi dakargulia),
sparsuli, arabuli da siriuli literaturis Zeg-
lebis qarTuli Targmanebi da sxva.;
- qarTuli samwignobro da saganmanaTleblo kerebi
qveyanaSi da qveynis gareT (gelaTi, iyalTo, alaver-
di, SiomRvime da sxv.; iberTa monasteri, beTlemis
qarTuli monasteri, sabawmindis lavra, xaritonis
lavra, golgoTa, dertavi, derTufa, kappaTa, basilis
monasteri, Teodores monasteri, nikolozis monas-
teri, geTsimania, Sehani, jvris monasteri, sinis mTis
wm. ekaterines monasteri, olimpi, romana, konstanti-
nopoli, aTonis mTa, petriwoni);
- qarTveli mwignobrebi, gadamwer-Semkazmvelebi,
ilustratorebi;
- qarTuli beWduri wignis istoria, qarTuli Srifti,
ucxouri da samamulo beWduri produqcia: evropa-
Si (romSi) nabeWdi pirveli qarTuli wignebi; qar-
Tuli stamba ruseTSi; pirveli qarTuli stambebi
saqarTveloSi;

saeqspozicio sivrceSi warmodgenili unda iyos

qarTuli enisa da literaturis iseTi Zeglebi, ro-
goricaa iakob xucesis ,,SuSanikis wameba“ (Vs. moR-
weuli XI s. nusxiT), SoTa rusTavelis ,,vefxistyao-
sani” (XII s.), sulxan-saba orbelianis ,,leqsikoni
qarTuli” – ,,sityvis kona” (1685-1715)1.

1 Sesavali momzadda mixeil qurdianis naSromis ,,qarTuli ena da damwerloba“ (Tb.,

2008) mixedviT

550 551
 aka morCilaZe
mwerali
qarTuli
damwerloba
qarTuli anbani Zvelia da mxolod qarTuli. misi
istoria saukuneebis dakargul siRrmeebSia mimal-
uli.
Tanamedrove qarTul anbans grZeli da saintereso
gza gamouvlia.
qarTulma damwerlobam ganviTarebis sami safexuri
gaiara: asomTavruli (V-IX/X ss.), nusxuri (IX-XI ss.)
da mxedruli (IX/XI-XXI ss.) TiToeul safexurze
esa Tu is aso imdenad sxvadasxvagvaria, rom ifiq-
reb, sami sxvadasxva damwerlobaao, sinamdvileSi ki
pirvelisgan meore warmoiqmna, meorem ki – mesames,
anu Tanamedroves, daudo saTave. Tumca axali sa-
xeobis warmoqmna Zvelis miviwyebas ar iwvevda, sami-
ve saxeoba Tanaarsebobda.
saerTo warmomavlobis miuxedavad, Tanamedrove qar-
Tuli anbanis mcodne sagangebod Tu ar iswavlis,
wina ori anbaniT dawerils ise ver amoikiTxavs.
qarTuli damwerlobis yvelaze adrindeli Zeglebi
asomTavruliTaa Sesrulebuli, amitom miiCneva, rom
asomTavruli uZvelesia. Tumca, TiToeuli safexu-
ris warmoqmnisa da ganviTarebis etapebis qrono-
logiis Taobaze mecnierTa Soris dRemde azrTa
sxvadasxvaobaa. palestinasa da saqarTveloSi Se-
morCenili V saukunis asomTavruli warwerebis
erTi Sexedvac ki sakmarisia, rom davinaxoT am anba-
nis karga xnis Camoyalibebuli saxe.
asomTavruli (mrgvlovani) anbanis geometria mar-
tivia da sada. igi wreze, naxevarwreze da swor xaz-
zea dafuZnebuli. mis agebulebaSi swored wrisa
da swori xazis cxra nairsaxeoba moqmedebs, yoveli
aso Zalian proporciulia da mTlianad an sana-
xevrod avsebs warmosaxviT kvadrats. asomTavruls
meore saxelad `mrgvlovani~ ewodeba.
zogadad, qarTuli anbanis kvleva Znelia, radgan is
ar miekuTvneba anbanTa arcerT rigs.
552
eklesiis timpanze amokveTili
vinme ioanes saqtitoro asomTavru-
li warwera. 993 w. naxsenebi arian
bagrat mefe da daviT kurapala-
ti. qva TbilisSi Camoitanes 1899w.-
s. yala-boinas cixis teritoria,
tao-klarjeTi,istoriuli samxreTi
saqarTvelo (amJamad TurqeTis ter-
itoria). simon janaSias saxelobis
xelovnebis muzeumi (saqarTvelos
erovnuli muzeumi)
qarTuli damwerlobis Seswavlisas, ivane javaxiSvili, miuTiTebda ra aso-
Ta moxazulobis msgavsebaze, qarTuli anbanis safuZvlad semitur damwer-
lobebs miiCnevda da masSi finikiuri damwerlobis kvals xedavda.
qarTuli anbanis semituri damwerlobebidan, ufro metad ki arameulidan
momdinareobis Taobaze werdnen sxva qarTveli da ucxoeli mecnierebic.
1940 wels armazisxevSi aRmoCenili orenovani saflavis qva, romelic ax.
w.-is II saukuniT TariRdeba, asabuTebs berZnuli da arameuli enebis gam-
oyenebas im drois saqarTveloSi.
mecnierTa umetesoba qarTuli damwerlobis safuZvlad mainc ufro ber-
Znul anbans miiCnevs.
XIX saukunidan moyolebuli, qarTveli da ucxoeli mkvlevrebi aseve cdi-
lobdnen gaerkviaT qarTuli damwerlobis warmoSobis dro. zogi fiqrob-
da, rom is jer kidev elinur xanaSi warmoiSva dasavleT saqarTveloSi,
zogs is kidev ufro adrindel damwerlobad miaCnda.
qarTuli damwerlobis SemoRebis drod ivane javaxiSvili Zv.w.-is VII
saukunes varaudobda.
zogi mecnieri miiCnevs, rom anbani saqarTveloSi qristianobis saxelmwifo
religiad gamocxadebis Sedegad iSva; maTi oponentebi fiqroben, rom qris-
tianobamdeli qarTuli damwerlobis nimuSebi SesaZloa axali religiis
Semosvlisas ganadgurda, iseve, rogorc warmarTuli kerpebi da mrava-
li sxva yofiTi Tu kulturuli elementi. mecnierTa nawili iziarebs
ramaz patariZis Teorias, romelic maTematikuri da astronomiuli kvleve-
553

mxedruli teqsti pal-
imfsestis fenaze. X
s. sinuri xelnaweris
asli. xelnawerTa er-
ovnuli centri
maWavariani elene, al-
bomi „mwignobrobaÁ qar-
Tuli~, 1989w. mocemulia
qarTuli anbanis samive
saxeobis (asomTavru-
li, nusxuri, mxedruli)
grafikuli ganviTareba
saukuneebis mixedviT
saRebaviT Sesrulebuli mxedruli
warwera lixnis eklesiis dasav-
leT kedelze. XI s.
naxsenebi arian: protospaTari da
vi patosi vaCe, petrik patrikiosi
da Wyondideli mwignobarTuxuce-
si. asli. sof. lixni, gudauTis r-ni,
afxazeTi, dasavleTi saqarTvelo
554
bis safuZvelze varaudobs qarTuli
anbanis Zveli kolxeT-iberiis xucesTa
(qurumTa) mier Seqmnas dro-Jamis saT-
valavis, anu kalendris safuZvelze.
qarTuli damwerlobis Semdegi etapia
nusxuri (nusxa-xucuri), romelic asom-
Tavrulisgan iSva.
pirveli nusxuri naweri 864 wliT da-
TariRebuli `sinuri mravalTavia~, X
saukunisTvis ki nusxuriT ukve araer-
Ti teqsti iwereba. nusxuri, rogorc
weris stili, swrafi werisken mis-
wrafebam da wignze mzardma moTxov-
nilebam ganapiroba, ramac masalisa da
drois ekonomia gamoiwvia.
nusxurSi aso iwereba ara kvadrat-
Si, aramed oTx xazSi; wera gabmulia,
asoebi ki marjvnivaa gadaxrili.
nusxuris meore saxelia `xucuri~, rac
imaze migvaniSnebs, rom mas sasulie-
ro pirebi ufro xSirad iyenebdnen
saeklesio xelnawerebSi, Tumca mTeli
Sua saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi saekle-
sio xelovnebis nimuSebzeGwarwerebi
ZiriTadad asomTavruliT sruldebo-
da.
am or anbans mosdevs mxedruli –
dRevandeli qarTuli anbani. is X
saukunidan Cans da nusxuris rTuli ganviTarebis Sedegia asomTavrulis
mrgvlovani ieris erTgvarad SenarCunebiT.
mxedrulic, nusxuris msgavsad, xelis auReblad sruldeba. gamonaklisia
mxolod ramdenime aso. nusxuris msgavsad, mxedrulsac axasiaTebs asoTa
gadabma. gardamaval mxedrulSi gadabmis sistema ufro garTulebulia,
imdenad, rom xSirad, gansakuTrebiT – gakruli xeliT nawerSi, asoebis
calke aRqma rTulia.
samive damwerloba Tanaarsebobda saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi da erT-
maneTis paralelurad gamoiyeneboda rogorc sasuliero, ise sae-
ro saqmeSi, Tumca TiToeul saxeobas mainc Tavisi gamoyenebis areali
hqonda mozomili: mxedruli, romelic saero cxovrebis wiaRSi Camoyalib-
da, ZiriTadad saxelmwifo saqmeTa warmoebisa (sabuTebis, kanonebis Sedge-
na...) da saero literaturisTvis gamoiyeneboda, nusxuri da mrgvlovani ki
darCa sasuliero damwerlobebad.
qarTuli damwerlobis Cvenamde moRweuli uZvelesi nimuSebi – mozaikuri,
qvaze amokveTili, freskuli da Weduri warwerebi – saflavis qvebs, taZ-
rebis iataks, kedlebsa da jvar-xatebs SemorCa.
saqarTveloSi da mis sazRvrebs gareT aRmoCenili uZvelesi warwerebi
adasturebs, rom ukve V saukuneSi qarTul anbans arsebobis sakmaod xan-
grZlivi istoria aqvs. XX saukunis bolos nekresSi aRmoCenil warwerebs
ki, mravalwliani Seswavlis safuZvelze, arqeologiuri fenebis mixedviT,
mecnierebi – levan WilaSvili, zaza aleqsiZe, ramaz patariZe – qristiano-
bamdeli periodiT, I-III saukuneebiT aTariReben.
asomTavruliT Sesrulebuli uZvelesi qarTuli mozaikuri warwerebi 1952
wels aRmoaCina italielma arqeologma virjilio korbom iudeis udabno-
Si, ierusalimTan axlos, qarTuli monastris nangrevebSi. maT Soris erTi
V saukunis 30-iani wlebiT TariRdeba.
V saukune Znelad CaiTvleba qarTuli anbanis dabadebis TariRad. amisT-
vis qarTul anbans da weriT kulturas didi tradicia uCans, rasac iakob
xucesis (curtavelis) mier 476-483 wlebSi dawerili `SuSanikis wamebis~
maRali mxatvrul-literaturuli donec adasturebs.
warwera da xelnaweri sruliad gansxvavebuli rameebia, Tumca uamrav ra-
mes Cveni istoriisas orives saSualebiT – Zveli foliantebidan da ekle-
siaTa kedlebsa da iatakebze datanili warwerebidan SevityobT xolme.
kedlis warwerebi sainformacio xasiaTisa iyo – ixseniebda taZris qti-
torebs, sxvadasxva rangis sasuliero da saero pirebs: kaTolikos-patri-
arqebs, mRvdelmTavrebs, mefeebsa da maTi ojaxis wevrebs, xuroTmoZRvrebs,
momxatvelebs, xatebis damwer-momWedelT da a. S. xuroTmoZRvruli nage-
boba ki albaT yvelaze informaciuli nageboba iyo im drois qveyanaSi:
qvaze nakveTi warwerebi, freskebi da maTze minawerebi, xatebi da maTze mi-
weril-naWedi mcire zomis teqstebi, saeklesio wignebi da maTze gakeTebu-
li sxvadasxva droisa da Sinaarsis minawerebi eklesias gansakuTrebul,
imdroindel codnis adgilad, qveynis matianed aqcevda.
555
 nakawri mxedruli warweris
fragmenti wm. giorgis eklesi-
is kedelze.
XI s. asli. ifxi, mestiis Temi,
svaneTi, dasavleTi saqarTvelo

Sua saukuneebSi anbanis codna didi upiratesoba iyo, misi srulyofilad

floba ki, TavisTavad, gamorCeuli codnis piroba.

uamrav omsa da ZnelbedobaSi gamotarebiT, saqarTvelom dRemde Semoin-

axa aTasobiT Zveli xelnaweri, sasuliero Tu saero literaturis nimuSi,
saxelmwifo sabuTi, sigeli, gujari Tu oqmi, romlebic dRes ara mxolod
literaturas da istorias gvicocxlebs, aramed qarTuli anbanis Tavga-
dasavalsac gviambobs.

X-XII saukuneebi gansakuTrebulia saqarTvelos istoriisaTvis. es aris

saqarTvelos samefo-samTavroebis bagrationebis gvirgvinqveS gaerTianebis
epoqa, romelsac mivyavarT daviT IV aRmaSeneblamde da Tamar mefemde.

es aris didi omebis, Tan ki didi aRmSeneblobis, axali qalaqebis, axali

saxelmwifos Seqmnis epoqa da, imave dros, didi qarTuli kulturis sauku-
neebi: giorgi merCules, ioane, eqvTime da giorgi mTawmindelebis, ioane
petriwis, arsen iyalToelisa da SoTa rusTavelis xana, rasac safuZveli
wina saukuneebis kulturulma memkvidreobam Seuqmna.

amitomac, azrovneba, wera, Txzva, Semoqmedeba, ganaTleba am epoqis erT-er-

Ti mTavari sayrdenia. iqmneba maRali donis saero, filosofiuri, saekle- asomTavruli warwera atenis sionis
sio literatura saqarTvelosa da mis farglebs gareT arsebul qarTul freskaze "iosebis sizmari":
kerebSi: palestinaSi, siriaSi, aTonis mTaze, sinaze, petriwonSi – iwereba "angelozi etyvis: ioseb, Zeo daviTiso,
nu geSinin miyvanebad mariamisa, coli-
bevri da iTargmneba bevri: moRvaweoben eqvTime da giorgi aTonelebi, ioane sa Senisa, rameTu romeli misgan iSvas,
zosime, efrem mcire, ioane minCxi, miqael modrekili. sulisagan wmidisa ars".
XI s. sof. ateni, goris r-ni, qarTli,
wignsa da sabuTs ganaTlebuli adamianebis didi resursi sWirdeboda. Sua aRmosavleTi saqarTvelo

556 557
 saukuneebis wignebis gadamweri iyo xelovani ostati, kaligrafi, didi da
usasrulo Sromis SemZle adamiani, umetesad – beri; gadawera ki didad
mniSvnelovani saqme gaxldaT.
wignis gadawera SekveTis gareSe ver moxdeboda. SemkveTi ki Zalian SeZle-
buli unda yofiliyo. SekveTas mxolod samefo ojaxi, rCeuli didgvarov-
nebi da mdidari monastrebi Tu axerxebdnen, maRali fasis mizezi ki iyo
ara mxolod maRali kvalifikaciis Sroma, aramed saweri masalis siZvirec.
saqarTveloSi werdnen damuSavebul tyavze, anu etratze, da qaRaldzec. es
ukanaskneli ki, ZiriTadad, italiidan SemohqondaT. gvaqvs qarTul xelna-
werTa Wilze (papirusze) gadaweriT SemTxvevebic.
etrati xbos, cxvris, batknis tyavisgan mzaddeboda. erTi wignisTvis uam-
ravi damuSavebuli tyavi iyo saWiro. or gverds kargad gadawerili wig-
nisas erTi cxvris tyavi mainc sWirdeboda da Tuki parxlis mravalTavis
gverdebs (1310) daviTvliT, advili misaxvedria, ra xarjebi unda gaeRo
damkveTs.
yovelive amis gamo gadawerili wigni iSviaT, uZvirfases nivTad miiCneoda
da inaxeboda da gamoiyeneboda didi sifrTxiliT.
saRebavs, melans im droSi uwodebdnen wamals da sawerad ki wverwamaxul
lerwmis Reros an frinvelis frTas moixmardnen. arsebobda ufro Zvir-
fasi, spilos Zvlis kalmebic.
gadamwerTa umetesoba samonastro da samefo skri ptoriumebSi moRvaweob-
da. qarTuli anbanis ganviTarebaze dakvirveba swored maTi xelweris Ses-
wavliTaa SesaZlebeli.
magram gavida dro da anbani kidev erTi revoluciis winaSe dadga: XV
saukuneSi iohan gutenbergma wignis sabeWdi da Sriftebis Camosasxmeli
dazgebi Seqmna da pirveli wignebi dastamba. aman sruliad Secvala anba-
nis gamoyenebis saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi Camoyalibebuli xerxebi.
558
qarTuli
Srifti
nabeWdi wignis samSoblo CineTia, Tumca danarCen
msoflioze cinis epoqis gamogonebebs gavlena ar
mouxdenia – ambisa da codnis gavrcelebas evropa-
Si sul sxva ieri da siswrafe mxolod mas Semdeg
mieca, rac germanelma iohan gutenbergma (1400-1468
ww.) pirveli sabeWdi dazga gamoigona da stamba
gamarTa.
mestambeobis xelobas mravali iseTi saqme dasWir-
da, adre rom ar arsebobda, da, Sesabamisad, axali
profesiebic gaCnda.
maTgan erT-erTi mniSvnelovani iyo Sriftebis Seq-
mna. Srifti sayovelTaod gasagebi unda iyos. erTia
gadamweris mxatvruli gemovneba, kaligrafia, meore
ki – dadgenili Srifti, romelic yvelasTvis mi-
saRebi iqneba, vinaidan cxadia, rom anbanis iolad,
swrafad da sworad aRsaqmelad misi moxazuloba
da ganlageba gadamwyvetia.
saqarTveloSi stambam mTeli sami saukuniT daig-
viana da es sami saukune misi istoriis umZimesi
periodia – gauTavebelma Sina Tu sagareo omeb-
ma, daqucmacebam, didi samxreTuli imperiebis Se-
madgenlobaSi sikvdil-sicocxlis zRvarze yofnam
saqarTvelos cxovreba xist saWiroebebze momarTa,
misi kultura ki sparsuli gavlenis qveS moaqcia
da is mZlavri kulturuli maragi, rac wina sauku-
neebidan mohyveboda qveyanas, dakninda.
559
 Tumca, saqarTvelos samefoebisTvis uaRresad sisxlianma XVII saukunem
mainc moaxerxa da axali kulturuli biZgi misca qveyanas.
pirveli qarTuli Srifti evropaSi Seiqmna im qarTul-italiuri leqsi-
konisTvis, 1629 wels rom gamosca romSi stefano paolinim `propaganda
fides~ patronobiT.
es Srifti uTuod nikifore irbaxis (nikoloz irubaqiZe-ColoyaSvili.
daaxl 1585-1658 ww.) xelidan gamovida. Tumca, misi daxvewiloba, sisadave da
mimzidveloba mxolod xeliT damweris kaligrafiaze ver iqneboda damya-
rebuli. amaSi wvlili im drois italiuri mestambeobis did ganviTarebu-
lobasac udevs: beWdvis saqme italiur qveynebSi axali xili ar gaxldaT
– iq moxdenili Sriftebis Seqmnis xangrZlivi tradicia arsebobda.
qarTvelTa mier dastambuli pirveli qarTuli wigni ki iyo `fsalmuni~,
romelic 1705 wels daibeWda. moskovSi gadaxvewilma arCil II-m (1647-1713
ww.) moaxerxa da iq qarTuli stamba aawyo.
mas mere qarTuli Sriftebi Zalian didxans iqmneboda xelnawerebze
dayrdnobiT, Tumca, evropaSi mestambeobis tradiciis damkvidrebis wya-
lobiT, istorias SemorCa arCil mefis Zis, aleqsandres, mier Svedebis
tyveobaSi yofnisas ungreli mestambisTvis, mikloS kiSisTvis, dakveTili
e. w. stokholmuri qarTuli Sriftebi.
1708 wels ki, roca vaxtang VI-m TbilisSi stambis gaxsna gadawyvita da
saukeTeso Sriftebis Sesaqmnelad azri Tavis ganTqmul `swavlul kacTa
komisiasac~ hkiTxa, mas da mis swavlulebs win bevrad meti qarTuli xel-
naweri ewyoT, vidre stefano paolinis.
mecnierTa azriT, vaxtangiseul sastambo Srifts safuZvlad daedo solo-
mon maRalaZis mxedruli kaligrafia, romelic mcired Seaswora TbilisSi
movlenilma vlaxma mestambem, mixai iStvanoviCma. manve Camoasxa pirveli
qarTuli nusxuri da asomTavruli Sriftebic.
vaxtangis stambas berZnuli da laTinuri Sriftebic hqonia, qarTuli
Sriftebis dadgena ki did Sromas moiTxovda. cnobilia, rom nikoloz
Tbilels, sulxan-saba orbelianis Zmas, bevri umuSavia qarTuli Sriftebis
dadgenasa da miseuli versiis damkvidrebaze.
Tbilisis stambaSi oci wigni daibeWda. aqedan sami – ganmeorebiTac da
pirveli iyo saxareba, awyobili erTi zomis nusxuri SriftiT, mas ki mohyva
mxedruli „vefxistyaosani~, im drois namdvili samecniero gamocema.
TandaTan DSriftebis zomac icvleboda da beWdvis xarisxic, rac stambis
ganviTarebaze miuTiTebda.
mere, politikur ZnelbedobaTa gamo, vaxtangma taxti dakarga, ruseTSi ga-
daixvewa da saqarTveloSi meoTxed saukuneze metxans ar dabeWdila qar-
Tuli wigni. stambebis awyobas ruseTSi vaxtangs gayolili sasuliero
pirebi da swavlulebi cdilobdnen da zogjer gamosdiodaT kidec.
qarTuli stambebi arsdeboda ruseTis sxvadasxva adgilas, amitom sa-
560
beWdi Sriftebic erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad iqmneboda.
XVIII saukuneSi ruseTSi moRvawe araerT qarTvels ucdia qarTuli stam-
bis gamarTva. magaliTad, aTanase Tbilelis (amilaxvris) moskovis qarTul-
ma stambam aT weliwadze metxans iarseba. gaioz reqtorma (nacvliSvilma)
mozdokSi daaarsa qarTuli stamba, xolo ioseb samebelma (qvabuliZem)
peterburgis akademiaSi Camoasxa qarTuli Srifti. am ukanasknelis stamba
bibliis unebarTvod gamocemis gamo daxures.
vaxtangiseuli stamba aRadgina mefe erekle II-m (1720-1798 ww.) da iq kvla-
vac vaxtangiseuli Sriftebi gamoiyeneboda. Tumca, stambis ganviTarebis
miuxedavad, XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSic ki qarTveli kaligrafebi
xelnawer wignebs qmnidnen.
1795 wels Tbilisis stamba, rogorc sxva yvelaferi, aRa-mahmad-xanis daun-
dobel Semosevas emsxverpla. erekle II-is memkvidreebma sastambo saqmis
xelaxla mowyoba miandes qristefore keJeraSvils, romelsac es saqme
palestinaSi Seeswavla. manac didi mowadinebiT gamarTa axali stamba
TbilisSi. im stambaSi daibeWda daviT batoniSvilis (bagrationi, 1767-1819
ww.) narkvevebi, romlis Sriftic Zvelis gadamuSavebiT Seuqmnia Tavad ke-
JeraSvils.
keJeraSvilis stambas muSaoba, savaraudod, rusebis mier Tbilisis dakave-
bis Semdeg, 1801 wlidan Seuwyvetia, radgan aqauri mTavarmmarTebeli, pavle
cicianovi, mozdokSi werilobiT sTxovda cnobil swavluls, gaioz req-
tors, Seni stamba TbilisSi gadmovitanoTo.
cicianovs qarTuli stamba sWirdeboda mosaxleobaSi mimarTvebis, cnobe-
bisa da kanonebis gasavrceleblad, radgan qarTvelma glexebma da rusul
wesebze jerac vergadasulma moxeleebma axali mmarTvelebis ena saer-
Tod ar icodnen. gaioz reqtoris im stambaSi, romelic ioli bedisa ar
iyo, mestambe romanoz zubaSvili moRvaweobda. mas bevri emuSava qarTul
Sriftebze da ufro vaxtangiseuli Sriftebis Tanamedrove Targze moq-
ceviT iyo cnobili.
dRegrZeli ki aRmoCnda 1837 wels peterburgis saimperatoro akademiis
stambaSi Camosxmuli qarTuli Srifti, romelic dResac `akademiuris~ sa-
xeliTaa cnobili.
es Srifti, romelic metad gansxvavdeboda yvela winandeli qarTuli Srif-
tisgan, Teimuraz batoniSvilis (1782-1846) xelnaweri asoebis mixedviT Seuq-
mnia frang mxatvars, de lafors. Tu gavixsenebT, rom am Sriftis gadamuSave-
bul variants Tavisi `deda enis~ da saxelmZRvaneloebis beWdvisas iyenebda
iakob gogebaSvili (1840-1912 ww.) da, amdenad, erT-erTi yvelaze sacnobi da
popularuli iyo saqarTveloSi XIX saukunis 70-iani wlebidan, `akademiurs~
pirveli qarTuli saxalxo Sriftic SeiZleba ewodos.
XIX saukunis dasawyisidan, mas Semdeg, rac ruseTma qarTl-kaxeTis samefo
gaauqma, saxelmwifo saqmeTa warmoeba mTlianad rusul enaze gadavida.
aman mospo mTeli dargi saxelmwifo damwerlobisa, Tumca mxedruli iqca
literaturisa da mimoweris saSualebad qarTvelTa Soris da pirvelma
qarTulma Jurnalebma is TandaTan saxalxo damwerlobad aqcia.
561
 nusxuri (nusxa-xucuri) ki sasuliero damwerlobad darCa, magram aqac
didi Seviwroeba ganicada, radgan saeklesio enadac rusuli gamocxadda
da qarTuli eklesiis avtokefalia ki gauqmda.
imave epoqaSi Semoitanes qarTul anbanSi ucxo asoebic, magaliTad – ф,
romelsac Sesabamisi xmovaneba unda gamoexata, Tumca sabolood es aso
ver damkvidrda.
mxedruls ki didi reforma eloda: masSi arsebuli 38 asodan xuTma XIX
saukunis Suawlebidan gaqroba daiwyo.
es asoebi,maTi xmovanebis sul naklebi da naklebi saWiroebis gamo,marTlac
rom zedmet tvirTad awva nawers, amitom ilia WavWavaZem, akaki wereTelma
da maTi Taobis mwerlebma TavianT nawerebSi À-s (e-merve), Á-s (iota), Â-s
(vie), Ã-s (xari), Ä-s (hoe) gamoyeneba Sewyvites.
„qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebac~ qarTul
skolebSi axali anbaniT aswavlida wera-kiTxvas da swored es aris dRe-
vandeli qarTuli anbanic – mxedruli, romelic 33 asosgan Sedgeba da
romelSiac erTi aso erT bgeras aRniSnavs.
XIX saukunis meore naxevramde arcerTi qarTuli Srifti ar iyo Tavisu-
fali kaligrafiulobisgan. pirveli sruliad axleburi, sada da martivad
aRsaqmeli mxedruli Srifti gamoCnda 1866 wlis 10 ianvars gazeT `droe-
bis~ pirvel nomerSi da swored es dRe iqca Tanamedrove qarTuli Srif-
tis `cxovrebis~ dasawyisad.
`droebis~ mxedruli Srifti Seqmna mxazvelma, mweralma da qarTul saqme-
Ta didma moamagem, mixeil yifianma (1833-1891 ww.). man am dargSi arsebuli
msoflio gamocdileba saucxood moargo qarTul anbans.
`droebis~ gamomcemelma, stefane meliqiSvilma, yifianis Srifti parizSi
waiRo da matricebi iq daamzadebina, Sriftis Camosxma ki venaSi moaxerxa.
amitom am Srifts karga xans `venuri~ erqva, 1950 wels ki, qarTuli saSri-
fto meurneobis aRwera-mowesrigebisas, mas `Cveulebrivi~ ewoda. TiTqmis
mTeli erTi saukunis ganmavlobaSi `venuri~ yvelaze srulyofili da
gavrcelebuli sateqsto Srifti iyo qarTul poligrafiaSi.
erT SemTxvevaSi, lorTqifaniZem sruliad uaryo qarTuli asoebis grafi-
kuli, bunebrivi moxazuloba, meore Srifts ki safuZvlad laTinuris
proporciebi daudo. swored amitom, lorTqifaniZis Sriftebma ver ivar-
ga gabmuli kiTxvisTvis, sasaTaurod ki ase Tu ise gamoiyeneboda Zveli
drois afiSebze.
sasaTaure Sriftebi calke ambavi iyo da maTze bevrs muSaobda mxat-
vari-graviori grigol tatiSvili (1848-1911 ww.), Tumca qarTuli Srifti
sistemurad mainc ver viTardeboda da ufro SemTxvevidan SemTxvevamde Cn-
deboda axali variantebi.
saqarTveloSi komunisturi reJimis damyarebidan Tormeti wlis Semdeg, 1933
wels,Seiqmna qarTuli Sriftis reformis komiteti,raTa ociani wlebis sag-
amomcemlo da sastambo bumiT gamowveuli qaosi rogorRac moewesrigebina.
562
Sriftebis gaumjobesebaze muSaobda aseve im drois ori saukeTeso qarT-
veli inteleqtuali, maTematikosi giorgi nikolaZe (1888-1931 ww.) da mxat-
vari dimitri SevardnaZe (1885-1937 ww.). nikolaZis naadrevi sikvdilis gamo
daumuSavebeli darCa saintereso saSrifto variantebi, SevardnaZe ki, ro-
melsac Sriftebze muSaobis didi gamocdileba hqonda, represiebs Seewira.
Sriftebis mowesrigebis saqme ganaxlda II msoflio omis dasrulebis Sem-
deg, 1947 wlidan, roca Seiqmna jer qarTuli Sriftis komiteti da Semdeg
qarTuli Sriftis eqsperimentuli laboratoria.
qarTuli Sriftis upirvelesi specialisti da mis ganviTarebisTvis
mravali saqmis wamomwyebi iyo beno gordeziani (1894-1975 ww.). misi xe-
lmZRvanelobiT ara mxolod mowesrigda, gaTanamedrovda, gadakeTda da
gaumjobesda im droisa­Tvis arsebuli qarTuli Sriftebi, aramed Seiqmna
mravali axalic.
1973 wlidan qarTuli Sriftis eqsperimentul laboratorias saTaveSi
Caudga anton dumbaZe (1933-1998 ww.), romelmac araerTi axali qarTuli
Srifti Semoitana. dumbaZem Seqmna sadReisod saukeTeso qarTuli Srift-
ic – `kolxeTi~, romelic sadad da srulyofilad gamoxatavs qarTuli
anbanis arss.
mTeli XX saukunis ganmavlobaSi, sabWoTa saqarTvelos paralelurad,
arsebobda `sxva saqarTveloc~ – emigrantuli saqarTvelo, aTwleulebis
ganmavlobaSi TiTqmis mTlianad mowyvetili samSoblosgan.
1921 wlidan moyolebuli, mas Semdeg, rac wiTeli ruseTis jarebma Tbili-
si daikaves da saqarTveloSi sabWoTa xelisufleba damyarda, qarTuli
politikuri emigracia msoflioSi gaifanta. emigracia xom Zneli warmo-
sadgenia wignis, gazeTisa da Jurnalis gareSe, amitom qarTuli stambebi
msoflios sxvadasxva wertilSi dafuZnda.
rasakvirvelia, emigrantul qarTul gamocemebs sWirdeboda Sriftebi da
aseTebi Seiqmna kidec. maTi umetesoba tradiciul qarTul Sriftebs daey-
rdno, Tumca gaCnda sruliad axali qarTuli Sriftebic. magaliTad: ar-
Cil metrevelisa – germaniaSi; avTandil merabiSvilisa – CileSi, viqtor
nozaZis wignebisaTvis, an TviTon nozaZisa – parizuli linoti pis; mito
sindikelisa da givi kobaxiZisa – niu-iorkuli gamocemebisTvis, anda kita
Cxenkelis SekveTiT damzadebuli qarTuli literebi.
magram yoveldRiurad saWiro, sakiTxavi, sateqsto Sriftebis gverdiT
aucileblad arsebobs mxatvruli, sasaTauro Sriftebic.
sateqsto Srifti, Tundac iSviaTad gamoiyenebodes an popularuli ver
Seiqnas, mainc didi mniSvnelobisaa, radgan is samudamod rCeba istoriaSi
da amiT yovelTvis sainteresod warmoaCens dargis ganviTarebis suraTs.
asevea mxatvruli Sriftic, romelic iqneb iSviaT SemTxvevaSi gamoiyene-
ba da mxolod gansakuTrebuli mizniT iqmneba, magram cxadia, rom umisod
Sriftis istoria naklebad saintereso iqneboda.
bunebrivia, rom Sriftebisadmi interesi izrdeba nabeWdisadmi moTxovnis
563
 zrdasTan erTad. wigni da gazeTi aseT viTarebaSi wamyvania. yvelgan ase Tauris qveS, romelsac `grafikul
iyo da ase iyo saqarTveloSic. oRond CvenTan es droeba dadga XIX sauku- dizains~ uwodeben.
nis 60-iani wlebidan da, Sesabamisad, dargis gafarToeba da ganviTarebac
im epoqidan daiwyo. Sriftis konstruirebis saqmeSi, is-
eve, rogorc sxva mraval dargSi,
gamomcemelTa konkurencia, gamocemis ydis ukeT warmoCenis survili, dauZ- dizaini vizualuri srulyofilebi-
abavad da iolad kiTxvis aucilebloba axal-axali, Tumca, zogjer dRemok- sken swrafvaa da, Sesabamisad, Sriftic
le Sriftebis simravles iwvevda. xangrZlivi sicocxle mxolod zogierT ganviTarebis axal-axal simaRleebs
maTgans ergo. Sriftis ganviTarebasTan erTad, moxda ise, rom Srifti ara swvdeba.
mxolod mxazvelTa, mestambeTa da am dargis viwro ostatTa saqme Seiqna,
aramed misiT mxatvrebic dainteresdnen; ara ubralod mxatvrebi, aramed Tanamedrove Srifti xelovnebisa
axal formaTa ZiebiT anTebuli avangardistebi, romelTac qarTuli Sri- da mecnierebis erTgvari nazavia –
ftis revoluciuri gardaqmnac ki daisaxes miznad. qarTul Sriftze am `mcire arqiteqtura~, romelic samuda-
mxriv didi amagi aqvT ilia da kirile zdaneviCebs, irakli gamrekelsa da mod rCeba furcelze an monitorze
sxvebs. da kvlavac samyaros diad monapovrad
miiCneva.
1918 wlidan damoukidebel saqarTvelos iseTi dargebi dasWirda, romlebic
1
iqamde ar gaaCnda: Tundac fulis beWdva da saxelmwifo qaRaldebis qar-
Tuli warwerebiT damzadeba. am saqmem sruliad axali Sriftebi moiTxova.

qarTuli fulisTvis Sriftebs qmnidnen mxatvrebi dimitri SevardnaZe da

ioseb Sarlemani (1880-1957 ww). isini cdilobdnen, qarTuli qaRaldis fu-
lis Srifti arqaulobisa da Tanamedroveobis nazavi yofiliyo.

1922 wels daarsda Tbilisis samxatvro akademia. es iyo gardamtexi mov-

lena bevri ramisTvis da, maT Soris, qarTuli SriftisTvisac. swored am
akademiis pirvel studentTa Soris iyvnen qarTuli Sriftis saqmis moma-
vali xelmZRvaneli beno gordeziani da qarTuli Sriftis skolis dam-
fuZnebeli da Teoretikosi lado grigolia (1903-1977 ww.).

XX saukunis 20-iani wlebis sabWoTa mmarTveloba jer kidev iZleoda Se-

darebiT Tavisufali Semoqmedebis saSualebas da es im drois Srifteb-
sac etyoba. msoflio inteleqtualuri miswrafebebis, gamomsaxvelobiTi
formebis revoluciuri cvlis kvalad, es daetyo qarTul Sriftebsac, sa-
dac Zlieri iyo axalgazrda mxatvarTa xeli da konstruqtivizmis kvali.

Semdgom aTwleulSi ki yovelive Seicvala da im drois qarTuli mxat-

vruli saSrifto moda aRmosavlur anbanebsa da ieroglifebze qarTuli
anbanis morgeba-stilizaciisken wavida. am mimarTulebaSi iyo saintereso
svlebic, magaliTad, firdousis `Sah-names~ ioseb gabaSvilis mier gafor-
mebuli qarTuli gamocema.

II msoflio omis Semdeg, ufro ki XX saukunis 60-iani wlebidan, beWdviTma

saqmem ganviTareba daiwyo. Srifti amas verasgziT CamorCeboda.

80-iani wlebis bolos cifruli teqnologiebis ganviTarebam axali moTx-

ovna wamoayena – qarTuli Sriftis morgeba vebstandartisTvis. am saqmeSi
didi wvlili Seitana pirveli qarTuli kompiuteruli Sriftebisa da Ta-
namedrove sateqsto fontebis, BBPG-is avtorma, besarion guguSvilma.

mravali dargis daaxloebam `mxatvari~ da `Sriftis ostati~ TiTqmis

ganuyofel cnebebad aqcia. TandaTan yovelive gaerTianda erTi didi sa- 1 `qarTuli damwerloba da ti pografika, istoria, Tanamedroveoba~, Tb., 2016

564 565
 lia sixaruliZe
saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi,
gansakuTrebulad faseul xelnawerTa
mxatvar-restavratori,

qarTuli
anbanuri
damwerloba1
Tanamedrove qarTul anbans 33 aso aqvs. Zvel anban-
Si 38 aso-niSani iyo, romelTagan xuTi Tanamedrove
qarTulSi aRar gamoiyeneba. saqarTvelos kul-
turuli memkvidreobis dacvis erovnuli saagentos
iniciativiT qarTuli anbanis sam saxeobas - asom-
Tavruls, nusxurs da mxedruls 2015 wlis martSi
aramaterialuri erovnuli kulturuli memkvidre-
obis Zeglis statusi mieniWa: „qarTuli anbanis sami
saxeobis cocxali kultura“, 2016 wlis 30 noembers parxlis oTxTavi. 973 w.
ki iuneskom kacobriobis aramaterialuri kul- etrati, qaRaldi. 260 f. (238 f. etra-
turuli memkvidreobis warmomadgenlobiT nusxaSi ti, 22 f. qaRaldi), zoma: 22,9x19,9 sm.
Seitana.
gadamweri: iovane bera, aRmdgeneli -
nikoloz abaSiZe
qarTuli damwerlobis Seqmnis TariRis Sesaxeb
gadaweris adgili: Satberdi
zusti wyaro ar mogvepoveba. XI saukunis qarTveli
istorikosi leonti mroveli mas farnavaz I-s miaw- A 1453
ers, Zv.w. IV-III saukuneebi - amis damadasturebeli
ufro adrindeli sabuTi ar arsebobs.

qarTuli damwerlobis warmoSobasTan dakavSire-

biT ZiriTadad sami umTavresi Tvalsazrisia gaba-
tonebuli:
1. mecnierTa erTi nawili iziarebs XI s-is qarTveli
istorikosis leonti mrovelis Tvalsazriss, rom
qarTuli damwerloba Seqmna mefe farnavazma Zv. w.
IV-III saukuneebis mijnaze;
2. ivane javaxiSvilis Tanaxmad, qarTuli damwerloba
Seiqmna Zv. w. VII-VI saukuneebSi, finikiuri damwer-
lobis mibaZviT;
3. mkvlevarTa nawili miiCnevs, rom qarTuli damwer-
loba Seiqmna adreqristianul epoqaSi (IV-V ss-is
dasawyisi) berZnuli damwerlobis safuZvelze.
1 naSromSi gamoyenebulia lia sixaruliZis avtorobiT Seqmnili anbanis ilustraciebi
qarTuli damwerloba Sedgeba sami istoriuli saxisagan. es saxeobebia -
asomTavruli, nusxuri da mxedruli. asomTavruli uZvelesia qarTul dam-
werlobaTa Soris, magaliTad: asomTavruliTaa Sesrulebuli V-VI sauku-
neebis palimfsesturi xelnawerebi (urbnisis oTxTavi - XI s.; xanmeti
leqcionari - VII s.; sinuri mravalTavi - 864 w.; adiSis oTxTavi - 897 w.;
jruWis oTxTavi - 936 w.; parxlis oTxTavi - 973 w.; Satberdis mravalTavi
- 973-976 ww.; mestiis oTxTavi - 1033 w.; martvilis oTxTavi - X s.; urbnisis
oTxTavi - XI s., f. A-28 da sxv.).
Semdgom saukuneebSi ki asomTavruls iyenebdnen epigrafikuli warwerebi-
saTvis, aseve xelnawerebSi saTaurebisa da sazedao asomTavruli asoebis
Sesasruleblad, ris gamoc damwerlobis am saxes umkvidrdeba saxelwode-
ba „asomTavruli“ da formebis mixedviT mas „mrglovanic“ ewodeba.
yvela aso-niSani erTi simaRlisa da rTuli moxazulobisaa. nusxuri dam-
werlobis magaliTebi IX saukunidan gvxvdeba da XI saukunemde igi upi-
ratesad „sastriqonod“ mTavrulTan erTad gamoiyeneboda. arsebobs XII-

566 567

jruWis I oTxTavi. 936-940 ww.
etrati, 297 f. zoma: 26×21 sm.
gadamweri gabrieli, momxatveli Tevdore,
momgebeli grigol mirdatis Ze
gadaweris adgili: Satberdi
H 1660
568
vanis oTxTavi. XII-XIII ss.
etrati, 274 f., zoma: 29,1×21
sm.
gadamweri: iovane
mxatvari: miqael koreseli
gadaweris adgili: romanas
monasteri
A 1335
XVIII saukuneebis xelnawerebi, romlebic nusxuriTaa Sesrulebuli.
asomTavrulsa da nusxurs erTad „xucursac“ uwodebdnen, radgan ZiriTa-
dad sasuliero pirebi sargeblobdnen saeklesio saWiroebisaTvis (ioane
maxareblis gamocxadebis Targmaneba - X s, f. H-1346; iadgari X-XI ss; ioane
maxareblis gamocxadebis Targmaneba X-XI ss, f. A-397; grigol RvTismetyv-
elis Targmaneba, fondi - XI s, f. A-92; mestiis oTxTavi 1033 w; maTes sax-
arebis Targmaneba XI s; martvilis oTxTavi 1050 w; svinaqsari XI s, f. A-97;
zodiaqoTaTvis 1210 w, f. A - 65; vanis oTxTavi XII s, f. A-1335; labsyaldis
oTxTavi XIII s; moqvis oTxTavi 1300 w. f. Q-902; daujdomeli - 1681 w, f. H-98;
vefxistyaosani - 1680 w. f. H-54;).
asomTavrulis grafikuli sistema martivi geometriuli elementebis wri-
sa da swori xazisagan aris Seqmnili. yvela aso erTi simaRlisaa da
vizualurad rTuli moxazulobisaa.
Tanamedrove qarTul anbans mxedruli - ewodeba, romelic xucuridan
arabuli damwerlobis kaligrafiis Zlieri zegavleniT ganviTarda.
Tavdapirvelad asomTavrulad werisas sityvebs erTmaneTisgan ar gamoy-
ofdnen da teqsti gabmulad iwereboda.
qristianobis damkvidrebisa da sasuliero mwerlobis SeqmnasTan erTad,
gaCnda sityvebs Soris mcire daSorebebi, radgan didi moculobis gabmu-
lad naweri teqstis kiTxva garkveul sirTuleebTan iyo dakavSirebuli.
zogjer sityvebs Soris cariel adgils sami an ori wertiliT avsebdnen.
nusxurSi asoebi marjvnivaa gadaxrili da kuTxovani forma aqvs. iseve
569
 SoTa rusTaveli,
qaragmebi
`vefxistyaosni~ 1680
w. qaRaldi, 263 f.,
zoma: 44,5×30 sm. qarTul damwerlobaSi adreve SemuSavda sityvebis Semoklebis Taviseburi
gadamweri: mdi- xerxi - daqaragmeba. sityvebis SemoklebiT weris ZiriTadi mizezi saweri
vani begTabegi masalis siZvire iyo.
H 54 SoTa rusTave-
li, `vefxistyaosni~
1680 w. qaRaldi, saweri masala
263 f., zoma: 44,5×30
sm.
gadamweri: mdi- sawer masalas, umTavresad, sagangebod damzadebuli tyavi - etrati war-
vani begTabegi moadgenda (xbos, cxvrisa da sxva). erTi wignisaTvis zogjer 100-ze meti
H 54 cxvrisa Tu xbos tyavi iyo saWiro. qaRaldi saqarTveloSi pirvelad XI
saukuneSi gvxvdeba da Semdeg, TandaTan iWers etratis adgils. Tumca,
etratze naweri wignebi XVIII saukunemdec arsebobs.

rogorc asomTavrulSi, nusxurSic asoTa vertikaluri xazebi horizon- nabeWdi wignebi

talurze sqelia. xSiria saero da sasuliero pirTa saxelebis, aseve re-
ligiuri mniSvnelobis sityvebis daqaragmeba. nusxurSi iSviaTad, magram
mainc gvxvdeba ori da sami wertiliT gamoyofili sityvebi (magaliTad
sveticxovlis gulani 1681 w.), umetes xelnawerSi ki sityvebs Soris cari-
eli daSorebebia. zogierTi xelnaweri Sesrulebulia orgvari, Savi da
wiTeli (singuri) melniT.
mxedruli specialurad saero pirebisTvis, swrafad werisaTvis iyo gan-
kuTvnili, ris gamoc droTa ganmavlobaSi ganviTarda asoTa gadabmis rTu-
li sistema (mag. - „es“, - „el“, - „yo“). am sistemis Seqmna garkveul-
wilad ganapiroba imanac, rom mxedruli kaligrafia arabulis zegavleniT
Seiqmna, romelSic TiTqmis yvela niSnis erTmaneTze gadabmaa SesaZlebe-
li. asoTa gadabmis zogierTi xerxi dRevandel Tanamedrove mxedrulSic
SemorCa.
wiTel melans qarTul xelnawerebSi garda dekoratiulisa, funqciuri
datvirTvac hqonda. gadamwerebi wiTlad gamoyofdnen teqstis ZiriTad
saTqmels, umniSvnelovanes frazebs. zogierT xelnawerSi, ZiriTadad mx-
edrulSi, wiTeli melani, erTgvarad, sasveni niSnebis rolsac iTavsebs.
magaliTad, axali abzacis an winadadebis pirveli sityva wiTeli melniT
iwereboda. vefxistyaosnis xelnawer gamocemebSi yoveli strofis pirve-
li sityva da yoveli taepis pirveli aso wiTeli melniTaa Sesrulebuli.
pirveli nabeWdi qarTuli wigni, „qarTuli anbani locvebiTurT“ 1629 wels
qalaq romSi gamoica. wignSi warmodgenilia qarTuli mxedruli anbani,
locvebi, mrwamsi, aTi mcneba da RvTismSoblis sagaloblebi qarTulad da
aseve laTinur enaze qarTuli transkrifciiT. am wignisaTvis qarTuli
Srifti Seqmna nikoloz ColoyaSvilma (nikifore irbaxi).
TbilisSi pirveli stamba 1708-1709 wlebSi daarsda vaxtang VI-is dros, ris
gamoc am stambas „vaxtang VI-is stamba“ ewodeba. vaxtang VI-is stambaSi
pirvelad daibeWda „saxareba“. stambas hqonda ramdenime formis Srifti:
qarTuli xucuri (asomTavruli, nusxuri), mxedruli, berZnuli da laTinu-
ri; erTsa da imave dros iyenebdnen rogorc Savs, ise wiTel saRebavs.
dRes ukve TiTqmis yvela gamocema beWduria. Tanamedrove beWdur wigneb-
sa da gamocemebSi ZiriTadad mxedrulis safuZvelze Seqmnili Sriftebia
gamoyenebuli.
2018 wlis ivnisSi, qarTuli asoniSnebis kidev erTi jgufi gamoCnda unikod-
Si. Sedegad, qarTuli gaxda erTaderTi ena, romelsac oficialurad gaaCnia
ori bikameruli damwerloba.

XI-XVII saukuneebis mxedrul xelnawerebSi arsebobda asoTa gadabmis

rTuli sistema. mxedrulis ligaturad SeiZleba CaiTvalos „donisa“ da
„anis“ gadabma. ( )

570 571
572 573
 daviT maisuraZe
TinaTin wereTlis saxelobis saxelmwifosa
da samarTlis instituti, mecnier-TanamSromeli
qarTuli
asomTavruli
da nusxuri
kaligrafiuli
saxeobebi
Sua saukuneebis
evropul
damwerlobebSi
mimdinare
tendenciebis
gaTvaliswinebiT
qarTuli paleografiis mecnierul kvlevas ivane
javaxiSvilma Cauyara safuZveli TiTqmis erTi
saukunis win.
qarTuli damwerlobis Sesaswavlad man pirvelad
gamoiyena evropuli paleografiis kvlevis meTode-
bi da gamocdileba. 1926 wels gamocemul naSromSi
„qarTuli damwerlobaTmcodneoba, anu paleogra-
fia“ javaxiSvili Seexo am dargis TiTqmis yvela
mimarTulebas, romelic im droisTvis aqtiuri ganx-
ilvis Tema iyo sxva damwerlobaTa, gansakuTrebiT
ki berZnuli da laTinuri anbanebis Seswavlisas.1
maT Soris iyo qarTul damwerlobaTa urTierT-
mimarTeba da kategorizacia. Semdgom periodSi
qarTuli paleografia ufro orientirebuli iyo
qarTuli anbanis warmoSobis problematikasa da ep-
igrafikaze. igi ufro naklebad Seexeboda anbanis
ganviTarebas Sua saukuneebSi da wignis kaligrafi-
ul saxeobebs, asoTa evoluciur formacvalebado-
bas da SemoqmedebiT elements am evoluciaSi. arada
paleografiis swored es mimarTulebaa erT-erTi
yvelaze praqtikuli, xSirad swored kaligrafiuli
1 javaxiSvili iv., qarTuli damwerlobaTmcodneoba, anu paleografia, 1926
574
saxeobebis istoriuli ganviTareba xdis SesaZlebels, ganisazRvros xe-
lnaweris, dokumentis Tu warweris TariRi, warmomavloba Tu savaraudo
avtori.
Tu ar CavTvliT ivane javaxiSvilis naSroms, mTeli XX saukunis ganmav-
lobaSi qarTul damwerlobaTa klasifikaciis sakiTxi umartivesad iyo
gadawyvetili. TiTqmis aqsiomadaa aRiarebuli, rom arsebobs sami (zogi
mkvlevris azriT – ori) ZiriTadi saxeoba qarTuli damwerlobisa: asom-
Tavruli, nusxuri, mxedruli; agreTve, cxadia, maT Soris gardamavali saxeo-
bebi da mTeli es xazi ganviTarebisa evoluciuria. amaze ufro Rrma anal-
izs mxolod javaxiSvilTan vxvdebiT. kerZod, igi asomTavruls, nusxursa
da mxedruls miiCnevs ara damwerlobaTa saxeobebad, aramed saxeobaTa
klasebad. igi cal-calke ganixilavs asomTavrul damwerlobebs, nusxur
damwerlobebs, mxedrul damwerlobebs, TiToeulis SigniT ki damwerlobis
ramdenime saxeobas gamoyofs, romelTac Sesabamis saxelsac arqmevs.
javaxiSvilis es midgoma arsebiTad evropulia. evropul damwerlobebSi
(laTinuri, berZnuli, kirilica) qarTuli anbanis samive saxeobis funqci-
uri Tu grafikuli analogebis moZieba SeiZleba. yvela maTgani sawyis
etapze orxazovan badeSi ganawilebul sistemas warmoadgenda (maiusku-
li; asomTavrulis Sesatyvisi), raRac etapze ki moxda oTxxazovan badeze
gadawyoba; oTxxazovani anbanebi ki sxvadasxva formiT gvxvdeba xelnawer
wignebsa (minuskuli; nusxuris Sesatyvisi) da samarTlebriv dokumentebSi
(kursivi; mxedrulis Sesatyvisi).
winamdebare statia aris qarTuli asomTavruli da nusxuri damwerlobis
kaligrafiuli mimdinareobebisa da maTi ganviTarebis gansxvavebulad aR-
weris mcdeloba evropul damwerlobebSi mimdinare tendenciebis gaTval-
iswinebiT.
qarTuli anbani, rogorc evropuli damwerloba
msoflio damwerlobebi SeiZleba dajgufdes damwerlobaTa ojaxebad sx-
vadasxva niSniT. es SeiZleba iyos warmomavloba, grafikuli mxare, struq-
tura da sxv. yvela am niSnis gaTvaliswinebiT, qarTuli anbani evropul
damwerlobaTa rigs unda miekuTvnos.
warmomavlobis mxriv msoflio damwerlobebSi SeiZleba gamoiyos ori
didi jgufi, romelTac pirobiTad aRmosavluri da dasavluri SeiZleba
vuwodoT. aRmosavluri damwerlobebis saTave Cinuri simboloebia, romel-
Tac iaponuri marcvlovani damwerlobebi da koreuli asoebis grafikuli
moxazulobebi daefuZna. dasavluri jgufis saTave ki egvi pturi ierogli-
febia, romelTa safuZvelzedac warmoiqmna pirveli anbanuri damwerlobe-
bi – protosemituri da finikiuri. finikiurisgan, Tavis mxriv, ganviTarda
ori erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli anbani – arameuli da berZnuli. arameu-
li anbani axloaRmosavluri (semituri) da induri damwerlobebis mSobel
anbanad iTvleba, berZnuli ki – evropul anbanebs udebs saTaves.
amdenad, evropul damwerlobaTa ojaxis wevrobis pirveli niSani berZnul
anbanTan naTesaobaa. uSualod berZnuli anbanis umniSvnelo grafikuli
575
 gardaqmniTaa Seqmnili, magaliTad, laTinuri, guTuri, kopturi anbanebi da am niSniTac qarTuli anbani evropuli damwerlobaa.
kirilica. Tumca berZnulTan naTesaoba aucileblad misgan moxazulobaTa
evoluciur warmomavlobas ar gulisxmobs. magaliTad, agreTve berZnuls da bolos, qarTuli anbanis evropul damwerlobebTan mWidro naTesaoba
enaTesaveba slavuri damwerloba glagolica, romlis asoTa moxazulo- kidev ufro mkveTrad Cans, Tuki Tvals gavadevnebT evropul damwerlobeb-
bac aranairad araa berZnuli asoebis msgavsi. naTesaoba am SemTxvevaSi Si mimdinare istoriul tendenciebs da maT asaxvas qarTul anbanSi. es
gulisxmobs mxolod imas, rom glagolicas berZeni avtorebi – kirile da yvelaferi momdevno TavebSi iqneba naCvenebi.
meTode – Semoqmedebisas berZnuli anbanis gavlenas ganicdidnen. es gavle-
na gulisxmobs glagolicaSi imave ideebis gatarebas, rac berZnul anbans
daedo safuZvlad: esaa anbanis saerTo rigi, asoTaTvis ricxviTi mniSvn- wignis asomTavruli
elobebis miniWeba, orxazovan da oTxxazovan badeSi ganawilebuli didi
(maiuskuli) da patara (minuskuli) asoebi, weris mimarTuleba, xmovnebis
aRmniSvneli asoebi anbanSi da sxv. yvelaze adreul kaligrafiul asom-
Tavruls vxvdebiT V-VII saukunee-
berZnul anbanTan swored amgvar ideur naTesaobas gulisxmoben mecnier- bis xelnawerebSi. am periodis asom-
ebi, romlebic qarTuli anbanis prototi pad berZnul damwerlobas asaxe- Tavrulze SeiZleba iTqvas, rom igi
leben2. es ukve kargad dasabuTebuli Sexeduleba gasaziarebelia da misi srulad Seesabameba amave periodis
damatebiTi argumentaciis saWiroeba am statiaSi ar arsebobs3. mxolod berZnul da laTinur xelnawerebSi
mcire Sejamebis saxiT vityviT qarTuli anbanis im saerTo niSnebs ber- gabatonebul mimarTulebas – maiu-
ZnulTan, romlebic mas evropul damwerlobebTan aaxlovebs: 1. weris skulsa da uncials4. kerZod, misTvis
mimarTuleba orive SemTxvevaSi aris marcxnidan marjvniv, gansxvavebiT damaxasiaTebelia orxazovan badeSi
semituri damwerlobebisagan, sadac teqsti marjvnidan marcxniv iwereba; ganawilebuli asoebi, romlebic war-
2. qarTul anbanSi, berZnulis msgavsad, aris xmovnis aRmniSvneli asoebic. mosaxviT kvadratSi Tavsdeba da, ro-
amgvari niSnebi ucxoa semituri damwerlobebisaTvis; 3. qarTuli anbanis gorc wesi, arc erTi aso ar iWreba
wyoba anidan qanis CaTvliT zustad imeorebs berZnuli anbanis wyobas, sxva asos sivrceSi. aseTi kaligrafii-
gamonaklisia mxolod Jani da iota; 4. qarTul asoTa ricxviTi mniSvne- Taa, magaliTad, Sesrulebuli gracSi
qarTuli wignis as-
lobebi aseve TiTqmis zustad emTxveva Sesamabis berZnul asoTa ricxviT daculi sinuri leqcionari (2058-1). omTavruli, berZnuli,
mniSvnelobebs; 5. zogierTi asos moxazuloba Zalian hgavs Sesabamisi VII saukunidan wignis asomTavrulis maiuskuli da laT-
berZnuli asos moxazulobas (f, T, q, o); 6. berZnulidan momdinareobs es mkacri wesrigi nel-nela irRveva: inuri unciali
agreTve „u“ bgeris ori niSniT Caweris wesi asomTavrulSi; 7. berZnuli asoTa RerZebi grZeldeba, zogierTi
damwerlobis gavlenad miiCneva aseve qarTul anbanSi „ჱ“, „ჳ“ da „ჵ“ asoebis asos gaziduli xazi winmdgomi an mom-
arseboba, romlebic qarTuli enis bgeraTa srulyofilad CawerisaTvis devno asos sivrceSi iWreba da avsebs
aucileblobas ar warmoadgendnen da sxv. Tavisufal adgilebs. aRsaniSnavia,
rom analogiur tendenciebs vxedavT
garda amisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTuli anbanis zogadi grafikuli ier- berZnul da laTinur wignis mTavrul
saxe evropuli damwerlobebis im uzogades grafikul princi pebs efuZneba, anbanebSic. am tendenciis wyalobiT
romlebic ucxoa yvela sxva, maT Soris axloaRmosavluri anbanebisaTvis. VI saukuneSi Cndeba da VIII saukunem-
kerZod, qarTulis msgavsad, yvela evropuli damwerlobisaTvis adreul de aqtiurad gamoiyeneba berZnuli da
etapze damaxasiaTebelia orxazovan badeSi Cawerili Tanabari simaRlis laTinuri naxevarunciali5, romelic
asoebi; garkveuli periodis Semdeg ki, uklebliv yvela evropul anbanSi uncialisgan swored zogierTi asos
Cndeba oTxxazovan badeSi Cawerili gansxvavebuli simaRlis mqone asoebi. dagrZelebuli RerZiTa da orxazo-
vani badis darRveviT gansxvavdeba.

2 Gardthausen, Über den griechischen Ursprung der armenischen Schrift, 1876, gv. 74-80; Бакрадзе, Грузинская
Палеография, 1881, გვ. 208-209; kariWaSvili, xucuri anbani, gv. 30-32; kekeliZe, qarTuli
kulturis ori dResaswauli, „mnaTobi“, # 5-6, Tbilisi, 1929, gv. 156, 158; Шанидзе, Порядок
букв грузинского, армянского и албанского алфавитов, azerbaijanis istoriis muzeumis Sromebi,
t. II, gv. 33-41; gamyreliZe, weris anbanuri sistema da Zveli qarTuli damwerloba, Tbili-
si, 1990, gv. 118-205; Boeder, Zur Analyse des altgeorgischen Alphabets, 1975, gv. 2-8; xurcilava, didi
bakuri - qarTuli asomTavruli damwerlobis fuZemdebeli, Tbilisi, 2003
3 Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom XIX da XX saukunis dasawyisis avtorebi ufro metad mxars
uWerdnen qarTuli anbanis arameulisagan warmoSobis Teorias: ix. mag.: javaxiSvili,
qarTuli damwerlobaTa-mcodneoba anu paleografia, Tbilisi, 1949, gv. 1949, გვ. 232;
Церетели, Армазское письмо и происхождение грузинского алфавита, Эпиграфика Востока, т. III, Л.,
1949, gv. 59-71
am periodis qarTuli, berZnuli, laTinuri da somxuri kaligrafiuli
mimdinareobebis msgavsi duqtusi unda ukavSirdebodes gansakuTrebul
brtyelwverian kalams, romelic gansakuTrebiT popularuli iyo swored
am drois kaligrafiaSi. kalmis brtyeli wveris saSualebiT xazebi sxva-
dasxva mimarTulebiT Zalian sqeli an Zalian Txeli gamodioda (ivane ja-
4 The Cambridge Encyclopedia of The English Language. Ed. David Crystal. Cambridge: Cambridge University-
Press, 1995. p. 258
5 Bischoff, Halbunziale. In: Lexikon des gesamten Buchwesens 2, Stuttgart 1991, S. 333–334

576 577
 vaxiSvili am Txel xazs bewvisebrs uwodebda). qarTuli, somxuri da ber-
Znuli wignis mTavrulisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia is, rom kalmis brtyeli
wveri 0-ian kuTxes qmnis sawer xazTan, ris gamoc sawer xazTan marTobu-
lad aRmarTuli vertikaluri xazi maqsimaluri sisqisaa, horizontaluri
xazi – maqsimalurad Txeli, xolo diagonali – Sualeduri sisqis. radgan
qarTul asomTavrulSi diagonaluri xazebi faqtobrivad ar arsebobs,
qarTuli wignis mTavruliT naweri ufro meti msxvili xaziT gamoirCeva
berZnulisagan. Tumca, rogorc Cans, saqarTveloSi zogadad ufro far-
Topiriani kalami iyo gavrcelebuli, vidre bizantiaSi6. laTinuris SemTx-
vevaSi, kalmis brtyeli wveri sawer xazTan qmnis 45-ian kuTxes, ris gamoc
msxvili da wvrili xazebis mimarTulebebic wanacvlebulia: maqsimalur
sisqes xazi aRwevs marcxniv gadaxril diagonalSi, maqsimalur siTxeles
ki – marjvniv gadaxril diagonalSi.
adreuli qarTuli kursivi
cxadia, daxvewili wignis asomTavrulis paralelurad unda arsebuliyo
yoveldRiuri kursivi anu gakruli asomTavrulic. asoTa evoluciuri
formacvalebadoba swored kursiv xelSi xdeba, roca gadamweri swrafi
werisaTvis ufro mosaxerxebel formebs eZiebs. es, rogorc wesi, gaucnobi-
ereblad, TavisTavad xdeba. aseTi kursivi damwerlobebi damaxasiaTebelia
yvela epoqisa da kulturisaTvis7. samarTlebrivi sabuTebisa da oqmebis
Casawerad swored swrafi xelia saWiro. amitom warmoudgenelia, rom qa-
rTuli damwerlobis ganviTarebis adreul safexurzeve ar arsebuliyo
kursivi asomTavruli. Tumca, samwuxarod, adreuli qarTuli dokumentebi,
romlebic aseTi swrafi xeliT iqneboda Sesrulebuli,dReisaTvis ucnobia.
kursivi xeli, cxadia, cnobilia berZnul da laTinur paleografiaSi.
I-IV saukuneebSi „Zveli romauli kursivi“ iyo gavrcelebuli8, xolo IV
saukunidan Sua saukuneebis bolomde – „axali romauli kursivi“9. maTi
adreuli nimuSebis didi nawili lapidaruli nakawri warwerebis saxiTaa
SemorCenili. sainteresoa, rom maTi saerTo duqtusi da zogadi iersaxe
Zalian axlos dgas qarTul nusxurnarevi asomTavruliT Sesrulebul
nakawr warwerebTan, romlebsac, rogorc wesi, IX-XI saukuniT aTariReben.
6 magaliTad, sainteresoa, rom saqarTveloSi gadawerili berZnuli korideTis saxarebis
asoebis vertikaluri xazebi gacilebiT sqelia, vidre amave periodis bizantiur
xelnawerebSi vxvdebiT. amiT koriTedis saxarebiseuli berZnuli mTavruli ufro
metad uaxlovdeba qarTul asomTavruls
7 dResac, ra Tqma unda, yoveldRiuri xeli da qarTuli beWduri Srifti erTmaneTs ar
emTxveva
8 Bischoff, Paläographie des römischen Altertums und des abendländischen Mittelalters, 4. Aufl., 2009, S. 85-89
9 iqve. 89-91
578
marcxniv: foToleTis eklesiis
nakawri warwera10; marjvniv: Zveli
romauli kursivis nimuSi
I-IV saukuneebis berZnul-romauli kursivisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia wignis
mTavrulis daxvewili formebis mkveTri damaxinjeba da orxazovani badis
rRveva. swored kursiv nawerSi Cndeba pirvelad midrekileba oTxxazovani
badisaken. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ganviTarebul Sua saukuneebSi Seqmnili
pirveli kaligrafiuli oTxxazovani evropuli sistemebi aris antikur
periodSive kursiv damwerlobebSi gaCenili formebis Selamazebuli vari-
antebi11. amgvarive suraTi unda gvqonoda qarTuli anbanis SemTxvevaSi:
swrafi weris Sedegad asoTa formebis cvlileba da oTxxazovan siste-
maze gadasvla ver moxdeboda iq, sadac swrafad ar werdnen. sxvagvarad:
oTxxazovani sistema ver gaCndeboda xelnawer wignebSi, misi safuZveli
swored swrafad nawer dokumentebsa da nakawr warwerebSi unda veZioT.
aq ki aucileblad unda daisvas sakiTxi, Tu ramdenad zustia dReisaT-
vis cnobil qarTul nakawr warweraTa daTariReba. cxadia, es kiTxva ar
exeba TariRian warwerebs, Tumca nakawri warwerebis umravlesoba aris
uTariRo da maTi daTariReba xSirad mxolod paleografiul analizs
efuZneba. Tanamedrove qarTul paleografiaSi miCneulia, rom oTxxazovani
badisaken midrekileba da kuTxovani formebi nusxuris gavlenis an nusx-
urze gardamavlobis niSania, rac IX saukuneze adreul periodSi naklebad
ivaraudeba. arada sruliad bunebrivi unda iyos is, rom qarTuli anban-
is ganviTarebis sawyis etapzeve gaCndeboda swrafi weris moTxovnile-
ba, swrafi wera ki asoTa formebis damaxinjebas da maTi gansxvavebuli
zomebiT gamoyvanas gamoiwvevda da amas didi droc ar sWirdeba (yovel
SemTxvevaSi, saukuneebi namdvilad araa saWiro amisTvis); bunebrivia isic,
rom maSinac, iseve, rogorc dRes, grafiti warweris gasakeTeblad kuTx-
iani forma ufro martivia, vidre mrglovani. da Tu es bunebrivi procesi
ase warimarTa berZnul da laTinur damwerlobebSi, qarTulSic ase unda
10 gogolaZe T., gelaSvili i., xarSilaZe n., foToleTis eklesiis nakawri warwerebi
da maTi istoriul-wyaroTmcodneobiTi analizi, borjomis xeobis istoriuli da
xuroTmoZRvruli Zeglebi, 2014
11 Bischoff, Paläographie des römischen Altertums und des abendländischen Mittelalters, 4. Aufl., 2009, S. 86
579
 momxdariyo. amitom didia imis albaToba, rom uTariRo grafiti warwer-
ebis garkveuli nawili mainc iyos IX saukuneze adrindeli. ufro metic,
sruliad mosalodnelia, rom maTi nawili V-VII saukuneebis adreul mr-
glovan lapidarul warweraTa Tanadroulic iyos.

aRsaniSnavia, rom es mosazreba kargad xsnis, Tu ratom icvlian formebs

asomTavruli asoebi adreul periodSive. kerZod, ratom exsneba Tavi zogi-
erT asos, ratom ugrZeldeba RerZi ramdenime maTgans. wignis asomTavruli
swrafi xeliT ver daiwereba, amitom asoTa gardaqmna wignis gadawerisas marcxnidan marjvniv: 1. jani davaTis stel-
is; 2. jani bolnisis warwerebze, V-VII ss.15;
ar xdeba. samagierod, wignis gadamweri ganicdis yoveldRiuri swrafi
3. jani pantianis warweraze, VII s.16; 4. jani
naweriT SemuSavebuli axali formebis gavlenas da es formebi Semoaqvs daviT-garejis warweraze, VII s.17; 5. jani nag-
wignis nawerSic. iseve, rogorc sxva nebismier evropul anbanSi, es bune- zauras warweraze, VIII s18.
brivi procesia.

am gadmosaxedidan gasakviri aRar Cans zaza aleqsiZis mier mignebuli naz-

areTis grafitebi, romelTac igi 330-427 wlebiT aTariRebs, magram Zalian
frTxilad, radgan am grafitebze warmodgenili kuTxovani asomTavruli
da Tavgaxsnili asoebi „S“ da „“ TiTqos gacilebiT gviandelis STabe-
Wdilebas tovebs12. es nakawri warwerebi SeiZleba pirdapir dadasturebad
CaiTvalos zemoT gamoTqmuli mosazrebisa. amdenad, davaTis stelis warwer-
is TariRi, ufro savaraudoa, VI-VII
kidev erTi nakawri asomTavruli warwera, romelsac g. abramiSvili da z. saukuneebis mijna iyos. qarTul pa-
aleqsiZe adreuli periodiT, kerZod VI saukunis miwuruliT aTariReben, leografiaSi gabatonebuli Sexed-
aris davaTis stela13. am daTariRebas ar eTanxmeba v. silogava14, romel- ulebis mixedviT, am periodisaTvis
ic miuTiTebs, rom daTariRebis erTaderTi xelmisawvdomi kriteriumi pa- jer kidev ar unda iyos mosalod-
leografiuli niSnebia da am niSnebiT davaTis stelis warweris TariRi neli nusxuris msgavsi oTxxazovani
IX-X saukuniT unda ganisazRvros. rogorc zemoT ukve aRiniSna, nakawri sistemisaken midrekileba, Tumca da-
asomTavruli warwerebis paleografiuli niSnebis safuZvelze upirobod vaTis stela sapirispiro suraTs
IX-XI saukuneebiT daTariReba SeiZleba ar iyos zusti. miT ufro, rom dava- gviCvenebs. yvelaze TvalsaCinoa mes-
Tis stelis SemTxvevaSi gvxvdeba TavSekruli asoebic, romlebic mis adreu- ame xazi, romelzedac warmodgenilia
lobaze miuTiTebs. garda amisa, aRsaniSnavia davaTis stelis „j“ asos moxa- asoebi „n Á o p J“. „n“ asos Semdeg
zuloba, romlis analogebs mxolod VIII saukunemdel warwerebSi vxvdebiT. sakmaod didi sivrcea, Tumca warwer-
is avtori „Á“ asos mainc mcire zomi-
sas wers. mcire zomisaa agreTve „o“
da „p“ asoebic. „J“ aso ki aSkarad
dagrZelebuli RerZiTaa gamosaxuli.
es xuTive aso asomTavruli formi-
Taa dawerili, magram swored isea ga-
nawilebuli xazebSi, rogorc mogvi-
anebiT klasikur nusxurSi. xazebSi
ganawilebisken midrekileba igrZno-
ba pirvel da meore striqonzedac.
am monacemebiT davaTis stelis anba-
ni unda miviCnioT adreuli kursivi
asomTavrulis erT-erT nimuSad.

12 aleqsiZe z., luvri, sinas mTa, nazareTi, epigrafikuli etiudebi, krebuli: qristianuli
kavkasia, t. 2, gv. 20-25
13 abramiSvili g., aleqsiZe z., davaTis stela, enciklopedia „saqarTvelo“ 2, Tbilisi, 2012,
gv. 258-259
14 silogava v., svaneTis werilobiTi Zeglebi, II, Tb., 1988, gv. 226-228
15 SoSiaSvili n., qarTuli warwerebis korpusi I, gv. 73, 75, 76, 81; qvemo qarTlis epigrafika
I, gv. 75
16 SoSiaSvili, n., qarTuli warwerebis korpusi I, gv. 99-100; qvemo qarTlis epigrafika I, gv.
83-84
17 SoSiaSvili, qwk I, gv. 114-115
18 aleqsiZe z., warwerebi dmanisidan, qristianuli kavkasia 3, Tbilisi, 2016, gv. 197

580 581
 wignis nusxuri
wignis kaligrafiul nusxurs pirvelad vxvdebiT sinuri mravalTavis an-
derZSi, romelic 864 wliT aris daTariRebuli. sainteresoa, rom nusxur
asoTa formebi sulac araa asomTavrulis gamartivebiT miRebuli, rac
erTi SexedviTac naTelia: maSin, roca zogierTi asomTavruli aso erTi
xelis mosmiT iwereba, nusxurSi maTi dawera xelis ramdenime aRebiTaa
SesaZlebeli (magaliTad, aseTia a, g, e). jer kidev ivane javaxiSvili miu-
TiTebda, rom mrglovani asomTavrulidan aseTi rTuli moxazulobis
kuTxovani nusxuris miReba evoluciurad SeuZlebelia19. igi hi poTeturad
uSvebda mrglovan asomTavrulamde arsebul jer kidev ucnobi kuTxovani
asomTavrulis arsebobas, romelic nusxuris uSualo winapari iqneboda20.
Tumca aseTi mrglovanamdeli kuTxovani asomTavruli dRemde ar gamov-
lenila.
asomTavrulidan nusxurze gadasvlis evoluciur jaWvis am bundovanebas
kargad xsnis evropul damwerlobebze dakvirveba. saqme isaa, rom orxaz-
ovani badidan oTxxazovanze gadasxvlis procesi arc laTinur da arc
berZnul paleografiaSi wminda evoluciuri gziT ar warmarTula. am
anbanebis ganviTarebasa da Tanamedrove formebis CamoyalibebaSi umniS-
vnelovanesia SemoqmedebiTi elementic. kerZod, ukiduresad Tavisufal da
spontanur kursiv nawerSi sruliad gaucnobiereblad mudmivad Cndeboda
axali, darRveuli formebi, xolo kaligrafebi am axali da darRveuli
formebis daxvewis gziT qmnidnen axlebur xelweras sruliad gacnobiere-
bulad da mizanmimarTulad. es procesi cikluria: darRveuli formebis
„gakeTilSobilebis“ Semdeg am axali „keTilSobili“ formebis darRvevis
procesi iwyeboda swrafad nawer dokumentebSi, rac, Tavis mxriv, isev Semo-
qmed kaligrafebs aZlevda axali moxazulobebis STagonebas.
es cikluri procesi dRevandelobaSic araa ucxo da amis naTeli ilus-
traciaa, magaliTad, qarTuli „erTTaviani lasi“, „erTTaviani rae“, „mrgval-
mucliani wili“ da sxv. aseTi „l“, „r“ an „w“ swrafi weris Sedegad gaCnda
da XX saukunemde mxolod xelnawer dokumentebSi Tu pirad werilebSi
gvxvdeboda, magram XX saukunis Sriftis dizainerebma es kursivi forme-
bi aitaces da standartizebul SriftebSi Seitanes, ris Sedegadac am
formebs ukve beWduri gamocemebis teqstebSic vxedavT.
19 javaxiSvili, qarTuli damwerlobaTmcodneoba, anu paleografia, 1926, gv. 184
20 iqve, gv. 185
582
aseTive procesebi mimdinareobda Sua saukuneebis evropaSi. kerZod, VIII
saukunidan evropaSi iwyeba tendencia romauli kursivis safuZvelze ax-
ali kaligrafiuli xelweris SemuSavebisa. am periodSi iqmneba swored
pirveli oTxxazovan badeSi ganawilebuli damwerlobebi Tanamedrove
espaneTis21, italiis, safrangeTisa da germaniis22 teritoriaze. sxvadasx-
va monastrebSi arsebuli skri ptoriumebi TavianT individualur xelw-
eras aviTareben. maT Soris yvelaze warmatebuli gamodga VIII saukunis
miwuruls korbis saabatos skri ptoriumSi SemuSavebuli laTinuri ka-
ligrafiuli mimdinareoba, romelic karolingTa dinastiis standartul
damwerlobad iqca da mTel dasavleT evropaSi gavrcelda23. VIII saukuni-
danve paralelurad anglosaqsuri24 da irlandiuri25 oTxxazovani siste-
mebi viTardeba dRevandeli inglisisa da irlandiis teritoriebze. amave
tendenciis gamoZaxilia IX saukunidan gamoCenili da X saukunidan Tan-
daTan gavrcelebuli berZnuli oTxxazovani damwerloba. yvela es axali
kaligrafiuli mimarTuleba minuskulis saxeliT erTiandeba da yvela
maTgani mTavruli anbanis darRveuli formebis „gakaligrafiulebis“ gzi-
Taa miRebuli samonastro skri ptoriumebSi.
SeuZlebelia, nusxuri damwerlobis warmoSoba mowyvetili iyos am saerTo
evropul tendencias. wignis nusxuris yvelaze adreuli nimuSebi sinas
mTis xelnawerTa koleqciaSi gvxvdeba, maT Soris yvelaze adreuli ki 864
wliT daTariRebul sinur mravalTavSi gvxvdeba. sagulisxmoa, rom sinu-
ri mravalTavis nusxuri Tavisi grafikiT axlos ar dgas am periodSive
warmoqmnil berZnul minuskulTan. kerZod, sinuri mravalTavis nusxuri
naweria brtyelwveriani kalmiT da met-naklebad kuTxovania, asoebi ki
odnav daxrilia marcxnisaken. berZnuli minuskuli ki wvrili wveriT naw-
eri kaligrafiaa da ufro metad Tanamedrove qarTul mxedruls waagavs
Tavisi saerTo vizualiT. amdenad, qarTuli nusxuris duqtusis SemuSave-
bisas qarTveli kaligrafebi ar SeiZleba berZnuli minuskulis gavlenis
qveS yofiliyvnen. sainteresoa, rom Tavisi duqtusiT sinuri mravalTavis
nusxuri ufro axlosaa dasavleTevropul laTinur kaligrafiul mimar-
TulebebTan. kerZod, vestgoTur, karolingur da sxva dasavleTevropul
minuskuls, qarTuli nusxuris msgavsad, axasiaTebs met-naklebad kuTxovani
moyvanilobebi da naweria brtyelwveriani kalmiT.
berZnuli minuskuli, laTinuri karolinguri
minuskuli da sinuri mravalTavis nusuri
21 Bischoff, Paläographie des römischen Altertums und des abendländischen Mittelalters, 4. Aufl., 2009, S. 130-136
22 iqve, S. 136-151
23 iqve, S. 151-160
24 iqve, 2009, S. 122-129
25 iqve, 2009, S. 113-122
583
 qarTuli nusxuris msgavseba dasavlur kaligrafiul mimarTulebebTan
SeiZleba arc iyos SemTxveviTi. sagulisxmoa, rom erT-erTi pirveli ev-
ropuli minuskuli, vestgoTuri damwerloba, romelic pirvelad VII-VIII
saukuneebis mijnaze gvxvdeba espaneTSi, iTvleba sinas monastridan wamoRe-
bul damwerlobad. kerZod, mkvlevarTa azriT, msgavsi laTinuri minuskuli
pirvelad palestinis midamoebSi unda Seqmniliyo adgilobrivi laTinuri
tradiciis berebis mier. arabTa mier palestinisa da egvi ptis dapyrobis
Semdeg ki devnilma qristianebma espaneTSi waiRes xelnawerebi, romlebic
safuZvlad daedo axal vestgoTur minuskuls26. sainteresoa aseve, rom
es Teoria dafuZnebulia sam laTinur xelnawerze, romlebic sinas mTis
koleqciaSi inaxeba da IX-X saukuneebiT TariRdeba. am xelnawerebis ka-
ligrafia espaneTis vestgoTurTan imdenad axlosaa, rom SemTxveviTobas
mkvlevarebi gamoricxaven. es sami xelnaweri imave laTini berebis mier Se-
qmnili minuskulis tradiciis adgilobriv gagrZelebad miiCneva, romelTa
mier Seqmnili moxazulobebic VII saukuneSi espaneTSi aRmoCnda27.
sainteresoa agreTve isic, rom am sami laTinuri xelnaweris ara mxolod
TariRi (IX saukune) emTxveva sinuri mravalTavisas, aramed maTi gadaweris
adgilic (palestina) da saboloo daculobis adgilic (sinas mTa). pa-
leografiuli TvalsazrisiTac, es sami laTinuri xelnaweri kidev ufro
uaxlovdeba sinuri mravalTavis nusxurs. kerZod, isini naweria marjvniv
gadaxrili kuTxovani xeliT28. Znelia, es msgavsebebi SemTxveviTobad miiC-
nio. ufro savaraudoa, rom qarTuli wignis nusxuri imave kulturul da
geografiul garemoebebSi gaCnda, sadac evropeli berebi moRvaweobdnen.
amdenad, wignis nusxuris dabadebis savaraudo adgilad SeiZleba pales-
tinis qarTuli samwignobro kerebi ganixilebodes.
qarTuli nusxuri, laTinuri
minuskuli, berZnuli mi-
nuskuli
26 Bischoff, Paläographie des römischen Altertums und des abendländischen Mittelalters, 4. Aufl., 2009, S. 132
27 iqve.
28 iqve.
584
Tu sinuri mravalTavis nusxuris saerTo duqtusi da stili SeiZle-
ba ukavSirdebodes palestinaSi SemuSavebuli laTinuri kaligrafiuli
mimarTulebis stils, cxadia, amas ver vityviT Tavad calkeul asoTa moxa-
zulobebze. ra Tqma unda, sinuri mravalTavis nusxuri kaligrafiis avto-
ris STagonebis wyaro im drois yoveldRiuri kursivi xeli iqneboda. ro-
gorc Cans, sinuri mravalTavis nusxurma ara Tu mTel qarTul kulturaSi,
palestinis adgilobriv qarTul skri ptoriumebSic ver moi pova aRiareba,
radgan maleve, IX-X saukuneebSi sinur xelnawerebSi Cndeba axali stilis
nusxuri, romelzedac ukve SeiZleba iTqvas, rom gabatonebulia. am nusxu-
ri kaligrafiuli mimarTulebis dabadebis adgilic palestina unda iyos,
Tumca radgan palestinuri xelnawerebi sabolood sinas mTis monasterSi
moxvda da am koleqciasac sinur xelnawerebs vuwodebT, albaT gamarTle-
buli iqneba, Tu kaligrafiasac „sinur nusxurs“ vuwodebdiT.
sinuri nusxuri
sinuri nusxuri uaRresad Tavisufali da moqnili moxazulobebiT xasiaT-
deba, Tumca mainc myari formebi gaaCnia da, sxvadasxva kaligrafis individ-
ualuri xelweris Taviseburebebis miuxedavad, is mainc Camoyalibebuli
erTiani kaligrafiuli skolaa. sinuri nusxuri asoebisaTvis damaxasiaT-
ebelia SuatanebTan SedarebiT sakmaod grZeli zedatanebi da qvedatanebi.
zogierTi asos kiduri ukiduresad grZelia. naweri marjvnivaa gadaxrili,
magram, ramdenime asos qveda kiduri mkveTrad icvlis mimarTulebas (b, g, e,
v, t, c, x). Zalian damaxasiaTebelia donis moxazuloba, romlis Tavic odnav
daxrili grZeli wvrili xazia da momdevno asos an asoebs zemodan faravs.
saxasiaToa aseve zenis momrgvalebuli maRali Tavi. sakmaod didia manis
Tavi, romelic pirdapir mrgvali muclidanaa aRmarTuli diagonalurad
da zogjer winmdgom asos zemodan faravs. banisa da ganis qveda kidurebi
iwyeba mkveTri kuTxiT, diagonalurad eSveba qvemoT da Semdeg kvlav ze-
moT moemarTeba sakmaod maRla. rogorc wesi, wilis erTi Tavi Sekrulia,
meore ki gaxsnili. oni metwilad erTkbiliania, iSviaTad orkbiliani.
Semdgomi periodis nusxuri, X saukunis bolodan XI saukunis bolomde,
gacilebiT Serbilebulia. am droidan nusxuri ukve aRaraa mxolod sinas
mTisa da palestinis adgilobrivi kaligrafiuli mimarTuleba da qar-
Tul skri ptoriumebSi sazogadod ikidebs fexs. savaraudod, tao-klar-
jeTisa da aTonis qarTulma samwignobro kerebma TavianTi SedarebiT
585
 ufro mwyobri, kanonzomieri da rbili kaligrafiuli nusxuriT TandaTan
gandevnes sinuri mimarTuleba. am periodis nusxurs pirobiTad „klasi-
kur nusxurs“ vuwodebT. klasikuri nusxurisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia Se-
darebiT ufro Tanazomieri proporciebi: zeda da qveda kidurebis simaR-
le TiTqmis emTxveva Suatanis simaRles. donis Tavi srulyofil zeda
kidurad iqca marcxniv da marjvniv msxvili wertilebiT. enisa da vinis
qvedakidurebi mimarTulebas mkveTrad aRar icvlian. zenis Tavi mokle
diagonalad iqca. damoklda aseve manis Tavic da mucelTan SeerTebamde
gauCnda kuTxe; manis Tavi winmdgom asos aRar faravs. wili yovelTvis
Tavgaxsnilia. oni metwilad orkbiliania, iSviaTad erTkbiliani.
klasikuri nusxuri
mniSvnelovani grafikuli cvlilebebi xdeba nusxurSi XII saukunidan.
sainteresoa, rom am periodis xelnaweri wignis xelovnebaSi mTavari aqcen-
ti dekorSi, sazedao asoebsa da miniatiurebSi gadadis, xolo kaligrafiis
mxatvruli mxare SedarebiT ukan iwevs. Tumca XII saukunis da Semdgomi
periodis xelnawerebSic, ra Tqma unda, gvxvdeba maRali kaligrafiuli
ostatobiT Seqmnili namuSevrebi. mTavari, rac gviani Sua saukuneebis (XV
saukunemdel) nusxurs gamoarCevs wina periodis nusxurisagan, aris ufro
meti dekoratiuloba. aRsaniSnavia, rom dekoratiulobisaken midrekilebac
am periodis saerTo evropuli tendenciaa. dasavleT evropaSi am dros
Cndeba pirvelad gotikuri xelovneba, maT Soris gotikuri Srifti. bi-
zantiur paleografiaSi ki Semodis slavuri mimarTulebis dekoratiuli
xelwera, romlisTvisac, gansxvavebiT klasikuri periodis berZnuli ka-
ligrafiuli mimarTulebebisagan, damaxasiaTebelia brtyelwveriani kalm-
is gamoyeneba sawer xazTan 45°-iani kuTxiT. swored 0°-iani kuTxis 45°-iT
Secvla unda iyos XII saukunidan qarTuli nusxuris duqtusis Secvlis
mTavari axsnac. kalmis kuTxis Secvlam gamoiwvia kuTxovani formebis Se-
darebiT Serbileba da sqeli da wvrili xazebis gansxvavebuli balansi
asos tanSi. garda amisa, Seicvala proporciebic: gviandel nusxur asoebSi,
rogorc wesi, qveda da zeda kidurebi SedarebiT moklea SuatanTan Se-
darebiT.
ra Tqma unda, nusxuris am sami saxeobis garda arsebobs Sua saukunee-
bis sxva mimarTulebebic. amave dros, TiToeul am saxeobaSi kaligraf-
is individualuri xelweris Semotana mas gansxvavebul iersaxes aZlevs.
Tumca Sua saukuneebis bolomde, e.i. XV saukunemde, mxolod es sami sax-
586
eoba ikidebs fexs da xdeba sayovelTaod aRiarebuli. ganmanaTleblo-
bis epoqaSi SemuSavebul pirvel qarTul nusxur sabeWd Sriftebs ki aq
ganxilulTagan ukanaskneli edeba safuZvlad, cxadia mcire saxesxvaobiT.
ganmanaTleblobis epoqis nusxurs, zogadad, meti kuTxovaneba da naklebi
mxatvruli daxvewiloba axasiaTebs.
gviandeli nusxuri
Sejameba
Sejamebis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qarTuli damwerlobis ganviTareba
sruliad Seesabameba evropul damwerlobebSi mimdinare istoriul ten-
denciebs. asomTavruli damwerlobis wignuri kaligrafiuli saxeoba aris
berZnul da laTinur paleografiaSi maiuskulisa da uncialis saxeliT
cnobili mimdinareobebisa. adreuli daxvewili wignuri da lapidaruli
asomTavrulis paralelurad unda arsebuliyo yoveldRiuri xeli doku-
mentebis, oqmebis swrafad Casawerad. aseTi kursivi asomTavruli SeiZleba
veZioT nakawr warwerebSi, romelTa didi nawili IX-XI saukuneebiTaa da-
TariRebuli. evropul damwerlobebze dakvirveba gvibiZgebs iqiTken, rom
nakawri warwerebis TariRebi gadaixedos: maTi nawili mainc unda iyos IX
saukuneze adreuli, radgan oTxxazovani badisaken swrafva da kuTxovani
formebi ar SeiZleba mxolod gviandel movlenad miviCnioT, radgan an-
banis ganviTarebis adreul etapzec swrafi weris moTxovnileba anbanis
swored am saxiT „damaxinjebas“ gamoiwvevda. amas adasturebs is ramdenime
nakawri warwerac, romlebic samecniero literaturaSi gamonaklisis sax-
iT IX saukuneze adreuli periodiTaa daTariRebuli.
nusxuri damwerlobis wignuri nairsaxeoba unda CavTvaloT ara asom-
Tavrulisagan wminda evoluciuri gziT ganviTarebulad, aramed romelime
samwignobro keraSi momuSave Semoqmedi kaligrafis an kaligrafebis mier
SemuSavebul axali stilis kaligrafiul mimarTulebad. aseTi Semoqmedi
kaligrafebi, Tavis mxriv, cxadia, sazrdoobdnen im periodis kursiv xelSi
gaCenili formebiT.
nusxuri damwerlobis yvelaze adreuli kaligrafiuli saxeobebi, rom-
lebic IX-X saukuneebis sinur xelnawerebSi gvxvdeba, SesaZloa pales-
tinis adgilobriv samwignobro kerebSi moRvawe kaligrafebis SemuSave-
buli iyos. nusxuris es adreuli kaligrafiuli saxeobebi mniSvnelovan
stilistur msgavsebebs amJRavneben amave periodis palestinaSi gadawer-
587
 ili laTinuri xelnawerebis kaligrafiasTan. Tavis mxriv, es laTinuri
xelnawerebi stilisturad dasavleT evropul kaligrafiul mimdinareo-
bebs enaTesaveba.
nusxuri damwerlobis ganviTarebis gviandel etapzedac, XII saukunidan,
igrZnoba saerTo evropuli tendenciis gavlena, kerZod ki midrekileba
dekoratiulobisaken. nusxuri asoebis mkveTri da kuTxovani formebi Tan-
daTan rbildeba da ufro dekoratiuli xdeba, icvleba kalmis Weris wesi.
sabolood ki, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mTeli Sua saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi
qarTuli damwerlobis ganviTareba arasdros ar yofila mowyvetili ev-
ropuli kulturisagan. amave dros, saerTo evropuli tendenciebis asax-
vasTan erTad, qarTuli anbani yovelTvis inarCunebda TviTmyofadobas.
588
Tinatin Tsereteli State and Law Institute,
Scientific Research Officer
GEORGIAN
ASOMTAVRULI
AND NUSKHURI
CALLIGRAPHIC
TYPES, WITH
CONSIDERATION
OF THE TRENDS
OCCURRING IN
MEDIEVAL EUROPEAN
WRITINGS
Development of the Medieval Georgian writ-
ing had some influences of the general Euro-
pean trends, as well. In European alphabets
there can be found the stylistic analogues for
almost all the calligraphic directions of the
Georgian writing. Between the Asomtavruli
used in Georgian books and the Nuskhuri used
in the books, there should have existed the
transitional italic handwriting. Some scratched
Asomtavruli inscriptions and inscriptions with
mixture of Asomtavruli and Nuskhuri could be
the samples of this transition. If we take into
consideration the well-studied development of
the other European writings, it could be sup-
posed that that kind of transitional scratched
Georgian inscriptions were more likely expect-
ed from the period before the IX century. Ac-
cording to this viewpoint, the dating of some
scratched inscriptions could be re-considered.
David Maisuradze
The book-based calligraphic directions of
Nuskhuri seem to have been developed not in
the free evolutionary way, but they seem to have
been specially treated by scribes in some edu-
cational centers. On the one hand, such kind of
work of the scribes, should have been inspired
by the modified forms of the Georgian letters,
formed as a result of the every-day fast writ-
ing. On the other hand, the work of the scribes
should have been inspired by the general trend
spread in Europe in VIII-IX cc., according to
which the two-lined writing grid was changed
with the four-lined one. And Palestinian edu-
cational centers, where the West and the Near-
East cultures met, should be considered as the
main area where Georgian scribes could get ac-
quainted with the innovations of the European
book art. Even at the later stages, development
of the Nuskhuri writing was never detached
from the European trends.
589
 qeTevan diRmelaSvili
saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis
dacvis erovnuli saagento,
istoriis doqtori
saweri
mowyobilobebi
mcxeTidan
ra enaze werdnen da urTierTobdnen antikuri pe-
riodis saqarTveloSi, dRemde kvlevis sagania. sa-
magierod, aravin davobs imaze, rom saqarTvelos
mosaxleobaSi wera-kiTxva uZvelesi droidan iyo
gavrcelebuli. mecnierTa daskvnebi emyareba
erTi mxriv, werilobiT wyaroebSi dacul in-
formacias, meore mxriv ki ufro zust monacemebs
– saqarTveloSi aRmoCenil paleografiul nimuSeb-
sa da sawer mowyobilobebs, romlebic erTmaneTs
mniSvnelovnad avsebs.
im adgilebidan, sadac saweri mowyobilobis Semad-
geneli elementebia aRmoCenili, bunebrivia, iberi-
is dedaqalaqi gamorCeulia. aq mikvleuli sawe-
ri mowyobilobebis erTi nawili erovnul muzeumsa,
xolo meore nawili didi mcxeTis arqeologiur
saxelmwifo muzeumSia daculi.
rogorc cnobilia, antikur dasavleTSi sawerad
ori ti pis masala gamoiyeneboda:
- xis an liTonis 20-40 santimetri sigrZis da ram-
denime santimetris siganis firfita, romelsac
kideebi CarCosaviT hqonda Sesqelebuli. dadable-
bul SidapirSi asxamdnen gamdnar cvils, romel-
zec gaciebis Semdeg teqsti daqondaT. cvili
saSualebas iZleoda SeSlili, anda saWiroebada-
karguli teqsti, gadaeSalaT da axali daeweraT.
aseT grifelis dafebs, rogorc wesi, iyenebdnen
saswavlo procesSi, saxelmwifo gankargulebaTa
dasawerad, saSemosavlo davTrebisa da msgavsi
Sinaarsis teqstebisTvis. grifelis dafaze werd-
nen Zvlis an liTonis CxiriT, romelsac `stilo-
si~ ewodeboda. Cxirs erTi mxare wawvetebuli qon-
da, romliTac cvilze warwera daitaneboda, meore
bolo ki an gamsxvilebuli sfero iyo, anda niC-
biseburad brtyeli.
590
swored am nawiliT Slidnen teqsts, asworebdnen sawer zedapirs da Sem-
deg isev axlidan daqondaT teqsti. aseTi ti pis saweri mowyobilobebi
ara mxolod daculia pompeis kedlis mxatvrobaSi, aramed gaTxrebis
Sedegad aRmoCnda kidec herkulanumsa da pompeiSi. msgavsi ti pis saweri
dafebi da stilosebi gvian Sua saukuneebamde gamoiyeneboda (Борухович
1976: 19-32; Elisabeth Lalou 1989: 123-140).
- meore ti pis saweri saSualeba es iyo etrati, romelsac Semdeg grag-
nilis saxes aZlevdnen. maTze iwereboda didi moculobis teqstebi,
romelTa umetesoba biblioTekebis sacavSi idebda binas. etratze
werdnen sxvadasxva feris melniT. sawer kalmad ixmareboda Zvlis an
liTonis wkiri – kalami, romelsac pir­­­­­-wamaxuli cxviri qonda. am
SemTxvevaSi, saweri mowyobilobis mesame komponenti gaxldaT samelne.
Zvel romSi samelneebi mzaddeboda rogorc liTonis (oqro, vercxli
da brinjao), ise Tixisa da minisagan. liTonis samelneebs ZiriTa-
dad cilindris forma qondaT da Semkuli iyo sxvadasxva saxis
ornamentiT an siuJeturi gamosaxulebebiT. umetesad gaaCndaT Tavisi
saxuravi, romelic zogjer figuruli gaxldaT. Tixis samelneebi fi-
alis an jamisebri formis iyo. umetesad maTac daxuruli Tavi qon-
daT kalmis Casayofi xvreliT. rac Seexeba minis samelneebs, isini im
periodis minis sanelsacxeblis formebs imeorebdnen (Борухович 1976:
19-32; Elisabeth Lalou 1989: 123-140).
dReisTvis, mcxeTis teritoriaze ar-
qeologebi saweri mowyobilobebis Tu
misi calkeuli nawilebis aRmoCenis
13 SemTxvevas asaxeleben. isini gvi-
anantikuri periodiT TariRdeba. am
monacemebis mixedviT saweri mowyo-
bilobebi warmodgenilia sami saxiT:
1. mxolod stilosebi (armazcixe, sam-
Tavro, sveticxoveli), 2. stilosi
samelnesTan erTad (sveticxoveli,
samTavro, baiaTxevi, mcxeTa-qalaqi)
da 3. stilosi, samelne da penali
(sveticxoveli). magram, rigi garemoe-
bebis gamo, vfiqrobT, aRniSnuli ricx-
vi gadaxedvas da dazustebas moiTx-
ovs. aRniSnul sakiTxze muSaobisas,
Cveni yuradReba miiqcia iman, rom Zv-
lis stilosebi formiT Zlier gavd-
nen imave periodSi yofiT kulturaSi
gavrcelebul sakinZeebs. Tu mxolod
formebs aviRebdiT amosaval werti- saweri mowyobiloba.
lad, maSin, gamovidoda, rom qarTlis mcxeTa (sveticxovlis ezo), samarxi
#14. ax. w. III saukunis dasasruli - IV
dedaqalaqSi aTobiT aTeuli saweri
saukunis dasawyisi.
Rerakebi iqneboda aRmoCenili. Cvenma foto: saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi
dakvirvebam uCvena, rom Zvlis, an li-
Tonis sakinZismagvar nakeTobis sti-
losad an wkirad misaCnevad, aucileb-
lad unda gagveTvaliswinebina ori
faqtori: 1. konteqsti 2. artefaqtis
591
 aRmoCenis konkretuli (samarxSi mdebareobis) adgili.
dResdReobiT, arqeologebi mcxeTaSi samelnis aRmoCenis 5 faqts asaxe-
leben (XIX s. 70-ian wlebSi baiernis mier samTavros samarovanze, 1958 w.
aragvis quCaze gaTxril #6 kramitsamarxSi, sveticxovlis siaxloves 1975
w. gaTxril #6 kramitsamarxSi, 1986 w. baiaTxevSi, #35 kramitsamarxSi
da sveticxovlis ezoSi 2001 w. gaTxril akldamaSi)1. isini damzadebulia
oqros, vercxlisa da brinjaosgan. samelneebi formis mixedviT Semde-
gi saxiT jgufdeba: 1. cilindruli, an odnav welSedrekili cilindris
formis. Ziri brtyeli aqvT (sveticxovlis #6, 14 da aragvis quCis #6
samarxebi). aseT samelneebs aqvT saxuravi, romelic an waxnagovania, an
mrgvali. erT SemTxvevaSi, saxuravi ornamentirebulia (sveticxovlis
#14 samarxi). 2. fialiseburi, uquslo, saxuravis gareSe (baiaTxevis #35
samarxi)2.
rac Seexeba saweri mowyobilobis sruli kompleqtiT aRmoCenas, mxolod
erTi SemTxvevaa dRemde cnobili da esaa sveticxovlis ezoSi gaTx-
rili #14 kramitsamarxi.
kolofi damzadebulia vercxlisgan da ori nawilisgan Sedgeba: navise-
buri moyvanilobis zurgimxarisgan da saxuravisgan. zurgis mxareze sam
rigad mocemulia cxra muzis reliefuri gamosaxuleba, romelTac Tan
axlavs ganmartebiTi warwerebi. kolofis saxuravi, Tavis mxriv, Sedgeba
vercxlis gofrirebuli saxuravisgan, romelzec mocemulia menandres,
homerosis da demosTenes horeliefuri gamosaxulebebi da oqros
mcenareul ornamentiani Wviruli firfitis – SeWedilobisgan, romelzec
amoWrilia berZnuli warwera: ,,ΒΑCΙΛΕWC ΟΥCΤΑΜΟΥ ΤΟΥKΑΙΕYΓΕΝΙΟΥ~
- ,,mefe ustamosisa da (agreTve) evgeniosisa~. kolofSi ido vercxlis
* naSromi pirvelad gamoqveynda krebulSi ,,muzeumi da kulturuli memkvidreoba”, III,
saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis erovnuli saagento, 2016 weli
1 baiernis mier aRmoCenili samelnisa da aragvis quCaze gaTxril #6 kramit-
samarxSi aRmoCenili samelneebis Sesaxeb informacia Zalian mwiri da fragmen-
tulia: arc erTi maTgani gamoqveynebuli araa, iseve rogorc ar arsebobs maTi
fotodokumentacia. baierniseuli samelnis Sesaxeb cnobili gaxda g. lomTaTiZis
Canaweridan, romelic man gaakeTa 1958 w. aragvis quCaze aRmoCenili samelnis savele
davTarSi gatarebisas. axladaRmoCenili cilindruli formis, Tavdaxuruli samelne
arqeologs Seudarebia baierniseuli samelnisTvis, romelic imJamad, misi TqmiT,
inaxeboda ermitaJSi. am ori samelnis Sesaxeb mokle informaciac, swored g.
lomTaTiZem gamoaqveyna Tavis monografiaSi saqarTvelos mosaxleobis kultura
da yofa I-XIII ss. (arqeologiuri masalebis mixedviT), Tb., 1977, gv. 29. 1975 w. aR-
niSnuli davTari naxa da iqidan saWiro informacia gadmoiwera arqeologma v. ni-
kolaiSvilma (informaciis mowodebisa da problemaSi garkvevisaTvis did madlobas
movaxsnebT baton vaxtang nikolaiSvils). samwuxaroa, rom dRes arc Tavad samelne
da arc g. lomTaTiZiseuli savele davTari aRar iZebneba, da Sesabamisad, baierniseul
da 1958 w. aRmoCenil samelneebze msjeloba mxolod gadmocemebze dayrdnobiTaa Ses-
aZlebeli.
2 saweri mowyobilobis (samelnisa da stilosis) aRmoCenis kidev erTi SemTxveva
arqeologebs dadasturebuli aqvT samTavros samarovanze 1959 w. gaTxril kramitsa-
marxSi. am konkretul SemTxvevaSi saxeldeba minis samelne. samarxis masala 1963 w.
gadaeca mcxeTis arqeologiis muzeums. imis gamo, rom ar arsebobs, arc savele dRiuri,
arc savele davTari da samuzeumo wignSic ar aris daculi misi aRweriloba, nivTis
identificireba ar moxerxda. am garemoebis gamo, am saintereso aRmoCenaze saubrisgan
Tavs SevikavebT.
592
3 kalmistari, romlebic xis gulaze verclis furclis SemokvriTaa
miRebuli (afaqiZe. . . 2003: 81-123). sawer mowyobilobaze mocemuli ber-
Znuli teqstebi waikiTxa T. yauxCiSvilma, da II-III saukuneebiT daa-
TariRa3. misi mosazrebiT xelsawyo mefe ustamoss ekuTvnoda, xolo
evgeniosi misi moxele-mwerali unda yofiliyo, romelic am xelsawyos
iyenebda (yauxCiSvili 2003: 124-127).
samelneebTan erTad4 aRmoCenilia saweri Cxirebi – stilosebi da wkirebi,
romlebic damzadebulia vercxlisgan, brinjaosa da Zvlisgan. formebis
mixedviT ase jgufdebian: 1. Zvlis Tav-bolo wamaxuli Cxiri (sveticx-
ovlis #6 samarxi); 2. Zvlis wverwamaxuli da waxnagovani qudiseburi
Tavis mqone stilosebi (sveticxoveli #6, baiaTxevi #35 kramitsamarxebi);
3. Zvlis wverwamaxuli da cxovelis figurulTaviani stilosi5 (baiaTx-
evis #35 samarxi); 4. xis gulaze Semokruli vercxlis furclisgan
damzadebuli wverwamaxuli da gadaWrilTaviani wkirebi (sveticxovlis
#14 kramitsamarxi).
yvela aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi samelneebic da stilosebic imeoreben
antikur dasavleTSi gavrcelebul saweri mowyobilobis formebs, rom-
lebsac iyenebdnen, rogorc melniT werisTvis, ise grifelis dafaze
sawerad. magram, vinaidan mcxeTis SemTxvevaSi stilosebi samelneebTan
erTadaa aRmoCenili, cxadia, isini melniT werisTvis gamoiyeneboda.
garda am xuTi kompleqtisa, arqeologebi miuTiTeben stilosebis mcxeTa-
Si aRmoCenis kidev ramdenime SemTxvevas: samTavros 1959 w. kramitsamarxs,
sveticxovlis #11 samarxs, sveticxovlis Crd. kedlis gareTa monakveTs
da armazcixes – sul 6 Zvlisa da erT brinjaos stiloss, romlebic
formebis mixedviT ase jgufdebian: 1. mrgvalganivkveTiani Tavwawvetebu-
li Cxiri (sveticxoveli #11 samarxi, samTavros 1959 wels aRmoCenili
kramitsamarxi, armazcixis kulturuli fena), 2. aseTive Cxiri, romel-
sac Semsxvilebuli xelis mtevnis moyvanilobis Tavi aqvs (sveticxov-
lis Crd. kedelTan kulturuli fenidan, samTavros #409 samarxi), 3.
wverwamaxuli da kvadratuli da WvirulTaviani stilosi (sveticxovlis
Crd. kedelTan kulturuli fenidan), 4. brtyelganivkveTiani Zvlis Cxiri,
romelsac yaisnaRiseburi Tavi aqvs (armazcixe), da 5. brinjaos wverwamax-
uli da oTxwaxnagovani SemsxvilebulTaviani stilosi (sveticxovlis
Crd. kedelTan kulturul fenaSi).
aRniSnuli artefaqtebi, romelTac arqeologebi stilosebad miiCneven,
garda erTisa (armazcixeze aRmoCenili yaisnaRiseburTaviani Zvlis nivTi-
sa), ZiriTadad imeoreben mcxeTaSi, sawer mowyobilobebTan erTad aRmo-
Cenili stilosebis formebs. magram, rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, msgavs
formebs mcxeTaSi sakinZebisTvisac iyenebdnen. magaliTad, moviyvanT
or SemTxvevas: Zvlis stilosad miCneuli Rero, romelic aRmoCnda
sveticxovlis Crd. galavnis gareT, kulturul fenaSi da samTavros
3 samarxis TariRi ufro dazustda (III s. dasawyisi) masSi aRmoCenili sakidebisa da
medalionebis Seswavlis safuZvelze, romelzec romis imperatoris markus avreliusis
meuRlis, faustinas, Svilis lucilas da lucilas bavSvebis gamosaxulebebia mocemu-
li (mSvildaZe 2018: 103-117)
4 garda baierniseuli samelnisa
5 samwuxarod, aRniSnuli stilosi muzeumSi ar iZebneba
593
 #409 samarxSi, zedmiwevniT msgavsia 2014 w. fiqrisgoris samarovnis 1985: 111), rac imaze mianiSnebs, rom saweri mowyobilobebi ucxo eTno-
#48 samarxSi, micvalebulis Tavis areSi aRmoCenili Zvlis sakinZisa sis mcxeTel mosaxleobas ekuTvnoda. rac Seexeba sveticxovlis ezoSi
(maisuraSvili... 2018: 26-27); armazcixeze, erT-erT saxlSi aRmoCenili Zv- dakrZalul qalbatons, romelsac penali ekuTvnoda, TiTze gakeTebuli
lis stilosad miCneuli nivTi aseve msgavsia 2014 w. fiqrisgoris #32 saxelobiTi sabeWdavis mixedviT is qarTlis dedofal ulpiadaa miCneuli
samarxSi, micvalebulis TavTan aRmoCenili Zvlis sakinZisa (maisuraSvi- (mSvildaZe m. 2017: 53-61)8.
li... 2014: 21). es ori magaliTic uCvenebs, rom zRvari sakinZsa da sti-
loss Soris mxolod maT samarxSi aRmoCenis adgilsa da konteqstualur mcxeTaSi, sawer mowyobilobebSi stilosebi gansxvavebuli raodenobiT
nawilze gadis. xolo Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT, imasac, rom stilosad 1-dan 3-mde erTeuliTaa aRmoCenili, rac vfiqrobT, misi mflobelis mas-
moazrebuli artefaqtebis samarxebSi aRmoCenis adgili dafiqsirebuli Tan Sexebis sixSiriT unda iyos ganpirobebuli.
araa, maTi funqciuri identificireba kidev ufro rTuli gaxdeba. rac
Seexeba kulturul fenebSi aRmoCenil artefaqtebs, vfiqrobT, maTi sti- amdenad, qarTlis dedaqalaqSi aRmoCenili saweri mowyobilobebi adas-
losad miCneva an ar miCneva, erTnairi albaTobiT SeiZleba. turebs, rom gvianantikuri periodis mcxeTaSi wera-kiTxvis codna ar
warmoadgenda samefo privilegias da is qalaqis saSualo fenis war-
mcxeTaSi mopovebuli saweri mowyobilobebis aRmoCenis mixedviT 4 momadgenelTa nawilSic iyo gavrcelebuli, rac garesamyarosTan misi
konkretuli adgili ikveTeba: 1. samTavros samarovani, 2. baiaTxevis sama- mWidro kavSiris Sedegs warmoadgenda.
rovani, 3. sveticxovlis taZris ezo da 4. mcxeTa-qalaqi. maTgan erT
SemTxvevaSi, sawer-kalmebi nasaxlar fenebSia mikvleuli (sveticxovlis
galavnis Crd. kedlis gayoleba, Tu ki maT saweri mowyobilobis nawilad
miviCnevT), danarCeni ki – samarxebSi. aucileblad unda gavusvaT xazi
imasac, rom lokaciebidan erTi samefo samyofelia: sveticxovlis ezo _
samefo samoTxe da samarovani, danarCeni ki mosaxleobis farTo masebisT-
vis gankuTvnili samarovani (mcxeTa-qalaqi, samTavro, baiaTxevi). aRniSnul
samarovnebze ikrZalebodnen, rogorc sazogadoebis maRali, ise saSualo
da dabali fenebi, eTnikurobis TvalsazrisiTac sakmaod gansxvavebuli.

Tu Tvals gavadevnebT saweri mowyobilobebis aRmoCenis adgilebs da

kompleqsebs, davinaxavT, rom isini dadasturebulia rogorc mdidrul
inventarTan, ise SedarebiT Raribul samarxebSi. mdidruli samarxebi
(sveticxovlis #6,14 samarxebi) samefo fenas unda miekuTvnebodes, dan-
arCenebi ki _ SeZlebuls da saSualos (meomrebi, vaWrebi, xelosnebi, sa-
suliero pirebi). am monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT, unda vigulisxmoT, rom
wera-kiTxva icoda ara mxolod sazogadoebis aristokratulma saero Tu
sasuliero nawilma, aramed sxva socialurma fenebis warmomadgenlebac -
vaWrebma, meomrebma, xelosnebma.

mcxeTaSi aRmoCenili saweri mowyobilobebis umetesoba eqsporti unda

iyos. yovel SemTxvevaSi, baiernis mier aRmoCenil brinjaos samelnes,
g. lomTaTiZis miTiTebiT, Zirze aqvs damRa, romelic ambobs, rom is
kalpurnis saxelosnoSia6 damzadebuli (lomTaTiZe 1977: 29).

sakiTxze muSaobis dros Cveni yuradReba miiqcia iman, rom 1. saweri

mowyobilobebis xuTi SemTxvevidan oTxi qalbatonis samarxSi iyo aR-
moCenili da 2. am xuTi SemTxvevidan sami kramitsamarxSi dadasturda,
xolo erTi qvis sarkofagSi7. rogorc mcxeTis teritoriaze aRmoCe-
nilma kramitsamarxebma cxadyo, am ti pis samarxebi ZiriTadad ucxo
eTnikuri mosaxleobis sakrZalavs unda warmoadgendes (sixaruliZe a.,

8 am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT unda SevniSnoT isic, rom saqarTvelos teritoriaze

6 kalpurni gaxldaT qalaqi romis espanur provinciaSi, saidanac warmodga cno-
bili kalpurnebis gvari. araa gamoricxuli, rom iq efunqcionera liTonis saxelosno-
sac.
7 baierniseuli samarxis ti pze monacemi ar gvaqvs.
dResdReobiT aRmoCenili saweri mowyobilobebi an misi calkeuli nawilebi mx-
olod mcxeTaSi da SavizRvis sanapiro qalaqebSia mikvleuli (aRniSnulis Ses-
axeb ixileT: kviciani z. dasavleT saqarTvelosa da romis imperiis kulturul
urTierTobaTa istoriisaTvis (ax.w.aR. I-IV ss.). Tb., 1997, gv.72-80), anu iq, sadac ucxo
eTnikuri mosaxleobis xvedriTi wili mniSvnelovani iyo.

594 595
 bibliografia
1. afaqiZe a., kalandaZe a., nikolaiSvili v.,
didi mcxeTa 1975. arqeologiuri kvle-
va-Ziebis Sedegebi, mcxeTa, II, Tb., 1978
2. afaqiZe a., yifiani g., nikolaiSvili v.,
manjgalaZe g., kapanaZe m., sveticxovlis
ezoSi Catarebuli arqeologiuri sa-
muSaoebi. mcxeTa 2001. 2001-2002 wlebis
savele arqeologiuri kvleva-Ziebis Se-
degebi, angariSebi, VI samecniero sesia,
Tb., 2003
3. lomTaTiZe g., saqarTvelos mosaxleo-
bis kultura da yofa I-XIII ss. (ar-
qeologiuri masalis mixedviT) Tb., 1977
4. maisuraSvili n., diRmelaSvili q., mSvil-
daZe m., wowelia m., koberiZe k., janaSvili
n., Caduneli n., fiqrisgoris samarovani,
Tb., 2018
5. mSvildaZe m., ulpias sabeWdavi beWdis
Seswavlis sakiTxisaTvis. ivane javaxiS-
vilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universitetis saqarTvelos istoriis
institutis Sromebi, XII. Tb., 2017
6. mSvildaZe m., flaviusebisa da antoniu-
sebis saimperatoro gvarTan dakavSire-
596
buli nivTebi sveticxovlis #14 mdi-
druli akldamidan. ivane javaxiSvilis
saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo uni-
versitetis saqarTvelos istoriis in-
stitutis Sromebi, XIII, Tb., 2018
7. nikolaiSvili v., giunaSvili g., baiaTxevi,
mcxeTa, X, Tb., 1995
8. sixaruliZe a., abuTiZe a., mogvTakaris
samarovani (katalogi). mcxeTa, VII, Tb.,
1985
9. yauxCiSvili T., berZnulwarweriani
nivTebi mcxeTidan. 2001-2002 wlebis
savele arqeologiuri kvleva-Ziebis
Sedegebi, angariSebi, VI samecniero se-
sia, Tb., 2003
10. Apakidze A., Kipiani G., Nikolaishvili V., A rich
burial from Mtskheta (Caucasian Iberia) ANCIENT
WEST and EAST. VOLUME 3. NO 1. Brill. Lei-
den, Boston, 2004
11. Elisabeth Lalou. Les tablettes de cire medievales.
Bibliotheque de l’ecole de chartes, T.147, 1989
12. Борухович В. Г., В мире античных свитков. Под
редакцией профессора Э. Д. Фролова. Саратов:
Издательство Саратовского университета, 1976
Ketevan Digmelashvili
National Agency for Cultural Heritage Preservation of Georgia,
Doctor of History
WRITING
IMPLEMENTS
FROM
MTSKHETA
At present, the writing utensils discovered on of upper, as well as middle and lower-class so-
the territory of Mtskheta are dated back to II-IVciety, belonging to quite different ethnicities,
cc. They are represented in three types: 1. Sty- were buried in the above-mentioned burial
lus; 2. Stylus together with an inkpot; 3. Stylus,
grounds. With consideration of the burial com-
inkpot and a pen-case; plexes, it should be assumed, that not only the
rulers were literate, but the people belonging
Both inkpots and styluses, discovered in to the religious circles, traders and warriors, as
Mtskheta, repeat the forms of writing utensils well.
spread in the Antique West, used for writing
with ink, and on slateboard, as well. The writing utensils, found in the capital of
Kartli, prove that literacy in Mtskheta, in the
In Mtskheta, in certain cases, the writing uten- period of Late Antiquity, wasn’t a royal privi-
sils, were discovered in ruined settlement lay- lege, and it was spread among the representa-
ers, in other cases - in the burial grounds. Out tives of the middle-class society of the city, as
of these teritories, Svetitskhoveli yard was the well; that was a result of the close contacts with
royal area, and others were the burials intend- the external world.
ed for the ordinary people. The representatives
597
 esma mania saukuneebiT daTariRebul palimfsestur furclebze. es pirveli teqstebi
gadawerilia mTavruli anbaniT, maTSi dasturdeba aRniSnuli epoqis eno-
k. kekeliZis saxelobis brivi Tavisebureba – zmnis subieqturi da obieqturi pirebisa da xarisx-
xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, is formebis „xan“ prefiqsiT warmoeba. amitomac aseT teqstebs „xanmet“
xelnawer-siZveleTa dacvis departamenti, redaqciebs uwodeben. palimfsestur furclebze gadawerili oTxTavebi
mecnier-TanamSromeli, filologiis doqtori jer kidev ar aris gaformebuli sazedao asoebiTa da sxva ornamentuli
elementebiT.

qarTuli calkeuli Zeglebis Targmnis paralelurad Sedga saRvTismsaxuro-litur-

gikuli daniSnulenis krebulebi: 1. leqcionari – samrevlo da samonas-
xelnaweri tro msaxurebaSi sxvadasxva dResaswaulisTvis dadgenili wesgangeba, ro-

wignis melic moicavs Zveli da axali aRTqmis teqstebs; 2. iadgari – mTeli wlis
saRvTismsaxuro teqstebi, fsalmunisa da bibliis sxva wignebidan Sesabam-
tradicia isi sakiTxavis erTobliobiT. Semdgom epoqaSi isini saTaves udeben sxva-
dasxva Sinaarsis saRvTismsaxuro krebulebs: Tveni, marxvani, paraklitone-
bi da a.S.; 3. mravalTavi – RvTismsaxurebis damxmare krebuli. aerTianebs
saeklesio kalendarze gawyobil wm. mamaTa qadagebebs, agiografiul Tx-
qarTuli xelnaweris istoria sasuliero wignebis
zulebebsa da apokrifebs.
gadaweriT da TargmniT iwyeba. igi kvaldakval
misdevs qarTvelTa mier qristianuli kulturis
monastrebi warmoadgendnen mTavar skri ptoriumebs, romelTa saqmianoba
SeTvisebis, axali codnis miRebisa da gamyarebis
Tanamedrove qristianul samyarosTan mWidro kulturul-sarwmunoebrivi
process. xelnaweri wigni saxelmwifoebrivi da
kontaqtebis safuZvelze viTardeboda. magaliTad, qarTvelTa moRvaweobis
kulturuli statusis erT-erT mTavar sayrdenad
kvals palestinaSi da beTlemis maxloblad qarTvelTa monastris arse-
iqceva, rac xels uwyobs formiTa da daniSnulebiT
bobas italieli arqeologis, virjilio korbos, mier 1952-53 ww-Si aRmoCeni-
gansxvavebuli xelnawerebis Seqmnas, kerZod, yovel-
li sami qarTuli mozaikuri warwera (VI-VII ss.) da monastris nangrevebi
dRiuri samonastro saWiroebisTvis gankuTvnili
adasturebs. monasteri Teodore tironis saxelobis yofila. savaraude-
wignebis paralelurad, yalibdeba mcire formis
belia, rom am monasterSi samwignobro saqmianobasac eweodnen, magram aq
sada sabermonazvno, mdidrulad Semkuli, sagangebod
gadaweril xelnawerebs Cvenamde ar mouRweviaT.
akinZuli „sazeimo“ da piradi kuTvnilebis wignebi.
jvris monasteri ierusalimSi XI saukunis I naxevarSi, bagrat IV-is mefo-
qristianobis gavrcelebisa da qarTuli xelnaw-
bis (1027-1072) wlebSi misive finansuri mxardaWeriTa da sabawmideli moR-
eri tradiciis dasawyisSi qarTuli liturgia sam-
vawis, giorgi-proxores, xelmZRvanelobiT aSenda. jvris monasteri aTonis
revlo-kaTedraluri xasiaTisa iyo da, Sesabamisad,
iverTa monastris msgavsad kulturul-saganmanaTleblo centrad iqca.
saRvTismsaxuro praqtika, upirvelesad, mowodebuli
giorgi-proxorem xeli Seuwyo yvela mniSvnelovani siaxlis Targmnasa
iyo mrevlis ganaTlebisa da RvTismsaxurebaSi misi
da gadaweras, am wignTa ara mxolod palestinaSi moRvawe ber-monazonTa
wignieri CarTvisaken. amitomac, qarTuli eklesiis
Soris gavrcelebas, aramed saqarTveloSi arsebul eklesia-monastrebSic.
wiaRSi moRvawe xelnawerTa Semqmnelebis gansa-
kuTrebuli yuradReba mii pyro bibliam, upirvelesad,
giorgi-proxores xelmZRvanelobiT xelnawer wignTa Seqmnis saqmeSi gan-
axali aRTqmis wignebidan – saxarebam da samociqu-
sakuTrebuli wvlili Seitanes kaligrafebma _ ioane da miqael dvalebma,
lom, xolo Zveli aRTqmidan fsalmunma, dabadebam
miqael Cixuarelma. jvris monastris wignTsacavis Seqmnaze zrunva gior-
da winaswarmetyvelTa (ieremia, esaia, ezra) wignebma.
gi-proxorem monastris mSeneblobis dasrulebamde bevrad adre daiwyo.
maT paralelurad iTargmna da gadaiwera zogier-
jvrisaTvis gankuTvnili xelnaweri wignebi inusxeboda sabawmidis monas-
Ti adreuli apokrifi. mazdianur iranTan mwvave
terSi, sinis mTaze, antioqiaSi - Savi mTis savaneebSi, xolo mSeneblobis
dapirispirebis pirobebSi ganviTarda originaluri
dasrulebis Semdgom gagrZelda amave monasterSi.
agiografiuli mwerloba,gaCnda amave Janris pirveli
qarTuli Targmanebi. 476-482 wlebiT daTariRebuli
sinas mTaze qarTuli kolonia IX saukuneSi Camoyalibda, Tumca qarTvele-
originaluri Txzulebis, „SuSanikis wamebis“, Tanax-
bi iq pirvelad, savaraudod, VI saukuneSi mividnen. sinas mTis monaster-
mad, V saukunis 70-ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi ukve
Si qarTvelebs sakuTari eklesiebic hqondaT. erT-erTi eklesiis aSeneba
arsebobda saxarebis, pavles epistoleebis, fsalmu-
ki dakavSirebulia daviT IV aRmaSeneblis saxelTan (1089-1125 ww.). sinis
nisa da wminda mowameTa, anu agiografiuli wignebi.
mTaze taZrebis mSeneblobas saqarTvelosTvis ara marto sarwmunoebrivi
romlebic qarTvelebma qristianobis miRebisTanave
da kulturuli, aramed didi politikuri mniSvnelobac hqonda.
Targmnes. maTSi uZvelesi Targmanebi gvxvdeba V-VII

598 599
 sinis monasterSi qarTvel berebs sakuTari umdidresi da mravalferovani
wignTsacavi hqondaT Tavisi katalogiT, anu wignebisa da xelnawerebis
nusxiT. sinaze moRvawe erT-erTi qarTvelis anderZidan irkveva, rom iqaur
wignTsacavSi sagangebo oTaxi iyo gamoyofili samkiTxvelo darbazisaT-
vis. iq msurvels SeeZlo esargebla wignebiT, magram maTi gatana akrZal-
uli iyo. sinas mTis qarTuli wignsacavi mxolod adgilze damzadebuli
xelnawerebiT ar mdidrdeboda, mas xSirad emateboda palestinis qarTuli
kerebidan wignebi.

wminda ekaterines monasterSi Tavi moiyares ara mxolod sabawmidelma,

aramed tao-klarjeTidan mosulma mamebmac. sinaze daculi qarTuli xe-
lnawerebis anderZ-minawerebidan vigebT, rom X saukunis II naxevarSi aq
moRvaweobdnen miqael kaTamoneli, iovane-zosime, kvirike miZnaZoreli, ezra
qobulianisZe (dayudebuli), kvirike soxastreli, ioane kumurdoeli, da sxv.

sinis wm. ekaterines monasteris wignsacavSi daculia sasuliero Sinaar-

sis 221 qarTuli xelnaweri wigni da fragmenti, romlebic gadawerilia IX-
XV saukuneebSi. sinas qarTul xelnawer wignTa koleqciaSi inaxeba pir-
veli TariRiani xelnaweri - 864 wels gadawerili e.w. sinuri mravalTavi,
romelic sabawmindis monasterSi gadaweres da SeqminisTanave Sewires
sinas mTas.

XV saukunidan qarTvelebi sinis mTaze aRar Canan.

aTonis iverTa monasteri, igive ivironi, saberZneTSi, qalkedonis naxevarkun-

Zulze mdebareobs. sazRvargareT arsebuli Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis
kerebs Soris erovnuli kulturis ganviTarebaSi aTonma mniSvnelovani
roli Seasrula. bizantiis imperatoris winaaRmdeg ajanyebli barda sk-
liarosis damarcxebaSi qarTulma jarma Tornike erisTavis xelmZRvan-
elobiT gadamwyveti roli Seasrula. Tornikem didZali nadavli igdo
xelT. am fuliT 980 wels monastris mSenebloba daiwyes, romelic 983
wels dasrulda. basili II-m yvela is adgili da sofeli daumtkica, rom-
lebic ioane mTawmindelma da Tornike svingelozma (igive Tornike eri-
sTavi) sTxoves.

iovane qarTveli iyo ara marto pirveli winamZRvari monastrisa, aramed

pirveli iniciatoric qarTuli mwignobrobis Semdgomi ganviTarebisa. man
gauRviva efTvime aTonels mwignobruli interesi da Caaba mTargmnelobiT
mamis (eqvTime ioane mTawmindelis Svili iyo) sicocxleSi mas Targmnili
hqonda ocdaaTamde wigni. ivironSi aseve moRvaweobdnen: iovane grZelisZe,
arseni ninowmideli, iovane xaxuleli da oqropiri, netari beri grigoli,
zaqaria mirdatis Ze da sxv. am moRvaweTa saxelebi im qarTuli xelnaw-
erebis araerT anderZ-minawerSia moxseniebuli, romlebic dResac aTonis
`iovane oqropiris cxovreba~. 968 w.
monasterSi inaxeba. etrati, 257 f., zoma: 15×12 sm.
gadamweri iovane safareli;
X saukunis 70-ian wlebSi oSkis mwignobarTa mniSvnelovani nawili Caeba momgebeli miqael fanaskerTeli
aTonze qarTvelTa koloniisTvis xelnawerTa gadaweris saqmeSi. 977 wels gadaweris adgili xaritonis lavra
stefane dekanozma gadawera wigni - `samoTxe”. X saukunis 70-ian wlebSi H 2124
ioane Ciraim gadawera ioane oqropiris cxovreba. oSkis lavraSi gadawer-
il wignTa Soris gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs 978 wels gadaweril
oSkis biblias. oSkis biblia uZvelesi TariRiani nusxaa qarTuli bibli-
is Semcvel xelnawerTa Soris da Zveli aRTqmis wignebis Targmanisa da

600 601
 redaqciis sakiTxavebis SeswavlisaTvis didi mniSvneloba eniWeba. samive
xelnaweri inaxeba aTonze, ivironis monasterSi.

petriwonis monasteri bulgareTSi, qalaq plovdivTan, mdinare asenicis

marjvena mxares mdebareobs. petriwoni sididiT meorea bulgareTSi. am sa-
vanes didi mniSvneloba hqonda qarTuli kulturis istoriaSi. garkveuli
periodi igi qarTuli mwerlobis umTavresi kera iyo. aq literaturul-fi-
losofiuri skola Camoyalibda, romelic petriwonis saxeliTaa cnobili.
petriwonis monasterma bulgareTis istoriaSic didi roli Seasrula.

xaritinos lavra, igive palavra, ierusalimis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT mde-

bareobs. monasteri IV saukuneSi daarsda, xolo qarTveli berebi palavra-
Si intensiurad X-XI saukuneebSi Canan. 968 wels ioane safarelis mier pa-
lavraSi gadaiwera giorgi aleqsandrielis Txzuleba „iovane oqropiris
cxovreba~. XI saukuneSi moRvawe daviT Tbilelma ki xaxulis monasterSi
yofnisas gadawera iovane oqropiris saxarebis ganmartebis teqsti da pa-
lavris monasterSi gagzavna. es xelnaweri dReisaTvis ierusalimur ko-
leqciaSia daculi.

dRemde SemorCenili xelnaweri wignebis kolofonebis mixedviT, qarTve-

li moRvaweebi golgoTazec Canan. 1049 wels iovane golgoTelis dakve-
TiT miqaelma gadawera „Tveni“ (xelnaweri amJamad inaxeba xelnawerTa
erovnuli centrSi, H-2337). golgoTis monastris sakuTrebas warmoadgenda
1156 wels giorgi dodosis mier gadawerili giorgi mTawmindelis didi
svinaqsari. am regionSi gvxvdeba agreTve dertavisa da derTufas qaTuli
monastrebis kvali.

kappaTa mdebareobda sionis mTaze. XI saukunis dasawyisSi monasteri ara-

bebma daangries. nangrevebis adgilas bagrat IV-is meuRlem borena dedo-
falma da asulma marTa dedofalma axali taZari aages.

XI-XIII saukuneebSi kappaTas dedaTa monasterSi mdidari wignTsacavi yo-

fila, am savanidan CvenTvis ramdenime xelnaweria cnobili. monastris
wignTsacavSi inaxeboda 1167 wels gadawerili paraklitoni (Jer 63), XIII
saukunis giorgi mTawmindelis redaqciis ianvris Tveni (xec, H-2338) da sxv.

kappaTas xelnawerebi gaifanta da wignTsacavi ganadgurda 1244 wels

xvarazmelebis Semosevis dros.

basilis monasteri Taya da amirindo amiraxorebma XV saukunis Sua wleb-

Si aaSenes. monastris biblioTekaSi inaxeboda XIII saukuniT daTariRebu- jruWis II oTxTavi, XII s.
li seqtember-ianvris Tveni. etrati, 278 f., zoma: 24,5×18,6 sm.
gadamweri da momxatveli: miqaeli
Teodores monasteri XVI saukunis meore naxevarSi aSenda, xolo 1635 wels H-1667
beJan da baadur ColoyaSvilebma SeakeTes. aq inaxeboda XII-XVI saukuniT
daTariRebuli Sereuli krebuli (Jer.Geo.17). qarTuli kvali gvxvdeba geT-
simaniaSi, SehanSi, olimpSi, romanaSi, konstantinopolSi.

SedarebiT mogvianebiT mkvidrdeba qarTuli saero Sinaarsis xelnawere-

bis (mxatvruli, saistorio, samecniero, samogzauro) gadaweris tradicia.

Sua saukuneebis qarTul saero xelnawerebSi gvxvdeba Sinaarsobrivad da

602 603
 Janrobrivad mravalferovani mwerlobis nimuSebi, samecniero Tu mxatru-
li Sinaarsis Txzulebebi.
erTiani saqarTvelos daSlisa da politikuri Znelbedobis dros, qarTu-
li samonastro kerebis Sesustebis periodSi, swored saero xelnawerma
itvirTa wignis SemecnebiTi arealis gafarTovebisa da progresuli cod-
nis Semotana-gavrcelebis funqcia.
mxatruli Sinaarsis xelnawerebidan gamorCeulia SoTa rusTavelis poema
„vefxistyaosani“, romlis pirveli vrceli redaqcia e.w. „avaliSviliseuli
nusxa“, XVI-XVII saukuneebiT TariRdeba.
XV saukunidan iqmneba iranuli sagmiro-safalavno eposis „Sah-names“, ro-
gorc prozauli, aseve poeturi qarTuli versiebi.
garda mxatvruli literaturisa, saero xelnawerSi gansakuTrebul yur-
adRebas i pyrobs istoriuli Sinaarsis Txzulebebi. amaTgan gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovania qarTvelTaTvis saistorio mwerlobis unikaluri krebuli
„qarTlis cxovreba“, romelic moicavs qarTveli eris istorias uZvelesi
droidan XVIII saukunemde.
XVII-XVIII saukuneebis saero xelnawerebs Soris mravlad moi poveba qa-
rTuli samarTlis wignebi. aRsaniSnavia vaxtang VI-is samarTlis wignTa
krebuli, romelmac gaaerTiana bibliuri, kaTalikosTa, berZnuli da somxu-
ri samarTali. krebulSi aseve Sedis beqa-aRbuRasa da giorgi brwyinvalis
wignebi, Tavad vaxtangis mier Sedgenili muxlebi. man Seqmna samarTlis
wignTa krebuli, romelic asaxa Tanadrouli iuridiuli yofa.
gviani Sua saukuneebis qarTvelma moRvaweebma didi Rvawli dasdes samecnie-
ro Sinaarsis wignebis Seqmna-gavrcelebas. gadaiwera leqsikografiuli, en-
ciklopediuri, samogzauro, geografiul-kartografiuli, astronomiul-as-
trologiuri, samedicino Sinaarsis wignebi.
samecniero Sinaarsis wignebidan aRsaniSnavia sulxan-saba orbelianis
„sityvis kona“ – qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, romelic gansa-
kuTrebuli movlenaa qarTuli kulturis, enisa Tu samecniero azrovnebis
istoriaSi. qarTul xelnawerTa fondebSi daculia leqsikonis ramdenime
redaqcia. „leqsikoni qarTuli“ moRweulia 50 xelnaweriT, maTgan 9 av-
tografulia.
saero xelnaweris moxatuloba erTian mimarTulebad XVI saukunidan, yal-
ibdeba. igi monastrebSi Seqmnili sasuliero wignis da freskuli mxatv-
robis gamocdilebas efuZneba. mis ganviTarebaze gansakuTrebuli gavlena
e. w. xalxurma nakadmac iqonia, Tumca am jgufis qarTuli xelnawerebi
ZiriTadad mainc sparsuli xelnaweri wignis dasuraTebis gavlenis qveS
iqmneba, rac qveynis politikuri da kulturuli urTierTobebiTaa gap-
irobebuli.
qarTuli beWduri wignis istoria ki 1629 wlidan iwyeba. am wels qarTveli
di plomatis, sasuliero piris nikifore irbaxisa (nikoloz ColoyaSvili)
da italieli mestambe stefane paolinis damsaxurebiT, „romis kaTolikuri
sarwmunoebis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis“ stambaSi daibeWda „qarTuli
604
anbani locvebiTurT“, „RvTismSoblis savedrebeli“ da „qarTul-italiuri
leqsikoni“.
qarTvelTa Rvawli ufro naTlad Cans 1705 wels moskovSi dastambuli „da-
viTnis“ gamocemaSi. swored am wigniT daedo saTave qarTul poligrafi-
ul tradicias. mTeli teqnologiuri procesi (literebis Camosxmidan _
tiraJirebamde) qarTvelTagan iyo organizebuli. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom
„daviTnis“ gamocemisaTvis literebis moskovSi damzadebas win uZRoda
arCil II da aleqsandre batoniSvilis Tavdauzogavi mcdeloba evropuli
wignbeWdvis kulturis qarTul niadagze gadmonergvisaTvis.
aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom zemod dasaxelebuli pirvelnabeWdi wignebi,
saqarTvelos farglebs gareT gamoica ucxour stambebSi ucxo poligraf-
istTa daxmarebiT.
wignis beWvdis qarTul tradicias ki safuZveli vaxtang VI-m Cauyara. 1709
wels misi TaosnobiT TbilisSi daarsda pirveli stamba. vaxtangiseul-
ma stambam sul 13 weli iarseba. stambaSi wignebi ibeWdeboda xarisxian
qaRaldze, iyenebdnen advilad sakiTxav nusxur da asomTavrul Sriftebs,
ornamentul sazedao asoebs. wignebs darTuli hqonda graviurebi, rac maT
gamorCeulobas ganapirobebda.
vaxtangiseul stambaSi pirvelad saxareba daibeWda, 1712 wels ki vefx-
istyaosani. Cvenamde am stambis 20 wignma moaRwia.
wignis kulturul-istoriuli Rirebulebis Sefasebisas sagangebo mniSvn-
eloba eniWeba ydas. wignis Semadgeneli yvela komponentidan (saweri ma-
sala da melani, teqstobriv-redaqciuli Taviseburebebi da mxatvrul-de-
koratiuli sistema) igi yvelaze naklebad uZlebs drosa da saWiroebs
ganaxlebas. uZveles xelnawerebs ar SemorCaT Tavdapirveli ydebi ara
mxolod wignebis gadanacvlebis, aramed maTi xSiri gamoyenebis gamoc.
droTa viTarebaSi, SesaZloa, erTi egzemplari ramdenjermec ki akinZuliyo
da Casmuliyo ydaSi.
dRes Cven xelT arsebuli tyavis ydebis didi umravlesoba XVII-XIX sauku-
neebiT TariRdeba.
xelnaweri wignis SeqmnaSi saero aristokratiis CarTvis Semdgom gvxvde-
ba mdidrulad Semkuli Weduri ydebi. es procesi saTaves XI saukunidan
iRebs. am epoqis Weduri ydis mqone Sav mTaze, kali posis lavraSi, gadaw-
erili xelnaweri amJamad inaxeba moskovis sajaro biblioTekis SCukinis
koleqciaSi. samwuxarod, ver moaRwia 1054 wels amave samonastro centrSi
gadawerilma, baRvaSTa feodaluri saxlis dafinansebiT moWedili ala-
verdis oTxTavis Wedurma ydam, romlis zust aRwerilobasac vecnobiT
Tavad xelnawerze 1059 wels darTuli anderZidan. swored am anderZis
safuZvelze XVII saukuneSi xelnaweri wignis ydis restavracia iTava
odiSis mTavarma levan dadianma, romelmac wigni tyavisa da mooqruli
vercxlis kombinirebul ydaSi Caasmevina.
qarTuli Weduri ydis unikaluri nimuSebi Seiqmna XII saukuneSi. Cvenamde
moaRwia XII-XIII saukuneebis berTis, tbeTisa da wyarosTavis saxarebebis
Wedurma ydebma. sagangebod dakveTili am ydebis avtorebi arian beqa da
605
 beSqen opizrebi. Aam ydebzeQ tradiciulad gvxvdeba jvarcmisa da vedre-
bis kompoziciebi. am mxriv sainteresoa XII saukuneSi gadawerili gela-
Tis oTxTavis Weduri yda, romlis qveda frTaze gamosaxulia aRdgomis K. Kekelidze National Centre of Manuscripts,
siuJeti. Department of Manuscript Preservation and Registration,
Researcher, Doctor of Philology
rac Seexeba tyavis zedapiris Weduri elementebiT Semkobas, amgvari tradi-
cia Tavs iCens XIV saukunidan (Q-241, A-505, A-499, A-502). gansakuTrebuli
sixSiriT igi Cndeba XVI-XVII saukuneebSi, rodesac feodaluri saxlebis THE TRADITION
warmomadgenlebi aqtiurad erTvebian sagangebod moxatuli Zveli xelnaw-
eri wignebis dacva-restavraciis saqmeSi. OF GEORGIAN
HANDWRITTEN
BOOK
The history of Georgian manuscripts starts
with copying and translation of clerical man-
uscripts. It follows the process of adopting
Christian culture, obtaining and expanding
the new knowledge by Georgians. A manu-
script book becomes one of the main pillars for
demonstrating the statehood and cultural sta-
tus. That encouraged a creation of manuscripts
of different, new forms and purposes; namely,
along with books intended for everyday mon-
astery uses, small size, simple books for monks
and nunneries, richly decorated “ceremonial”
books, as well as books designed for personal
belongings were produced.
Tradition of copying Georgian secular man-
uscripts was spread at a later stage. Among
the Medieval Georgian secular manuscripts,
we come across with compositions of diverse
content and genre, scientific and belles-lettres
writings.
bibliografia
Esma Mania
When United Georgian state got disintegrat-
ed and experienced political hardships, in the
period of weakening of Georgian monastery
centers, secular manuscripts became the main
bearers of the function of expansion an educa-
tional role of a book, as well as introduction
and dissemination of the progressive knowl-
edge.
Georgian public figures of the Late Middle Ages
contributed a lot to creation and disseminatiton
of the scientific books. Books of lexicographic,
encyclopedic, travel, geographic-cartographic,
astronomic-astrologic, medical content were
copied.
History of Georgian publications started in
1629. First printed books were issued outside
of Georgia, in foreign publishing houses, with
the help of foreign polygraphs. The Georgian
tradition of book printing was established by
King Vakhtang VI.

1. menabde l., Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis mer kekelia, lela SaTiriSvili, nestan
kerebi t. II, Tb., 1980 CxikvaZe, Tb., 2018
2. ucxoeTSi gadawerili qarTuli xel- 5. ZvelnabeWdi qarTuli gamocemebi, saqa-
nawerebi saqarTvelos siZveleTsacaveb- rTveloSi dabeWdili wignebi (1709-1818),
Si, Semdgenlebi: vladimer kekelia, naTia Semdgenlebi: dali maCaiZe, manana sam-
mirotaZe, Tamar oTxmezuri, dali Citun- aSvili, tomi I, Tb., 2010
aSvili, Tb., 2018 6. ZvelnabeWdi qarTuli gamocemebi, saqa-
3. qarTuli xelnaweri, Seadgines maia ka- rTvelos gareT dabeWdili wignebi
ranaZem, lela SaTiriSvilma, nestan Cx- (1629-1800), Semdgenlebi: feride kvaWanti-
ikvaZem, Tamar abulaZis monawileobiT, raZe, dali maCaiZe, ana jajaniZe, maia di-
meore gadamuSavebuli gamocema, Tb., 2018 asamiZe, tomi II, Tb., 2013 TavSi - „ena, damweroloba, mwignobroba~ gamoyenebulia d. maisuraZis qarTuli anbanis
4. qarTuli xelnaweri wigni sazRvarga- 7. http://geomanuscript.ge/ ilustracia da vizualuri masala eleqtronuli albomidan „qarTuli xelnaweri wigni,
reT, Semdgenlebi: maia karanaZe, vladi- V-XIX ss.“, Tbilisi, 2010

606 607
608 609
610 611
 religia
saqarTveloSi

612 613
 TaTia TevdoraSvili
saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis
dacvis erovnuli saagento,
muzeumebisa da muzeum-nakrZalebis
samsaxuris TanamSromeli, xelovnebaTmcodne
brinjaos
gravirebuli
sartylebi
mcxeTis
muzeumidan
uZvelesi adamianis mier Seqmnili xelovnebis erTi
metad saintereso da gamorCeuli jgufi brinjaos
gravirebuli sartylebis saxiTaa warmodgenili.
daaxloebiT, Zv.w. II aTaswleulis meore naxevarsa I
aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi, im periodSi, rode-
sac gvianbrinjaos xanas adrerkinis xana enacvleba,
rkina aqtiurad anacvlebs brinjaos da meurneobis
yvela dargSic swored rkinis iaraRs gamoiyeneben.
brinjao, umeteswilad, ukve samkaulebisa da sakul-
to daniSnulebis nivTebis dasamzadeblad moixma-
reba.1
swored am periods ukavSirdeba brinjaos gravi-
rebuli sartylebis warmoqmnac amierkavkasiaSi, Zi-
riTadad, aRm. saqarTvelos, Crd. somxeTisa da das.
azerbaijanis teritoriaze. maTi gavrcelebis ufro
miaxloebiT TariRebad ki mkvlevrebi Zv.w. IX-VII ss-
ebs moiazreben.2
brinjaos sartylebi daaxloebiT 1.5-2mm. sisqis, wa-
grZelebuli formis, kuTxeebSi odnav momrgvalebu-
li, brinjaos furclisagan mzaddeboda, gravirebiT,
an gravirebiTa da punsoniT erTad. maTi sigrZe
daaxloebiT, 80-85sm. sigane ki _ 16-22sm. iyo. sarty-
lebis zogierT nimuSs mrgvali naxvretebi hqonda
datanebuli, rac SesaZlebelia brinjaosave miniatu-
ruli skulpturebis Camosakidad, an sartylis Sida
pirze tyavis an qsovilis amosagebad yofiliyo
1 xidaSeli m., centraluri amierkavkasiis grafikuli xelovneba adreul rkinis xanaSi
(brinjaos gravirebuli sartylebi), Tb., 1982
2 xidaSeli m., dasax. naSromi gv. 18-26
614
gamiznuli.3 gvxvdeba rogorc srulebiT
sada, Seumkobeli sartylebi, aseve, mra-
valfiguriani kompoziciebiTa da uxvi
dekoriT gaformebuli nimuSebi. kompo-
ziciebSi CarTulia rogorc adamianTa,
aseve cxovelebisa da frinvelebis gamo-
saxulebebi. xSiria irmebis, xarebis, jix-
vebis, Tevzebis, gvelebis figurebi, aseve
gvxvdeba cxenebi, ZaRlebi, mglebi, arCve-
bi da sxv. ornamentul motivebs Soris
gansakuTrebiT popularuli spiraluri
formebia, zog SemTxvevaSi ki geometriu-
li saxis, martivi formebiT Seqmnili
ornamentebic gamoisaxeba.
kompoziciuri ganawilebis mixedviT,
1. gamoyenebulia m. xidaSelis sqe-
mebi
sartylebs ramdenime jgufad hyofen.
(sur. 1)
pirveli jgufi yvelaze didi raodenobiTaa SemorCenili, misTvis damaxa-
siaTebelia kompoziciaSi, gamosaxulebebis erT mwkrivad ganlageba.
meore jgufis sartylebs kompoziciis centrSi farTo ornamentuli zoli
miuyvebaT, romlis meSveobiTac gamosaxulebebi frizebad iyofa. sarty-
lis kideebSi ki centrisken wveroTi mimarTuli, ornamentebiT Seqmnili
samkuTxedebi Cndeba. welze Semortymisas am samkuTxedebs rombis forma
unda SeeqmnaT.
mesame jgufis sartylebze horizontalur zolebTan erTad, vertikaluri
svetebic Cndeba. horizontalebi kompozicias kvlav frizebad anawileben,
vertikalebis meSveobiT ki, is kadrebadac iyofa.
meoTxe jgufSi kompozicia aseve frizebad da kadrebadaa dayofili, Tum-
ca, vertikaluri svetebis nacvlad, kadrebs aq adamianTa maRali, Sveuli
figurebi, an ornamentuli saxeebi qmnian.
mexuTe jgufis sartylebi, maqsimalurad datvirTuli gamosaxulebebiT
gamoirCeva. aq sibrtye `xaliCiseburadaa~ Sevsebuli.4
brinjaos sartylebis samecniero Seswavla daaxloebiT XIX s-is meore na-
xevridan daiwyo. axal aRmoCenaTa da kvlevis paralelurad ki samecniero
wreSi gamoikveTa mosazreba, rom sartylebis mniSvneloba istoriul-ar-
qeologiuri mimarTulebis paralelurad, saxelovnebaTmcodneo Tvalsaz-
risiTac metad didia. sartylebis kompoziciebSi mTeli rigi sistemebis
arseboba, Tu saSemsruleblo ostatobis Taviseburebani am mosazrebas
udavod adasturebs.
paralelurad ki umniSvnelovanesia sartylebis semantikuri analizi. ro-
3 lorTqifaniZe o., Zveli qarTuli civilizaciis saTaveebTan, Tb., 2002, gv. 111
4 xidaSeli m., dasax. naSr., gv. 41-49
615
 gorc cnobilia, winaqristianuli xa-
nis SemoqmedebaSi yoveli gamosaxu-
leba Tavisi simbolur-alegoriuli
mniSvnelobis matarebelia. sartyle-
bis kompoziciebSi gaSlili mTeli
rigi siuJetebi ki am simboloTa gan-
sakuTrebul mravalferovnebas gvTa-
vazobs.

winamdebare naSromis ZiriTadi mi- 5. sqema mogvawoda mcxeTis muzeumma

marTulebac swored gamosaxulebaTa
kompoziciur Taviseburebebsa da maT
semantikur mniSvnelobebze dakvirve-
ba iqneba.
2
ramdenime wlis win mcxeTis muzeumis
dasxva cxovelisa da ramdenime adamianis gamosaxulebaa mocemuli. utri-
rebuli da stilizebuli formebiT aq mgel-ZaRlebi, xarebi, iremi, jixvebi,
gareuli frinveli da monadireebi gamoisaxebian. (sur. 4)
kompoziciuri ganawilebisa da warmodgenili gamosaxulebebis mixedviT,
narekvavis samarovnis am sartyels axlo paraleli eZebneba TrialeTis
samarovansa da kaxeTSi, e.w. `saavadmyofos ezos~ samarovanze aRmoCenil
sartyelTan, sadac imave sqemaSi, mcire gansxvavebebiT, TiTqmis igive siuJe-
tia warmodgenili.

narekvavis samarovnis sartyelze figurebi sakmaod faqizi, msubuqad CaW-

rili monaxazebiT Semoiwereba, Tumca, amavdroulad, sakmaod masiuri for-
mebis gadmocema xerxdeba. TiTqmis yvela figura moZraobaSi gamoisaxeba.
Zlieria siuJeturobisa da TxrobiTobis elementebi, kompozicia mwyobri
sistemiT nadirobis Tematikas eZRvneba.

amavdroulad ki TxrobiTobis paralelurad, mniSvnelovania, rom TiToeu-

3. sqema mogvawoda mcxeTis muzeumma 4 kiTxaven. magaliTad, xarebi mkafiod aqcentirebuli, naliseburi formis
fondebSi daculi brinjaos ramdenime sartylis daTvalierebis SesaZle-
bloba mogveca. im nimuSTa gverdiT, romlebic sakmaod dazianebulia da
romelTa gamosaxulebebis amokiTxva rTulia, yuradRebas i pyrobs ramde-
nime metad saintereso sartyeli, rTuli kompoziciuri siuJetebiT.
erT-erTi aseTia 1978 wels, narekvavis samarovanze aRmoCenili nimuSi.
(sur. 2) brinjaos firfita sakmaod dazianebulia, Tumca, arsebuli sqe-
misa da nino uruSaZisa da revaz davlianiZis statiis mixedviT SesaZ-
lebelia sartylis maxasiaTeblebze yuradRebis gamaxvileba5. (sur. 3)
brinjaos mTliani furclisagan damzadebul sartyelze erTian frizad
gaSlili kompoziciaa warmodgenili. scena irgvliv spiraluri xveulebis
ori rigiT isazRvreba, centrSi ki kvlavac or rigad ganawilebuli sxva-
li gamosaxuleba rTuli simboluri Sinaarsis matarebelia. TiToeuli
cxovelis gamosaxulebaSi mkvlevrebi calkeul semantikur niSnebs amoi-
rqebiT yovelTvis xvna-TesvasTan dakavSirebul RvTaebaTa hi postasebad
ganixileba. cxovelTa torsebis Wadrakuli motiviT Sevsebasac moxnuli
miwis asociaciur gadmocemas ukavSireben. sxva figuraTa torsebze da-
tanili solaruli niSnebi ki, cxadia, mzis kultis garkveul gandidebas
mianiSnebs.6
amdenad, sartylis kompoziciaSi kargad ikveTeba, rom siuJetis siRrmeSi
rTuli semantikuri wiaRsvlebia Caqsovili. gamosaxulebebi an Tavad gvev-
linebian calkeul RvTaebaTa hi postasebad, an am RvTaebaTa gandidebisaT-
vis arian warmodgenilni.
amave TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa kidev ufro uxvad Semkuli brinjaos
sartyeli nabaRrebis samarovnidan.7 (sur. 5)
kompoziciuri ganawilebis mixedviT, nimuSi meore ti pis sartylebs mie-

6 Урушадзе Н., Бронзовая летопись древней Грузии, Tb., 1984

5 uruSaZe n., davlianiZe r., brinjaos sartyeli narekvavis samarovnidan, `Zeglis megoba- 7 iremaSvili S., nabaRrebis brinjaos sartyeli, saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis
ri~, 1983, #63, gv. 22-24 moambe, 1982, t. 102

616 617
 kuTvneba, sadac boloebSi datanebuli
samkuTxa formebi welze Semortymi-
sas rombis moyvanilobas qmnidnen.
am SemTxvevaSi, siuJeti kidev ufro
rTuli da kompleqsuria. figuraTa
ganawilebac SedarebiT qaoturad ga-
moiyureba, vinaidan, wina nimuSisagan
6 gansxvavebiT, aq erTian swor xazze
dalagebul gamosaxulebebs veRar
vxedavT. Tumca, miuxedavad qaoturo-
bis pirveladi STabeWdilebisa, Tanda-
TanobiT ikveTeba raoden plastikuri
da erTian ritms daqvemdebarebulia
TiToeuli cxovelis gamosaxuleba.
Cazneqili torsebiTa da gadrekili
fexebiT es figurebi TiTqos, erTgva-
ri sazeimo rokvis ritmSic ki arian
7 CarTulni. (sur. 6)
amjeradac mravalferovania cxovelTa saxeebi _ mgel-ZaRlebi, irmebi,
frinvelebi; zoomorfuli saxeebi rTuldeba, rodesac, magaliTad, mgel-
ZaRlebis figuraTa kudebi kvlavac cxovelTa an frinvelTa TavebiTaa
daboloebuli. amgvarad, kidev ufro meti aqcentebi daismis cxovelTa
totemur xasiaTebze.
muSebis gverdiT, gansakuTrebul yu-
radRebas imsaxurebs ornamentuli
motivebiTa da solaruli niSnebiT
Semkuli kidev erTi sartyeli muxaT-
gverdis samarovnidan. (sur. 8)
nimuSi 1980-1981 wlebSi, mcxeTis mud-
mivmoqmedi, arqeologiuri eqspediciis
mier sofel muxaTgverdSi, muxaTgver-
di II samarovanze iqna aRmoCenili.
sartylis zedapirs srulad avsebs
ornamentebi - spiraluri formebi da
maTSi CarTuli, sakmaod mozrdili
mzis gamosaxulebebi.9 (sur. 9)
ornamentebis erTgvarovnebis miuxe-
davad, kompoziciaSi mkafiod ikveTe-
ba mTavari da daqvemdebarebuli mo-
nakveTebi. erTgvarad aqcentirebulia 8
centrSi gaSlili frizi, oTxi mzis
gamosaxulebiT. amasTan, erTmaneTisa-
gan Tanabari manZiliT daSorebuli
mzeebi mkafio aqcentebs svamen spi-
ralur wrebrunvaSi da kompoziciaSi
erTgvar pauzadac gvevlinebian.

TviTon geometriul formebSic mkvlevrebi garkveul semantikur niSnebs erTi zomis, erTmaneTisagan Tanabari
amoikiTxaven. magaliTad, rombebis, samkuTxedebis formebSi, Wadrakulad intervalebiT daSorebuli, urTierT-
daStrixul zedapirebSi miwis, mTebis motivebi, wylis, mdinarebis gamoxa- gadajaWvuli spiraluri formebis
tulebani amoikiTxeba. meSveobiT, sartylis kompoziciaSi aq-
tiuri ritmuli moZraoba gadmoicema.
zoomorful gamosaxulebaTa da ornamentTa simboluri saxe-xatebis gver-
diT, nabaRrebis kompoziciaSi mniSvnelovani elementia anTropomorful amasTan, erTgvar, Sinagan eqspresias
gamosaxulebaTa CarTvac. kompoziciis zeda marjvena kuTxeSi adamianis aZlierebs Tavad ornamentTa moyvani-
msgavsi figurebis erTgvari, ritualuri msvleloba, an ritualuri cekva lobac. TiToeuli spiraluri forma 9
gamoisaxeba. am SemTxvevaSic, miiCneva, rom es rituali kvlavac RvTaebebi- xom erTiani, siRrmisaken swrafuli,
sadmi SeTxovnis da maTi gandidebis gamomxatvelia. mZafri wrebrunvis gamomxatvelia.

amavdroulad ki kidev ufro met yuradRebas aqceven kompoziciis qveda
marjvena kuTxeSi ufro aqtiur moZraobaSi gamosaxul or figuras. es
eqspresiuli, dinamikuri moZraobis cekva bunebisgan miRebuli wyalobis
sapasuxo, sixarulisa da amaRlebuli ganwyobilebis gamomxatvel rokvad
aRiqmeba.8 (sur. 7)
amdenad, amjeradac iqmneba rTuli, kompleqsuri siuJeti - miwaTmoqmedebis,
nayofierebis kultebis gandidebis da maTdami SeTxovnis momentebis erT-
gvari TavSeyra.
formaTa Semomweri xazi faqizia, risi wyalobiTac uxvi ornamentuli for-
mebi, srulebiT ar `amZimebs~ sibrtyes da sanacvlod, sartylis kompozicia
dekoratiulobasTan erTad simsubuqiTac gamoirCeva.
rogorc zemoTac iTqva, zogadad, spiraluri ornamenti brinjaos sarty-
lebis dekoratiuli Semkobisas yvelaze farTod gavrcelebuli elemen-
tia. Tumca, muxaTgverdis sartyels uSualo paraleli mainc ar eZebneba.
kompoziciuri ganawilebis mixedviT, msgavseba SeiZleba davinaxoT, kaxeTSi,
xirsis samarovanze aRmoCenil sartyelTan.

mcxeTis muzeumSi daculi, figuratiuli gamosaxulebebiT Semkuli am ni- fragmentulad SemorCenil sartyelze spiraluri ornamentis ori rigi

8 Урушадзе Н., dasax. naSromi 9 mcxeTa, arqeologiuri kvleva-Ziebis Sedegebi, Tb., 1989, t. IX

618 619
 moCarCoebas uqmnis centrSi mocemul ormag spirals, cxovelTa figureb-
sa da mzis iseTsave gamosaxulebas, rogoric muxaTgverdis sartyelzea
warmodgenili. Tumca, gansxvavebulia, Tavad mzisa da spiraluri formebis
mniSvneloba kompoziciaSi. vinaidan, figuraTa gverdze, es formebi mainc
ufro ornamentis datvirTvas atareben, vidre mTavari kompoziciuri ele-
mentebisa.
muxaTgverdis sartyelze ki mTavari mniSvneloba swored mzes eniWeba.
amasTan, kompoziciuri datvirTvis gverdiT mzis gamosaxuleba mniSvne-
lovania semantikuri TvalsazrisiTac. mzis semantikas aZlierebs TviTon
spiraluri formis ornamentebic, rogorc Tavadac solaruli niSnebi. zo-
gadad, xom miiCneva, rom feradovani laqebis, mravalferovani nakawrebisa,
Tu iseTi niSnebis Semdeg, rogorebicaa wertili, ovali, Rrmuli, Tu wre,
spirali mzis simboluri saxis erT-erT momdevno safexuria.10
maTi Seswavla, aramed, Sesabamisi sarestavracio samuSaoebis ganxorciele-
bis Semdgom, maTi axal samuzeumo sivrceSi eqsponireba.
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, brinjaos gravirebuli sartylebi uZvelesi ada-
mianis Semoqmedebisa da azrovnebis wesis Sesaxeb Zalian saintereso war-
modgenas gviqmnis. samuzeumo sivrceSi gamofenis SemTxvevaSi ki, rodesac
mnaxvels srulyofilad waredgineba arsebuli infromacia - vizualuri
masalisa da teqstualuri ganmartebebis saTanadod Tavmoyris meSveobiT,
SesaZlebeli gaxdeba, rom uZvelesi adamianis Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb farTo
sazogadoebisTvisac gaxdes cnobili.

rogorc cnobilia, mzis, rogorc qveynierebis manaTobeli, udidesi var-

skvlavis, mniSvneloba, uZvelesi adamianis cnobierebaSi ganuzomlad di-
dia. adamianTa rwmena-warmodgenebSi, is xSirad yovelives sawyisad da war-
momqmnelad moiazreboda, mzesTan akavSirebdnen sicocxlesac. mzis kulti
gavrcelebuli iyo iseT uZveles civilizaciebSi, rogorebicaa egvi pte,
Zveli aRmosavleTi – Sumerebi, CineTi, iaponia, aseve gvxvdeboda mezoame-
rikul, indoevropul tradiciebSi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mzis kulti ar-
sebobda, yvela im xalxis tradiciaSi, romelic cxovrebis wesis mixedviT,
momTabare mesaqonleobidan miwaTmoqmedebaze gadadioda.

yovelives manaTobel ciur sxeuls uZvelesi adamiani, ZiriTadad, dadebiT

Tvisebebs miawerda. gavrcelebuli rwmeniT, mze uzenaesobasTan, umaRles
ZalauflebasTan asocirdeboda. masTan akavSirebdnen sibrZnes, samarTlia-
nobasa da gmirul sawyiss. mnaTobi miiCneoda RvTaebriobis sawyis sim-
bolod, an mis gamovlinebad da saxe-xatad. SeiZleba gavixsenoT Tundac,
Zvelegvi pturi mzis RvTaeba - `ra~.

yvela am faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT, unda vifiqroT, rom muxaTgverdis

sartyeli, spiraluri formebiTa da mzis gamosaxulebebiT mTlianad mzis
kultisadmi miZRvnili nawarmoebia da mzis gandidebisa Tu misdami SeT-
xovnis erTgvar gamomxatvelad gvevlineba.

saerTo jamSi, zemoganxiluli ramdenime nimuSis magaliTze, SeiZleba iT-

qvas, rom mcxeTis muzeumis koleqcia, brinjaos gravirebuli sartylebis
saxiT, uZvelesi adamianis Semoqmedebis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes nawils bibliografia
warmogvidgens. figuratiuli, Tu ornamentuli gamosaxulebebiT Semkuli,
araCveulebrivi mxatvruli ostatobiT Seqmnili gravirebuli sartylebi
rTuli simboluri niSnebis matarebelia. erTi mxriv, am nimuSTa semanti- 1. iremaSvili S., nabaRrebis brinjaos sar- 5. xidaSeli m., centraluri amierkavkasiis
kaSi iSleba uZvelesi adamianis rwmena-warmodgenaTa rTuli speqtri. amav- tyeli, saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa grafikuli xelovneba adreul rkinis
droulad ki saxezea saocrad daxvewili mxatvruli ostatoba da Zlieri akademiis moambe, Tb., 1982, t. 102 xanaSi (brinjaos gravirebuli sar-
SemoqmedebiTi muxti. 2. lorTqifaniZe o., Zveli qarTuli civi- tylebi), Tb., 1982
lizaciis saTaveebTan, Tb., 2002 6. Урушадзе Н., Бронзовая летопись древней
amdenad, winaqristianuli xanis xelovnebis nawarmoebTa es jgufi namdvi- 3. mcxeTa, arqeologiuri kvleva-Ziebis Se- Грузии, Tb., 1984
lad gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs. mniSvnelovania ara mxolod degebi, Tb., 1989, t. IX 7. Урушадзе Н., Изобразительная символика
4. uruSaZe n., davlianiZe r., brinjaos sar- палеолита Грузии, Tb., 1989
tyeli narekvavis samarovnidan, `Zeglis
megobari~, 1983, #63
10 Урушадзе Н., Изобразительная символика палеолита Грузии, Tb., 1989, gv. 32-33

620 621
 Tatia Tevdorashvili
National Agency for Cultural Heritage Preservation of Georgia,
Specialist at Museums and Museum-Reserves Unit,
Art Historian

ENGRAVED
BRONZE
WAISTBANDS
FROM
MTSKHETA
MUSEUM
Engraved bronze waistbands are one of the ex- The present article, basically, refers to the
tremely interesting groups of creative activities bronze waistbands, preserved in the Mtskheta
of ancient humans. The waistbands were made Museum. Relatively well-preserved samples
approximately in the second half of the II Mil- – the waistbands from Narekvavi, Nabaghre-
lennium B.C. and first half of the I Millennium bi and Mukhatgverdi burials are discussed in
B.C., mainly on the territory of East Georgia, the context of parallel materials. In each case,
North Armenia and West Azerbaijan. focus is made on their compositional charac-
teristics and content-related aspects. The main
According to compositional schemes, belts are semantic signs, that could be read in the depic-
divided into several groups. It is remarkable, tions of the waistbands, are discussed, as well.
that together with simple, undecorated ones,
those, decorated with multi-figure scenes and
abundant ornaments occur. Compositions pres-
ent the images of humans, as well as, fantastic
animals and birds. Ornamental motives, where
spiral shapes are the most popular, are also very
abundant and diverse.

622 623
 nino abakelia
ilias saxelmwifo universiteti,
profesori emeritusi
sartylis
semiotikuri
kodebis
SeswavlisaTvis
qarTul
kulturul
praqtikaSi
winamdebare statia ikvlevs sartyels, rogorc sa-
mosis vizualur niSanTa sistemis nawils, misi sim-
boluri velebis gamovlenas qarTul kulturul
praqtikaSi da gansxvavebul (adamianTa da kosmiur)
saufloebSi maT funqcionirebas. am mizniT, anal-
izisas gamoyenebulia rogorc eTnografiuli, aseve,
arqeologiuri masala.
qarTvelTa cocxal yofaSi daculi wes_Cveulebe-
bi da saqarTvelos teritoriaze aRmoCenili ar-
qeologiuri masalebi cxadyofs, rom sartylebs
ZvelTaganve didi mniSvneloba hqondaT e.w. gadasv-
lis ritualebSi.1
saqarTvelos teritoriaze aRmoCenilia Zv.w. me-9
– me-7 saukuneebiT daTariRebuli adrebrinjaos
xanis gravirebuli sartylebi, romlebic, agreTve,
gvxvdeba dRevandeli somxeTisa da azerbaijanis
teritoriebze (xidaSeli 1982, 11-26).
ramdenadac sartyeli,rogorc nivTi,droSi,sivrcesa
da kulturis konteqstSi funqcionirebs, aRniSnuli
artefaqtebi, rogorc vizualuri masala, werilobiT
wyaroebTan da zepirsityvier masalasTan erTad,
1 koncepti `gadasvlis ritualebi~ samecniero mimoqcevaSi pirvelad Semoitana
anTropologma arnold van genepma (1873-1957) naSromSi: gadasvlis ritualebi (1908),
romelSic mis mier klasificirebuli ritualebi aRniSnaven pirovnul an jgufis
identobis cvlilebas (dabadebis, simwifeSi Sesvlis, qorwinebis, dedobis an sikvdilis
dros) da statusis cvlilebas erTi socialuri jgufidan meoreSi gadasvlisas.
aRniSnuli koncepti, aseve gamoiyeneboda sezonur cvlilebebTan dakavSirebuli
ritualebis aRsaniSnavad
624
rwmena-warmodgenebis Seswavlis umniSvnelovanes wyaros warmoadgenen.
semiotikuri perspeqtividan ganxilul sartyels, rogorc materialur
nivTs, ritualis semiotikur sistemaSi CarTvisas niSnis funqcia eZleva,
xolo sistemidan amovardnis SemTxvevaSi, isev nivTad iqceva.Amisi semio-
tikuri statusi, SesaZloa, arsebiTad Seicvalos droSi, sxvadasxvanairad
funqcionirebdes rogorc erTi eTnosis SigniT, aseve, gansxvavebuli eTni-
kuri warmonaqmnisaTvis da icvlebodes situaciis mixedviT (abakelia 2011,
104-112, iqve literatura).
aRniSnuli sartylebis maRali semiotikuri statusi Cans maT ramdenime
maxasiaTebelSi: a). dekorSi, romelic esTetikur CarCoebs scdeba; b). uZve-
lesi kosmologiis anareklSi; g). mis reglamentirebul xmarebaSi da sxv.
is, rogorc semiotikuri statusis mqone sagani, garkveuli saxis miTebTan,
anu sakralur istoriebTan, narativebTan aris dakavSirebuli. aqve aRsani-
Snavia, rom gansxvavebulad gaformebuli TiToeuli sartyeli sxvadasxva
informaciis matarebelia.
brinjaos sartylebma aRmoCenisTanave mravali mecnieris yuradReba mii py-
ro. isini Seiswavleboda, upirveles yovlisa, rogorc xelovnebis nimuSebi
da, Sesabamisad, mkvlevrebs maTSi ainteresebdaT formisa da stilis gan-
viTareba. maT, aseve, ainteresebdaT Tu sad da vin atarebda amgvar qamrebs:
mezobeli urartuelebi, xeTebi Tu sxvebi,2 qalebi Tu mamakacebi, meomrebi,
warCinebulni, Cinianni Tu uCinoni da sxv. (Kozloff, Urushadze 1994; xidaSeli
1982, 2001, 2005; surgulaZe 1987; yifiani, 2000).
mecnierebi sxvadasxva dros maT dekoratiul detalebs xan nayofierebis
simboloTa sferos miakuTvnebdnen,xan miwaTmoqmedebasTan da amiranis epos-
Tan akavSirebdnen da sxv. mag.: jvaredinad gravirebul rombisebr formebs
an kvadratebs Tvlidnen kultivirebul yanebad, gravirebul Strixebs –
wvimad, xolo dawinwklul samkuTxedebs mTis meurneobasTan akavSirebdnen;
gansakuTrebuli maxvili keTdeboda iremsa da xarze, rogorc sameurneo
cxovelebze da sxv. maT, aseve, agrikulturul kalendarTan da Sesabamis-
ad, pirveli kvalis gayvanasTan, TesvasTan da mosavlis aRebasTan da sxv.
akavSirebdnen (Kozloff, Urushadze 1994), bolo dros ki – zogadad, nadirobas-
Tan da purobasTan (ix. xidaSeli 1972, 5-17, 1982, 2001, 2005; surgulaZe 1987).
aRniSnuli artefaqtebis kvlevebSi aqcenti ufro sameurneo saqmianobaze
an nadirobaze iyo gadatanili da naklebi yuradReba eqceoda anturaJs,
romlis SigniTac es simboloebi iyvnen moqceulni.
2 literaturasa da xelovnebaSi geometriuli (Zv.w. 900-700 ww.) da `orientalizebuli~
(Zv.w. 730-600 ww.) periodebisTvis qamrebi, faqtobrivad berZeni gmirebis atributebia.
brZolis dros sartylis meSveobiT SesaZlebeli iyo mefis gamorCeva ubralo
mokvdavTagan
625
 sartyeli ritualSi
zogadad, welze Semortymuli garkveuli saxis qamrebi/sartylebi yofaSi
mianiSneben maTi matareblis konkretul statusze da im Zalebze, rom-
lebsac fiqroben rom maTSia Cadebuli. amave kategoriaSi eqceva voti-
vuri, iniciaciuri an ceremoniuli sartylebi, romlebic yvela xalxis
ritualebsa da tradiciebSi dasturdeba (ix.: Chevalier J., Gheebrant A. 1994).
adamianis sxeulze gars Semortymul da Semokrul (xalxuri gamoTqmiT
– dabmul) qamars qarTul miTo-ritualur sistemaSi dacvis garda bedis
dabmis funqciac gaaCnia (ix. abakelia 1997).
sartyeli rogorc garkveuli pirobis, ficis, aRTqmis gansxeuleba da niSa-
ni, xSirad iRebs sakralur an iniciaciur Tvisebebs da amgvari aspeqtebi
mravali xalxis (da maT Soris qarTvelebis) ritualebsa da tradicieb-
Sic vlindeba.
Zafi, romelic ritualSi Tokisa da jaWvis simbolikas iziarebs, qarTul
eTnografiul yofaSi bedis dabmis ideas unda ukavSirdebodes. amaze ase
fiqris saSualebas iZleva saingiloSi dafiqsirebuli axali wlis Sua
Rames Sesasrulebeli Zveli wesi, romlis drosac ojaxis ufrosi diasax-
lisi rTavs Zafs da Semdeg mZinare vaJebs xelebze abams.
Cveni azriT, aRniSnul ritualSi deda (an bebia) droebiT bedis mwerlis
(romlebic Zafis mrTvelebad da metaforulad adamianTa bedis mqsovele-
bad aRiqmebian) rols iRebs, romlebmac momaval wels unda uzrunvelyos
ojaxis vaJebis iRbali, janmrTeloba da keTildReoba (ufro vrclad ix.
abakelia, 1997, 108-131).
bed-iRblis motivi, aseve, vlindeba bavSvis dabadebasTan dakavSirebul rit-
ualebSi. masTan specialuri salocavi ritualebi asocirdeba (Абакелия
1991,37-64; 96-115).
Tokis Semokvris uZveles wess majaze (sxva SemTxvevaSi welze, yelze
da sxv.) erTis mxriv, SesaZloa damcveli funqciebi hqonoda, xolo meore
mxriv – adamianze sasurveli Tvisebebis (dRegrZelobis, sibrZnis da sxv.)3
`dasabmeli~ saSualeba an garkveuli statusis amsaxveli yofiliyo. mog-
vianebiT, amgvari amuletebi, romlebsac xelze, yelsa da welze Semoir-
tyamdnen, damcveli samajurebis, sartylebisa da yelsabamis forma miiRo
(abakelia: 1997, 108-130).
3 Sdr. Zv. w. III saukuniT daTariRebul vanSi aRmoCenil brinjaos figurebs, romelTac
yelze da xelis majebze oqros rgolebi aqvT Semortymuli, yurebSi ki oqros rgolebi
aqvT gayrili (Лордкипанидзе 1989, 278; kaWarava 1983 , 115-118)
626
sartylis Semortyma da Sexsna
rogorc erTi modalobidan meoreSi
gadasvlis garkveuli piroba
sartylis Sekvrisa da Sexsnis simbolika qarTul sakralur poeziaSi (sa-
kralur sadResaswaulo teqstSi) wm. giorgis saxelTan asocirdeba:
`dResam dReoba visia,
wmindisa giorgisia.
giorgi galavanzeda
uqamro iareboda
giorgis gadmonavalze
xe alvad amosuliyo...~
T. jayelis azriT (1990, 29), zemoT motanil leqsSi gadmocemuli unda iyos
dev-kerpebTan brZolidan dabrunebuli wm. giorgis saxe, romelsac brZol-
idan dabrunebuls sabrZolo qamari Seuxsnia.
sartylis Sebma, mkvlevris azriT, sartylis Sexsnisgan gansxvavebiT omisT-
vis mzadebas aRniSnavs (`emzade gudanis jvaro, welT Samoirtyi xmalia~)
(jayeli, 1990, 29).
Tumca, SesaZloa, igive sxvagvaradac aixsnas Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT sxva
SemTxvevebsac, romlis drosac qamari ikvreba an ixsneba. upirveles yov-
lisa, albaT, mniSvnelovania xazgasma, rom Sekruli qamari, zogadad gai-
azreba rogorc sazRvari sakuTarsa da sxvas Soris da mis moxsnas an
Sebmas gaaCnda garkveuli miznebi da funqciebi. sxvadasxva SemTxvevaSi mas
ixsnidnen mZime mSobiarobis dros mSobiarobaze damswre qalebi (Абакелия
1991) an micvalebulTan dakavSirebul wes-CveulebebSi glovis dros (rac
sxva SemTxvevaSi miuRebeli iyo. ix. T. RuduSauri 2010, 357).
aRweril SemTxvevaTa sxvadasxvagvarobaSi TvalSi sacemia erTi saer-
To mdgomareoba: sartyeli (romelsac sxva funqciebTan erTad, sazRv-
ris simboluri funqciac gaaCnia), ixsneba sxvis (ucxo) sferosTan
kontaqtis dros da komunikaciisa da kontaqtis erTgvari garantiis pi-
roba xdeba. aq vlindeba is, ris gamoc, sartyels semiotikosebi sagani-
Suamavlis funqcias miaweren sakuTarsa da sxvas Soris (ix. Байбурин
1992, 8-10). aqedan gamomdinare, zeviT motanili leqsi SesaZloa asaxav-
des gaxsnas sxva (miRmuri) samyaros mimarT (ix. n. abakelia 2017, 103-112).
sartylis Sexsnisa da Sebmis (Semortymisa da moxsnis) semantikuri am-
bivalentoba, Cveni azriT, unda migvaniSnebdes zRvrul simbolizmsa da
iniciaciaze, ramdenadac Sinidan gareT (saaqaodan saiqioSi4) gasvla erTi
modalobidan meoreze gadasvlas gulisxmobs. zRvris simbolizmTan da-
kavSirebulad migvaCnia, aseve, zemoT xsenebuli brinjaos gravirebuli
4 saiqio qarTul realiaSi ar niSnavs mxolod gardacvlilTa sauflos. is, zogadad,
miRmuri samyaros aRmniSvneli terminia (ix. abakelia 2017,15-45)
627

1. samTavros samarovani
samarxi # 211, saqarTvelos sax.
muzeumi, inv. #12-54/5305
aRmoaCina a kalandaZem, aRadgina
n. uruSaZem
sartylebis dekoric, romelic funqcionalurad uSualod nadirobasTan
dakavSirebuli Cans. (sur. 1)
samonadireo rituali gulisxmobs gaSlas horizontalur, ori ti pis
sivrcul garemoSi _ Sinasa da gareSi _ da, Sesabamisad, sakiTxTan dakavSi-
rebiT vxmarob termin liminaruls (anu zRvruls), romelic Tavis droze
anTropologiaSi van genepma Semoitana droiT da sivrcul planSi, yvela-
nairi cvalebadi socialuri da individualuri procesis Sesaswavlad
(ix. van genepis dasx. naSromi); aRniSnul termins Cven vavrcobT samona-
direo ritualzec da, Sesabamisad, naSromi organizdeba sakiTxze: Tu ras
SeiZleba niSnavdes liminaluri zemoT xsenebul artefaqtebSi, romlebic
naratiul xatebad warmogvidgeba.
liminaluris ganxilvamde, unda aRiniSnos, rom zemoT xsenebuli sarty-
lebis Setyobinebebis gacnobierebas SevyavarT komunikaciis arsSi, rome-
lic adamiansa da bunebas Soris arsebobs da, Sesabamisad, imgvar sivrcul
mimarTebebSi, rogorebicaa opoziciebi Sina/gare, saaqao/saiqio da droiT
mimarTebebSi: amieri/imieri, warmavali/waruvali.
qarTuli, specifikurad kompleqsuri percefcia, Tavisi bunebidan gamom-
dinare, dakavSirebulia mokvdavTaArealobasTan. Sesabamisad, sivrcul da
droiT parametrebSi Sina da gare samyaroTa sivrculi mimarTebebi moce-
mulia istoriebSi, romelic exeba mogzaurobas, sanadirod wasvlas, miax-
loebas sakralur centrTan (abakelia, 2006). es gadasvlebi, romlebic li-
minaluri zonebis gadalaxvas gulisxmobs, aseve, droSi mogzaurobac aris.
saiqioSi Sesvla (gasvla) SesaZlebelia: a) Tu individi iniciacia gavli-
li da rCeulia; b) sakralur dros (magaliTad dResaswaulis dros), an g)
daSvebuli nadirobis dros, rac sakraluri centris mflobel nadirTpa-
trons ukavSirdeba (n. abakelia, 2006, 201-13) da sxv. ix. misive, 2017,15-87).
cnobilia, rom sivrcisa da drois centrebi erTmaneTTan arian dakavSi-
rebulni (Топоров 1983). es is centria, romliskenac monadire iswrafvis. sa-
kralur centramde misvlis gza rTulia. saWiroebs momzadebas: ganbanvasa
da sufTa samosis Cacmas, seqsualur TavSekavebulobas, da rogorc Cven
vfiqrobT, gansakuTrebuli atributebis gakeTebas (es SeiZleba iyos bal-
Ta/sartyeli, beWedi, gvirgvini da sxv.).
628
sartylis dekoridan da funqciebidan gamomdinare, migvaCnia, rom gravire-
buli sartyeli naTlad migvaniSnebs misi mflobelis identobaze – ro-
gorc monadireze, radgan sartyeli rogorc samosis atributi, misi statu-
sis maCvenebeli unda yofiliyo.
sartylis tareba, iseve rogorc monadiris mier magiuri beWdis floba,
romelsac tyis dedofali aZlevs mas, rogorc Tavis rCeuls, migvaCnia, rom
bed-iRbalTan aris dakavSirebuli (ix. ufro meti: abakelia, 2006, 201-213).
daculoba da labirinTis daZlevasTan
dakavSirebuli Tavgadasavali
nadirobis ganviTarebisTanave, adamiani or, erTmaneTis gadamfarav socia-
lur struqturas _ ojaxsa da zrdasrul mamakacTaA kavSirs (Männerbund)
ekuTvnis; da, Sesabamisad, misi samyaro or kategorias moicavs: Sinasa da
gares, daculobasa da Tavgadasavals, qalisa da mamakacis saqmianobas, si-
cocxlesa da sikvdils (Burkert 1983, 18).
eTnografiuli aRwerilobebi im procesis met-naklebi rekonstruqciis sa-
Sualebas iZleva, romelic nadirobasTan aris dakavSirebuli da SeiZleba
daiyos ritualebad, romlebic sruldeboda saxlSi, sanadirod wasvlam-
de, tyeSi Sesvlisas, nadiris monadirebis Semdeg tyeSi da Semdeg, kvlav
saxlSi dabrunebisas.
qarTuli masala, viqrobT, kidev erTi dasturia hubertisa da mosis mier
daxasiaTebuli msxverplSewirvis ritualisa, romelsac isini TvalSi sa-
cemi sammagi ritmiT axasiaTeben. es moicavs sanadirod wasvlamde da na-
dirobis dasasruls Sesasrulebel ritualebs, romelTa mTavar aqts mok-
vla da sikvdilis gancda warmoadgens. v. burkerti aRniSnul sammagobas
adarebs (da es mniSvnelovania) jein harisonis mier (1927 wels) dadgenili
iniciaciuri ritualis sammagobas, romelic παίδοτροφια - απαραγμόσ – άναβίωσι
Seesabameba (1983, 12).
amgvarad, pirveli zRurbli saxlidan (Sinidan) gareT gasvlisas unda ga-
dalaxuliyo. nadirobaSi warmatebisTvis aucilebeli iyo nadirT patro-
nis samyaroSi SeRweva da misi gaSinaureba (kiknaZe 2005, 191). amitom, Sinidan
gasvlisas da tyeSi, nadirT patronis sauflos teritoriaze Sesvlisas,
e.i. monadiris mier meore zRurblis gadalaxvis Semdeg, sruldeboda sa-
locavi rituali, xis qveS sanTlebis danTebiT.5
nadiris mokvlis aqtis dasrulebis Semdeg, monadiris sazrunavi Tanmimdev-
ruli wesebis dacva xdeboda: cxovelis gatyaveba, danawileba (da ganawi-
leba, Tu nadiroba jgufuri iyo), msxverplSewirva da ritualuri puroba.
msxverplSewirvis ritualSi, romelic nadiris mokvlis Semdeg srulde-
boda, saukeTeso nawili iyo Semdegi: gul-RviZli iwveboda da adgilzeve
iWmeoda xmel-ganatexTan (e.i. usarTvo purTan) erTad, romelic am dRisT-
5 xe sxvadasxva jiSis SeiZleba yofiliyo, umetesad ki – naZvi
629
 vis specialurad unda gamomcxvariyo ojaxSi qalis mier.
monadirebuli cxovelis sisxlis daRvra, kvla, danawevreba da Wama, Sewi-
ruli cxovelis Zvlebis Segroveba da tyavSi gamokerva (an tyavis qvaze
gadakvra, rac uZvelesi msxverplSewirvis forma iyo), qalRvTaebis Tayva-
niscemis aqtad iTvleboda. nadirT patronis myofoba msxverplSewirvis
adgilas igulisxmeboda, anu iq, sadac `sakraluri~ ZRveni iwveboda, Zvlebi
grovdeboda da sadac sakurTxevel qvasTan, nanadirevis sisxli epkureboda.
farTod gavrcelebuli rwmena-warmodgenebis mixedviT, nadiri, romlis mok-
vlis uflebac monadires hqonda nadirT patronis mier ganisazRvreboda.
monadire da nadirT patroni `debdnen erTgvar xelSekrulebas~, romelic,
rogorc yvela xelSekruleba, gulisxmobda ormxriv movaleobebs. nadirT
patroni aZlevda monadires nadiris kvlis uflebas (Tumca, limitirebuli
saxiT) da, Sesabamisad uzrunvelyofda mis iRblian nadirobas, keTildReo-
basa da baraqas; amis sanacvlod monadires masTan sasiyvarulo urTier-
Toba unda daemyarebina.
nadirT patroni da monadire
samonadireo wesebis siZvele dasturdeba ara marto artefaqtebiT, aramed,
wes-CveulebebiTac.
raWisa da svaneTis ritualur praqtikaSi dafiqsirebulia saferxulo
simRera; `qalsa visme erqva SroSanao...~, romelic nadirT patrons, saxelad
SroSanas eZRvneba. XIX saukunis bolos dafiqsirebuli aRniSnuli ferxu-
li gazafxulze sruldeboda. mis saTanadod Sesrulebas monadirisTvis
iRbliani nadiroba unda moetana (ix. e. virsalaZe, 1964, 178-180). formatis
SezRudulobis gamo, aq ar SevudgebiT teqstis detalur analizs, miT
umetes, rom is sruli saxiT gamoqveynebulia (ix. n. abakelia 2017,167-204).
amitom, aq mxolod miRebuli daskvniT SemovifarglebiT.
teqstidan vgebulobT, rom monadire qalRvTaeba SroSanas rCeuli gamxda-
ra. rCeulobis niSani ki magiuri beWdis flobaa, romelic misTvis qalRv-
Taebas uCuqebia. kvlevidan gamomdinare, beWdis floba monadires tyis
`droebiT, mokvdav mefed~ aqcevs da misadgoms uxsnis samyaros centrSi
amosul samyaros xesTan... qalRvTaebis mier micemuli beWedi, Cveulebriv,
maTi seqsualuri kavSiris materialur sabuTad aris miCneuli, xolo mog-
vianebiT, es beWedi meuRlis TiTze qalRvTaebis Ralatad miiCneva, ris ga-
moc monadiris bedi ukuRma trialdeba. amgvarad, beWdis floba, garkveuli
azriT, erTdroulad iRblianobacaa da uiRblobac es kargad aris cno-
bili e.w. daRupuli monadiris ciklidan (ix. virsalaZe 1964; kiknaZe 2005,
Charachidzé 1986, abakelia 1988, surgulaZe, 2004).
amgvarad, monadire sazogadoebis is privilegirebuli piria, romelsac
qalRvTaebis keTilganwyobis gamo SeuZlia, neba eZleva mivides sakralur
centrTan, miaRwios samoTxiseul mdgomareobas da droebiT daeuflos
mTlianobas.
monadiris gasvla gareT da Sexvedra qalRvTaebasTan, masTan satrfialo
630
xelSekrulebis dadeba da amiT bedis mopoveba, xdeba misi transformacia
Cveulebrividan araCveulebrivSi, rCeulSi.
labirinTi samonadireo ferxulsa
da brinjaos artefaqtebis "ornamentebSi"
mTlianoba, zemoT motanili wriuli saferxulo ritualebiTac gamoixate-
ba, romelic sruldeba garkveuli sociumis mier. masSi monadireebis garda,
Cveulebriv, monawileobas mTeli mosaxleoba iRebda, radgan am ferxuliT,
e. virsalaZis azriT, kosmiuri movlena _ gazafxulis dadgoma idResas-
wauleboda; teqstze Catarebuli analizi sxva interpretaciis saSuale-
basac iZleva, kerZod, ferxuli, romelsac mTeli sofeli asrulebda, magi-
ur qmedebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos, romelic, SesaZloa, jgufuri nadirobis
dros unda Sesrulebuliyo da romelsac mTeli soflisTvis sikeTe unda
moetana.
simboloebi, romlebic manifestirebulia miTsa (daRupuli monadiris cik-
li) da ritualSi (wriuli ferxulebi), romlebic miTologizebul situ-
aciebSi sruldeboda, aseve, gvxvdeba arqeologiur vizualur masalaSi
kolxeTidan.
aq mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs `dedatosis~ warweriani sabeWdavi-beWedi kolxi
warCinebuli meomris samarxidan.
aRniSnuli beWdis Tvalze gamosaxulia sakraluri xis qveS, Tronosze
mjdomi veluri bunebis qalRvTaeba. marjvena xelSi mas upyria fiala,
marcxenaSi ki sakraluri xis toti. m. lorTqifaniZis mier igi adgilo-
briv eTnikur ti pad aris miCneuli, xolo beWedi _ adgilobriv nawarmad.
igi qalRvTaebas dedatosis mfarvel qalRvTaebad miiCnevs (Лордкипанидзе
1978; lorTqifaniZe 1976).
amrigad, monadire sazogadoebis is privilegirebuli piria, romelsac qal-
RvTaebis keTilganwyobis gamo SeuZlia da neba eZleva mivides sakralur
centrTan, miaRwios samoTxiseul mdgomareobas da droebiT daeuflos
mTlianobas. ferxuls, rogorc `gacocxlebul gzas~ Tavisi ritmiT, te-
qstiT da musikiT, monawileni yoveldRiurobidan gadahyavs sakralur
sferoSi. faqtobrivad, ferxuliT iwyeba monadiris rTuli Tavgadasavali
nadirT patronis saufloSi.
zemoT xsenebuli mTlianoba,motanili wriuli saferxulo ritualiTac ga-
moixateboda. eTnologebis mier Seswavlili wriuli ferxulebi (zemyrelo,
saxato ferxulebi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi) samyaros wesrigs,
nayofierebas,keTildReobas da sxv. ukavSirdeba (ix. alaverdaSvili: 2004,24;
2005). magram,aqve kidev erTxel xazgasasmelia,rom sxvadasxva konteqstSi moq-
ceuli TiToeuli ferxuli gansxvavebuli simboluri mniSvnelobis mqonea.
ras SeiZleba ukavSirdebodes samonadireo ciklSi CarTuli ferxuli da
risi simbolo SeiZleba iyos is? amaze SeiZleba teqstma gvi pasuxos, ro-
melic realurad, qalRvTaebis invokaciaa da misma Sesrulebis wesma, ro-
melsac mTeli sofeli asrulebs. orive, rogorc verbaluri, aseve, araver-
631
 baluri qmedeba erTmaneTs avsebs da exmareba, orive erTad ki _ monadires.
saferxulo moZraobebiT `daxatuli~ forma, Cveni azriT, SesaZloa, identi-
ficirebul iqnas rogorc labirinTi, xolo, cekva, rogorc e.w. labirinTu-
li cekva.
aRniSnul konkretul situaciaSi cekvis mizania gaamxnevos monadire da
gauZRves mas uxilav bilikze, romelic warmavalidan waruvali sferosken
miemarTeba (Sdr. Samanebis cekvas, romelic exmareba Samans gavides sulier
samyaroSi an Sivas cekvas cecxlovan wreSi, romelic Sesaqmes ukavSird-
eba).
magram ras unda niSnavdes am konkretul SemTxvevaSi invokaciis Semcveli
ferxuli? Tu gaviTvaliswinebT sakraluri cekvebis sxvadasxva funqcias
da, aseve, Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT im geometriul naxazs, romelic am
cekvebiT iqmneba, maSin Cven SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom aRniSnuli saferxulo
sakraluri cekvis mizani iyo im bilikis, im gzis daxatva, romelic unda
gaevlo monadires da romelic SeiZleba ganisazRvros rogorc labirin-
Tuli cekva (cekva-labirinTi) an sulier samyaroSi gasasvleli simbolu-
ri gza. sakraluri cekvis mizani iyo monadiris gamxneveba da misi gac-
ileba uxilavi bilikiT, romelsac is unda gaeyvana warmavalidan waruval
samyaroSi.
da purobis scenebTan? sartyeli, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, Tavad unda miu-
TiTebdes mis mflobelze e.i. monadireze, romelsac imisaTvis, rom enadira
samoTxis msgavs sakralur centrSi, qalRvTaebis gulis molboba da Tanx-
moba esaWiroeboda, risTvisac is qalRvTaebis rCeuli unda gamxdariyo.
aRniSnuli rwmena-warmodgenebis fonze gasagebi xdeba Tu ratom srulde-
boda saferxulo simRerebi mTeli soflis mier. es qalRvTaebis invoka-
cias gulisxmobda, rasac monadirisaTvis iRbliani nadiroba unda uzrun-
veleyo. ferxulebis zogadi elementebi moicavs moZraobebis spiralur
kompleqsurobas, gameorebiT reversiebs (erT mxares brunvas, SeCerebas da
Semdeg sapirispiro mxares trials), TiTqosda, ganmeorebadi winaaRmde-
gobebis gamo SeCerebebis Semdeg xelaxal formad qmnas, rac simbolurad
SeiZleba daxveul bilikebs warmoadgendes. sakraluri centris misad-
gomebi rTuli iyo da gmirs (am konkretul SemTxvevaSi, monadires) unda
daeZlia labirinTuli siZneleebi. Cveni azriT, swored saferxulo simRe-
rebis qoreografia labirinTuli konstruqciebis simbolizms avlens.
amgvarad, aRniSnuli ferxulebis teqsti qalRvTaebisadmi mowodebaa/mox-
mobaa; xolo, rac Seexeba saferxulo cekvis qoreografias, is Zneli gzis
sirTuleTa magiuri daZlevis saSualebaa, romelic monadires gzis gavla-
Si unda daxmareboda.
Cveni azriT, ferxulis TuU magiuri labirinTuli cekvis Sesruleba/war-
modgena magiuri da damcavi sartylis floba (SesaZloa, magiur beWedTan
erTad) monadires unda daxmareboda sakraluri centris saxifaTo Ziebasa
da miRwevaSi.

zemoT motanili masalis analizi gvavaraudebinebs, rom sakraluri nad-

iroba uSualod dakavSirebuli iyo sazRvris garRvevasTan da, Sesabamisad,
labirinTis daZlevasTan, romelic, rogorc liminaluri zona, rTuli da
saxifaTo gzis daZlevis simboloa.

2. samTavros samarovnis sartyeli

samarxi #276
inaxeba saqarTvelos sax. muzeumSi, inv.
#12-54/7399

Cveni azriT, igive idea unda iyos gamoxatuli adrebrinjaos xanis gravire-
bul sartylebzec. zemoT xsenebuli gravirebuli brinjaos sartylebis
kideebze SesaZlebelia labirinTis jvaredini modelis identificireba,
romelsac ukve eTnografiul doneze gaaCnda gamokveTili religiuri
mniSvneloba qarTvelebisTvis.

labirinTis modeli (romelic SeiZleba iyos Semdgari koncentruli wree-

bisagan, kvadratebisagan an romelime sxva geometriuli figurisgan) Cveni
azriT, SeiZleba identificirebuli iqnas zemoxsenebul brinjaos gravire-
bul sartylebis kideebze Seqmnil gamosaxulebebTan; labirinTis modeli
eTnografiul doneze avlens gamokveTil religiur funqciebs qarTvelTa
rwmena-warmodgenebSi. (sur. 2)

magram, ra savaraudo mniSvneloba SeiZleba hqondes brinjaos sartylebs,

romlebic mecnierebis mier gaigivebulia RvTiuri (RvTaebrivi) nadirobis

632 633
 bibliografia
1. abakelia n., simbolo da rituali qar-
Tul kulturaSi, Tb., 1997
2. abakelia n., teluriuli da xTonuri
Teofaniebi qarTul miTo-ritualur
sistemaSi, `kavkasiur-axloaRmosavluri
krebuli~, 10, Tb., 2001
3. abakelia n., saganTa funqcionirebis mi-
marTeba miTologiur koncefciebTan da
maTi mniSvneloba eTnikuri specifikis
gamovlenaSi, `qarTveli xalxis eTnoge-
nezi~, Tb., 2002
4. abakelia n., simbolo-analogiebi da im-
plicituri `Teologia~ erT saweso sa-
ferxulo simReraSi, `kavkasiur-axloaR-
mosavluri krebuli~, Tb., 2006
5. abakelia n., sartyeli-balTa kompleq-
sis sakulto da kosmologiuri ganzo-
milebisaTvis qarTul miToritualur
sistemaSi, `anTropologiuri kvlevani~,
Tb., 2010
6. abakelia n., ornamentizebuli dro da
sivrce saqarTvelos teritoriaze da-
cul brinjaos artefaqtebze, semiotika,
Tb., 2011
7. abakelia n., uZvelesi kosmologiuri
konceptebi da arqauli religiuri sim-
boloebi qarTvelTa kulturul mexsie-
rebaSi, Tb., 2017
8. alaverdaSvili q., wriuli ritualuri
ferxulebis simbolikisaTvis qarTuli
eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT, `masa-
lebi saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis~,
25, Tb., 2005
9. alaverdaSvili q., centris simboliki-
saTvis qarTul saweso ferxulebSi
(koSki), `masalebi saqarTvelos eTno-
grafiisaTvis~, XXVI, Tb., 2004
10. virsalaZe e., qarTuli samonadireo epo-
si (daRupuli monadiris cikli), Tb., 1964
11. kaWarava d., brinjaos qandakebebi vani-
dan, `Zeglis megobari~, Tb., 1983
12. kiknaZe z., monadiris ormagi cxovreba,
`masalebi saqarTvelos eTnografiisaT-
vis~, 25, Tb., 2005
13. kvantiZe g., qarTuli Cacmuloba (XVI-X-
VIIIss), Tb., 2019
14. lorTqifaniZe m., arqauli da `arqaizi-
rebuli~ sabeWdavi-beWdebi vanidan, `vani
II~, Tb., 1976
15. surgulaZe i., qarTuli xalxuri orna-
mentis simbolika, Tb., 1986 surgulaZe i.,
sivrcobrivi aspeqtebi qarTvelTa su-
lier da miTologiur warmodgenebSi,
634
Nino Abakelia
Ilia State University,
`masalebi saqarTvelos eTnografiisaT- Professor Emeritus
vis~, 23, Tb., 1987
16. surgulaZe i., miTosi, kulti, rituali
saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2003
17. surgulaZe i., nadirobis Tema qarTul
FOR THE
miTo-religiur sistemaSi, `masalebi sa- STUDY OF
SEMIOTIC
qarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis~, XXVI, Tb.,
2004
18. xidaSeli m., brinjaos mxatvruli damu-
Savebis istoriisaTvis antikur saqarT- CODES OF
veloSi, Tb., 1972 WAISTBANDS
IN GEORGIAN
19. xidaSeli m., centraluri amierkavkasi-
is grafikuli xelovneba adreul rki-
nis xanaSi (brinjaos grafikuli sarty-
lebi), gamokvleva da katalogi, Tb., 1982 CULTURAL
20. xidaSeli m., samyaros suraTi arqaul
saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2001
PRACTICE
21. xidaSeli m., rituali da simbolo ar-
qaul kulturaSi, Tb., 2005 This paper studies Semiotic Codes of waist- a belt, which is compared to maze construc-
22. RuduSauri T., micvalebulTan dakavSi- bands in Georgian cultural practice, which tions. As a result of the research, it has been
rebuli wes-Cveulebi, wignSi: `saqarTve-
are discussed both in ethnographic, as well stated that the maze, engraved on a belt, in
los eTnografia/eTnologia~, Tb., 2010
as archeological perspectives. The research is ethnographic culture corresponds to dances of
23. yifiani g., brinjaos Wvirul balTaTa
atribuciis sakiTxebi, `kavkasiis macne~,
focused on bronze belts dated back to IX-VII magic functions, which the author considers
#1, Tb., 2000H cc. B.C., which also appear in the neighboring to be a variation of maze dances. Overcoming
24. jayeli T., sauflo xe alva, `jvari vazi- countries. maze obstacles and constructions is one of the
sa~, #2, Tb., 1990 main requirements for entering the realm of the
25. Burkert W., Homo Necans, The Anthropology of The bronze belts used to be studied as works ruler of beasts.
Ancient Greek Sacrificial Ritual and Myth. Trans- of art, and the researchers were interested in
lated by P. Bing. University of California Press. correlation of their shape and style. Also, while The article demonstrates that the dance, per-
Berkley, Los Angeles, London, 1983 studying the artefacts, focuses were made on formed by the whole community, was a magic
26. Charachidzé G., Promethee ou le Caucase, Essai agricultural activities or hunting (Kozlov, Uru- activity, which may have been performed prior
de mythologie contrastive, Flammarion, P., 1986 shadze, Khidasheli, Surguladze, etc.), therefore to group hunting (or before the hunting season),
27. Chevalier Jean, Alain Gheebrant, The Penguin Dic-
less attention was paid to their importance, as meant to bring the good for the whole village.
tionary of Symbols (translated from the French by
objects, their functions and entourage (décor),
John Buchnan-Brown), London, 1994
28. Kozloff Arielle and Urushadze Nino, Animal Style
with various symbolic implications. In the article, both, the trajectory of dancing
Bronze Art and its Closest Parallels: A Bronze Belt movements, as well as, the framing of a bronze
and Axe Head. The Bulletin of the Cleveland Muse- The present paper views a belt from semiotic belt is identified with a maze. In the above spe-
um Art. Vol..81. No.5 perspective as an object-mediator, which es- cific situation, the maze dance should have the
29. Van Gennep A., The Rites of Passage, University of tablishes spatial correlations with oppositions aim of influencing the route to be passed by a
Chicago Press, 1960 – internal/external, this and the next world, and hunter, who was performing a transition from
30. Абакелия Н., Миф и ритуал в Западной also time correlations with oppositions – eter- ephemeral world to the eternal realm.
Грузии,Тбилиси, Мецниереба, 1991 nal/ephemeral, long-lasting/momentary.
31. Байбурин А., Пояс (к семиотике вещей). Из
культурного наследия народов Восточной The paper focuses on the realm of the ruler of
Европы. СПб., 1992 beasts depicted in certain type of ornaments of
32. Лордкипанидзе О., Наследие древней Грузии,
Тб., 1989
33. Топоров В.Н., Текст: семантика и структура.
М.,1983
635
 giorgi qavTaraZe sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebisa da saxelmwifoebriobis warmoqmnisaTvis.
iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis SemTxveviTi ar aris `mefeTa cxovrebis~ sityvebi: `da iyvnes qarTls es-
saxelmwifo universiteti, iv. javaxiSvilis reT aRreul ese yovelni naTesavni, da izraxeboda qarTlsa Sina equsi
istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti, ena: somxuri, qarTuli, xazaruli, asuruli, ebrauli da berZnuli. ese enani
Zveli qveynebis istoriis ganyofileba, icodes yovelTa mefeTa qarTlisaTa~ (qc, I, 16: 21-23)1.
mTavari mecnier-TanamSromeli
bunebrivia, rom msgavs polikulturul garemoSi mosalodneli iqneboda
gansxvavebuli religiuri kultebisa Tu sulac sistemebis `simbiozu-
warmarTuli ri~ Tanaarseboba, rasac TandaTanobiT sinkretuli kultebis Camoyalibeba
unda gamoewvia. mcxeTa-armazi xasiaTdeba warmarTuli RvTaebebis kulte-
iberiis bis siuxviT; gasuli saukunis qarTul literaturaSi es ase aris dasura-

RvTaebaTa Tebuli: `mcxeTaSi mravali religia daiferfla da mravali amayi RmerTi

daeca. mcxeTa iyo warmarTuli ierusalimi. aq iyvnen RmerTebi, romlebze-
arsisaTvis* dac qarTuli matiane religiuri TrTolviT laparakobs...~2.

qarTuli matianeebis Tanaxmad, mcxeTa-armazis warmarTul panTeonSi war-

modgenilia eqvsi RvTaeba: armazi, zadeni, gaci, ga Tu gaimi, aჲnina da danina.
iberiis samefos warmarTuli panTeonis raobis dad-
mravali mkvlevari Seecada zemo CamoTvlili RvTaebebis identificirebas,
gena winaistoriuli xanis saqarTvelos istoriis
Tumca, saerTo azri maTi vinaobis anu xasiaTis Sesaxeb ver Camoyalibda
erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxia. saqarTvelos
da azrTa sxvadasxvaoba am sakiTxis mimarT dResac sufevs, rac proble-
arc erT sxva mxareSi ar Cans ise mkveTrad Zveli
mis gadaulaxaobis niSania. rogorc cnobilia, qarTlis mTavari RvTaeba
_ winaqristianuli da axali, qristianuli samyaros
armazi sxvadasxva mkvlevris mier gaigivebuli iyo armasTan, TeSubTan,
dapirispireba da amave dros Serwyma-daaxloeba,
ahuramazdasTan, miTrasTan, mzis RvTaebasTan, romelic Semdeg ahuramazdad
rogorc qarTlis sadedaqalaqo mxareSi _ armazci-
gadaiqca da a.S. `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ mecnier kacTa mier CarTuli dama-
xe-mcxeTaSi. iberiis samefos sakvanZo strategiuli
tebis, `andria mociqulis qadageba saqarTveloSi~ (BP‘b) Tanaxmad, qarTlSi
mdebareoba amierkavkasiis SuagulSi da amave dros
zemoCamoTvlili RvTaebebis garda sxva RvTaebebic unda yofiliyo, ker-
kavkasionis gadasalaxavi umTavresi uReltexilis
Zod, sosangeTs anu awyvers (Tanamed. d. awyuri) mosuli andria pirvelwo-
_ `kavkasiis karis~, igive darialis pirispir, mniS-
debuli SeCerebula `adgilsa erTsa, sada igi iyo taZari sakerpo~ (qc, I,
vnelovanwilad ganapirobebda gare samyaros mudmiv
39:27-29). imave CanarTis sxva adgilas awyverSi mdebare am taZris Taobaze
dainteresebas aq mimdinare movlenebiT. darialis
nauwyebia, rom `...iyo qalaqsa mas Sina bomoni sakerpo, romelsa Sina imsa-
efeqturi kontrolis aucilebloba kimerielebisa
xurebodes bilwni RmerTni maTni artemi da apolon~ da rom `apolon da
da skviTebis, anu bibliis eniT rom vTqvaT, apo-
artemi arian didni RmerTni~ (qc, I, 41: 4-5, 8).
kalifsuri gogisa da magogis `uwminduri~ tome-
bis axlo aRmosavleTSi Semosevis Semdegi drois
cxadia, rom es `didni RmerTni apolon da artem~ berZnul-romauli pan-
civilizebuli samyaros erT-erT umniSvnelovanes
Teonis RvTaebebi apoloni da artemidea (romauli _ Apollo da Diana).
amocanas warmoadgenda. Sesabamisad, iberiis samefo,
`qarTlis cxovrebis~ zemoaRniSnuli CanarTis mixedviT, ax.w. I s-is Sua-
da kerZod mcxeTa-armazi, warmoadgenda ara mxolod
xanebis qarTlis anu iberiis samefos dasavleT nawilSi damkvidrebuli
amierkavkasiisa da aRmosavleT anatoliis, aramed
yofila apolonisa da artemides kulti _ aq maT saxelze nagebi taZaria
mTel xmelTaSua zRvispireTul _ axlo aRmosav-
da aqve adgili hqonia maT kultmsaxurebas. bunebrivia kiTxva: ra viTareba
luri oikumenes Crdilo-aRmosavlur forposts; am
unda yofiliyo am mxriv iberiis samefos dedaqalaqSi, mcxeTa-armazcixe-
forpostis ZiriTadi funqcia civilizebuli samya-
Si, sadac, rogorc ukve iTqva, aRmarTuli iyo qveynis ZiriTadi RvTaebebis
ros dacva iyo CrdiloeTidan, imierkavkasiis stepe-
gamosaxulebebi, - gvxvdeba Tu ara aqac apolonisa da artemides kulti.
bidan gadmodenili nomadebis Semosevebisgan.
marTalia, am RvTaebebs Soris - armazi, zadeni, gaci, gaimi (`moqcevaÁ qarT-
lisaÁs~ _ ga), aÁnina, danina _ ar aris dasaxelebuli arc apoloni da arc
am garemoebas Tan erTvoda qveynierebis oTxive
artemi (artemide), magram Zneli warmosadgenia, zemoxsenebuli CanarTis
mxares mimavali mniSvnelovani savaWro gzebis ze-
damxedveloba, Sesabamisad, regionSi iqmneboda e.w.
Melting Pot-is efeqti, rodesac gansxvavebuli warmo-
mavlobisa da kulturuli Taviseburebebis mqone * naSromi Tavdapirvelad gamoqveynda iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis insti-
mosaxleoba Tavs iyris SedarebiT SezRudul teri- tutis kavkasiur-axloaRmosavlur krebulSi, XIII, Tb., `logosi~, 2009
toriaze da amis Sedegad, yvela winapiroba iqmneba 1 `qarTlis cxovreba~, aq da qvemoT, ix. yauxCiSvili 1955
2 leoniZe, 1922

636 637
 informacia, qarTlSi apolonisa da artemides kultis arsebobis Sesaxeb,
yovelgvar safuZvels moklebuli yofiliyo, miT umetes, rom es RvTaebebi
moixseniebian, rogorc `didni RmerTni~. savaraudo xdeba, rom mcxeTa-arm-
azcixis zemoCamoTvlil RvTaebaTa Soris apoloni da artemide sxva sa-
xelwodebiT yofiliyvnen nagulisxmevi. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom apolo-
ni da artemide tyup RvTaebebs warmoadgenen, gansakuTrebul yuradRebas
unda i pyrobdes RvTaebaTa wyvili gaci da gaimi; orive es erTmaneTis
gverdiT aRmarTuli kerpi xom yovelTvis erTmaneTisagan ganuyoflad da
erT konteqstSi moixsenieba xolme.
`qarTlis cxovrebis~ meore nawilis, `wm. ninos mier qarTlis moqcevis~
cnobiT, `...kualad [armazisa - g.q.] iyo marjueniT missa kaci oqrosi da
saxeli misi gaci; da marcxeniT missa udga kaci vecxlisa, da saxeli misi
gaim, romelni - igi RmerTad uCndes ersa mas qarTlisasa~ (qc, I, 89: 17-90: 1-2).
imave teqstis XII s-is somxuri Targmanis (originalis Semoklebuli vari-
anti) mixedviT, saubaria ara konkretulad `kacze~, romelic Zvel qarTul-
Si mamakacis garda `suls~, `adamiansac~ aRniSnavs, aramed zogadad, gamo-
saxulebaze: `misgan marjvniv idga oqros gamosaxuleba saxelad gaci, da
mis marcxena xelTan vercxlisa saxelad gaimi~ (qc-is somxuri Targmani,
47)3 da Sesabamisad, masSi SesaZloa qalRmerTic yofiliyo nagulisxmebi).
somxur Targmans garkveuli mniSvneloba eniWeba qarTuli matianis teqst-
is pirvandeli saxis dadgenisaTvis, vinaidan, qarTlis cxovrebis yvelaze
adreuli manuskri pti, romelmac ki moaRwia Cvens xanamde, ana dedoflis
xelnaweria da igi XV s-iT TariRdeba (anaseuli nusxis savaraudo Tari-
Ri Tavsdeba 1479 da 1495 ww. Soris)4 maSin, rodesac `qarTlis cxovrebis~
XII s-is somxuri Targmanis yvelaze adreuli manuskri pti TariRdeba XIII
saukuniT5. il. abulaZis Tanaxmad, misi TariRi 1279 da 1311 ww. Soris unda
eqceodes6. `wm. ninos mier qarTlis moqcevis~ cnobis oqros da vercxlis
kerpebTan mimarTebaSi, unda gaviTvaliswinoT klasikuri xanis dolixeSi
(Tanam. diuliuqi, gazianTefes CrdiloeTiT daaxl. 10 km. samxreT-aRmosav-
leT TurqeTSi) mikvleuli brinjaos fila, romelzec erTmaneTis gverdiT
gvxvdeba Apollo Citharoedus-is da misi dis Diana Lucifera-s (anu berZn. artemi-
des) gamosaxulebebi, mzisa da mTvaris saxiT.
orive es astraluri RvTaeba dolixes filaze ganlagebulia varskvlave-
biT garemoculi cisa da dRis Suqis RvTaebis iupiter dolixenusis (Iup-
piter Optimus Maximus Dolichenus) ferxTiT. dolixe xom am RvTaebis kultms-
axurebis centria7. iupiter dolixenusi igive siriuli RvTaeba Hadad-ia
dolixedan, romelic, Tavis mxriv, xeTuri panTeonis xurituli warmomav-
lobis qariSxlis RvTaebidan, TeSubidan iRebda saTaves8, iseve rogorc,
savaraudod, TviT armazis Tavdapirveli emanaciis _ elvisa da Weqa-quxi-
lis mTis mwvervalis anatoliuri ti pis adgilobrivi RvTaeba. fr. kiumon-
tis azriT, iupiter dolixenusis kulti komageneSi Tavdapirvelad xalib
3 `qarTlis cxovrebis~ somxuri Targmani, ix. abulaZe 1953
4 yauxCiSvili 1955, 015; Toumanoff 1947, 340-344
5 Thomson 1996, v; Rapp 1998, 3
6 ix. abulaZe, 1953, 020
7 Speidel 1980, 5, 12, 16-17, fig. 31. aRsaniSnavia, rom oqrosa da vercxlis inventari farTod
iyo gamoyenebuli iupiter dolixenusis kultmsaxurebaSi (Speidel, 1 1980, 17)
8 Speidel 1980, 6-9, Abb. 3,8
638
mWedlebs unda SeetanaT, vinaidan, igi warwerebSi `rkinisagan Sobilad~
iwodeboda xolme (ubi ferrum nascitur)9. m. wereTeli, miuxedavad imisa, rom am
RvTaebas TeSubTan akavSirebs, amave dros Tvlis, rom romelime anatoli-
ur enaze misi Zveli saxeli SesaZloa savsebiT gansxvavebulad JRerdes
da SesaZloa igi sulac xuritul TeSubTan axlo mdgomi xaTuri cis
RvTaeba Zašapunas-i iyos10.
iupiter dolixenusis kulti evropaSi jer kidev Zv.w. III saukunidan iwyebs
SeRwevas11. igi jariskacebs, vaWrebsa da monebs SeutaniaT. damaxasiaTebe-
lia, rom iupiter dolixenusi ax.w. I s-is ukanaskneli mesamedidan III s-is
Suaxanebamde romaeli jariskacebis ZiriTadi mfarveli RvTaebaa da misi
kulti farTod iyo gavrcelebuli imperiis samxedro wreebSi. iupiteri,
epitetiT: saukeTeso, udidesi (Optimus, Maximus), mTeli samyaros damcveli
da romauli saxelmwifos, misi mpyrobelobisa da Zalauflebis RvTaeba
iyo. romis mier daqvemdebarebuli qalaqebi mas msxverpls swiravdnen kapi-
toliumSi, xolo, TavianT mxareSi taZrebs ugebdnen kapitoliumis triadas
_ iupiters, iunonasa da minervas. romis imperiul xanaSi iupiteri gaxda
imperatorTa mfarveli, ramac xeli Seuwyo misi kultis gavrcelebas yve-
la provinciasa da jarSi. igi romis imperiaSi sayovelTaod gavrcelebu-
li kulti iyo. rogorc zemoT ukve aRiniSna, diana `solaruli~ apolo-
nis `lunaruli~ partnioria, romelsac am ukanasknelTan erTad zustad
gansazRvruli mudmivi doqtrinaluri mdgomareoba ekava iupiter doli-
xenusis TeologiaSi12, amasTanave, gacisa da gaimis oqrosa da vercxlis
gamosaxulebebs (rac, albaT, maT analogiur `solarul~ da `lunarul~
bunebaze unda migvaniSnebdes) axasiaTebT aseve mkafiod gamoxatuli daq-
vemdebarebuli pozicia armazisadmi, Sesabamisad, Cndeba eWvi, Tavis mxriv
am ukanasknelis xasiaTSic xom ar unda veZioT iupiterisaTvis damaxasia-
Tebeli niSnebi. miT umetes, rom Teimuraz batoniSvilis cnobiT, ormuzi,
anu armaz, igive iupiteria13. Tu armazi iupiteria anu Suqis mamaa, sacnauri
xdeba TxoTis mTaze mefe mirianisaTvis mzis dabnelebis anu sinaTlis
gaqrobis mniSvneloba, rac armazis marcxis aRmniSvnelia (qc, I, 109: 10-15).
qarTul panTeonSi, iupiteris msgavsad, armazis erTaderT da umTavres ad-
gils, gansakuTrebiT mkafiod avlens `wm. ninos mier qarTlis moqcevaSi~
gadmocemuli ebraeli qalis mier wm. ninosadmi naTqvami: `RmerTi RmerTTa
armaz miuwess, romel ara ars missa gareSe sxua kerpi~ (qc, I, 89: 2-3).
sayuradReboa, mefe mirianis mier qarTlis umTavresi RvTaebebis armazisa
da zadenis daxasiaTeba: `rameTu aha esera, RmerTni didni, soflis mpy-
robelni, mzisa momfenelni, WÂmisa momcemelni da queyanisa naSobTa ga-
momzrdelni RmerTni qarTlisani, armaz da zaden...~ (qc, I, 106: 15-18).
armazisa da zadenis erTi da imave Tvisebebis mqone RvTaebebad daxasia-
Teba, albaT, maT urTierTkavSirze unda mianiSnebdes. daaxloebiT aseTive
mimarTeba SeiniSneba romaul panTeonSi, sadac iupiteri igive TvisebebiT
aris aRWurvili, ra TvisebebiTac misi mama da amave dros mteri, saturni,
Tumca, amave dros, saturni ufro metad iTavsebs miwaTmoqmedebisa da nayo-
9 Cumont 1931, 135; Tseretheli 1935, 38
10 Tseretheli, 1935, 36-37
11 Tseretheli, 1935, 38
12 Speidel, 1978, 22-23
13 Такайшвили, 1906-1912, 663
639
 fierebis RvTaebis funqciebs. armazisa da zadenis `naTesauri~ urTierT-
mimarTeba unda Candes mirian mefis mimarTvaSi wmida ninosadmi `...anu xar
Sen asuli armazisi, anu Svili zadenisi...~ (qc, I, 106:9-10).
am SemTxvevaSi, sityva `asuli~ ufro konkretuli Sinaarsis matarebelia
(masSi pirovnebis sqesic ki Cans), xolo `Svili~ ufro zogadi, STamomav-
lobis maniSnebeli (zadenisa da saturnis SesaZlo kavSiris Sesaxeb, ix.,
qvemoT). `wmida ninos mier qarTlis moqcevis~ mixedviT, armazis kerpi aR-
werilia, rogorc: `...kaci erTi spilenZisa, da tansa missa ecua jaWჳ oqrosi,
da Tavsa missa Cabalaxi myari, da Tualni esxnes zurmuxti da bivrili, da
ჴelTa misTa aqunda ჴrmali brwyinvale, viTarca elva, da iqceoda ჴelTa
Sina. ukeTu vinme Seexebian, Tavi Tჳsi sikudilad ganwiris...~ (qc, I, 89:9-12).
igive teqsti somxur TargmanSi Semdegnairad aris warmodgenili: `...kaci
Semosili brinjaos gulsafariT da oqros muzaradiT, Tvalebi Semkuli
hqonda zurmuxtiTa da bivriliT, xelSi ekava maxvili, msgavsi elvaTa ko-
nisa. amoZravebda mas da SiSSi agdebda SekrebilT...“(47).
xelSi `elvaTa kona~ iupiteris erT-erTi umTavresi damaxasiaTebeli ni-
Sania. damaxasiaTebelia agreTve, rom kerpis xmali iyo brwyinvale, viTar-
ca elva. aRsaniSnavia, rom ax.w. I saukunis 60-ian wlebSi aleqsandrieli
ostati heroni qmnida elvisa da Weqa-quxilis iliuzias meqanikuri sa-
Sualebebis gamoyenebiT, ase rom, egeb armazis kerpis moZravi maxvili su-
lac ar iyo mxolod SiSveli fantaziis nayofi. `elvaTa kona~, `maxvili~,
`javSani~ (`qercliani - javSani“ an `gulsafari~), frigiul CaCTan erTad,
amasTanave, romael samxedroTa (da ara mxolod maTi) RvTaebis, iupiter
dolixenusis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebicaa14. am mxriv, gansakuTrebiT sainte-
resoa armazis Tavsaburavis aRwera, rogorc `myari Cabalaxisa~ (qc, I, 89 :10).
zedsarTavi `myari~ armazis kerpis TavsaburavTan mimarTebaSi marTebuli
iqneboda, Tuki saqme gveqneboda `frigiuli CaCis~ msgavs saganTan da ara
sakuTriv qarTuli ti pis `CabalaxTan~ (yabalaxi). iupiter dolixenusi, Tu
romaelTa xelisuflebisa da maTi imperatoris ZiriTadi mxsneli iyo, igi,
amave dros, romauli Zalauflebis gavrcelebis xelSemwyobicaa15; masTan
xdeboda xolme adgilobrivi, romaelTa mier daqvemdebarebuli mxareebis,
uzenaesi cis RvTaebebis gaigiveba, xolo, aRmosavleTisaken misi kultis
gavrcelebasTan erTad, siriis, mcire aziisa da sxva mxareebis RvTaebebi-
sac. Sesabamisad, romauli panTeonis zemoqmedebis kvalis arseboba iberi-
is dedaqalaqSi, romelsac romis imperatoris vespasianes mier agebuli
galavani icavda16, moulodneli ar unda iyos. iberiis samefo panTeonis
sinkretuli xasiaTi, rogorc Cans, kidev ufro gamdidrebuli iyo romis
religiuri warmodgenebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebiT17. centraluri
14 mag.,Speidel, 1980, 9, 11, 18-20, Abb. 1, 7, 9, 11, 21,38, 41
15 Speidel 1980, 5, 7, 9, 15, 18, Abb. 4; Schwertheim 1991, 40
16 yauxCiSvili, 1976, 241-244; Halfmann, 1986, 48
17 ukanaskneli xanebis qarTul istoriografiaSi gavrcelebuli azri, armazis warmo-
mavlobis Taobaze iranuli ahuramazdasagan (gvelesiani, 2003), ZiriTadad, mainc am ori
RvTaebis saxelwodebaTa fonetikuri msgavsebiT unda aixsnas, rac, Tavis mxriv, Sedegia
garkveuli istoriuli movlenis _ qarTlSi aqemenianTa gabatonebisa da iranelTa
mravalsaukunovani kulturul-religiuri zegavlenis arsebobis. amave dros, gasaTva-
liswinebelia, rom cecxlTayvanismcemlobis advilad SesamCnevi daRi qarTul kul-
turul, religiur Tu enobriv samyaroze upiratesad sasanianTa sparseTis xanisaa da
640
amierkavkasiis movlenebSi romaelTa intensiur monawileobas18, Sesabami-
sad, Tavisi kvali unda daemCnia adgilobriv sulier samyarozec, kerZod,
religiur warmodgenebze. amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom iberiis uzenaesi
RvTaeba armazi avlens romis imperiis uzenaesi RvTaebisaTvis _ iupiteri-
saTvis, xolo, armazis Tanmxlebi kerpebi _ gaci da gaimi (ga) iupiterisad-
mi aSkarad daqvemdebarebuli apolonisa da dianasaTvis damaxasiaTebel
zogierT niSan-Tvisebas. berZnuli miTologiuri warmodgenebis Tanaxmad,
apoloni identificirdeba heliosTan, mzis RvTaebasTan, xolo, misi tyupi
da artemide selenesTan, mTvaris RvTaebasTan. apoloni winaswarmetyvele-
bis, qoraluri galobisa da xelovnebis RmerTia, xolo artemides kulti
mravalricxovani sisxliani msxverplSewirviT xasiaTdeboda. sayuradRe-
boa, wm. ninos mier qarTlis moqcevis mier gadmocemuli da mefe miriani-
sadmi miwerili gacisa da gaimis daxasiaTeba: `...yovlisa dafarulisa ga-
momeZiebelni, Zuelni RmerTni mamaTa CuenTani, gaci da gaim...~ (qc, I, 106: 15-18).
Teimuraz batoniSvilis cnobiT, gaimi _ merkuri, xolo gaci _ silvani,
tyis RmerTia, xolo gaim da gaci `dafarulTa gamomZebnelni~19. n. mari
SeniSnavs, rom bibliis qarTuli TargmanisaTvis astarte ga aris20, xolo
k. kekeliZis Tanaxmad, astarta RmerTis Sesatyviss warmoadgens ga-gaim,
rogorc es aRniSnuli yofila qarTul bibliaSi (I mef. VII, 3-4)21. aRsa-
niSnavia, rom moi poveba iupiteris iranul religiur sistemasTan Sexebis
wertilebi. kerZod, aqemenianTa xanaSi mas ahuramazdasTan aigivebdnen, vi-
naidan, es ukanaskneli aseve warmoadgenda `cis srulwres~, amas herodote
gvamcnobs (I, 131). a. boltunovas azriT, SesaZloa es imis Sedegi iyos, rom
aqemenianTa batonobis xanaSi mcireaziuli RvTaebebis Zvel taZrebSi Se-
aRwies da fexi moikides iranuli RvTaebebis kultebma. ufro gvian, zo-
gierTma kultma, Tavis mxriv, SeiTvisa elinizaciis zednadebi22; komagenes
mefis, antioqos I-is xanaSi iupiter dolixenuss ewodeboda zevsi - ora-
mazdi23. Tumca, cxadia, es garemoeba ar gvaZlevs imis uflebas, rom mexTa
mtyorcneli zevsi Tu iupiteri ahuramazdas identur RvTaebad gamovacxa-
doT. Tavis mxriv, ahuramazdasTan armazis gaigivebis erT-erT ZiriTadad
arguments movses xorenacis `somxeTis istoriis~ mier armazis `aramaz-
dad~ moxsenieba warmoadgens, anu im saxeliT, romelic identuria somexTa
uzenaesi RvTaebis aramaz dis saxelwodebisa. somexi mematiane wm. ninos,
anu nunes Sesaxeb gvamcnobs, rom man: `...mospo Weqa-quxilis [momvlinebeli]
aramazdis qandakebi, romelic qalaqisagan gancalkevebiT, didi mdinaris
meore mxares idga. rogorc wesi, dil-dilobiT yvela scemda mas Tayvans
saxlTa saxuravebidan, saidanac saxiT Canda igi...~ (II, 86).
Cemi azriT, moyvanili nawyveti ar gamodgeba armazis ahuramazdasTan gas-
aigiveblad, vinaidan, imave somxur matianeSi moyvanilia romSi kerpTTay-
vanismcemlobis aRmdgeneli da qristianTa mdevneli keisaris iuliane
gandgomilis werili miwerili somexTa mefis tiranisadmi, romelic Sem-
ax.w. IV s-is meore naxevarsa da VII s-is meore naxevars Soris arsebuli drois Sua-
lediT unda daTariRdes
18 Kavtaradze 2001, 204-224; qavTaraZe, 2003, 112-127
19 Такайшвили 1906 - 1912, 663
20 Марр 1902, 21
21 kekeliZe, 1956, 266
22 Болтунова, 1949, 238
23 Tseretheli 1935, 38
641
 degnairad iwyeba: `bedisweriT ukvdavi, TviTmpyrobeli iulianosi, inaqis
STamomavali, aramazdis Ze, Cvens moxele tirans mogesalmebi~ (III, 15).
ueWvelia, rom, aq `aramazdSi~ (Արամազդայ) iupiteria (igive zevsi) nagu-
lisxmevi, romlis kultic iulianem aRadgina da ara iranuli ahuramaz-
da. amasTanave, `somxeTis istoriis~ teqsti cxadyofs, rom ahuramazda mis
furclebze iwodeboda ara `aramazdad~, aramed `ormizdad~ (Որմզդական,
- II, 77), kerZod, pirveli sasaniani Sahis ardaSir I-is somxeTSi gatarebuli
RonisZiebebis Sesaxeb, mematiane SeniSnavs, rom ardaSirma “...kidev ufro
aaRorZina kerpTmsaxureba; brZana agreTve, rom bagavanis baginSi dauSre-
telad egizgiza ormizdis cecxls. rac Seexeba im qandakebebs, romlebic
valarSakma daudga Tavis winaprebs, agreTve, mzesa da mTvares armavirSi...
artaSirma daamsxvria isini~ (II, 77).
armazis kultis ahuramazdasTan mimarTebis sakiTxSi m. wereTeli did
mniSvnelobas marTebulad aniWebs `wm. ninos mier qarTlis moqcevis~ na-
wyvets, sadac gadmocemulia armazis TayvanismcemelTa mrwamsi24: `...nu ukue
da - same-vakle didebasa didisa amis RmrTisa armazissa, anu Se-same-vsceT
sityuad ebraelTa Tana, gina moguTa Tana smenisa; da romel ityÂan ucebni
ucxosa visTÂsme RmrTisa, nu ukue poos rame biwi da mces me maxÂli igi
misi, romlisagan eSinis yovelsa~ (qc, I, 89: 12-16).
cxadi xdeba, rom mogvTa sityvis mosmenisTvis armazi sikvdiliT sjida.
mazdeanobasTan (zoroastrizmTan) armazis kultis antagonizms avlens
amave Txzulebis sxva nawyvetic, sadac armazis Tayvanismcemelni cdilo-
ben axsnan misi kerpis ganadgurebis mizezi: `qaldevelTa RmerTi iTrujan
da Cueni ese RmerTi armaz yovladve mter arian, aman same mas zeda zRua
moaqcia, da aw man Suri iZia da mis mier moiwia ese~ (qc, I, 91: 18-92: 1-2).
igives amcnobs mirian mefe wm. ninos: `ese armaz da qaldevelTa RmerTi
iTrujan yovladve mter arian: aman mas zeda zRua Semoadgina, da man amas
zeda eseviTari urva moawia, viTar aqus Cveuleba soflis mpyrobelTa...~
(qc, I, 106: 21-107: 1-3).
armazi, rom ver iqneboda ahuramazda, garda iTrujanTan (igive `atruSan-
Tan~, ix. qvemoT) misi brZolisa, unda mowmobdes mis mierve gamoyenebuli
brZolis xerxic: `mas zeda zRua moaqcia~ Tu `Semoadgina~. am mxriv, aR-
saniSnavia, rom abibo nekreselis martvilobaSi, romelic IX s-is meore
naxevarSi kaTalikosma arsen didma safarelma dawera da XII s-is Sua xa-
nebSi gadaumuSavebia nekresis erT-erT episkoposs, asaxulia cecxlTayva-
nismcemelTa da maTi kultis winaaRmdeg brZolis uebari meTodi: `Tqvens
cecxls, romelic xmeli damwvelia, erTi mcire wyali davasx. mZle eqmna
da mokla igi, rameTu ufroÁs misa i pova wyali igi~25.
k. kekeliZe SeniSnavda, rom vinaidan armazs iTrujanze zRva miuSvia da ma-
Sasadame, wyliT emuqreboda mis arsebobas, iTrujani unda miviCnioT iseTi
stiqionis RvTaebad, romelic wyliT SeiZleba mospobil iqnes da rome-
lic elvasTan da mexTanaa dakavSirebuli, _ e.i. cecxlis RvTaebad; Tumca,
24 Tseretheli, 1935, 33
25 kekeliZe, 1955, 56
642
elvasTan da mexTan dasakavSireblad avtors mxolod mohyavs wm. ninos
cxovrebis is adgili, sadac laparakia armazis kerpis Semusvris mcdelo-
baze: `da, aha, wamis yofasa Tualisasa dasavaliT haerni da qarni SeiZrnes
da Ãma sces quxilTa ÃmiTa sazareliTa~26.
k. kekeliZis dakvirvebiT iTrujanis saxelis WeSmaritTan miaxloebuli
forma Semonaxulia Satberdul nusxaSi, sadac mas ewodeba `iTruSan~: `ege
armaz da qaldevelTa RmerTi iTruSana yovladve mter arian~27, rac fone-
tikurad qarTul niadagze saxeSecvlili falauri `atruSan/atroSan~-ia
anu `cecxli~ unda iyos da jgufuri xmovnebis e-i-a da Tanxmovan t-s T-Si
gadasvlis Sedegad aris miRebuli. k. kekeliZe iqve dasZens, rom es falau-
ri sityva qarTulSi ukve V saukuneSi gvxvdeba iakob xucesis `SuSanikis
wamebaSi~; `sawyalobel iqmna ubadruki varsqen, rameTu uvar-yo WeSmariti
RmerTi da aRiara artoSani~ (II, 18);
aq xelnaweris mcdari wakiTxvaa, k. kekeliZisa da iv. javaxiSvilis azriT,
unda iyos `atroSani~28. k. kekeliZe ganmartavs, rom iTruSan-iTrujanis
qaldevelTa RmerTad moxsenieba xels ar uSlis mis iranul RvTaebad
miCnevas, vinaidan, qarTul agiografiul ZeglebSi irans xSirad ewodeba
qaldevelTa an babilonelTa qveyana da amdenad, iTruSan - iTrujani ar-
sebiTad igive unda iyos, rac iranuli atar-atruSani29. qarTuli kerpTay-
vanismcemlobis Seurigebel dapirispirebaze mazdeanobasTan metyvelebs
aseve `mefeTa cxovrebis~ monaTxrobi, farnajomis moRvaweobis Sesaxeb, mis
mier zadenis kultis damkvidrebis Semdeg xanaSi: `amisa Semdgomad Seiy-
vara [farnajomma, - g.q.] sjuli sparsTa, cecxlis msaxureba, moiyvanna spar-
seTiT cecxlismsaxurni da moguni, da dasxna igini mcxeTas, adgilsa mas,
romelsa aw hqÂan moguTa, da iwyo cxadad gmobad kerpTa. amisTÂs moiZules
igi mkÂdrTa qarTlisaTa, rameTu didi sasoeba aqunda kerpTa mimarT. maSin
SeiTqunes erisTavni qarTlisani umravlesni, da waravlines mociquli wi-
naSe somexTa mefisa da rques: `mefe Cueni gardaÃda sjulsa mamaTa Cuen-
Tasa, arRara msaxurebs RmerTTa mpyrobelTa qarTlisaTa, SemoiRo sjuli
mamuli da dauteva sjuli deduli. aw arRara Rirs ars igi mefed Cuenda..,
guaSuele Zali Seni, da vaotoT farnajom, SemomRebeli axlisa sjulisa...~
(qc, I, 29: 4-7).
aSkaraa, rom matianis mixedviT, cecxlTayvanismcemloba kerpTTayvanismc-
emlobasTan SedarebiT axal, ucxo Zalis mier Semotanil sjulad ganixi-
leba, romelic armazsa da mis Tanmxleb RvTaebebTan mkveTrad dapirispi-
rebuli moZRvrebaa - `da iwyo cxadad gmobad kerpTa~. sainteresoa, rom n.
mari, romlisTvisac armazi igive ormuzdia (anu ahuramazda), xolo zadeni,
miTra, gaocebas ver malavda qarTvel mematianeTa mier aRwerili suraTis,
misi azriT, WeSmaritebasTan SeusabamobaSi, vinaidan, maTi sityvebidan ise
gamodioda, rom TiTqos, sparselebi ormuzdsa da miTras (anu armazsa da
zadens) Seuracxmyobelad moixsenieben, xolo qarTvelebi maT icavdnen, ro-
gorc Tavis erovnul RmerTebs30. gasaTvaliswinebelia, isic, rom Tu armazi
igive ahuramazdaa, maSin sruliad gaugebari gaxdeba mazdeanuri religiis
26 Такайшвили, 754; kekeliZe, 1956, 268
27 Такайшвили, 769
28 kekeliZe 1956, 268-269
29 kekeliZe 1956, 269-270
30 Марр 1902, 10
643
 princi pebis gaTvaliswinebiT `mefeTa cxovrebis~ gancxadeba: `da mokuda
farnavaz, da dafles winaSe armazisa kerpisa~ (qc, I, 26: 11).
s. repis azriT, sikvdilis Semdeg farnavazis kultis Camoyalibeba, miri-
an mefis mier farnavazis saflavis Semkoba (qc, I, 65:19), srul Tanxmoba-
Sia, elinisturi xanis dasavleT aziaSi, gansakuTrebiT selevkidTa Soris,
gavrcelebul mefeTa RvTaebebad gadaqcevis wesTan31. aRsaniSnavia kidev
erTi ram, ara erTxel Tqmula da Cvenc gavimeorebT, rom SuSanikis wamebaSi
mazdeanoba ar aris gamoxatuli kerpTTayvanismcemlobiT, aseve juanSeric
mazdeanobas aRwers, rogorc cecxlis kults da ar ukavSirebs mas kerpT-
Tayvanismcemlobas. nebismieri qveynis religiur Tu kulturul Tavisebu-
rebebze msjelobisas, aucilebelia adgilobrivi kulturul-politikuri
konteqstis gaTvaliswineba; miT umetes es SeiZleba iTqvas, winaqristianu-
li xanis axlo aRmosavluri samyaros politikuri interesebis koncen-
trirebis iseT obieqtze, rogorsac amierkavkasia da, kerZod, mis SuagulSi
mdebare iberia warmoadgenda. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Zv.w. IV saukunis meore
naxevridan ax.w. IV saukunis meore naxevramde aq ar Cans xelsayreli piro-
bebi da ramdenadme xangrZlivi drois monakveTi mazdeanobis gasavrcele-
blad. aqemenianTa imperiis kolapsis Semdeg, iranis religiuri warmodge-
nebis gamovlineba TiTqmis mTlianad iyo gadafaruli elinizmis talRiT;
am warmodgenaTa mxolod TiTo-orola SemorCenili gadmonaSTi Tu aris
damowmebuli iranis erovnul aRorZinebamde, romlis garkveuli niSnebi
jer Tavs iCens Zv.w. I saukuneSi da sabolood yalibdeba sasanianTa di-
nastiis epoqaSi. kerZod, aqemenianTa erT-erT dedaqalaqSi suzaSi, sadac
ahuramazdas kulti ar iyo avtoqtonuri, selevkidur da arSakidul xanaSi
moWril monetebze saerTod ar gvxvdeba iranuli warmomavlobis RvTae-
bebis gamosaxuleba. ufro gvian, rodesac xdeba berZnuli da iranuli
RvTaebebis erTmaneTSi aRreva, es RvTaebebi moixsenieba, rogorc berZnuli,
aseve, iranuli saxelwodebebiT. amis mkafio magaliTia, Zvel komageneSi,
nimrud daRze, Zv.w. I saukunis Sua xanebis adgilobriv mefeTa RvTaebebis
ormagi (berZnul-sparsuli) saxelwodebebis, mag. zevsi/oromazdesi, apolo-
ni/miTra da sxv. gamovlenis faqti32. Tu ra saxis kulti iyo sinamdvileSi
gamefebuli wina qristianul qarTlSi kargad aris asaxuli wminda ninos
sityvebSi, rodesac igi axasiaTebs armazis kultis sadideblad armazci-
xeSi asul qarTlis maRal wodebasa da morwmuneebs, rom isini: `...quaTa da
ZelTa, spilenZsa da rvalsa ganWedilsa RmerTad Tayuanis-cemdes, da eseni
icodes yovlisa Semoqmedad~ (qc, I, 90).
amrigad, cxadze cxadi xdeba, armazi ar aris ahuramazda da cecxlTayva-
nismcemlobaze raime miniSnebac ki ara gvaqvs misadmi miZRvnil dResas-
waulze, amdenad, arc mazdeanobis samefo kultad qcevaze SeiZleba saubari
imdroindeli qarTlis dedaqalaqSi; es miT ufro sacnauria, rom `wmida
ninos mier qarTlis moqcevis~ avtorma kargad icis qarTlSi cecxlTayva-
nismcemlebis arsebobis Sesaxeb. pirvelad qarTlSi Semosul wm. ninosTan
dakavSirebiT igi SeniSnavda, rom `...miiwia sanaxebsa qarTlisasa, qalaqsa
mas, romelsa ewodebis urbnisi, sada _ igi ixila eri ucxoTa TeslTa
RmerTTa msaxuri; rameTu cecxlsa (xazi Cemia, _ g.q.), qvaTa da ZelTa Rmer-
Tad Tayuanis-cemdes~ (qc, I, 87).
31 Rapp 2003, 279
32 Bailey & Yarshater 1983, 866f.
644
`wm. ninos cxovrebaSi~, ninos mcxeTaSi CamosvlisTanave mis mier cecxlT-
ayvanismcemelTa ritualis naxva da meore dRes Semdgari armazis dResas-
wauli, n. maris SexedulebiT, ordRian mazdeanur dResaswauls warmoad-
genda. amasTan dakavSirebiT m. wereTeli SeniSnavda, rom es ori sxvadasxva
movlenaa da maT erTmaneTTan araferi aqvT saerTo. misi dakvirvebiT,
sinamdvileSi aRwerilia mxolod erTi armazis dResaswauli, xolo, maz-
deanTa mier Catarebuli rituali wm. ninom gzad, SemTxveviT ixila; ufro
metic, es ori movlena m. wereTlis gancxadebiT, Satberduli nusxis or
sxvadasxva TavSia moqceuli, armazis dResaswaulis aRweriT axali Tavi
(v) iwyeboda33. `...da miviwieniT qalaqad mcxeTad, wiaRiT moguTas kidsa
zeda. davdegiT mun da vxedevdiT cecxlisa msaxursa mas ersa da mogueba-
sa da cTomasa maTsa zeda vtiode, warwymedisa maTisaTÂs da ucxoebasaca
Cemsa veglovdi~34 da Semdeg ukve axali Tavidan aris axali dRe aRwerili:
`xvalisagan iyo ÃmaÁ oxrisaÁ da sayÂrisaÁ da gamovidoda eri uricx vi-
Tarca yuavilosanni...~35.
amave dros, aucilebelia iTqvas, rom cecxlTayvanismcemloba qarTlSi
kerpTTayvanismcemlobaze bevrad ufro gamZle gamodga da SesaZloa esec
aris qarTveli mematianeebis mier mis winaaRmdeg gamoxatuli paTosis
mizezi. am moZRvrebis aseTi mdgradoba arc unda iyos moulodneli, igi
garedan, iranidan Rebulobda sasicocxlo Zalebs da bizantiis keisris
herakles mier iranis damarcxebamde da Semdeg arabebis mier am religi-
is faqtobriv amoZirkvamde qristianobas amierkavkasiaSi did safrTxes
uqmnida. am sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi, sayuradReboa mirian mefis mier si-
cocxlis damlevs Tavisi Zis, baqarisadmi danatovari sityvebi: `da sada
povne vnebani igi cecxlisani kerpni, cecxliTa dawuen, da nacari Seasu
romelni maT esvidnen~ (qc, I, 130). savaraudod, es sityvebi reminiscenciaa
bibliuris: `xatebi kerpebisa maTisaÁ daswua cecxliTa~ (I, dan. 3: 2), oRond,
mirianis sityvebi ufro eqspresulia, aq saubaria cecxlisa da misi atri-
butebis cecxliTve ganadgurebaze. `mefeTa cxovrebaSi~ savsebiT cxadad
aris gamoxatuli, qarTvelebis sparselebTan religiuri dapirispirebisa
da maTTan aRrevis sawinaaRmdego tendencia. matianem Semogvinaxa qarTuli
aristokratiis damokidebuleba sparseTis mefis Zis (momavali mefe miria-
ni) qarTlis mefed movlenisa da qarTlis samefo ojaxis erTaderTi war-
momadgenlis, mefis asulis abeSuras meuRled gaxdomis mimarT: `viTxovoT
misgan [sparsTa mefisgan - g.q.] damWirva sjulsa zeda mamaTa CuenTasa, da
viTxovoT Cuen Tana ara aRreva sparsTa da warCinebulad pyroba Cueni. nu
ukue Seiwynaros vedreba ese Cueni, da yos ese yoveli Cuen zeda da ukeTu
sjulsa mamaTa CuenTasa migÂRebdes, da Cuen zeda sparsTa warCinebul hy-
ofdes, da naTesavsa mefeTa CuenTasa moswyueddes, maSin sikudili umjobes
ars TavTa CuenTaTÂs vidre monaxvasa ese viTarisasa. davsxneT Tavni Cuen-
ni cixeTa da qalaqTa Sina da movswydeT yovelni~ (I, 63).
am amonaridanac aSkara xdeba, rom wina qristianul epoqaSi qarTvelTa
`sjuli mamaTa~ gansxvavebuli iyo mazdeanobisagan da misTvis es ukanas-
kneli udides safrTxes warmoadgenda. amazeve metyvelebs qarTuli agio-
grafiuli Txzulebebidan zemomotanili araerTi sxva citata. aRsaniSna-
33 Tseretheli 1935, 34-35, Sdr. Такайшвили 750
34 Такайшвили 750
35 Такайшвили, 750-751
645
 via, rom arc garegnulad hgavda armazis kerpi ahuramazdas gamosaxulebebs.
m. wereTeli dauSveblad miiCnevs, Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis armazis mu-
zaradiani da maxviliani kerpis identificirebas ahuramazdasTan, romlis
gamosaxulebac bisutunis kldidan frTian mzis diskozea mjdomare da
xelT girlanda upyria36. igi xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom armazs ahuramazdas-
Tan saxelis garda araferi aqvs saerTo37. iv. javaxiSvilic armazs ahura-
mazdasTan ZiriTadad mainc saxelwodebis gamo akavSirebda38. n. mari, iseve
rogorc, Semdeg l. meliqseT-begi, Tvlida, rom armazis saxeli ahuramazdas
gaqarTvelebuli formaa: Armaz = somxuri Aramazd = sparsuli Ormuzd
(Ōhrmazd) = Ahura-azda39. imis gamo, rom `wm. ninos cxovrebis~ Satberdis nus-
xaSia `armazd~, xolo, WeliSurSi mcdarad `armazad~, l. meliqseT-begi
Tvlida, rom `armazd~ Sualeduri formaa somx. aramazdidan qarT. armazam-
de, anu unda yofiliyo aramazd-armazd msgavsad sxva magaliTebisa, arta-
vazd-artvaz, amazasp-amzasp40. armazsa da ahuramazdas Soris sxvac rom
aRmoCndes saerTo, mainc pirvel rigSi, gasaTvaliswinebeli iqneba is, rom
am or RvTaebas Soris msgavseba ar aris sistemuri xasiaTis, winaaRmdeg
armazis kavSirisa iupiterTan da sxva mexTa mtyorcnel RvTaebebTan. mex-
Tamtynorcneli zevsis kultisaTvis mTa aucilebel atributs warmoad-
genda, iseve rogorc erT-erTi misi saxeobisaTvis iupiter dolixenusisaT-
vis, romlis xeTur/xurituli fesvebi kargad aris cnobili. rogorc unda
gadawydes sabolood armazisa da ahuramazdas urTierTmimarTebis sakiT-
xi, adreuli xanebidanve mazdeanobis arseboba aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi
eWvs ar unda iwvevdes, garda agiografiuli Txzulebebis monacemebisa, amas
mowmobs armazis sanaxebis toponimikis Taviseburebani, materialuri kul-
turis araerTi monacemi; gansakuTrebiT mxedvelobaSia misaRebi xovle,
aseve, cixiagora (kavTisxevTan), sadac SesaZloa arsebobda aqemeniduri xa-
nis sakulto adgilebi. sxva sakiTxia, Tu ra xasiaTis unda yofiliyo maz-
deanobis gavrceleba am teritoriaze. elinistur xanaSi sparsuli kul-
tis Semotana saqarTveloSi ukve naklebad mosalodneli iqneboda. l.
meliqseT-begis mixedviT, mtkvar-aragvis xerTvisamde, md.mtkvarTan unda yo-
filiyo aqemenianTa batonobis CrdiloeTi sazRvari41. a. boltunovas az-
riT, savsebiT usafuZvloa varaudi aqemenianTa xanaSi saqarTveloSi maz-
deanobis, rogorc gabatonebuli religiuri kultis arsebobis Sesaxeb.
samagierod, igi Tvlis, rom iberiis maRali wodeba mWidrod iyo dakavSi-
rebuli gvian aqemeniduri _ adreelinisturi xanis mcire aziis sinkretul,
kulturul samyarosTan, da, rom amasTanave armazis kulti atarebda aqeme-
niduri da elinisturi mcire aziisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sinkretizmis
anabeWds; xolo, mazdeanobis aq gavrcelebas ukavSirebs sasanianTa iranisa
da bizantiis urTierTbrZolas42. iberiis samefos panTeoni, marTlac, sin-
kretuli xasiaTis RvTaebebisagan Sedgeboda, igi imTaviTve mWidrod dakav-
Sirebuli Cans gvian aqemeniduri _ adreelinisturi xanis winaaziur-aRm-
osavleT xmelTaSuazRvispireTis sinkretuli xasiaTis kulturul
36 Tseretheli, 1935, 33, 64, j. raselis gancxadebiT, aleqsandre makedonelis Semdgomi xanis
ahuramazdas gamosaxulebebi iZenen mamakacur, mxedrul Tvisebebs (Rassell 2003, 154), Tum-
ca es, albaT, ufro marTebulia am RvTaebis sasanianTa xanis gamosaxulebebis mimarT
37 Tseretheli 1935, 36
38 javaxiSvili 1979
39 Марр 1902, 4; Меликсет-Беков 1938, 13
40 Меликсет-Беков 1938, 13-14, Sen. 2
41 Меликсет-Беков, 1938, 15
42 Болтунова, 1949, 235, 239-240
646
samyarosTan da Sesabamisad, arc is unda iyos moulodneli, rom armazis
kultic mkafiod avlens Tavis ambivalentur xasiaTs. am mxriv niSand-
oblivia, rom saberZneTSi mdebare, stratosis e.w. mTis RvTaebac, berZnebis
mier stratiosis zevsad saxeldebuli, sparselTa mier ahuramazdasTan
iyo gaigivebuli, xolo sardesis ahuramazdas taZari agebuli iyo kanonmd-
ebeli zevsis saxelze43. ukve TviT saxelwodeba `iupiter oromazdesi~
(Jupiter Oromazdès) cxadyofs, rom mcire aziaSi adgili unda hqonoda iupite-
risa Tu zevsis gaigivebas ahuramazdasTan; amis ara erTi sabuTi moi pove-
ba Zvel anatoliasa Tu iranSi. sparsuli religiuri nomenklaturiT Tu
iupiteri (igive zevsi) ahuramazdaa, apoloni da artemide miTrasa da anahi-
tas Seesabamebian. Tumca, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom RvTaebaTa es gaigiveba rea-
lur sinkretizmamde ar aris misuli; saqme gvaqvs elinisturi samyarosT-
vis damaxasiaTebel fenomenTan, aqemeniduri da berZnuli warmodgenebis
SerwymasTan, rac, Tumca, xSir SemTxvevaSi, garegnuli Tu terminologiuri
daaxloebis dones ar scdeboda. m. wereTelis SexedulebiT, imis gaTva-
liswinebiT, rom mazdeanobam somxeTSi, faqtobrivad, amoZirkva adgilobri-
vi warmarTuli kultebi, savaraudo xdeba, rom masve didi daRi unda daes-
va Zvel qarTul religiur warmodgenebze da Sesabamisad, SesaZloa
qarTvelebsac gamoeyenebinaT cecxlTayvanismcemelTa uzenaesi RmerTis
ahuramazdas saxeli Tavisi mTavari RvTaebisaTvis, oRond Secvlili for-
miT _ armazi, rogorc amas ufro adre o. fon vezendonkic varaudobda. m.
wereTlis azriT, aRniSnuli garemoeba sulac ar niSnavs, rom amis gamo-
qarTvelebs unda eRiarebinaT ahuramazda, an rom ahuramazdaTi unda Canac-
vlebuliyo maTi Zveli mTavari RvTaeba44. rogorc zemoT ukve iTqva, movses
xorenacis teqstTan dakavSirebiT, somxuri RvTaebis `aramazdis~ saxeli
dapirispirebulia ahuramazdas saxelTan, `ormizdTan~, rac ganpirobebuli
unda yofiliyo am or RvTaebas Soris arsebuli mniSvnelovani Sinaarso-
brivi da garegnuli sxvaobiT. miuxedavad aqemenianTa xanis somxeTSi maz-
deanobis aSkara gabatonebis faqtisa45, aq mas mainc Taviseburi saxe unda
mieRo; maSin rodesac aqemenianTa mefeebisaTvis miuRebeli iyo cxovelTa
msxverplSewirva, somxebi, qsenofontis cnobiT, mzis RvTaebas cxenebs swi-
ravdnen (Xen., Anab., IV, V, 35). es garemoeba, axsnilia aqemenianTaTvis damaxa-
siaTebeli religiuri tolerantobiT, isini ar cdiloben xolme daqvemde-
barebuli xalxebis RvTaebaTa saxsenebelis aRmofxvrasa da Tavisi rwmenis
ZaldatanebiT gavrcelebas; isini iswrafodnen da axerxebdnen kidevac
adgilobrivi kultebis sakuTari Zalauflebis dasayrdenad gamoyenebas46.
aqemenianTa religiuri Semwynarebloba somxeTze aranakleb, Tu ara ufro
metad, unda gavrcelebuliyo iberiaze, sadac adgilobriv uzenaes RvTaebas,
armazs, rogorc vnaxeT, saxelwodebis garda araferi ecxo iranuli. arm-
azis kulti realurad rom arsebobda da ar iyo mwignobruli gziT Seq-
mnili fiqcia, cxadi xdeba klasikuri xanis avtorTa mier, am RvTaebis sa-
xelis matarebeli cixe-simagris, armazcixis moxseniebis gamo. igi
sxvadasxva variaciebiT aris naxsenebi strabonis (XI, 29, 4), pliniusis (VI, 29),
klaudius ptolemaiosis (V, 11, 3; VIII, 19, 4) TxzulebebSi. armazcixe armazis
kultis ZiriTadad centrs warmoadgenda iberiaSi. aSkaraa, rom armazis
kultis Camoyalibeba ZiriTadad dakavSirebuli iyo elinisturi xanis sa-
43 Canby 1987, 714; McEvilley, 2002, 13
44 Tseretheli, 1935, 32
45 Russell, 1987, 14, 47
46 Redgate, 1999, 61
647
 qarTveloSi saxelmwifoebriobis aRmocenebasTan da igi ar iyo garedan
Tavsmoxveuli, xolo misi saxelwodebis msgavseba ahuramazdas saxelTan
aqemenianTa xanidan gadmosul memkvidreobad unda iyos miCneuli. armazis
kultis ganviTarebaSi gamoiyofa sxvadasxva etapebi, dakavSirebeli qveya-
naSi arsebul kulturul-politikur realiebTan. s. repis mier ukanas-
knel xanebSi gakeTebuli gancxadebiT, armazi sinkretuli RvTaebaa, rome-
lic warmoadgens adgilobrivi qarTuli, iranuli da anatoliuri
elementebis naerTs. amave dros, igi gamoricxavs armazisa da ahuramazdas
gaigivebis mcdelobebs. mas SedarebiT ufro gasaziareblad miaCnia g. me-
liqiSvilis azri, armazisa da zadenis siaxlovis Sesaxeb anatoliur
RvTaebebTan, armasTan da sanTaS/sandonTan, gansakuTrebiT im garemoebis
gamo, rom arma mTvaris RvTaebas warmoadgenda, xolo iv. javaxiSvili wina
qristianuli xanis qarTvelTaTvis umTavares RvTaebad mTvares Tvlida,
romlis kultic ufro gvian Seerwya adgilobriv warmodgenas wminda gi-
orgis Sesaxeb47. s. makalaTia da k. kekeliZe armazSi miTras xedavdnen48. am
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, m. wereTels miaCnda, rom miTras sparsuli kulti
odesme marTlac Tu iyo qarTlis oficialuri religia, maSin gamoricxu-
li iqneboda is mkveTrad uaryofiTi damokidebuleba cecxlTayvanismcem-
lobis mimarT, rasac Zveli qarTuli werilobiTi Zeglebi avlenen; amave
dros gasaTvaliswinebelia am ori RvTaebis (armazisa da miTras) erTmane-
Tisagan sruliad gansxvavebuli xasiaTic49. l. meliqseT-begis Tanaxmad,
armazi _ somxuri aramazdisa da sparsuli ahuramazdas msgavsad, mzis
RvTaebaa da mis gverdiT zadens, iseTive adgili ukavia, rogoric miTras
ahuramazdas gverdiT50. Tumca, rogorc cnobilia, armazis gverdiT ara za-
deni, aramed gaci da ga iyvnen ganlagebulni, xolo zadeni armazcixis mo-
pirdapire mTaze, mtkvrisa da aragvis xerTvisis meore mxares mdebare `za-
denis mTaze~ iyo aRmarTuli. sazogadod armazisa da zadenis
urTierTmimarTeba erT-erTi yvelaze naklebad Seswavlili sakiTxia qar-
Tul istoriografiaSi da es ZiriTadad, saTanado masalebis simwiriT
aris gamowveuli. uxvi mosavlisa da nayofierebis RvTaeba zadeni, rogorc
Cans, miwaTmoqmedebisa da nayofierebis RvTaebis, iupiteris mamis, romauli
saturnis (berZnuli miTologiis kronosis) qarTuli nairsaxeoba unda
yofiliyo. am ori RvTaebis erTmaneTTan gaigivebas arc maTi saxelwode-
bebis (zadeni, saturni) fonetikuri monacemebi unda uSlides xels. zade-
nis kultis qarTlSi damkvidreba farnajom mefes miewereba: „aman farna-
jom mefeman umata yovelTa cixe-qalaqTa Seneba, da aman aRaSena cixe
zadeni da Seqmna kerpi saxeliT zaden, da amarTa zadens…~ (qc, I, 29: 1-2).
Teimuraz batoniSvilis cnobiT, zadeni anu zadnen _ apolonia: `mefemam 4
farnajom aRaSena cixe zadenisa da aRmarTa kerpi zadenad wodebuli, ese
ars wvimisa da nayofTa aRmomcenebeli~51. zadens, n. mari da o. fon vezendo-
ki, mazdeanur iazadanTan (=azata) akavSirebdnen keTili sulebis, angeloz-
Ta da sazogadod, sikeTis gansaxierebasTan52. Tumca, zadeni, romlisTvisac,
iseve rogorc armazisaTvis, msxverplTa Sewirva xdeboda53, ar SeiZleba
47 Rapp, 2003, 278
48 makalaTia 1927, 189; kekeliZe 1945, 350 Smd. Sdr., vawaZe, 2006, 285-291
49 Tseretheli, 1935, 45
50 Меликсет-Беков 1938, 39
51 Такайшвили 1906-1912, 663
52 Марр 1902, 7; von Wesendonk 1924
53 „xadodes RmerTTa maTTa armazs da zadens, da aRuTqmides maT SesawiravTa...“ (qc, I,
648
yofiliyo iazadani; m. wereTlis SexedulebiT, is Semzaravi adamianTa
msxverplSewirvebi, romlebsac qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebis mixedviT
adgili hqonia qarTlSi, SeuTavsebelia mazdaizmTan, Tundac misi arsebo-
bis gvian stadiaze, rodesac sxvadasxva mxareSi adgilobriv kultebTan
Serwymis Sedegad am religiurma sistemam Tavisi pirvandeli saxe dakar-
ga54. meores mxriv, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom pirmSoTa armazisadmi Sewirva
ar iyo ucxo iupiterisa da zevsis kultisaTvis; platonisa (respublika,
565 d-e) da pavsaniasis (saberZneTis aRweriloba, 8. 2. 3) cnobis mixedviT,
arkadiaSi, likaeusis mTaze likaiosis zevss adamianebs da kerZod bavS-
vebs swiravdnen xolme msxverplad, anu adgili hqonia e.w. religiur kani-
balizms. winaqristianuli xanis amierkavkasiaSi cecxlTayvanismcemlobis
aradominanturoba kerpTayvanismcemlobasTan SedarebiT da am ukanaskne-
lis Tvisobrivi siaxlove romis imperiaSi gavrcelebul kultebTan, rac,
garkveulwilad, romis politikuri da kulturuli zegavleniT iyo ganpi-
robebuli, mkvidr safuZvels warmoadgenda amierkavkasiaSi _ somxeTsa da
saqarTveloSi qristianobis gamarjvebisaTvis. rogorc Cans, adgilobrivi
RvTaebebi, orive am amierkavkasiul qveyanaSi, romaul RvTaebebTan mimsgav-
sebuli xasiaTisa unda yofiliyvnen, saqarTveloSi ufro metad, somxeTSi
SedarebiT naklebad, iq bevrad ufro mZlavri iranuli zegavlenis gamo.
qristianoba qarTlSi Znelad Tu gaimarjvebda, Tu adgili ar eqneboda
romTan intensiur, mravalmxriv kavSirebs, romlebic saukuneebis manZilze
grZeldeboda. sazogadod SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aleqsandre makedonelis
epoqidan dawyebuli, Tu ara ufro adreuli xanebidan, kerZod, Zv.w. IV sau-
kunis dasawyisidan, rodesac aqemenianTa saxelmwifo Tavisi ganviTarebis
krizisul xanaSi Sevida da ax.w. IV saukunis 60-ian wlebamde, qarTli
metnaklebad Tavisufali iyo iranis Zlieri politikuri zegavlenisagan.
am mxriv, erTgvari gamonaklisi iyo ax.w. III saukunis meore naxevari, adre
sasanianTa xanis sparseTis mZlavrobis xana, romelic 298 w. nizibisis za-
viT damTavrda da romlis Tanaxmadac, winaqristianuli epoqis qarTli
isev romis erTpirovnuli da mZlavri zegavlenis qveS moeqca. am garemoe-
bam mniSvnelovnad ganapiroba qveynis qristianuli arCevani da ganuxre-
li ganviTareba, miuxedavad jer sasanianTa iranisa da Semdeg, muslimuri
samyaros Znelad gasaZlebi zewolisa. rogorc irkveva, centralur da
aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSi romauli samxedro nawilebis yofna ar iyo
xanmokle movlena, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT amierkavkasiis dasavleT nawil-
ze, romelic permanentulad romaelTa Zalauflebis qveS rCeboda. Tumca
iberiaSi, kolxeTisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic romis imperiis Semadgenel
nawils warmoadgenda, romaul samxedro erTeulebs mxolod iberiis xeli-
sufalTa neba-surviliT (Tundac formaluriT) SeeZloT yofna. amierkav-
kasiis mniSvnelobas romis samxedro strategiuli gegmebisaTvis, mraval
sxva garemoebasTan erTad, isic mowmobs, rom ax.w. 95 w. daweril statiusis
(45-96 ww.) poemaSi `silva~ kaspiis karibWe warmodgenilia kapadokiis arm-
iis moqmedebis bunebriv arealad (Silv. 4,4, 63f.)55. yuradRebas i pyrobs, wi-
naqristianuli xanis amierkavkasiaSi gamovlenili berZnuli da laTinuri
epigrafikuli Zeglebis siuxve da maTSi asaxuli anTroponimikis berZnul-
romauli xasiaTi. zogierT SemTxvevaSi es warwerebi romaelTa samxedro
85:13-14), ix., agreTve, `asurel mamaTa cxovrebis~ cnoba, rom ioane zedaznelis zeda
zadenze misvlis xanaSi iq adgili hqonia msxverlTa Sewirvas: `...eSmakni friad
damkჳdrebul iyvnes da hmsaxurebdes kuamliTa nazorevTaჲTa~ (ix., abulaZe 1955, 27 Smd.)
54 Tseretheli 1935, 64
55 Bosworth 1977, 227
649
 nawilebis amierkavkasiaSi ganlagebis faqtis amsaxvelia56. laTinuri da mauli religiuri sistemisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli TvisebebebiT. amrigad,
berZnuli warwerebis gamovlenis faqtebi sakuTriv iberiaSi da iberiasa centraluri amierkavkasiis movlenebSi romaelTa intensiur da mravalm-
da kaspiis zRvas Soris mdebare mxareSi, savaraudod, dakavSirebuli unda xriv monawileobas, sagrZnobi kvali unda daemCnia adgilobriv sulier
iyos romaelTa da iberielTa saerTo strategiul interesebTan, kontro- samyarozec, kerZod, religiur warmodgenebsa da kultebze. iberiaSi, iseve
lis qveS hyolodaT am arealSi ganlagebuli uReltexilebi. iberielTa rogorc romis imperiaSi, qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad aRiareba, bu-
samflobeloebis aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT gavrceleba, rac amave dros nebrivia, kidev ufro ganamtkicebda am or qveyanas Soris winaqristianuli
aRmosavleli metoqeebis xarjze maTi politikuri Zalauflebis eqspansi- xanidan arsebul mWidro samxedro-politikur da kulturul-ekonomikur
is garantias iZleoda, ra Tqma unda, romis imperiis interesebSic Sedio- siaxloves, rac, ufro gvian, balavrad daedo qarTlisa (=saqarTvelos) da
da. amis gamo, romaelTa monawileoba romaeli imperatoris `klientis~, bizantiis mravalsaukunovan da mravalmxriv urTierTobasa da sulier
iberiis mefis laSqrobaSi parTelTa mokavSire, albanelebis winaaRmdeg, siaxloves.
mosalodneli iqneboda57. armazcixeze ukanasknel xanebSi Catarebuli gaT-
xrebis Sedegad aRmoCenilma epigrafikulma masalam damatebiT gagvacno
mefe amazaspis ezos moZRvris anagrenesis, agreTve dedofal drakontisisa
da msaxurTuxucesis anionis saxelebi58. sveticxovlis ezoSi, taZris Crdi-
lo-aRmosavleT mxares 2001 wels aRmoCenili akldamis (samarxi 14) gaT-
xris Sedegad, aRmoCnda gema dedoflis ulpias gamosaxulebiTa da berZ-
nuli warweriT, agreTve, penali mefe ustamosisa da eugeniosis saxeliT59.
rogorc Cans, adgili hqonda ara mxolod romaelebisa da iberielebis
bibliografia
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interesebze, aramed, xdeboda zogierTi romaelis WeSmariti integracia 1. abdalaZe a., movses xorenaci somxeTis 9. leoniZe g., qarTuli messianizmi, gaz.
iberiul sazogadoebaSi. am mxriv, gansakuTrebul interess iwvevs ax.w. II istoria Zveli somxuridan Targmna, Se- `baxtrioni~, #2, 1922
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a. bosvorsis SeniSvniT, igi ver iqneboda iberieli didebuli, romelmac Zem, Tb., 1984 saqarTveloSi, saqarTvelos muzeumis
romauli moqalaqeoba da Sesabamisad, axali saxeli miiRo. moqalaqeobis 2. abulaZe il., qarTlis cxovrebis Zveli moambe, III. tf., 1927
miniWeba klienti-saxelmwifos gamorCeuli wevrebisaTvis xdeboda impera- somxuri Targmani, qarTuli teqsti da 11. qavTaraZe g., iberiis samefos `arsebo-
toris mier boZebiT da msgavs SemTxvevaSi, mosalodneli iyo, rom romau- Zveli somxuri Targmani gamokvleviTa bis arsi~ Zveli saistorio wyaroebis
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biT `gaiberielebuli~ unda yofiliyo61. iberia ar warmoadgenda imdenad il. abulaZis gamocema, Tb., 1955 iberia-kolxeTi, saqarTvelos klasikuri
Zlevamosil saxelmwifos, rom sruliad damoukideblad SesZleboda Ta- 4. gvelesiani m., armazis kerpis kultu- da adremedievuri periodis arqeologi-
visi politikuri miznebis xorcSesxma _ sxvadasxva qveynis gansxvavebuli rul-istoriuli aspeqtebi, armazis kul- ur-istoriuli kvlevani, #4, Tb., 2008
interesebi erTmaneTs swored aq, kavkasionze gadamavali umTavresi uRel- tis definiciisaTvis. disertacia isto- 13. yauxCiSvili T., saqarTvelos istoriis
texilis uSualod samxreTiT mdebare centralur amierkavkasiaSi kveTda. riis mecnierebaTa doqtoris xarisxis Zveli berZnuli wyaroebi, Tb., 1976
romaelebsa da iberielebs, erTi da imave orbis terarrum-is Semadgenel mosapoveblad (xelnaweris uflebiT), 14. yauxCiSvili s., qarTlis cxovreba, teqs-
nawilebs Soris arsebuli mWidro TanamSromloba, dafuZnebuli saziaro Tb., 2003 ti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaw-
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samxedro kontigentis integracias _ kapadokiasa da amierkavkasiaSi gan- bani (eqvTime TayaiSvilis saxelobis 15. wereTeli g., armazis bilingva, Tb., 1942
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Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University,
Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology,
Department of Ancient Country History, Chief Scientific Officer
FOR THE
ESSENCE
OF THE
PAGAN
IBERIAN
DEITIES
The ancient Pantheon of the Iberian Kingdom
consisted of deities of the syncretic character.
At the beginning, this Pantheon was connected
to the syncretic cultural world of the Post-Ach-
aemenian-Early Hellinistic Eastern Mediterra-
nean area, and was afterwards enriched with the
religious notions, characteristic for the Roman
empire. From the viewpoint of the Roman-Ibe-
rian relations, the character of the supreme de-
ity of Iberia - Armazi, which, though obvious-
ly of Near Eastern provenance, reveals some
traits, typical for the most important god of the
Roman empire - Juppiter Optimus Maximus
Dolichenus. Juppiter Dolichenus, was the „pre-
server of the whole world “, the main supporter
of the Roman rule and Roman Emperor and,
at the same time, the promoter of the Roman
power, extending it to the East. The gold and
silver images to the right and left hand of Ar-
mazi, Gac’i and Ga, perhaps representations of
Giorgi L. Kavtaradze
solar and lunar deities, have parallels in Apollo
Citharoedus and Diana Lucifera, deities of the
Dolichenian pantheon. It was suggested that
Diana was the lunar partner of a solar Apollo
and that they had a permanent precise doctrinal
position in the theology of Juppiter Dolichenus.
The distinctly portrayed subordinate position
of the [139] deities of sun and moon to Juppi-
ter Dolichenus is to be detected on the bronze
slab from Doliche, where both these deities are
placed beneath the feet of Juppiter Dolichenus
who was surrounded by stars. One of the most
important deities of Iberia – Zaden, was an Ibe-
rian version of Roman Saturn. It seems, that the
intensity of the Roman involvement in Central
Transcaucasia could put its imprint on locally
existing religious cults.
653
 w(mida)i ese dedaqalaqi

654 655
 gamoyenebulia saqarTvelos kulturuli
memkvidreobis dacvis erovnuli saagentos
dokumentTa sacavSi arsebuli masalebi

656 657
 nino RambaSiZe
Tbilisis v. sarajiSvilis saxelobis
saxelmwifo konservatoria,
istoriis doqtori
mcxeTis
sakraluroba
qarTvelTa
rwmenasa da
ritualebSi
qarTvelTa qristianobis ierusalimurma warmomav-
lobam da mcxeTis sakralurobam mniSvnelovnad
gansazRvra qarTvelTa qristianuli msoflmxedve-
loba, rwmena-warmodgenebi da wes-Cveulebebi. maTSi
cxadad aisaxa mcxeTis, ase vTqvaT, `sulieri ieru-
salimoba~.1
albaT,sworia is mosazreba,rom `xalxuri sarwmunoe-
ba~ anu xalxuri rwmena-warmodgenebi, sarwmunoebis
erovnuli formaa. igi aseve ubralo xalxis reli-
giaa, romlis gamoxatuleba Zalze mravalferova-
nia (Hiebert, Shaw, Tienou, 1999-2013:75). kultura, romel-
sac ayalibebs tradicia da romelic mkvlevarTa
samecniero interesis sferos warmoadgens, eTnikur
xasiaTs aniWebs, Tundac sayovelTaod gavrcelebul
movlenas da originaluri elferis mqones xdis mas.
istoriis, garemo pirobebis zegavleniT iqmneba amg-
vari, met-naklebad originaluri, `xalxuri sarwmu-
noeba~. swored amgvarad mniSvnelovani, gamorCeuli
da gansakuTrebuli adgili mianiWa uflis Tayvanis-
cemis miseul formas qarTvelma, rodesac jvarcmas
da aRdgomas, gamoxsnis, maradiuli sicocxlis ideas
centraluri, umTavresi adgili dauTmo religiur
msoflmxedvelobaSi da masze aago Tavisi yofa. es
Zalian kargad Cans magaliTad: xuroTmoZRvrebaSi,
galobaSi, erovnul xasiaTSi, xalxur sarwmunoeba-
Si da sxv. ismis SekiTxva: gana marto qarTveli
qristianisTvisaa aRdgomis idea mTavari? is xom
zogadad qristianobis qvakuTxedia? diax, es asea.
1 winamdebari statia efuZneba sxvadasxva gamocemaSi gamoqveynebul Cvens statiebs, Tum-
ca am SemTxvevaSi sakiTxi odnav gansxvavebuli rakursiTaa dasmuli – n. R.
658
ra ayalibebs erTi da igive kulturul elements erovnulad? erTi da
igive kulturuli elementi sxvadasxva xalxsac SesaZloa hqondes, magram
es elementi gansxvavebul kulturaSi gansxvavebul formas, konteqsts,
datvirTvas iZens. es procesi mravali faqtoris zegavlenas ganicdis:
geografiul-klimaturs, istoriuls, erovnuli fsiqologiis da sxva.
XVIII saukunis II naxevramde, kacobriobis istoriaSi, albaT, ar moiZebneba
xalxi, romelsac sarwmunoeba yofisgan gamoyofili hqondes. arqeologia
amis naTeli dasturia. adamiani yvelaferSi RmerTs xedavda, misiT qmnida
tradicias cxovrebis yvela sferoSi, rac Sedegad kulturas, erovnul
da religiur identobas ayalibebda. ratom gaxda jvarcmisa da aRdgomis,
maradiuli sicocxlis idea qarTvelTa sarwmunoebis qvakuTxedi da Cve-
neuli qristianobis damaxasiaTebeli niSani? sayovelTaodaa cnobili, rom
macxovris kvarTi ieso qristes sxeulis simboloa da logikurad, igi misi
simboluri sxeulia dedamiwaze. kvarTidan, macxovris simboluri daflu-
li sxeulidan anu simboluri saflavidan, izrdeba cxoveli sveti. aseve,
maradmwvane, saswaulmoqmedi xidan iTleba jvrebi, romlebic aRimarTeba
qarTlis samefoSi, rac kerpebs anadgurebs. mogvianebiT cxoveli svetisa
da gamoTlili jvrebisTvis igeba eklesiebi. siwmindeebi, romlebic axlad
daarsebul saqarTvelos eklesias eZleva, aris ori samsWvali da ferxTa
ficari. kvarTi - uflis simboluri sxeuli, ferxTa ficari, ori samsWva-
li, jvrad gamoTlili xe, jvarcmis iaraRi, romelic macxovris sisxliT
ikurTxa maradiuli xsnis simbolod, Cveni RrmaYrwmeniT, xatovan suraTs
qmnis eris koleqtiur fsiqikaSi jvarcmuli da mkvdreTiT aRmdgari macx-
ovris. eris amgvarma koleqtiurma xatma Tavisi gamoxatuleba pirveli
originaluri qristianuli eklesiis, jvris agebaSic hpova.
rogorc a. oqropiriZe aRniSnavs, mcxeTis jvris taZari `kuTxis oTaxebiani
tetrakonqia~ da xuTjvrian niSanze agebuli xuroTmoZRvrebaa~ (oqropi-
riZe, 2004:26), rac rogorc cnobilia qristes xuTi Wrilobis gamomxatveli
simboloa. es simbolo saxelmwifo droSis saxiT kvlav cocxlobs Cvens
erovnul da religiur TviTSegnebaSi. imavdroulad, mTas, romelzedac
jvris taZaria aRmarTuli, mcxeTis sakralur sivrceSi golgoTa hqvia da
masve ganasaxierebs.
bunebrivia, taZrisgan ganuyofelia misdami miZRvnili dResaswaulic. amde-
nad, mcxeTis jvarsac aqvs dResaswauli, romelic `saqarTvelos erTiani,
avtokefaluri eklesiis~ dResaswaulia da `romlis daweseba saqarTvelos
eklesiis avtokefaliis mopovebasa da vaxtang gorgaslis moRvaweobas
unda davukavSiroT~ (patariZe, 1993:59). ganixilavs ra mcxeTis jvris taZars,
vaxtang beriZe aRniSnavs: `jvris garegnuli saxe naTlad asaxavs sivrcis
Siga danawevrebas, magram aq mxolod pasiuri ganmeoreba ki ar aris imisa,
rasac SigniTa konturebi karnaxobda, aramed gare formebis mxatvrulad
gaazrebuli Sesabamisoba. es pirveli magaliTia Sua saukuneebis qarTul
xuroTmoZRvrebaSi, rom fasadis saxe damoukidebeli, Segnebulad dasaxu-
li, mxatvruli amocanis mniSvnelobas iZens. amieridan es qarTuli arqite-
qturis damaxasiaTebeli niSani iqneba, erTi im mravalTagani, romlebic
mkveTrad ganasxvavebs mas bizantiurisagan.... bizantiaSi xuroTmoZRvarTa
yuradRebas (xelovnebis ayvavebis periodSic) mTlianad i pyrobda didebu-
li Siga sivrcis Seqmnis amocana, fasadebi maT ar ainteresebdaT~ (beriZe,
1974:31). mcxeTis jvris taZari im mxrivadacaa originaluri, rom mas gum-
baTis caSi jvris gamosaxvis tradiciisTvis unda daedo saTave, rac qa-
659
 rTuli saeklesio xelovnebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli (oqropiriZe, 2003:35).
amdenad, mcxeTis jvari da misi dResaswauli saqarTvelos eklesiis pirve-
li nacionaluri taZari da masTan dakavSirebuli erovnuli qristianuli
dResaswauli iyo. wyarodan kargad aris cnobili, rom mcxeTis jvris aRm-
arTvisas kerpebi daecnen mTels `sazRvarsa qarTlisasa~, xolo garkveu-
li drois Semdeg, amave jvarma didi saswauli daanaxa `yoveli qarTlis~
mosaxleobas. amdenad, ar unda iyos gasakviri, rom mcxeTis jvris niSi an
mis saxelze aRmarTuli eklesia `yoveli qarTlis~ sxvadasxva kuTxeSi
daarsebuliyo.
es asec aris. Cvens mier warmarTulma kvlevam aCvena, rom qarTlis same-
foSi, mcxeTis jvris saxelze, mravali salocavia agebuli. maT Sorisaa:
lomisa, laSari, cecxlijvari, sof. qvemoWalis jvarpatiosani, qaSveTi, sa-
varaudod, alaverdi da sxv. aseve, kvlevis Sedegad gagviCnda mosazreba,
rom aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis salocavebs jvar-xatebi swored
mcxeTis jvarTan maTi uSualo kavSiris gamo ewodaT (RambaSiZe, alaverd-
aSvili, 2018:246-251). amdenad, ieso qristes jvarcma da mkvdreTiT aRdgoma
qarTvelTa pirvel erovnul qristianul dResaswaulsa da misdami miZ-
Rvnil taZarSi gansxeulda. qarTvelTa, faqtobrivad, pirvelma erovnulma
qristianulma dResaswaulma da misdami miZRvnilma salocavebma, qarTlis
samefos sulieri ruka dafara. SesaZloa, pirdapiri Tu gadataniTi mniSvn-
elobiT im kerpebis adgilebi daikaves, romlebic, wyaros mixedviT, mcxeTis
jvris aRmarTvam daamxo. maT warmarTuli qarTlis samefo gaaqristianes.
rogorc cnobilia, mcxeTis jvris dResaswaulTan sami TariRia
dakavSirebuli: aRdgomidan mesame kvira, jvrebis gamoTlis dRe, rodesac
wyaros mixedviT misi dResaswauli daaweses da romelic moqcevis TariRs,
326 wels (musxeliSvili, 2003:21-26; patariZe, 2000:13; klarjuli mravalTavi,
1991:151) 1 maiss emTxveoda. 7 maisi, rodesac gamoTlili sami jvari
sveticxovelSi aRimarTa da RvTis gangebiT gairkva, sad unda daedgaT
es jvrebi. sulTmofenobis momdevno oTxSabaTi, rodesac mcxeTis jvari
didi saswaulebiT gandidda. saswauli imdenad didi da sakvirveli
iyo, rom am dRem mcxeTis jvris dResaswaulebs Soris wamyvani adgili
daikava. sagulisxmoa, rom a. natroevi uTiTebs erT da gansxvavebul
TariRs. misi TqmiT, mcxeTis jvris dResaswauli aRdgomidan merve dRes
anu kviracxovlobis orSabaTsac aRiniSneboda, niSnad imisa, rom wm. ninom
mcxeTis golgoTaze jvari aRmarTa. is jvari, romlisTvisac mogvianebiT
mcxeTis jvris eklesia aSenda (Натроев, 1900:17). sulTmofenobis oTxSabaTis
mcxeTis jvris dResaswauli axladmonaTluli eris cxovrebaSi
gamorCeuli da STambeWdavi movlena iyo. cecxlovani jvris gamoCeniT,
Zlieri surnelebiT, mravali kurnebiT, ufalma qarTlis moqceuli
mosaxleoba qristianobaSi ganamtkica. am dRes kidev erTi mniSvnelovani
aspeqti axlavs. mcxeTis jvris saswauli mWidrod ukavSirdeba 351 w. 7
maiss (qarTuli wyaros mixedviT 352 w.) ierusalimSi jvris gamoCinebas, rac
im weliwads sulTmofenobis dReebs damTxvevia. am ori movlenis mWidro
da mravalmxriv kavSirs araerTi argumentirebuli samecniero naSromi
mieZRvna (Кекелидзе, 1912:249; klarjuli mravalTavi, 1991:151; WeliZe, 2002;
oqropiriZe, 2003:36-37). qarTlis samefoSi ganviTarebul sulier movlenebs
Soris, rogorc aRiniSna, 7 maiss uflis nebiTa da miTiTebiT gamomJRavnda
jvrebis aRmarTvis adgilebi, xolo sulTmofenobis oTxSabaTs mcxeTis
jvris saswauli moxda. samive SemTxvevaSi xalxis winaSe gamoCnda jvari.
rogorc e. WeliZe aRniSnavs, `es gamocxadeba igiveobrivia, erTi mTliania.
660
umWidroesad akavSirebs mcxeTas da ierusalims~, mcxeTis golgoTas da
ierusalimis golgoTas (WeliZe, 2002).
gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia a. natroevis naSromSi mocemuli masala
mcxeTis jvris dResaswaulis aRdgomidan merve dRes aRniSvnis Sesaxeb.
igi saocar paralels avlens pirvel saukuneSi martvilSi ganviTarebul
movlenebTan, rodesac wmida andriam didi Wyoni moWra. martvilis raion-
Si dRemde axsovT, rom aRdgomidan merve dRes imarTeboda dResaswauli
Wvenieroba, romlis drosac mamakacebi, uxucesis winamZRolobiT fesvianad
iRebdnen axalgazrda muxas, wm. andrias mier kerpTayvanismcemlobis damxo-
bis niSnad. amave dRes, imereTSi, sof. ianeTSi aRniSnavdnen ianeTobas (Ram-
baSiZe, 2009). Wvenieroba, ianeToba da aRdgomidan merve dRes mcxeTis jvris
dResaswaulis aRniSvna, vfiqrobT, xalxuri an gaxalxurebuli dResaswau-
li unda iyos. marTalia a. natroevi aRniSnavs, rom es dRe saqarTvelos
eklesiis dResaswaulia, magram, amis Tqmis uflebas gvaZlevs ioane zosimes
kalendari, romlis mixedviT kviracxovlobis momdevno kviris yvela dRes
orSabaTis garda miCenili aqvs saeklesio dResaswauli (kekeliZe, 1957:279).
jerjerobiT, rogorc CvenTvisaa cnobili, arc sxva romelime xelnaweri
gvawvdis cnobas, rom mocemuli dResaswauli liturgikul kalendarSi
iyo CarTuli.
mcxeTis jvris 7 maisis dResaswauli qarTveli xalxis mexsierebaSi sain-
tereso informacias inaxavs. kerZod, am dRes saqarTveloSi qristiano-
bis gavrcelebis sami etapi ukavSirdeba. kaxeTSi 7 maiss Zelicxovlobas
uwodeben da wmida andria mociquls ukavSireben. TxoTis mTaze aRmarTu-
li jvris dRes qarTlSi 7 maiss ninoobas aRniSnaven. Tumca, mlocvels,
romelic am dRes salocavSi ver avida, mis sworze (14/27 maiss) SeuZlia
TxoTis ninowmidis taZarSi sces Tayvani mociqulTaswors (`literaturu-
li saqarTvelo~, 1996:12). dRes saqarTvelos eklesia am dRes 13 asurel
mamas moixseniebs. 7 maisTan dakavSirebuli eTnografiuli masala datvir-
Tulia ierusalimSi jvris gamoCinebasTan dakavSirebuli wes-CveulebebiT.
rac Seexeba aRdgomis mesame kviras, Cvens xelT arsebuli masalebis mixed-
viT ar Cans, rom igi xalxisTvis saqarTveloSi qristianobis gavrcelebas
ukavSirdeba. magram, ukavSirdeba laSaris mTavar salocavs, rogorc mcx-
eTis jvris dResaswauli. dRes, rodesac aRdgomidan mesame kvira menel-
sacxeble dedaTa xsenebis dRea, igi Tavis TavSi, albaT, moicavs mociqu-
lobis ideas. gavixsenoT paseqis Jamni, sadac vkiTxulobT, Tu rogor auwya
angelozma dedebs qristes mkvdreTiT aRdgoma da uTxra: `...warvediT da
yovelsa sofelsa uqadageT, viTarmed sikvdili mokla mxsnelman Cvenman, da
aRsdga didebiT, viTarca ars Ze RvTisa, da macxovari kacTa naTesavisasa~
(locvani, 2002:72).
qarTlis samefos sulier cxovrebaSi mkvdreTiT aRdgomis ideis upi-
ratesobaze naTlad metyvelebs Wonas saxeliT cnobili SemovliTi rit-
uali.
Wonaze saaRdgomod qarTlis yvela kuTxeSi, imereTSi, mesxeTSi, raWaSi, mTi-
uleT-gudamayarSi da kaxeTSi dadiodnen. Wonaze siaruli wesiT wiTel
paraskevs iwyeboda, zogan vnebis kviris orSabaTs da aRdgomamde grZel-
deboda. daaxloebiT Svidi-rva mamakaci, tyavis jubebSi gamowyobilebi, zo-
gjer qalebic da bavSvebic (rac, rogorc Cans, gviani movlenaa), kardakar
661
 dadiodnen, ojaxs ulocavdnen da umRerodnen, magaliTad, ase:
`saxlo, salxinod naSeno,
vin dagido muxis guli,
amSeneblis mama cxonda,
Siga mdgomis dedis suli.
alaTasa, balaTasa,
Camovkideb kalaTasa,
dedi, kvercxi gamogvita,
RmerTi mogcems baraqasa.
tyidan xari gamovarda,
Txa SemiWama nisla,
maspinZelo, gamogvxede,
sxvaganac gvinda misvla~.
***
alaTasa balaTasa,
Camovkideb kalaTasa.
dedi erTi kvercxi mome,
RmerTi mogcems baraqasa, Wonaaa2
(Tsu folkloris kaTedris arqivi; 1971 da sxv.).
meWoneebs ojaxi sursaTiT asaCuqrebda. isini ZiriTadad kvercxs iTxovd-
nen. zogan meWoneebs Rame godrebi dahqondaT, maspinZels momaval aRdgomas
ulocavdnen da umRerodnen, ris drosac ojaxs iseT siuxves usurvebdnen,
rogoric Sios maranSi iyo; rom saxlSi yvela janmrTeli da bednieri yo-
filiyo. simRera mTavrdeboda misamReriT: `Wonaa, Wonaa!~ zogjer meWoneebs
simReris Semdeg, SesaZloa, ferxulic SeesrulebinaT, daekraT salamurze,
gaemarTaT Widaoba, cekva-TamaSi da sxva. Tu ojaxi meWoneebs xelcariels
gauSvebda, isini daiwyevlebodnen, rac cudis niSani iyo. banzec icod-
nen asvla, romlis erdodan saxlSi CauSvebdnen kalaTas, rom diasaxliss
masSi sanovage, ZiriTadad, kvercxi Caedo. rogorc wesi, meWoneebi erTis
nacvlad or kvercxs iTxovdnen da iZaxdnen: `orolobaa, orolobaa!~ zog-
jer maT imdeni kvercxi ugrovdebodaT, rom bazarSic hyiddnen da aRebuli
fuliT sursaTs, Rvinos yidulobdnen, Semdeg ki tradiciulad saaRdgomod
qeifobdnen (RambaSiZe, 2011:264-265). rafiel erisTavis TqmiT, meWoneebis mi-
zani qristes dideba da momavali aRdgomis milocva iyo (erisTavi, 1986:101).
miuxedavad sagrZnobi variantulobisa, rac folkloris erT-erTi niSan-
doblivi maxasiaTebelia, arsebobs garkveuli sityvieri teqsti, romelic
alilosa da WonaSi identuri an msgavsia. rac Seexeba rituals, orive
SemTxvevaSi misi monawileebi tradiciulad iyvnen tyavis jubebSi ga-
mowyobili mamakacebi. mealiloeebs komblebic ekavaT xelSi da Sobis
Rames, anu Rames, rodesac ieso qriste iSva, unda SeesrulebinaT rituali.
Cven xelT arsebuli masalis mixedviT, meWoneebs komblebi ar ekavaT xel-
Si da tradiciulad wiTel paraskevs iwyebdnen siaruls, rodesac kvercxi
SeRebili iyo da am SeRebil kvercxebs aRdgomisTvis agrovebdnen. Tumca,
eTnografiuli monacemebis mixedviT, zogjer isini ritualis Sesrulebas
vnebis kviris orSabaTidanac iwyebdnen.
2 es teqsti, rogorc aliloze aseve Wonaze imRereba da aqvs variantuli saxesxvaobebi.
662
Tu alilos rituali Zalian hgavs saxarebiseul ambavs, Wonas msgavsi
ambavi srulebiTac ar gvxvdeba saxarebaSi. sxva qristianul qveynebSi
amgvari saaRdgomo ritualebi ZiriTadad bzobis wina dRes, lazares
SabaTs da lazares ukavSirdeba (Календарные Обычаи, 1977: .330, 355...). CvenTan
ki, vfiqrobT, marTali lazare amindis marTvis ritual – lazarobasTanaa
dakavSirebuli (RambaSiZe, 1999:67-68.). Wona ki qarTuli SemovliTi ritualia,
romelic qristes aRdgomas, mis xarebas ukavSirdeba. ase rom, Cvens xelT
arsebuli masalis mixedviT, uSualod saaRdgomo SemovliTi rituali, sxva
evropul qristianul qveynebSi ar Cans.
kvlevam aseve aCvena, rom Wona CvenTvis cnobili eTnografiuli masalis
mixedviT, saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSi ar dasturdeba.
aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom alilos gavrcelebis areali ufro vrcelia, vidre
Wonasi. qarTli aris erTaderTi kuTxe saqarTveloSi, sadac mxolod Wonas
wess asruleben da alilosas ara, rac kvarTTan da mcxeTis sulier ieru-
salimobasTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli.
rogorc cnobilia, Tavdapirvelad sveticxoveli macxovris saxelobis
taZari iyo da vaxtang gorgaslis droidan igi 12 mociqulis saxels
atarebs. imavdroulad, qarTlis centrSi agebuli sveticxoveli ganasax-
ierebs msoflio eklesiis models, rogorc uflis simbolur sxeulze,
kvarTze agebuli da rogorc ierusalimis wm. sionSi sulTmofenobas moci-
qulebze dafuZnebuli miwieri eklesia, radganac wm. sionis eklesia dedaa
`yovelTa eklesiaTa,~ (xoStaria, 2001:27; klarjuli mravalTavi, 1991:43-44)
mcxeTis jvari ki jvarcmuli da mkvdreTiT aRmdgari ieso qristes Cveneu-
li modelia.
amdenad, vfiqrobT, jvarcmis, mkvdreTiT aRdgomis Tema qarTlis samefos-
aTvis upiratesi aRmoCnda SobasTan mimarTebaSi, rac dRemde SemorCenil
eTnografiul masalaSic Cans. Wona bolo dromde, rogorc zemoT iTqva,
gavrcelebuli iyo: dRevandel qarTlSi, mesxeTSi, mTiuleT-gudamayarSi,
raWaSi, imereTisa da kaxeTis nawilSic, rac, faqtobrivad, (mciredi sax-
esxvaobiT) IV s. II naxevris da V s. I naxevrisAqarTlis (iveriis) same-
fos teritorias warmoadgenda (musxeliSvili, 2003; 2016:6). SesaZloa vi-
varaudoT, rom sagazafxulo SemovliTi rituali, romelic CvenTvis Wonas
saxeliTaa cnobili, zemoT xsenebul periodSi aRdgomas da qristianobas
daukavSirda da winare qristianuli sagazafxulo SemovliTi ritualis
saxesxvaobis Sedegad warmoiSva. Sesabamisad, aRdgomis Tema, qarTlis same-
fos sulieri qvakuTxedi, kvarTis, sveticxovlis, mcxeTis jvris simbo-
likiT gacxadda, rac dRemde Semoinaxa xalxurma SemovliTma ritualma.
swored jvarcmisa da aRdgomis saswauli, qristianobis centraluri idea,
aRmoCnda ara marto qveynis politikuri gaerTianebis mTavari sulieri
qvakuTxedi, aramed misi sulieri sazRvaric da mcvelic, rac, faqtobrivad,
Wonas ritualis arsma da Sesrulebis geografiamac Semogvinaxa.3
3 WonasTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs gansxvavebuli mosazreba. aRsaniSnavia, rom manana
WiraqaZes da maia RambaSiZes gansxvavebuli mosazreba aqvT termin WonasTan dakavSire-
biT. isini miiCneven, rom semantikurad, qarTvelur enebze dayrdnobiT, termini wmindas,
sakralurs, maRals, muxas, sagalobels niSnavs. aqedan gamomdinare, m. RambaSiZe da m.
WiraqaZe askvnian, rom Wona Tavdapirvelad didi Wyonis sagalobeli iyo. (RambaSiZe
da WiraqaZe, 2010-2011, 8:42, 46). ufro adre ki, niko mari gamoTqvamda mosazrebas, rom Wona
663
 aseve, xalxurma dResaswaulebma (ninoobam, Zelicxovlobam, 7 maisobam) Se- bibliografia
mogvinaxes xsovna saqarTveloSi qristianobis gavrcelebis istoriis sami
etapis Sesaxeb. niSandoblivia, rom es dResaswaulebi mcxeTis jvars uka-
vSirdebian. 1. beriZe v., qarTuli xuroTmoZRvreba, Tb.,
1974
mcxeTis jvari anu triumfaluri jvari da misi dResaswauli, romlis 2. erisTavi r., folklorul-eTnografi-
niSebiT da maTTan dakavSirebuli dResaswaulebiT moiniSna mTeli qarT- uli werilebi, Tb., 1986
lis samefo, faqtobrivad, qarTlis centrSi agebuli sveticxovlis pirm- 3. kekeliZe k., etiudebi Zveli qarTuli
Soa. qarTlis centrSi agebuli kaTolike eklesiis simbolo, msoflio literaturis istoriidan, 5 Tb., 1957
eklesiis modeli, rogorc uflis simbolur sxeulze, kvarTze agebuli da 4. klarjuli mravalTavi, teqsti gamo-
ierusalimis wm. sionSi sulTmofenobas mociqulebze dafuZnebuli miwi- sacemad moamzada da gamokvleva daur-
eri eklesia, deda `yovelTa eklesiaTa.~ To Tamila mgalobliSvilma, Tb., 1991
5. `literaturuli saqarTvelo~, gaz., 1996,
(19-26 ivlisi)
6. locvani, fericvalebis saxelobis de-
daTa monasteri Tb., 2002
7. musxeliSvili d., `saqarTvelo IV-VIII
saukuneebSi, Tb., 2003
8. musxeliSvili d., saqarTvelos istori-
is atlasi, Tb., 2003 da meore Sevsebuli
gamocema, Tb., 2016
9. oqropiriZe a., mcxeTis jvris taZris Si-
naarsisTvis, Jurn. `codna da rwmena~, [#1
(11)], 2003
10. oqropiriZe a., xuTjvriani droSis sim-
bolikisaTvis, rwmena da codna, [#1 (12)],
2004
11. patariZe l., `cxovreba wmidisa ninoÁsa”
(qarTlis gaqristianebis kulturul -
istoriuli sakiTxebi), Tb., 1993
12. patariZe l., `qarTvelTa gaqristiane-
ba `qarTlis cxovrebis~ mixedviT~, kr.,
qristianoba saqarTveloSi, istoriul
eTnologiuri gamokvlevebi , Tb., 2000
13. RambaSiZe n., 7 maisis dResaswauli saqa-
rTveloSi, Jur. analebi, (2), Tb., 1999
14. RambaSiZe n., wmida andria mociqulTan
Wanur-megrul sityva wanasTanaa dakavSirebuli, rac Tavis mxriv, wveulebas, dResas-
wauls, Sekrebilobas niSnavda
664
da mcxeTis jvarTan dakavSirebuli
dResaswauli, Jur. saqarTvelos siZve-
leni, (13), Tb., 2009
15. RambaSiZe n., qarTuli xalxuri da
saeklesio dResaswaulebi, Tb., 2011
16. RambaSiZe n., alaverdaSvili q., aRmosav-
leT saqarTvelos tradiciuli kul-
tura (gudamayris, xevis, TuSeTis salo-
cavebi), Tb., 2018
17. RambaSiZe m., WiraqaZe m., metalurgiis
kultis erTi nakvalevisaTvis qarTul
eTno-kulturul sivrceSi (saweso saga-
lobeli `Wona~-s semantikuri analizis
safuZvelze), Bulletin of the AGBAS, (8), 2010-
2011
18. xoStaria d., adreuli Suasaukuneebis
eklesiebi mcxeTaSi, ACADEMIA, I, 2001
19. WeliZe e., mcxeTis jvris gamoCinebis
dResaswaulis Sesaxeb, mcxeTis jvris
saswaulebrivi gamoCinebis dResaswau-
li da msaxureba (sulTmofenobis Semd-
gomi oTxSabaTi), Tb., 2002
20. javaxiSvilis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universitetis folkloris kaTedris
arqivi, sof. enageTi, 1970, № 9050, 1971, №
9178; zestafonis r., sof. dilikauri, 1971,
№9467 da sxv.
21. Календарные Обычаи и обряды в странах
зарубежной Европы конец XIX – начало XX в.,
весенние праздники, Москва, 1977
22. Кекелидзе К., Иерусалимский канонар, Тф., 1912
23. Натроев А., Мцхета и его собор Светицховели,
Тф., 1900
665

Tbilisi V. Sarajishvili State Conservatoire,
Doctor of History
SACRALITY
OF MTSKHETA
IN BELIEFS
AND RITUALS
OF GEORGIANS
Jerusalem origin of Georgian Christianity and
sacredness of Mtskheta has substantially deter-
mined Christian mindset, believes/perceptions
and customs/traditions of Georgians. They ful-
ly reflected, so to say, the “spiritual Jerusalem”
nature of Mtskheta.
Georgian Orthodox church was founded on
main Christian relics: Shroud of Christ, symbol
of the body of Savior, feet board of Jesus Cru-
cifix and two holy nails, which are said to have
got to Georgia from Jerusalem and Byzantium.
I think that relics, which the national church is
based and developed on, defines Christian phi-
losophy of the given nation. We assume that
the above mentioned relics have specifically
shaped the idea of crucifixion and the Resur-
rection, as opposed to other Christian nations.
This was reflected in constructing the first orig-
inal Georgian church in Mtskheta – The Jvari
Monastery (The Holy Cross Monastery) on
Golgotha of Mtskheta, and establishing/cel-
ebrating festival of this temple, as well as, in
folk and nationalized festivals dedicated to this
temple and its niches: Lomisoba, Lasharoba,
Tsetskhlijvroba, Shvidmaisoba, Chvenieroba,
Ianetoba, Qashvetoba etc. (Wednesday follow-
ing the Pentecost, May 7th, Zatic’s Zatic or third
Sunday after the Easter, second day after St.
Thomas’s Sunday, Monday, or the eighth day
after the Easter).
666
Nino Ghambashidze
The Jvari Monastery in Mtskheta (The Holy
Cross Monastery) and festivals related to it are
also associated with the three stages of Chris-
tianization of Georgia.
Mtskheta turned into the sacred Jerusalem not
only in Geographic, but also in a ritual way.
The example for this is Chona, the Georgian
folk ritual for Easter, which aims to annunciate
the Ressurection of Jesus. It should be noted,
that as a result of the study, we were not able
to discover such a ritual, spesifically associat-
ed with the annunciation of the Ressurection of
Jesus, among the rituals of other Christin na-
tions. At the present of stage of a research, I
assume, that Chona is a Christian variation of
a pre-Christian spring ritual, emerged in Geor-
gian Christian environment and is characteris-
tic for Georgia.
Till recent times Chona was spread in: Present
Kartli, Meskheti, Mtiulet-Gudamakari, Racha,
Imereti and part of Kakheti, that actually (with
insignificant variations) represented territory of
Kartli (Iveria) Kingdom of second half of IV c.
and first half of V c. Kartli is the only region
where only the Chona ritual was performed, in-
stead of the Alilo ritual.
667
 qeTevan siraZe
skola ,,XXI saukune~,
pedagogi, filologiis doqtori
sveticxoveli
da
sveti-cxoveli
`sveticxoveli SemaerTebelia cisa da qarTuli
miwisa. igi mTeli qarTuli sulieri cxovre-
bis safuZvelTa safuZvelia... yvelas SeiZleba
gvqondes sakuTar sulier wiaRSi sakuTari svet-
icxoveli, xati da simbolo im mTavari sveticx-
ovlisa anu RvTaebisa.~
revaz siraZe
sveticxoveli qarTvelTa qristianuli yofierebis
safuZvelia; am taZris aRmarTviT iwyeba axali cno-
biereba.
Cveni winamdebare naSromis mizania SeZlebisdag-
varad warmoCena imisa, Tu rodis da rogor dam-
kvidrda saxelwodeba „sveticxoveli~, aseve, misi
saxismetyvelebiTi analizi. erTi ram cxadia: „wmin-
da ninos cxovrebis“ uZveles redaqciebSi pirvel
SreTa Soris unda vigulisxmoT sveticxovlis aRm-
arTva: igi „mklavman RvTisaman aRiRo da ciT Camo
TviT daamyara...~ es sityvebi friad mniSvnelova-
nia da SeuZlebelia ar ukavSirdebodes CrdiloeT
fasadze gamosaxul gonioian marjvenas (r. siraZe,
1992, 111). amrigad, Tavad uflis gangebulebaa, rom aq,
qalaq mcxeTaSi, aigo es udidesi taZari da amiTEed-
eba dasabami meore ierusalimis ideas:
„mcxeTa, es qarTuli ierusalimi, mdebareobs md. mt-
kvrisa da aragvis Sesayarze, mis centrSia didebuli
sapatriarqo taZari 12 mociqulisa... aq, mtkvris na-
piras, sadac qarTvelebi moinaTlnen, dRemde Semor-
Ca mRvime eklesiis nangrevebiT, romelsac beTlemi
ewodeba. mtkvris marjvena napiras, swored samxre-
TiT aRmarTulia Taboris saxeliT cnobili mTa.
masze idga fericvalebis eklesia... mcxeTidan Crdi-
loeTiT, samxreT-aRmosavleTiT.. mdebareobs egreT
wodebuli beTania“ (kekeliZe 1957, 362).
wminda ninos cxovrebis Tanaxmad, mefe miriani taZ-
ris asagebad adgilis SerCevisas wm. ninos ekiTxeba,
668
sad avaSenoTo, razedac wmindanis pasuxia: `sadaca mTavarTa gonebaÁ mt-
kice arso~. maSin mefe samefo baRs irCevs. mefis samoTxed wodebul baRSi
iwyeben taZris mSeneblobas: „naZuni igi did sakvirvelni mokueTes, rom-
lisganca Semzadnes suetni eklesiisani, xolo equsni igi ukue sueti aRm-
arTnes, sadaca ukue ineba adgilman Tvis Tvisad, xolo udidesi igi sueti
raÁ sazareli iyo ufrois maT sxuaTa, saSual eklesiisa aRmarTebad ga-
naweses“ (leonti mroveli, 1955, 88).
rogor cnobilia, taZris centraluri sveti ver aRmarTes; mefes auwyes,
rom svets ver Zravdnen. mouxmo mefem didZal ers, magram verc simarjviT,
verc ZaliTa da verc gonierebiT verafers gaxdnen. damwuxrda mefe friad
da wavida. xolo wminda nino da dedebi (maTi ricxvi Tormeti iyo) darCnen
svetTan.
rogorc deda sidonia igonebs, gamTeniisas wm. ninos locvis ZaliT gamoCn-
da Wabuki, naTliT Semosili, cecxlovani zewriT mosili, romelmac sami
sityva uTxra wminda ninos. Semdeg xeli mohkida svets da aRamaRla. Sem-
dgomad amisa ixiles naTlis sveti, cecxlis saxed gardaqmnili, zecidan
Camomavali, romelic haerSi gaCerda, Semdeg ki dabla daeSva, mxolod sa-
fuZvlamde ar Camosula, ori wyrTis simaRleze gaCerda da ase darCa
samudamod:
„viTarca ixiles sakÂrveli igi, naTliTa brwyinvale sueti Camovidoda
adgilad TÂsad, reca viTarca zeciT, da dadga xarisxsa mas zeda, da daemy-
ara ÃeliT Seuxeblad kacTagan“ - anu sveticxoveli „Camosvetda“, SeiZle-
ba ase iTqvas, RvTis ZaliT. es iyo udidesi saswauli. am udides saswauls
mohyva sxva saswaulebi. maT Sesaxeb gvamcnobs nikoloz gulaberisZis
sakiTxavi: naTlis sveti brmas Tvals uxelda, umZimes sneuls fexze ayeneb-
da, momakvdavs kurnavda...
mis dasacavad jer ficriT amoaSenes, Semdeg – qviT.
amTaviTve unda ganvasxvaoT erTmaneTisgan `sveti-cxoveli~ - naTlis sve-
ti da `sveticxoveli~ - taZari.
saxelwodebis - `sveti cxoveli~ - gavrceleba mTliani taZris mimarT
bolo drois movlenaa. manamde, XVIII saukunis CaTvliT, calke moixsenie-
ba taZari, rogorc `meore ierusalimi~, `caTa mobaZavi~ da calke – sveti:
`sveti cxoveli~, `mironmdinari~, `kvarTsa saufloze aRmocenebuli~.
Tavdapirvelad ki sveticxovlis taZars, anu „quemo eklesias“, mirianis
TqmiT, erqva „wmidaÁ wmidaTaÁ“. es saxelwodeba, rogorc mkvlevarebi aR-
niSnaven (T. mgalobliSvili) Zvel ierusalims, moses karavs da solomonis
taZris „dabirs“, rogorc RvTis gamocxadebis adgils, ukavSirdeba.
sveticxovlis taZris mSenebloba dauwyiaT solomonis igavebSi mocemu-
li sibrZnis kvalobaze: „sibrZneman iSena Tavisa Tvisisa saxli da queSe
Seudgna mas Svidni suetni“ (igav., 9.1) solomonis taZari iyo „Zveli aRTqmis“
udidesi taZari, radgan masSi idga sjulis kidobani. amasTan, „wmidaTa wmi-
daÁ“ qristianul taZrebSi sakurTxevels ewodeba, magram is, rom mirianis
wignSi am saxeliT moixsenieba mTeli taZari, „gansakuTrebuli, Tumca... uni-
kaluri movlenaa qristianul samyaroSi“ (z. kiknaZe, 1985, 61).
669
 zurab kiknaZis TqmiT, „mcxeTaSi arsebuli eklesiis „wmidaTa wmidad“ ga-
mocxadeba ganpirobebuli iyo masSi im svetis arsebobiT, romelic im-
TaviTve siwminded iqna Seracxuli: „sueti igi cxoveli“ aris pirveli
erovnuli qristianuli siwminde“ (z. kiknaZe).
niSandoblivia is, rom „cxoveli sveti“ TavisTavad efuZneba adgils, sadac
daflulia uflis kvarTi da ufro adre, gadmocemiT, ilias xaleni. amde-
nad, es udidesi siwmindeebi aq Tanaarsebobs.
kvarTi uflisa, „Ze kacisas“ jvarcmamdeli samosi, sakuTriv qristianobis
simboloa, elias xaleni - Zveli aRTqmisa, xolo „cxoveli sveti“, rogorc
cecxlovani sveti - Zveli aRTqmidan momdinare saxea uflisa.
n. gulaberisZis `sakiTxavSi~ moTxrobilia, Tu rogor moeniWa saqarTve-
los uflis kvarTi. abiaTar mRvdeli hyveba, rom yovelive sakuTari ded-ma-
misgan moesmina, maT ki TavianTi winaprebisgan da gviambobs sayovelTaod
cnobil ambavs, Tu rogor moxvda uflis kvarTi mcxeTaSi, sadac aRaravin
icoda misi adgilsamyofeli: aravin icoda, Tu sad miabares miwas sidonia
uflis kvarTiT gulSi Cakruli: `adgili igi aravin hcna mier AJamiTgan,
vidre DdResamomde, sada mdebare ars wminda igi kuarTi~, magram im adgils
migvaxvedrebs is, rom `naTlis sueti samaradisod brwinvaled zeda enTe-
bodis, romeli-ese ukue esreT ucilobel ars saTqmeladac da sagoneblad
ukue-Tumca sxuagan sadme mdebare iyo da aramca suetsa queSe~ (n. gula-
berisZe, 78).
`mefe miriani hyveba: vxedavTo „TvalT SeudgamiTa naTliTa naTlisasa“.
wminda nino ganumartavs mefes, rom amiT ganxorcieldao RvTisCena. bibli-
aSi, Zvel aRTqmaSi, sveticxoveli RvTisCenas anu „Teofanias“ moaswavebs.
egvi ptidan gamosul moses da ebraelebs win uZRviT sveti Rrublisa da
sveti naTlisa: „da ara moaklda sueti igi Rrublisa dRisi da sueti ce-
cxlisa Rame winaSe yovlisa erisa“ (gamosvl. 13. 22). cecxlis svetis saxiT
Camodis zecidan miwaze mcxeTis sveti-cxovelic (W. 141). is RvTis Zalad
ganicdeba _ „xedvida yoveli kaci suetsa mas, viTarca Zalsa RmrTisasa“
(S. 160).
amitom rogorc moses, romelmac „gare-miiqcia piri misi“ cecxlmodebuli
da Seuwveli mayvlisagan, „rameTu eSinoda mixedvad winaSe RmrTisa“ (gam.
3,6), imJamindel qarTlSic „mixedvadca ver eZlo kacsa sarTulsa missa“
(S. 160).
sveticxovlis saxeldebis safuZvlad unda miviCnioT pavle mociqulis
epistole: „jer-ars saxlsa Sina RmrTisasa slvaÁ, romel ars eklesiaÁ Rm-
rTisa cxovelisaÁ, sueti da simtkice WeSmaritebisaÁ “ (I tim. 3,15). sayur-
adReboa, rom „ninos cxovrebis“ sinuri xelnaweris miniaturaSi svets
aRmarTavs qriste.
taZari anu eklesia aris saxli uflisa, samyofeli `cxoveli~ - cocxali
RmerTisa, romelic aris sveti WeSmaritebisa. sveticxoveli saRvTo WeS-
maritebaa, saRvTo anu wminda sibrZnea, cxovrebis momniWebeli. amasve Sei-
Zleba davukavSiroT uflis qarTuli saxeldebac - „macxovari“.
670
svetis cxoveloba (sicocxlis momniWebeli Zala) gamoxatulia imiT, rom
igi RvTaebrivi naTliTaa savse. sulxan-saba ganmartavs: „cxoel ars ufa-
li da cxoel ars suli Seni (IV mef. 4.30). cxoveli niSnavs cocxals da
gulisxmobs saRvTo sicocxles. qriste `ara ars RmerTi mkudarTa, aramed
RmerTi cxovelTa~ (mr. 12.27).
r. siraZe miuTiTebs, rom analogiebi mravlad gamovlinda da aisaxa „ni-
nos cxovrebaSi“, xolo radgan mrovelis redaqcias misdevs gulaberisZec,
Sesabamisad, gvxvdeba „sveticxovlis sakiTxavSic“. yvelaze mniSvnelovani
isaa, rom „ierusalimSia qristes saflavi, mcxeTaSi ki daflulia kvarTi
uflisa. swored uflis kvarTis Ziebas Camohyavs wm. nino mcxeTaSi. mcxeTa
saxea e.w. „zeciuri ierusalimisa“, amitom analogiebi sulieri simbolikis
Sinaarss Seicavs... aq umTavres wyvileul saxeebs qmnian jvari vazisa da
sveticxoveli, mayvlovani da „samoTxe“, armazis mTa da „borcvi juarisa“,
„zemo“ da „qvemo“ eklesiebi, aqvea bibliuri sakulto mTebi: gebeli da
garizani (siraZe 1987: 100).
sveticxoveli 12 mociqulis saxelze augiaT. simboluria sulieri kavSiri
wminda ninosTan. wmnida nino, msgavsad konstantinesi da elene dedofilsa,
mociqulTa sworad moixsenieba. nikoloz gulaberisZe mas ase uwodebs:
„mecamete WeSmariti mociqulio“. daaxloebiT amave dros igeba aia-sofias
anu „sibrZnis“ taZari konstantinepolSi 12 mociqulis saxelze. mociqu-
lebrivi ideiT sveticxovels ukavSirdeba, agreTve, RvTismSobelic. es Cans
iqidan, rom sveticxoveli moixsenieboda sionadac. sioni saqarTveloSi
RvTismSoblis saxelobis taZrebs erqva. nikoloz gulaberisZe aRniSnavs,
rom saqarTvelo „nawilica iyo dedisa RmrTisao“.
wm. ninosa da dedebis Ramis locva sveticxovlis dafuZnebisas mogvagonebs
RvTismSoblisa da menelsacxeble dedebis yofnas jvarcmisas.
amrigad, sveticxoveli amTlianebs Zvelsa da axal aRTqmas: qristes, uf-
lis kvarTis saxiT, elias - xalenis saxiT, RvTismSobels – sionis saxel-
debiT, 12 mociquls - eklesiuri cnobierebis gamavrcelebelT, romelTa
saxelobisacaa taZari, wm. ninos - mecamete mociquls da taZris amSenebels,
pirvel qristian mefes – mirians; is aris RvTisCena Cvens miwaze da dasa-
bami axali qristianuli cnobierebisa.
bibliografia
1. leonti mroveli, qarTlis cxovreba, I, 5. klarjuli mravalTavi. teqsti gamo-
Tb., 1955 sacemad moamzada da gamokvleva daur-
2. nikoloz gulaberisZe, `sakiTxavi sueti- To Tamila mgalobliSvilma. Tb., 1991
sa cxovelisaÁ, kuarTisa saufloÁsa da 6. siraZe r., kultura da saxismetyveleba,
kaTolike eklesiisaÁ~, saqarTvelos sa- Tb., 2008
moTxe gamocemis, peterburRi, 1882 7. siraZe r., qristianuli kultura da qar-
3. kekeliZe k., etiudebi Zveli qarTuli Tuli mwerloba, I, Tb., 1992
literaturis istoriidan, IV t., Tb., 1957 8. siraZe r., qarTuli agiografia, Tb., 1987
4. kiknaZe z., mirzaSvili T., ras mogviTx- 9. Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli litera-
robs mirianis „wigni“. kritika, #6, Tb., 1985 turis Zeglebi, I, 1963
671
 Ketevan Siradze
School “XXI century”,
Teacher, PhD of Philology

SVETITSKHOVELI
AND
SVETI-TSKHOVELI
(“LIVING PILLAR”)

“Svetitskhoveli” is an ancient Georgian Chris- “Svetitskhoveli” unifies the Old and the New
tian Church, and “Sveti-tskhoveli” or the Testament: Christ in the face of the Shroud of
life-giving column implies to the column of Christ, Elia – in the face of Khalen, Virgin Mary
light, descending on it from the sky. In Geor- – with the name of Sioni, 12 apostles – dissem-
gian historic materials Mtskheta is mentioned inators of religious consciousness, the church
as the second Jerusalem. Here, in Jerusalem of being named after them, Saint Nino – the thir-
Mtskheta, at Svetitskhoveli - the place of buri- teenth apostle and the builder of the church, the
al of the Shroud of Christ, is the second grave first Christian king – Mirian; it represents the
of Christ. This temple takes its name from the emergence of the god on Georgian earth and
column of light descending on it: “Svetitsk- the start of the new Christian ideology.
hoveli” means a live, life-giving column. This
name was applied to the whole temple in recent
times. In the past, up to the 18th century, the
church was mentioned separately as the “sec-
ond Jerusalem”, “Imitator of skies” and the
column was mentioned separately as a Sveti,
(column), “Svetitskhoveli”, “Mironmdinari”
(“Saturated with Holy Oil”), “Built on the
Shroud of Christ”.

672 673
 iulon gagoSiZe
saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi,
mecnier-konsultanti,
istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori
mirian
mefis
samoTxe1
`da mesamesa dResa Camoved qalaqad mcxeTad~, –
mogviTxrobs qarTvelTa ganmanaTlebeli, mociqulTa
swori wminda nino – `da mivmarTe samoTxesa mas
mefisasa da miraved karsa zeda samoTxisasa, iyo
saxlaki mcireÁ samoTxis mcvelisa~. mogvianebiT
wminda nino igebs, rom am samoTxeSi (`samoTxesa
magas Sina~) yofila `naZuTa qveSe babiloTa adgili,
mcire sayuaviled Semzadebuli~, da Semdeg CvenebaSi
xedavs, Tu rogor `movidian mfrinvelni cisani,~
– agrZelebs Txrobas wminda nino _ `STavidian
mdinaresa, ganibanian da mividian samoTxesa mas da
babilsa moisTvlebdian da yvavilsa mas Zovidian
da Cemdami RaRadobad rec Cemi ars samoTxeÁ igi,
garemimodian JRavilad da xmoben Cemda momarT
mravalferad“.2
asea aRwerili ZvelqarTul saistorio Txzuleba-
Si qarTlis pirveli qristiani mefis, mirianis, `sa-
moTxe sameufeoÁ~ naZvnariT, maRlari venaxiTa (babi-
lo) da surnelovani yvavilnariT, sadac frinvelTa
Jriamuli da mravalferi galoba ismoda. am sa-
moTxeSi Soreuli libanidan `mosruli da mcxeTad
danerguli~ naZvic3 (anu libanuri kedari) xarobda.
samoTxes mdinarec Camoudioda. samoTxes qalaqSi
gamavali karic hqonia, romelTanac samoTxis mcve-
lis saxlic mdgara.
mainc ra iyo es samoTxe, romelSic qarTlis mefem, mi-
uxedavad `naZuTa simaRleTa da babiloTa maT nayo-
fierebaT da yvavilTa maT surnelebaTa~, gadawyvita,
aego pirveli eklesia – `RmerTis saxli~ `salocvelad
1 statia daibeWda samecniero konferenciis moxsenebaTa krebul „sveticxovelSi~ 2018
wels, sqolioebis gareSe
2 moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ. Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, wigni I (V-X
ss), ilia abulaZis redaqciiT, Tb., 1964, gv. 122, 123
3 iqve. gv. 130
674
da sadideblad saxelisa misisa wmi-
disa~.4
amJamindel qarTul metyvelebaSi si-
tyviT `samoTxe~, upirveles yovlisa,
aRiniSneba jojoxeTis anti podi –
marTalTa sulebis zeciuri saukuno
sasufeveli da agreTve dedamiwaze
uflis Seqmnili walkoti, adamisa da
evas cdunebamdeli pirvelsacxovrisi
(`dakarguli samoTxe~), magram, rogorc
davinaxeT, Zvel qarTulSi mas sxva
mniSvnelobac hqonia. es sxva mniSvn-
eloba am sityvis sulxan-sabaseul
ganmartebaSic Cans: `samoTxe - walko-
ti mSvenieri, gina fufuneba, gina yvav-
ilTa mtili, romeli daaarsa ufalman
aRmosavals mxares qveyanasa zeda~.5
sityva `samoTxis~ etimologia gam- 1. aSurbani palis (q.w. 668-627) sasax-
Wvirvalea. `samoTxe~ nawarmoebia si- le da baRi, asuruli reliefis Ca-
tyvidan `moTxva~, romlis Zvelqar- naxati (I. Nielsen, 2001, nax. 10)
Tuli mniSvnelobaa `qceva, seirnoba,
slva~6 da, Sesabamisad, unda aRniSna-
vdes `saseirno adgils~ – `sa-moTx-e.~
ramdenadac seirnoba Sesaferis gare-
mosac moiTxovs (`raÁTa ara imo-
Txe Sueniersa amas adgilsa~, weria
wm. feleqtimonis wamebaSi7), am sity-
vam walkotis, baRnaris, yvavilnaris,
rekreaciuli parkis mniSvneloba
SeiZina: `samoTxe – baRi, yvavilnari“ –
ase ganmartavs am sityvas ilia abula-
Zis Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni.8
Zlierni ama qveynisani – mefeebi da
didebulebi, rogorc irkveva, uZvele-
si droidan aSenebdnen aseT samoTx-
eebs TavianT da TavianTi ojaxis gan-
sasveneblad. legendam uxsovar dros
daukavSira semiramidas dakidebuli
baRebi, romlebic sinamdvileSi babi- 2. fasargadi. kiros didis (q.w. 559-
lonis mefis, nabuqodonosor meoris 530) sasaxleebi da baRi (Stronach,
(q.w. 604-562), namoRvawaria.9 solomo- 2001, nax. 1)
4 iqve. gv. 138
5 sulxan-saba orbeliani, sityvis kona qarTuli, romeli ars leqsikoni, S. iordaniSvilis
redaqciiT da winasityvaobiT, Tb., 1949
6 abulaZe i., Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni, Tb., 1973
7 abulaZe i., qarTul-Zvelsomxuri dokumentirebuli leqsikoni, Tb., 2014, gv. 464
8 abulaZe i., Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni, Tb., 1973
9 Мифы народов мира, 1962
675
 ukanaskneli ZvelaRmosavluri imperi-
is – aqemenianTa iranis Sahan-Sahebma
gaagrZeles winamorbedTa tradicia
sasaxleebis sarekreacio parkeb-
Si mSeneblobisa. aqemenianTa iranis
erT-erTi dedaqalaqis - fasargadis
arqeologiuri gaTxrebis dros kiro-
sis (q.w. 553-530) agebuli da erTmaneTi-
sagan samasiode metriT daSorebuli
P da S sasaxleebis garSemo qvisagan
gamoTlili sarwyavi arxebis siste-
ma gamovlinda. gairkva, rom es sasax-
4. qumbaTis sasaxle (q.w. V s.), gegma leebi da kidev ori xuroTmoZRvruli
nageboba – А da В pavilionebi, md-
gara TiTqmis kvadratul parkSi, rom-
lis farTobi cxra heqtars aRwevda.11
aseT samefo parkebs kirosis Semd-
gomi aqemeniani monarqebic aSenebdnen
da, rogorc qsenofonte wers, piradad
zrunavdnen am parkebis mowyoba - gaS-
enebaze (Xenophon Oeconomicus 4, 13-14).12
aseTi sarekreacio parkebi iranis
sasanian Sahan-Sahebsac hqoniaT. (da
isic cnobilia, rom sparselebs sa-
moTxe-parkebis gansakuTrebuli siy-
5. ftolemaiosebis sasaxle da baRi varuli mTeli Sua saukuneebis gan-
3. kaspianas satrapis rezidencia (q.w V s.), yarajamirli (azerbaijani), florian knausis aleqsandriaSi (q.w. III-I ss.), (Inge
Nielsen, 2001, nax. 1)
mavlobaSi gahyvaT).13
rekonstruqcia
xuroTmoZRvrul nagebobaTa (sasaxle, pavilioni, koSki, auzebi da sxv.) da
baRis erTobliobas Zvelsparsulad, SesaZlebelia, paradaiadan ewodeboda
ni (q.w. 965-928) xatovnad aRwers surnelovan samoTxes broweulis, gundru-
(es sityva erTaderTxel aris naxsenebi artaqserqse II-is Sd warweraSi da
kisa da libanis xeebiT, muriTa da aloeTi, sadac iyo wyaro da `Tavwyaro
is maia saxokiam qarTulad Targmna sityviT `salxino~.14 cnobilia, rom
cxoveli~ (qebaÁ qebaTaÁ 4.13-14).
Zvelsparsulidan nasesxebma am sityvam berZnulSi paradeisos forma miiRo
da ase Sevida saxarebaSi saukuno sasufevlis mniSvnelobiT15: `xolo ieso
msgavsi samoTxeebi bibliur xanaSi ara marto mefeTa da didebulTa, ar-
rqua mas: amin getyvi Sen, dRes CemTan iyo samoTxeSi~ (lukaL23. 43). Bbibli-
amed rigiTi moqalaqeebis (cxadia, mdidrebis) saxlebTanac yofila gaS-
idan es sityva evropul enebSi gavrcelda samoTxis mniSvnelobiT.
enebuli. danielis winaswarmetyvelebis me-13 TavSi moTxrobili ambavi
usamarTlo msajulebis Sesaxeb viTardeba mdidari babiloneli moqalaq-
sparsul-aqemeniduri paradaiadan–samoTxe erTi mainc namdvilad arsebobda
is - ioakimes samoTxeSi, sadac, Cveulebriv, `imoTxvida~ (seirnobda) xolme
kavkasiaSic, sul axlos, saqarTvelos sazRvarTan: dasavleT azerbaijanSi,
ioakimes coli, susana, `friad mSvenieri da moSiSi uflisa da mSobelTa~.
samoTxeSi wyalic iyo da susanas iq ganbanvac SeeZlo. samoTxe mdebare-
obda ioakimes saxlis (`taZris~) mezoblad da samoTxidan saxlSi moxve-
the Danish Institute in Athens, Volume4, Athens, 2001, (pp. 165-187), gv. 172
dra ori mcire kariT SeiZleboda. samoTxis mesame kari, romelic Signidan 11 Stronach David, The Royal Garden at Pasargadae, Evolution and Legacy, in: Archeologia Iranic et Orientalis,
iketeboda, qalaqSi gadioda. Miscellanea in Honorem Louis Vander Berghe, Gent, 1989 (pp.475-502). D.Stronach. Parterres and Stone Wa-
tercourses at Pasaegadae: Note on the Achaemenid Contribution to garden Design, Journal of Garden History 14,
asureTis mefeTa sasaxleebic baRebiTa da parkebiT iyo garSemortymuli, no. 1, 1994 (pp.3-14). Stronach D., From Cyrus to Darius: Notes on Art and Architecture in Early Achaemenid
sadac werilobiTi wyaroebis Tanaxmad, mefeebi ara marto isvenebdnen, ar- Palaces. in: The Royal Palace Institution in the Fist Millennium B.C. Regional Development and Cultural Inter-
amed sadilobdnen kidec da stumrebsac iRebdnen xolme.EerT-erT asurul change between East and West, Edited by Inge Nielsen, Monographs of the Danish Institute in Athens, Volume
4, Athens, 2001 (pp. 95-111), gv. 96
reliefze aseTi parkicaa gamosaxuli.10 12 Nielsen Inge, gv. 183
13 iqve.
14 saxokia m., aqemenidTa Zvelsparsuli warwerebi, sparsulidan Targmna, Sesavali da
10 Nielsen Inge, The Gardens of the Hellenistic Palaces, The Royal Palace Institution in the Fist Millennium B.C. komentarebi daurTo maia saxokiam, Tb., 2015, gv. 58
Regional Development and Cultural Interchange between East and West, Edited by Inge Nielsen. Monographs of 15 Nielsen, iqve, gv. 183

676 677
 Samqoris raionis sof. yarajamirl-
isTan, 2006-2012 wlebSi arqeologiu-
ri gaTxrebiT gamovlinda aqemenianTa
iranis erT-erTi satrapiis _ kaspi-
anas satrapis rezidencia – sasaxle,
ocdaTeqvsmetsvetiani misaRebi darba-
ziT, romelic idga uzarmazar baRSi.
sasaxlis kompleqsi (apadana, karib-
We-propileumi, galavanSemovlebuli
samoTxe–parki) aSenebulia perse-
polisSi SemuSavebuli proeqtiT ar-
6. qarTlis mefeTa sasaxle (q.w. II-q.S.
taqserqse pirvelis zeobaSi (q.w. 486-
I ss.) dedoflis goraze, gegma
465). alizis galavnis marTkuTxedSi
moqceuli baRis farTobi – 18 heqtari
(450mX400 m m.) marTlac STambeWdavia.16
1994-1995 wlebSi wnoris maxloblad,
alaznis velze, qarTul-germanul-
ma eqspediciam gaTxara aqemeniduri
xanis sasaxle, romelic yarajamirlis
sasaxlesTan erTad mSenebelTa erTi
da imave jgufis aSenebulia. trial
mindorSi agebuli es sasaxlec iseve,
7. dedoflis mindvris sataZro komp- rogorc satrapis rezidencia, rasak-
leqsi – qarTlis mefeTa sagvareu- virvelia, saseirno samoTxe-parkiT
lo samlocvelo (q.w. II-q.S. I ss.) iyo garSemortymuli.17
aleqsandre makedonelis mier aqemenianTa imperiis dapyrobis Semdegac
`sameufeo samoTxeebis~ Senebis tradicia ar Sewyvetila. piriqiT, mTel
civilizebul samyaros moedo.18 am sayovelTao ferxulSi elinisturi xanis
qarTlis samefoc yofila CarTuli. palinologiurma kvlevam gaarkvia,
rom Sida qarTlSi, dedoflis goraze, arqeologiuri gaTxrebiT gamovle-
nili qarTlis mefeTa erT-erTi sasaxlis maxloblad, sxva xe-mcenareebTan
(muxa, muryani, wifeli da sxv.) erTad wiwvovani mcenareebic, maT Soris ke-
daric xarobda.19 Tuki muxa da muryani Cveulebrivia mtkvrispira Walebi-
saTvis, wifelsa da, miT umetes wiwvovanebs, SeuZlebelia bunebrivad exara
Sida qarTlis vakeze, kedari ki namdvilad mxolod `libaniT mosruli da
danerguli~ SeiZleboda yofiliyo saerTod saqarTveloSi (sadac is bune-
brivad ar xarobs) da, kerZod, – dedoflis goris sasaxlesTan.
sasaxle maRali borcvis Txemzea
aSenebuli da mas vrceli, daaxloe-
biT 3000 kvadratuli metri farTobis
Sida ezo aqvs,20 sadac, SesaZlebelia,
baRic yofiliyo, dedoflis goris
misadgomebTan ki, vakeze, samefo parkis
arseboba ufro savaraudoa. am parkSi
sxva xe-mcenareebTan erTad libanuri
kedaric mdgara. 8. dedoflis gora da dedoflis
mindori. xedi samxreTidan
dedoflis goris sasaxlis Tanadrou-
lia mis CrdiloeTiT, sul samiode ki-
lometris daSorebiT 1972-1976 wlebSi
arqeologiuri gaTxrebiT gamovle-
nili qarTlis mefeTa sagvareulo
samlocvelo. rva taZari, svetebiani
karibWeebi da sxva nagebobebi erTian
sistemas qmnis heqtarze meti farTobis
kvadratuli Sida ezos garSemo, Tanac
TiToeul taZars mcire zomis saku- 9. vercxlis Tasi maRlari venaxis
Tari ezoc axlavs.21 gaTxrebis Sede- reliefuri gamosaxulebiT Wer-
gad am ezoebSi dadasturda sarwyavi misxevidan (VI s.)
arxebis sistema,rac aq baRebis arsebo-
bis mauwyebelia. rogorc Cans, baRebi
antikuri xanis saqarTveloSi warmar-
Tuli RmerTebis taZrebsac amSvenebda.
samoTxe-baRi Zveli da antikuri xanis
mefeTa sasaxleebis ganuyofeli, or-
ganuli nawili iyo.Aam samoTxeSi mefe
ojaxiTurT ara marto isvenebda, ar-
amed, rogorc irkveva, Tavisi saqmiani
drois mniSvnelovan nawilsac at-
arebda. sarekreacio-saqmiani parki sa-
saxlesTan erTad samefo (sameufeo)
taZari-saxli iyo da mirian mefemac
naTlisRebis Semdeg es Tavisi saxli
wminda ninos RmerTs gadasca da iq
aaSena pirveli eklesia, RvTis saxli 10. sveticxovlis sakaTedro taZari
`sadidebelad wmindisa saxelisa misi-
sa, romeli egos ukuniTi ukunisamde~.22

16 Knauss Florian, Gagoshidze Iulon, Babaev Ilias, A Persian Propiyleion in Azerbaijan. Excavations at Karacamir-
li. In: Achaemenid Impact in the Black Sea. Communication of Powers, edited by Jens Nieling and Ellen Rehm).
Black Sea Studies, 11, Aarhus, 2010, (pp.111-122). gagoSiZe iulon, babaevi ilias, knausi florian,
aqemenidebi da samxreTi kavkasia. saqarTvelo-iranis politikuri, ekonomikuri da kul-
turuli urTierTobebisadmi miZRvnili meore saerTaSoriso konferenciis Sromebi.
Tb., 2016 (gv. 25-41), gv. 26
17 Gagoshidze I.,. The Achaemenid Influence in Iberia.In: Boreas, Band 19, Münster, 1996 (pp.125-136), gv. 130 20 Gagoshidze I., A Royal Palace in First-Century Iberia. The Royal Palace Institution in the Fist Millennium B.C.
18 zemoT araerTxel movixsenie inge nielsenis sagangebo gamokvleva, romelic man miuZRvna Regional Development and Cultural Interchange between East and West. Edited by Inge Nielsen. Monographs of
elinisturi xanis sasaxle-baRebs the Danish Institute in Athens, Volume4, Athens, 2001, (pp. 259-283), gv. 263-267
19 Kvavadze E., Gagoshidze I., Fibres of silk, cotton and flax in a weaving workshop from the first century A.D. 21 iqve, gv. 260-263
palace of Dedoplis Gora, Georgia. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 17, 2008, (pp. 211-215), gv. 213 22 moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ... gv. 138

678 679
 Yulon Gagoshidze
Georgian National Museum,
Scientist-Consultant,
Doctor of History

THE
PARADISE
OF KING
MIRIAN
According to the old Georgian chronicle The royal gardens in Georgia and South Caucasia
Conversion of Kartli, on her arrival in Mtskhe- is documented through archaeological finds
ta, Saint Nino, the Enlightener of Georgia from as early as the Achaemenid period. The
reached the gates of King Mirian’s Royal Gar- palace of the Achaemenid Satrap, excavated
den, where the house of the garden keeper near Karajamirli (Azerbaijan) dates back to the
stood. As the text says, rambling grapevines 5th century BC. It used to be surrounded by a
and flowers, as well as, tall trees including Leb- 20-hectare garden, enclosed within a mud brick
anese Cedar, grew there. wall. Another palace of the same period discov-
ered in Gumbati (Georgia) in 1994-1995, most
According to the evidence of literary and ar- likely stood inside a similar garden. Finding of
chaeological sources, it becomes clear that the remains of an irrigation system during the
building of royal gardens in the Near East was excavation of the temple complex of Dedoplis
common from biblical times. They represented Mindori (Georgia) of the 2nd-1st cc. BC, proves
an integral part of the palaces and kings used the existence of such gardens in the area. There
them not only for spending their leisure time, must have been a garden near the royal palace
but also to organise dinner parties and hold excavated at Dedoplis Gora, too, where, as pal-
business meetings. Gardens of this type were ynological research shows, there grew some
arranged by high rank officials and rich citi- trees not common to Shida Kartli, including
zens, too. the cedar of Lebanon, which does not usually
grow in Georgia. This is what King Mirian’s
Palaces of the monarchs of Achaemenid Iran, royal gardens were like, which are referred to
were also located in royal gardens, whereas the as ‘samotkhe’ (paradise) in The Conversion of
ancient eastern tradition of building royal gar- Kartli.
dens was spread all over the Hellenistic world
after the collapse of the Achaemenid Empire. In Modern Georgian the word indicates eter-
nal heaven, whereas, in Old Georgian it had
Supposedly, in Old Persian a royal garden a meaning of the royal garden, as well. After
was referred to as paradaiadan. This word, being baptized, King Mirian donated his ‘par-
borrowed by the Greeks, was transferred into adise’ (royal garden) to Saint Nino’s God and
paradeisos and this is how it entered the Bible had the first church – the house of God – built
and, further, European languages to refer to the in this garden to praise the Lord eternally.
heaven, the Garden of Eden. The existence of

680 681
 guram yifiani elinistur xanaSi (amJamad ufro metad TariRs nu davakonkretebT, es azr-
Ta sxvadasxvaobas iwvevs) md. mtkvris marjvena sanapiroze qarTlis mmarT-
ilias saxelmwifo universiteti, veli azo safuZvels uyris qalaqs, romelsac mogvianebiT am dasaxlebas,
sruli profesori mTasac da ferdobebsac, sadac igi iyo ganfenili armazcixe Seerqva. es
swored straboniseuli harmozikea (,,Αρμοζικη“ - Strabo) [22, gv. 490-491], wyaro
ki gvamcnobs, rom igi arian qarTlidan mohyavs aleqsandre makedonels [17,
"mcxeTa gv. 81]. Tu vin unda davinaxoT aleqsandreSi, es sruliad sxva sakiTxia.
,,arian qarTli~, ki iranis qarTlia [25, gv. 118] (yovel SemTxvevaSi ukeTesi
qalaqi axsna ar mogvepoveba). qarTlis mmarTveli azo am mTaze or RvTaebas dgams,
da orive mamri bunebisaa (gac da ga, an gac da gacaÁ), Semdgomi mmarTveli
didi" ki, romelic uyoymanod mefea - farnavazi mwvervalze aRmarTavs RvTaeba
wminda armazs. cota mogvianebiT momdevno mefeebi, saurmag da mirvan qalRvTae-
bebsac aRmarTaven (ainina da danina), rogorc Cans, armazcixis karibWeebTan
ninos [17, gv. 82]. RvTaeba ,,armaz~ saxeldebiT uyoymanod ,,ahura-mazda~-s, iranel-
Ta uzenaesi RvTaebis gviandeli formaa (saSualo sparsuliT ,,ormuzd~-i,
moRvaweobis somxuri ,,aramazd~-i), magram, wyaros mixedviT misi buneba gacilebiT rTu-
droisaTvis lia, yovel SemTxvevaSi misi sinkretuli xasiaTi ,,moqcevaჲ~-Si namdvilad
ikiTxeba. armazcixe qarTvel warmarT mefeTa rezidenciad Camoyalibda,
(istoriul-arqeologiuri mimoxilva) magram, ax. w. I s-Si, mtkvris marcxena sanapiroze, md. mtkvrisa da aragvis
SesarTavSi, axali sataxto qalaqi mcxeTac ibadeba [14, gv. 92 da Smd.] (sur.
1).
qarTlis ganmanaTlebels, SemdgomSi qarTuli ekle-
siis mier wminda ninod wodebuls, saqarTveloSi
gamomgzavrebamde dedofal elenes karze sakmao
gamocdileba mieRo qristianobis gavrcelebisa da
qadagebis saqmeSi.

saqarTvelo im dros ,,Rrmad~ warmarTuli qveyana

iyo, aRzrdili da ganswavluli antikur tradic-
iebze. aq iWreboda aRmosavluri memkvidreobanic.
swored asec gaacnes ganmanaTlebels qarTlis
(berZen da romaelTa saxeldebiT iberiis) imdroin-
qalaqi mcxeTa:
deli suliskveTeba misi wamosvlis Jams: ,,da ars
1. antikuri monumenturi nagebobis
friad sawarmarToÁ rameTu ars qveyanaÁ igi saxel-
naSTebi, mefe mirianisa da wm. ninos
mwifoÁ berZenTa da uJikTa~ [17, gv. 113]. es uadresi
xis eklesia, gorgaslis bazilika
saistorio wyaro, sabolood formirebuli da re-
(Vs.), sveticxoveli (XIs.)
daqtirebuli, albaT, IX s-Si, ,,berZenTa~-Si, bunebriv-
2. mcxeTis aragvis kari, ,,antioqi" da
ia, rom elinistur-romaul tradiciebs gulisxmobs,
stefane wminda"
xolo ,,uJiki~, ,,uJikTa~ ki, rogorc cnobilia, midi-
3. antikuri xanis rotonda, mefe mirianis
ur-iranuli samyaroa [1, gv. 565]1, am droisaTvis (anu
bazilika, samTavros gumbaTovani
IV s-is dasawyisisaTvis) araerTgzis saxecvlil
taZari (XIs.)
kulturul tradiciaTa TvalsazrisiT (aqemeniduri,
1 4. gorgaslis karibWe
selevkiduri, parTuli, sasanuri da, albaT, sasanuri
5. mcxeTis dasavleTis karibWe
kulturis mier aRorZinebuli Zveli aqemeniduri
(savaraudod)
imperiis tradiciebi) wyaros cnoba met-naklebad
6. bagini, eklesia geTsimania
Tanabari donis kulturul memkvidreobaTa sinTezs
7. mcxeTis Zveli xidi (mogvTa xidi)
unda aRniSnavdes, qveynis politikuri orientaciis
8. akldama
xSiri cvlilebebis garda, anu politikur orienta-
9. warCinebulTa samarxebi
cias Tan sdevda kulturuli konteqstic.
10. samTavros samarovani
11. bebris cixe
12. jvris saxelobis taZari
1 ,,xuJiki~, ,,uJik~-i midieli

682 683
 sayuradReboa is faqti, rom qarTlis lonis samisnoze mogviTxrobs ucxouri saistorio wyaro - e.w. borjias
pirveli mefeebis mier Camoyalibebuli papirusis sidonuri teqsti ,,...ori marmarilos sveti Zvel taZarSi iyo
panTeoni armazcixeze ganmanaTleblis aRmarTuli, sadac imyofeboda apolonis misani [3, gv. 200-205]. rev marTalis
mcxeTaSi moRvaweobis drosac ucv- (qarTlis mecxramete mefe) meuRle, dedofali sefelia afrodites qanda-
lelad da uZravad gamoiyureba. miC- kebas aRmarTavs sadRac ,,Tavsa zeda mcxeTisasa~ [7, gv. 58]. am CamonaTvals
neulia, rom armazcixe qalaq mcxeTis emateba ebraelTa galuTi, bagini, sadac mcxeTis gareubanSi SemosvlisTa-
akropolisi iyo, magram aseTi daSveba nave ganmanaTlebelma bina daido [17, gv. 146].
warmoudgenelia. urbanistikis isto-
2. mcxeTis Zveli xidi, n. Cernecovis ria ar icnobs iseT SemTxvevas, roca ai, aseTi poliTeisturi speqtri dax-
naxatis mixedviT polisi (am SemTxvevaSi qalaqi) da vda ganmanaTlebels IV s-is 10-ian
akropolisi (maRla qalaqi) erTmane- wlebSi. sad unda vigulisxmoT ,,bagi-
Tisagan mdinariTaa gamijnuli. Tanac ni huriaTa~ mcxeTaSi, sadac wm. ninos
unda gavixsenoT isic, rom armazcixidanac da mcxeTidanac sakmaodaa daS- pirvelsamyofeli iyo, ,,moqcevaÁ~ aRw-
orebuli (sur. 2). akropolisi, xom alyaSemortymul moqalaqeTaTvis bolo ers am adgils - ,,qalaqsa Sina dasav-
TavSesafaria, masSi maT swrafad unda SeaRwion. rac Seexeba mcxeTas igi leTsa, kars mogvisa, mtkuarsa zeda,
II s-dan mainc warmoadgenda istoriuli qarTlis dedaqalaqs. ,,moqcevaÁ~ friad didebul adgili igi dReTa
mcxeTis aRmSeneblobis dasawyiss qarTlis merve mefes bratmans miawers. CuenTa, rameTu dga igi velsa Tvinier
igive wyaro mecxre mefe mirians mcxeTis, rogorc saqalaqo sivrcis Camoy- naSenebsa~ - es zusti miniSnebaa. am
alibebas akuTvnebs _ ,,da mefobda mirvan da man aRaSena mcxeTaÁ~ qalaqi~ adgilas Zveli da axlaxan restavri-
[17, gv. 82]. qarTlis meTerTmete mefis, rokis dros mcxeTis samSeneblo rebuli eklesia dgas - ,,geTsimania~,
saqmianoba mTlianad gasrulda - ,,da mefobda rok, romelman raÁTurTiT sadac mcire masStabis arqeologiu- 3. adreqristianuli taZris tixris
mcxeTa gaiSora~ [17, gv. 82]. ri gaTxrebic warimarTa. gamoikveTa fragmenti
eklesiis adreuli samSeneblo fen-
ucxoel avtorTagan pirvelad mas plinius ufrosi axsenebs da mesxebis ebic (IVs.) (sur. 3) da winareqristian-
dasaxlebas uwodebs: ,, Moschorum tractus~ (Pl. NH, 1, 37, V). am dros (ax. w. I) is uli mozrdili nagebobis kvalic
misTvis ar gaxlavT arc gamagrebuli TavdacviTi kedlebiT SemosazRvru- (bagini?) [4, gv. 457 da Smd.] (sur. 4). aq
li dasaxleba (,,urbs~) da arc strategiuli punqti (anu ,,opidium~-i). plin- is unda gavixsenoT, rom ganmanaTle-
iusisaTvis igi ubralod dasaxlebaa (tractum). beli urbnisSic swored ebraelebTan
dasaxlda (,,bagini huriaTa~) [17, gv. 117-
erTi saukunis Semdgom samecniero kartografiis fuZemdebelma, geogra- 118]. mis am qmedebebs ramdenime mizezi
fosma da astronomma klavdios ptolemaiosma mcxeTa, rogorc qalaqi (po- ganapirobebda: jer erTi is, rom im-
lei) koordinatebiTac gansazRvra (7540′-45′) iberiis cxra qalaqsa da dasax- droindeli sakacobrio codnis didi
lebas Soris ,,mestleta~-s saxelwodebiT `Μεστλητα~ (Ptol. 5, 11, 3). nawili swored ebraelTa galuTebSi
iyo Tavmoyrili da garda amisa axali,
monoTeisturi religiis gavrcele- 4. geTsimania da winareqristianuli
wminda ninos mcxeTaSi Semosvlas (faravnis tbidan urnisSi da urbnisi-
ba, swored Zveli monoTeisturi re- nagebobis naSTi
dan mcxeTaSi) ,,moqcevaÁ~ TiTqmis miuaxlovda kidevac qalaqis gareubans
da aqedan ukan gaxeda mtkvris marjvena sanapiroze gaSenebul kidev erT ligiis wiaRidan iyo SesaZlebeli da
religiur centrs - ,,mogvTa~-s, zoroastruli tradiciuli kultis Tay- ara warmarTuli panTeonebidan. rac
vaniscemis adgils [17, gv. 118]. ,,mogvTa~ qarTlis mexuTe mefem, farnajomma Seexeba warmarTul areebs mcxeTaSi,
daaarsa [7, gv. 29]. maT wm. nino garkveuli rigiT moixi-
lavs da zogjer binavdeba kidevac am
saerTo fonze farnajomis qmedebebi ucnaurad gamoiyureba. Tu misi win- punqtebSi (,,samoTxe~, ,,mayvlovani~ da
amorbedni da misi momdevno mefeebic armazcixis panTeonis ganmtkicebiTa sxv.).
da misi aRmSeneblobiT iyvnen moculni, mas iranidan mogvebi Camohyavs
da mtkvris marjvena sanapiroze zoroastrul religiur centrs aarsebs. yvela am areals Cvenc movixilavT mokled mogvianebiT, magram manamde erT
garda amisa, RvTaeba armazis sapirispirod RvTaeba zadensac aRmarTavs arcTu ise umniSvnelo faqts minda mivaqcioT yuradReba. esaa wm. ninos
[24, gv. 7; 16, gv. 19-20], Cemi azriT, armazis mopirdapire mTaze, romelsac axla jvari, romelic man mayvlovanSi Seqmna - ,,da Seqmna nasxlevisa juari
wminda ninos saxelobis jvris gumbaTovani eklesia agvirgvinebs. da aRmarTa igi mun da ilocvida [mis winaSe]~ [1, gv. 321; 6, gv. 75; 7, gv. 448;
17, gv. 84]. es vazis rtoebisagan Sedgenili Taviseburi wnulia, mklaveb-
amas garda ,,samoTxeSi~, anu samefo baRSi, iq sadac jer mirianma xis ekle- daxrili, magram mTavari sul sxvaa, kerZod ki vazis kulturis gaazreba
sia aago, Semdgom ki amave adgilze vaxtang gorgaslis bazilika aRimarTa saqarTvelosaTvis wm. ninos mier, vazis CarTva axal qarTul qristian-
da am ukanasknelze XI s-Si sveticxovlis gumbaTovani taZari daSenda, apo- ul simbolikaSi. vazs saqarTvelosaTvis, vazis kulturis am klasikuri

684 685
 da uZvelesi qveynisaTvis saxelmwifoebrivi datvirTva hqonda mTeli Sua
saukuneebis manZilze da ase iyo, rogorc Cans, ninosdroindel qarTl-
Sic, mefe mirianis mmarTvelobis dros. da aq ar SeiZleba ar gavixsenoT
qristesmieri apelacia, romelic ioanes saxarebidanaa cnobili: ,,me var
vazi WeSmariti da mamaCemi mevenaxea~ (ioane 15, 1). swored am Temam dabada
arqiteqturuli plastikis brwyinvale nimuSebi, romlebsac axla ,,ayvave-
bul jvars~ vuwodebT.
marTalia Seudareblad gvian, XVII s-Si, Seiqmna dokumenti, romelic qarTve-
lobis, saxelmwifoebriobisa da samarTlis amsaxvelia da masSi tradiciaa
asaxuli. mefe vaxtang VI, romelic amave dros kanonSemoqmedicaa, Tavis
kanonTa krebulSi, sadac is qveynis socialuri fenebis statusebsac gan-
sazRvravs, ukanasknel adgilze asaxelebs ,,bogano~-s (upovars (?)), glaxaks
(?) da ganmartavs kidevac am ,,tituls~ - ,,... bogano amas quian, rome venaÃi
ara qondes~ [8, gv. 508] da srulebiT ar ainteresebs vTqvaT ,,kaci~ flobs
Tu ara saqonlis jogebs, an raime sxvas. SemTxveviTi araa, rom mTeli Sua
saukuneebis manZilze yvela momxduri saqarTveloSi upirvelesad Cexavda
venaxebs, imitom, rom am qmedebebiT isini saxelmwifoebriobis safuZvels
spobdnen, spobdnen saqarTvelos kulturul potencials - vazis kulturas.
ganmanaTleblis xelSi ki am jvarma uecrad mravali datvirTva SeiZina:
qarTuli saxelmwifo axali wignieri religiiT, kulturuli da politi-
kuri orientacia qristianuli romisken, am axali evropuli civilizaci-
is fuZemdeblisaken. es ki TiTqmis saboloo zurgSeqcevas gulisxmobda
iranuli samyarosadmi, saidanac momdinare nakadebma, arc Tu cota roli
Seasrula qarTuli kulturis Camoyalibebis saqmeSi.
Cven zemoT CamovTvaleT zogierTi is warmarTuli are, sadac ganmanaT-
lebeli dabinavda an moixila. yvela es are misi yuradRebis qveSaa, mas
raRac ideuri, politikuri da religiuri struqturebi ainteresebs da Tu
wyaroebi amaze duman, arqeologias savsebiT xelewifeba misi Sevseba.
Cven upirvelesad armazcixes unda SevexoT da gaviazroT iq mimdinare
movlenebi da procesebi.
wm. ninosTvis armaz-kerpis buneba sruliad miuRebelia, magram isicaa aR-
saniSnavi, rom misi xilviT gamowveuli STabeWdileba misTvis mZafria da
,,Tavzardamcemi~: ,,... sazaro dgomaÁ vixile da aha dga kaci erTi spilen-
ZisaÁ da tansa missa ecua jaWvi oqroÁsaÁ da Cafxuti oqroÁsaÁ da samx-
arni oqroÁsanive da Tualni viTarca frcxil da bivriti da xelsa missa
aqunda xrmali lesuli, romel brwyinavda da iqceoda xelsa Sina, reca Tu
romeli Seexebian, Tavi Tvisi sikudid ganiwiris~ [17, gv. 119].
aRwerilobis mixedviT Cven winaSe meomari RvTaebaa, berZnul-elinisturi
nimuSis mixedviT Seqmnili, ufro zustad es meomari zevsia (Στράτιος Ζεúς)
da aq ar SeiZleba ar gavixsenoT apianes cnobebi miTridatuli omebis
Sesaxeb, romelic gvamcnobs, rom miTridatem ,,mamapapuri wesis mixedviT
msxverpli Seswira meomar zevss maRal mTazed...~, an kidev ,,gazafxuli rom
dadga, gamoscada [miTridatem Tavisi] floti, msxverpli Seswira meomar
zevss Cveulebisamebr~ [9, gv. 139-144]. zevsi yovelTvis, ugamonaklisod mTis
mwvervalze iyo aRmarTuli, analogiurad ,,mTa qarTlis~ wvers RvTaeba
,,armaz~-i agvirgvinebda.
686
armazis ,,usulobis~ RvTaebad aRqma safuZvelSive ewinaaRmdegeba wm. ni-
nos msoflmxedvelobas, anu misTvis antikurobis is formulireba, rom
,,xelovneba~ religiaa [19, gv. 68], safuZvelSive ewinaaRmdegeba mis Segnebas.
epiTetebs (cxadia uaryofiT konteqstSi), rasac mravlad gvawvdis ,,moqcev-
aÁ~ armaz RvTaebis bunebis asaxsnelad, mTlianad berZnulidan qarTulad
naTargmni zevsis epiTetebia: ,,RmerTi RmerTai~ - anu uzenaesi (μεγιδτος,
χύδιστος) an ,,mzis momfeneli~ (κελαινερής), anu stiqiaTa gamgebeli da mr. sxv.
da sayuradRebo aq isaa, rom stiqiaTa gamgebels swored stiqia agdebs
(wyaros mixedviT wm. ninos winaswaruli locvis Sedegad) Tavisi bazisi-
dan da aseve zaden-kerpsac: ,,moiRo setyuaÁ litrisa mas oden adgilsa da
dalewa kerpni igi, dafqvna da daawulnina~ [17, gv. 121]. ise ki ra gamogvdis,
RvTaebas ahura-mazda ewodeba (am SemTxvevaSi misi gviandeli formiT -
,,armaz~), magram, mTlianad zevsis bunebas atarebs. am droisaTvis da gac-
ilebiT ufro adrec, berZnul da iranul RvTaebaTa sinkretizacia xdeba,
zevsic da ahura-mazdac (keTili meufe), es zoroastruli rwmenis uma-
Rlesi RvTaeba, uzenaesobis aRmniSvnelad damkvidrda. marto is faqti rad
Rirs, rom herodote, aqemenidur iranSi mogzaurobis dros ahura-mazdas
gamosaxulebebs (frTebgaSlil, caSi molivlive disks) zevsis saxeliT
moixseniebs, anu uzenaesobis tituliT [26, gv. 54, 95, 506; 23, gv. 102, 270, 527]2.
armazcixis nagebobaTagan gansakuTre-
bul interess iwvevs e.w. eqvsabsidiani
taZari. igi, Cemi azriT, uSualo monaw-
ilea ganmanaTleblis mcxeTasa da mis
SemogarenSi moRvaweobisa. gegmiT esaa
kvadrats miaxloebul sworkuTxedSi
(17.5x18m.) Cawerili eqvsi absida (eqse-
dra) centraluri svetiT, romlis
eqvskuTxa bazisi in situ mdgomareoba-
Si iyo, iqve aRmoCnda aseve eqvskuTxa
svetisTavis (impostis) namsxvrevebi
(sur. 5), magram arsad Canda TviT sveti,
romelic bazisis zedapiris mixedviT
sakmaod saintereso sxeuls warmoad-
genda. amasTanave isic unda aRiniSnos,
rom taZari arafriT gavda mtruli
moqmedebebis Sedegad darRveuls da
misi detaluri analizis mixedviT
imis Tqmac ki SegviZlia, rom igi ma-
namde ,,daiSala~, sanam bolomde gas-
ruldeboda [12, gv. 11-38; 18, gv. 49-74; 21, 5. armazcixe, eqvsabsidiani taZari, ge-
gv. 211-234]. taZris Sida sivrceSi qan- gma da Canaxati (g. yifiani)
dakebis pedestalic gamovlinda, rac
friad sayuradRebo nimuSs warmoad-
gens mravali maxasiaTeblebiT, misi
da taZris ganzomilebaTa urTierT-
2 amas garda, persepolisis ZirSi, taZris nangrevebSi (Zv. w. IIIs.) aRmoCenil votivur
warweraSi zoroastruli triadis yoveli wevri Seesabameba da gaigivebulia berZnul
RvTaebebTan: anahita - artemidasTan da aTinasTan, miTra - apolonTan da heliosTan,
ahura-mazda ki igive zevsia, anu uzenaesoba
687
 SejerebiT dgindeba, rom taZrisaTvis
igi moduls warmoadgenda. mis zeda-
pirze qandakebis terfTa budeebia
amokveTili (sur. 6) (qandakeba miukv-
levelia), da Cans is, rom igi aq Zalian
cota xans mdgara. ,,kerpi~ maSinve, an
TiTqmis maSinve amougdiaT bazisidan
[12, gv. 17-18]. Tan gansakuTrebuli yur-
adReba imasac unda mivaqcioT, rom ga-
moTvlebis Sedegad Svidi metrisa da
ormocdaaTi santimetris simaRlis
svetis (sur. 7) aranairi naSTi gaTxre-
bis dros ar gamovlenila, TiTqosda
gaqra (da marTlac gamqrals hgavs).
6. armazcixe, qandakebis kvarcx-
lebki, ganakveTebi da aqsono-
metria (g. yifiani)
7. armazcixe, eqvsabsidiani taZ-
ris centraluri sveti, re-
konstruqcia (g. yifiani)
688
aq wyarosmieri dialogi i pyrobs gansakuTrebul yuradRebas, kerZod, gan-
manaTlebelsa da jer kidev warmarT mefe mirianTan, mirianis mimarTva
ninosadmi, da es mas mere, rac kerpebi ukve damsxvreulia: ,,Sen xar asuli
armazisi, anu Svili zadenisi... da gyo Sen mcxeTisa mkÂdrad da msaxurad
armazisa. daRacaTu haeriT da setyÂTa misi SemusvraÁ vixileT, aramed igi
adg[i]li SeuZravi ars~ [17, gv. 131-132].
friad sayuradRebo cnobaa: mirianisaTvis kerpebi maTi msxvrevis miuxeda-
vad ,,cocxlebia~, garda amisa orive RvTaeba armazic da zadenic Svilieri
RmerTebia, da marTalia, isini daimsxvrnen stiqiis mier, magram mirianisaT-
vis isini ganadgurebulni srulebiTac ar arian, imitom, rom ,,igi adg[i]
li SeuZravi ars~ da radgan miriani maT damxobilad ar Tvlis ninos igi
armazis (zevsis) qurum-qalobas sTavazobs - ,,da gyo... msaxurad armazisa~.
es cnobebi, rac ,,moqcevaÁ~-m mogvawoda, upirvelesad imaze migvaniSnebs,
rom warmarTi miriani kerpTa msxvrevis miuxedavad panTeonis aRdgenas
apirebs, aba sxvanairad rogor SesTavazebda igi qarTlis ganmanaTlebels
qurum-qalobas ,,...gyo msaxurad armazisa~.
Semdeg ki mefe miriani radikalurad icvlis religiur da Sesabamisad
politikur orientaciasac da iwyeba IV-s-is 20-iani wlebidan TandaTa-
nobiT, warmarTobis qroba da axali, monoTeisturi religiis dafuZnebis
xangrZlivi da wiaRsvlebiT aRsavse procesi mcxeTasa da mTlianad saqa-
rTveloSi.
mefe miriani imperatorisagan Txoulobs mRvdlebs (cxadia, rom liturgi-
kas Txoulobs) da mSeneblebs, anu mefe qristianuli sakulto nagebobis
koncefcias iTxovs, magram igi Cqarobs da moTxovnil xuroTa Camosvlam-
de ,,samefo baRSi~ anu ,,samoTxeSi~ TviT iwyebs xis eklesiis mSeneblobas,
swored iq, sadac apolonis samisnos arsebobaze gvauwyebs aRmosavluri
wyaroebi [2, gv. 2-14]. albaT, misi kuTvnili iyo is oTxi, erTgvarovani, ax. w.
II s-is kedlis burjTa korinTuli kapitelebi, romlebic sveticxovlis
sarestavracio samuSaoebisas aRmoCnda [11, gv. 61-64] (sur. 8).
8. korinTuli kapiteli (IIs.) sveticxovlidan -
foto, anazomi (g. yifiani)
689
 xis eklesiis asagebad aRmarTes eqv- warweraa, radgan misi sawyisi qrizmaa,
si sveti ,,TviT-Tvisad~, e.i. Tav-Tavis qristesmieri apelacia - Α - W (,,... me
adgilze, magram, gauWirdaT central- var ani da ohi“), anu ,,me var dasawyisi
uri svetis aRmarTva. saidanaa es sve- da dasasruli sityviTa uflisaiTa~
ti motanili? ,,moqcevaÁ~ gvauwyebs (da da rasac Cven ioanes gamocxadebidan
aqve leonti mrovelic) - ,,...mohkueT[e] vicnobT (ioanes gamocxadeba 1, 8; 21, 6)
s naZÂ igi da Seamzades suetad...~ [17, warwera akad. TinaTin yauxCiSvilis
gv. 138]; ,,...da mohkueTa naZvi igi... da mieraa wakiTxuli [10, gv. 229-230] da
aRmarTnes equsni igi suetni TÂs- masSi sami pirovneba ixsenieba: aqile-
TÂsad. xolo sueti igi udidesi, ro- vsi, epiton teqtonis, anu warCinebuli
meli sakÂrvel iyo xilviTa, saSual mSeneblis tituliT (es tituli, sam-
eklesiisa Sesagdebad ganmzadebuli, wuxarod, gamqralia samyaros cnobi-
ver SeuZles aRmarTebad misa~ [7, gv. erebidan), ixsenieba agreTve avrelios
112]. Svidsvetian taZars qristianuli aqolisi titulaturiT: arqiteqton
9. samTavro - rotonda, mefe mirianis saeklesio xuroTmoZRvreba araso- da arxiZografos, e. i. mTavari mSen-
bazilika, XI-is gumbaTovani taZari, des cnobda. garda amisa, uecrad moW- ebeli, Cveni dRevandeli aRqmadobiT 11. qvis stela berZnuli warweriT
gegma rili naZvi ase swrafad rogor iqca arqiteqtori da mTavari mxatvari. ,,antioqi"-dan
konstruqciul detalad, centralur es pirovneba amave titulaturiT ix-
svetad. xe, samSeneblo detalad rom senieba 1938 wels samTavros velze
iqces mas gamoSrobisa da damuSavebis sakmaod xangrZlivi dro sWirdeba. mikvleul saflavis qvaze CakveTil
amave dros, wyaroebidan ise sCans, rom nageboba tolgverda (da Sesabami- epitafiaSi Tavis meuRle bevrazur-
sad tolkuTxa) eqvskuTxeds efuZneba, e.i. im gegmarebiT models, romelic iasTan erTad. stelaze kidev erTi
armazcixeze gamovlinda eqvsabsidian gausrulebel taZarSi (misi gegmare- pirovnebis saxelia dadasturebuli
biTi sqemac tolgverda eqvskuTxedia). es Zlivs aRmarTuli sveti, mirianis - arspakoresi - es is ostatia, vinc
xis eklesiaSi, warmarTuli eqvsabsidiani taZridan xom araa Camotanili? uSualod CakveTa warwera.
iq xom marto svetis bazisi da svetisTavi daxvdaT arqeologebs [12. gv. 12].
sami ostatis saxelis erT warwera-
mere ki mcxeTaSi qristianuli koncep- Si, SesaZloa arasrul, magram mainc
tualuri bazilika Sendeba ,,mayvlov- ,,brigadas~ aRniSnavs da vin unda
anSi~, iq sadac ganmanaTlebeli xan- iyvnen es pirovnebebi Tu ara impera-
grZlivi drois manZilze imyofeboda. toris mier mirianisaTvis gagzavnili
arqeologiurad axla am eklesiis geg- xuroebi.
mis yvela elementia gamovlenili, igi
daSenebulia antikuri xanis roton- mcxeTaSi, sveticxovlis ezoSi 12. adreqristianuli antefiqsi, ,,si-
daze, mas ki daefina samTavros, axla adreqristianuli xanis saintereso cocxlis xe" jvris elementebiT
fericvalebis saxelobis XI s-is gum- antefiqsi aRmoCnda (sur. 12), mas ar-
baTovani taZari. mefe mirianis es bazi- qeologiuri konteqsti ar axlavs.
lika misive mowveuli mSeneblebis qm- mis farze asaxuli ,,samyaro~ metad
nilebaa da kabadokiidan gadmotanil metyvelia. es ,,naxati~ dialogis asax-
sqemazea dafuZnebuli. es mis zomebSic ulobaa warmarTul da qristianul
sCans (17x24m.) da proporciebSic [13, gv. samyaroebs Soris - ,,sicocxlis xe~
733 da Smd.] (sur. 9, 10). wminda nino ki jvris elementebiT. es asaxuloba da-
manamde miibara ufalma, sanam mayvlov- sawyisia warmarTobidan momdinare qa-
anSi ,,qvis eklesia~ gasruldeboda. rTuli qristianuli xelovnebisa [15,
gv. 34-36] da savsebiT bunebrivia, rom
im mSeneblebis ramdenime saxeli Cven igi swored mcxeTaSi warmoiqmna.
ukve viciT. mcxeTis ,,antioqiis~ ekle-
siis sarestavracio da arqeologiu- 10. mefe mirianis bazilika, rekon-
ri samuSaoebis dros qviSaqvis stela struqcia (g. yifiani)
aRmoCnda berZnuli warweriT (sur.
11). warwera paleografiulad ax. w.
IV s-iT TariRdeba. igi qristianuli

690 691
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yauxCiSvilis mier, tomi I, Tb., 1955
8. qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, vax-
tang VI-is samarTlis wignTa krebuli.
teqstebi gamosca, gamokvleva da le-
qsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem, Tb.,
1963
9. yauxCiSvili T., apiane, miTridates omebis
istoria, Tb., 1959
10. yauxCiSvili T., saqarTvelos berZnu-
li warwerebis korpusi II (aRmosavleT
saqarTvelo), Tb., 2000
11. yifiani g., kedlis burjTa korinTu-
li kapitelebi sveticxovlis ezodan,
narkvevebi III, Tb., 1997
12. yifiani g., armazcixis ukanaskneli warm-
arTuli taZari - ,,kamara~, qarTuli
arqiteqturis Teoriisa da istoriis
sakiTxebi, 1 (4), Tb., 2005
692
Guram Kipiani
Ilia State University,
13. yifiani g., mefe mirianis bazilika, bizan-
Full Professor
tinologia saqarTveloSi, 2, II, Tb., 2009
14. yifiani g., mcxeTis warmoSobis sakiTx-
isaTvis (saqalaqo sivrce, dro da “MTSKHETA – GREAT CITY”
BY THE TIME
geografia), humanitarul kvlevaTa Jur-
nali ,,kadmosi~, 2. Tb., 2010
15. yifiani g., akademikos andria afaqiZis
OF LIFE
AND ACTIVITIES
saxelobis arqeologiis institutis
emblemis warmomavloba da Sinaarsi,
samecniero-kvleviTi Jurnali ,,arqeo-
logia~, 1. Tb., 2018
OF SAINT NINO
16. CxeiZe T., narkvevebi iranul onomasti- (HISTORICAL-ARCHAEOLOGICAL REVIEW)
kidan, Tb., 1984
17. Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli litera-
turis Zeglebi, wigni I ,,moqcevaÁ qarT- The paper reviews diverse and polytheist center of Mtskheta, on the pagan territory; af-
lisaÁ~ ilia abulaZis xelmZRvanelobi- world of Mtskheta, the capital of ancient Kartli terwards, constructors, invited by King Mirian
Ta da redaqciiT, Tb., 1963 (Iberia) of the period when Saint Nino visited build the first Christian Canonical Basilica,
18. Kipiani G., The Last Pagan Temple at Armaztsikhe, it from the gate of the Empire with a special where the king and the queen were later bur-
Ancient West and East, V. 10, 2011 mission. Georgia of that period was based and ied. Religious changes were naturally followed
19. Виолле ле Дюк. Беседы об архитектуре, Т. I, М. educated on Antique traditions, also penetrated by the changes in political orientation. It was
1937 by Eastern elements. The process of collapse shifted towards western civilization, Christian
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мост, Тб., 1947 dissemination of the new monotheist religion from the Sasanian Iran.
21. Кипиани Г., Новые находки в древней столице starts from the 20-ies of IV c. First, the king
Грузии Мцхета, Археология Кавказа 1, Тб., 2006 starts to construct the Christian church in the
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(картлиского) государства, Тб., 1977
23. Луконин В. Г., Искуство древнего Ирана, М.
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26. Стратановского Г. А., Геродот, История в девяти
книгах, перевод и примечания, Ленинград, 1972
693
 erik Tuno
natalia CitiSvilis monawileobiT
rutgersis universiteti
xelovnebis istoriis departamenti, profesori
sveticxovlis
sakaTedro
taZris karibWe1
sveticxovlis sakaTedro taZris galavnis dasav-
leT nawilSi arsebul kaTalikos-patriarq melqi-
sedek I-is (1010-1033) mier agebul monumentur karib-
Wes gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia Sua saukuneebis
saqarTvelos saeklesio arqiteqturaSi (sur. 1, 2).
XI saukunis dasawyisSi agebuli orsarTuliani
nagebobis pirveli sarTulis centrSi TaRovani
gasasvlelia mowyobili. SeisrulTaRiani gasasv-
lelis gavliT mnaxveli gadis taZris ezoSi da
aqedan ukve Tavad taZarSi. Tumca, sanam sakaTedro
taZris sakralur teritoriaze Seabijebs, mas karib-
Wis dasavleTi fasadi egebeba, gamSvenebuli rigi
arqiteqturuli, skulpturuli da epigrafikuli
detalebiT (isini nawilobriv jer kidev SemorCe-
nilia). TaRovani gasasvlelis zemo nawilSi, orive
mxares, xaris skulpturuli Tavebia ganTavsebuli
(gasuli saukunis Canacvlebaa), xolo zemoT, karib-
Wis meore sarTuli gaxsnilia or svetze gadayvani-
li samTaRediT, romelsac garSemo TiTqmis dauz-
ianebeli asomTavruli warwera miuyveba (sur. 3, 4):
q˜e adide Sn mier damyarebuli mfe Cni q˜es mier
melqizedk qarTlisa kaTalikozi r˜nmn meored aRa-
Sena [w]~Á kaToli [ . . . ] sulisa m˜Tisa.
warweris rekonstruqciis ramdenime varianti arse-
bobs. l. rCeuliSvilis mixedviT, is Semdegnairad
ikiTxeba:
qriste, adide Sen mier damyarebuli meufe Cveni
qristes mier melqizedek qarTlisa kaTalikozi,
romelman meored aRaSena wmidaÁ kaTolike [ekle-
siaÁ da bWÀ ese gareTaÁ salxineblad (an salocve-
lad)] sulisa maTisa.
1 vizualuri masala da sqolioebi Tan erTvis naSromis inglisur versias
694
karibWis centraluri nawilis orive mxares TiTo mravalwaxnaga naxe-
varsvetebi da Rrma samkuTxa niSebia, romelTa Sorisac TeZamis mwvane tu-
fis laTinuri jvris reliefebia Casmuli (sur. 5, 6) (dRes mxolod erTia
SemorCenili). cxadia, rom es arqiteqturuli detalebi xels uwyobs TaRo-
vani gasasvlelis aqcentirebas da, amave dros, aerTianebs zeda nawilTan.
amis Sedegad, centraluri nawili, romelic damatebiT xazgasmulia xaris
TavebiT, jvrebiTa da warweriT, warmoadgens erT mravlismetyvel mTlia-
nobas.
XI saukuneSi sveticxovlis sakaTedro taZris mnaxvels melqisedekis
karibWe sxvagvarad warmoudgeboda da ara im saxiT ra saxiTac dRem-
dea moRweuli. 1963-64 wlebSi, rodesac v. cincaZis xelmZRvanelobiT dai-
wyo sarestavracio samuSaoebi, Zegli savalalo mdgomareobaSi iyo, is
saWiroebda miwis moxsnas, samSeneblo narCenebisgan gawmendasa da gviani
minaSenebisgan gaTavisuflebas. restavraciamde gadaRebul fotoebze kar-
gad Cans, rom karibWe Rrmad iyo Cafluli miwaSi da misi yvela Riobi
daxSuli iyo; TaRovani gasasvleli orive mxares gamagrebuli iyo Svidi
metris simaRlis vertikaluri kontrforsebiT, xolo zemodan dasrule-
buli iyo qongurebiT. marTlac, restavraciamde ramdenime saukunis ganmav-
lobaSi karibWe aRar asrulebda calke mdgomi da funqciuri nagebobis
Tavdapirvel funqcias, romelic taZrisa da misi Sida ezos Sesasvlelis
rols asrulebda; sanacvlod, igi daixura da Seerwya kaTedralis gala-
vans (sur. 7, 8).
v. cincaZis safuZvliani restavraciis Sedegad, romelmac, saboloo jamSi,
TiTqmis Tavdapirveli saxe da funqcia daubruna karibWes (sur. 9), gamoCn-
da TeZamis mwvane tufSi gamoqandakebuli, Tavdapirveli Canafiqris mixed-
viT dasavleTi fasadidan gamoSverili, XI saukunis xaris Tavebi (sur. 10,
11; maTgan mxolod erTi SemorCa); mogvianebiT isini Tanamedrove aslebiT
Canacvlda. restavraciisas aseve gamovlinda saintereso detalebi karib-
Wis mSeneblobis istoriis kuTxiT. amgvarad, v. cincaZis aRmoCenebze dayrd-
nobiT, l. rCeuliSvilma da r. gverdwiTelma SeZles imis demonstrireba,
rom melqisedeks es karibWe cariel adgilze ar auSenebia, aramed gamoy-
enebul iqna jer kidev VIII-IX saukuneebis ukve arsebuli karibWe, romelic
melqisedekis brZanebiT Sealamazes, raTa ufro STambeWdavi da sazeimo
Sesaxedaoba hqonoda. yvelaze radikaluri Careva ganxorcielda Senobis
zeda sarTulze, romelic Ria platformad an aivnad gardaiqmna. dasav-
leTiT man daamata sami TaRiT gaxsnili kedeli, romelic momsvlelisken
mimarTuli calke mdgomi fasad-Sirmis rols asrulebda (sur. 1). melqi-
sedekisTvis, romelic pirdapir axsenebs karibWes („gareTa bWe”) mis mier
Sedgenil sabuTSi „mcxeTis saydrisadmi“, karibWeze muSaoba ufro msxv-
ilmasStabiani samSeneblo kampaniis nawils warmoadgenda sakralur ter-
itoriaze, romelic iTvaliswinebda sruliad axali sakaTedro taZrisa
da samxreT-dasavleT kuTxeSi, savaraudod, misTvis gankuTvnili sasaxlis
mSeneblobas. amgvarad, karibWe warmoadgenda Sesasvlels am orive nage-
bobisTvis, Tumca arcerTi maTganis mimarT ar iyo erT RerZze ganlagebu-
li; SesaZloa, misi mdebareoba gamowveuli iyo adre arsebuli nagebobiT,
romlis safuZvelzec aSenda igi. da mainc, sakaTedro taZris aRmosav-
leT-dasavleTi RerZidan odnav marcxniv ganlagebuli karibWe, upirveles
yovlisa, mimarTuli iyo taZrisken da misi dasavleTi Sesasvlelisken.
faqti, rom karibWis warweraSi naxsenebi ar aris arsukiZe, romelic pa-
695
 suxismgebeli iyo sakaTedro taZris agebaze, rogorc amas amave Senobaze
arsebuli ori warwera mowmobs, g. CubinaSvils afiqrebinebda, rom arsukiZe
karibWis dasrulebamde gardaicvala. amdenad, SesaZlebelia is ar yofili-
yo pasuxismgebeli karibWis did nawilze, maT Soris, morTulobaze, Tumca
- ase Tvlis g. CubinaSvilic - SesaZlebelia, rom igi yofiliyo karibWis
zogadi monaxazis avtori. es Tu asea, faqti, rom misi saxeli ar aris mi-
TiTebuli warweraSi, SesaZloa mianiSnebdes imaze, rom misi Tavdapirveli
proeqti, saboloo jamSi, ar Sesrulda. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, me vityodi,
rom karibWes gaaCnia gamarTuli da guldasmiT daproeqtebuli dizaini,
romelic mWidrod akavSirebs mas sveticxovlis kaTedralTan - saqarTve-
los axlad gaerTianebuli samefos yvelaze maRal da uwmindes taZarTan.
pirvel rigSi SevCerdeT karibWis Senobis warweraze (sur. 3, 4). warw-
era, yuradRebas amaxvilebs ra kaTalikos-patriarq melqisedekze, rogorc
„meored aRmSenebelze“, rogorc Cans, migviTiTebs mefe vaxtang gorgasal-
ze, rogorc sveticxovlis sakaTedro taZris pirvel aRmSenebelze. sa-
varaudod, is gulisxmobs, rom vaxtang gorgasalic da melqisedekic arian
taZris aRmSenebelni, an aRmdgenelni, romlebmac Caanacvles mefe mirianis
mier IV saukuneSi agebuli xis eklesia axali, qviT nagebi taZriT . war-
wera, romelic gars Semoevleba samTaRovan Riobs, isea dayofili, rom
misi pirveli nawili, romelic qristes melqisedekTan akavSirebs, da am
ukanasknels moixseniebs, rogor qarTlis kaTalikoss, horizontalurad
da yvelaze SesamCnevadaa ganlagebuli RiobTa Tavze, xolo danarCeni
nawilebis, romlebic dakavSirebulia qtitorobis da vedrebis sakiTxTan,
wakiTxva xdeba vertikalurad, jer marjvena mxares, xolo Semdeg gadadis
RiobTa marcxena mxares.
warweris mdebareoba Soridanve TvalSisacemia da miaxloebisTanave mnax-
vels warmoudgens melqisedeks, rogorc taZris meored maSenebels. warwera
ara mxolod aqcevs kaTalikos-patriarqs xangrZlivi da diadi qtitorobis
zogad tradiciaSi, aramed erTmniSvnelovnad akavSirebs karibWis funqcias
da mniSvnelobas sakaTedro taZarTan. warwera, iseve rogorc arqiteqtura
da skulpturuli morTuloba - xaris Tavebi da jvrebi - pirdapir kav-
Sirs hqmnis karibWesa da taZars Soris. amgvarad, karibWis zeda sarTuli,
sammagi TaRediT, Tavis analogs poulobs sveticxovlis sakaTedro taZris
dasavleTi da centraluri Sesasvlelis Tavze arsebul galereaSi (sur.
12). aqac, svetebiT gayofili sammagTaRiani fanjrebi livlivebs bazilikis
interieris Tavze, sadac centraluri Riobi gverdiTa Riobebze maRlaa
aziduli. sammagi TaRedis motivi, romelic romis imperiis triumfaluri
TaRebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, mxolod sveticxovelSi ar gvxvdeba. is,
magaliTad, gvxvdeba rigi qarTuli eklesiebis dasavleT nawilSi, sadac
asrulebs an gasasvlelis rols pirveli sarTulis doneze (oTxTasa da
parxalis taZrebi - X s.), an rogorc sveticxovelSi, warmoadgens Riobs
meore sarTulze Sesasvlelebis Tavze (vaCnaZiani - IX s., tbeTi - XI s-is
II nax. ganaxleba); igi aseve gamoyenebulia quTaisis „bagratis“ sakaTedro
taZris samxreTi da dasavleTi karibWeebisTvis (XI s-is das.). Tumca, misi
arseboba sveticxovlis karibWeze umagaliToa da ganxilul unda iyos
sakaTedro taZris interierSi gamoyenebul msgavs arqiteqturul element-
Tan kavSirSi.
karibWis dasavleT fasadze mxolod erTi jvaria SemorCenili, romelic
jer kidev restavraciamde gadaRebul fotozec ki warmogvidgeba, rogorc
696
samsafexurian bazaze, golgoTaze aRmarTuli orive mxridan ganedlebu-
li xeebiT flankirebuli jvari, rac gvafiqrebinebs, rom Tavad es jvari
ganxilul unda iqnas, rogorc sicocxlis xe (sur. 6). mopirdapire mxares
darCenilia mcire fragmenti reliefisa, romelzec savaraudod identuri
kompozicia iqneboda gamosaxuli (sur. 5). orive fila, rogorc aRvniSneT,
damzadebulia TeZamis mwvane tufisgan, romelic farTod gamoiyeneboda
melqisedekiseul dakveTebSi, ris magaliTadac aseve gvevlineba reliefe-
bi samTavros taZris samxreT fasadze da imave xanis ramdenime kankelze.
miuxedavad SedarebiT mcire zomisa, mwvane feri reliefebs win wamoswevs
karibWeSi aqtiurad gamoyenebuli yviTeli tufis fonze. Tuki jvris wa-
grZelebuli forma mogvagonebs procesiebisTvis gankuTvnil X-XI sauku-
neebis vercxlis jvrebs (rogoricaa magaliTad martvilis jvari (sur. 13),
foTlebi mis mimdebare xeebze waagavs sveticxovlis dasavleTi fasadis
orive mxares arsebul reliefebze gamosaxuli maRali xeebis foTlebs
(sur. 14-16). amdenad, sruliad SesaZlebelia, rom karibWis Sesasvlelis
Tavze simetriulad ganlagebuli es ori jvari, romelic warmoadgens
sicocxlis xeebs, sagangebod iyo aq warmodgenili, rogorc kaTedralis
dasavleT fasadze gamosaxuli maRali xeebis paraleli.
SesaZloa, msgavs damTxvevasTan gvaqvs saqme ori didi xaris Tavis SemTx-
vevaSic, romelTagan, rogorc aRvniSneT, mxolod erTia SemorCenili da am-
Jamad mcxeTis muzeumSi inaxeba. maTi sapirwone, rogorc aRniSnavs g. Cubi-
naSvili, gamosaxulia sveticxovlis aRmosavleT fasadze (sur. 17, 18). isini
TariRdeba vaxtang gorgasalis mier aSenebuli eklesiis periodiT da,
miuxedavad imisa, rom axla Tavdapirvel adgilze aRar arian, savaraudod
- iseve rogorc axla - erTad iyvnen gamosaxulni, SesaZloa dasavleT
fasadze, Sesasvlelis irgvliv.
imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom xaris Tavi da jvari karibWis Sesasvlelis
orive mxaresaa ganTavsebuli, upriania maTi ganxilva simbolur kavSir-
Si. marTlac, maTi masala - TeZamis mwvane tufi - TiTqosda xazs usvams
maT urTierTkavSirs. magram ra kavSiri aqvs golgoTis jvars, rogorc
sicocxlis xes sakralur xarTan - samxreT kavkasiis winare-qristianuli
ikonografiis gadmonaSTTan? erTi mxriv aqcenti jvarze, rogorc sicocx-
lis xeze, akavSirebs am ukanasknels edemis baRTan da mis ZalauflebasTan,
rom mogvces maradiuli sicocxlis garantia; qristes msxverplSewirvis
instrumenti warmodgenilia, rogorc xidi drosa da sivrceSi. amavdrou-
lad, sicocxlis xis ikonografia SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc konkret-
ulad am adgilisTvis damaxasiaTebeli ram. magaliTad, karibWes mivya-
varT im adgilisken, romelic, rogorc mogviTxrobs uZvelesi werilobiTi
tradicia (qarTuli qronikebis - „moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ“ da „qarTlis cx-
ovreba“ - saxiT), adre cnobili iyo, rogorc samefo baRi msxmoiare vaziT
da surnelovani yvavilebiT. am baRis saocari niadagidan amoizarda didi
kedari, romlisganac damzadda cnobili sicocxlis momniWebeli sveti,
romelzec aSenda sveticxovlis sakaTedro taZari. zemoT xsenebul melq-
isedekis daweril dokumentSi, kaTalikosi am kedars uwodebs „yovelTave
CrdiloeTisa kedarTa Soris uaRressa da uaRmatebules-udidebulessa”
da axdens mis identificirebas TviT sveticxovelTan.
amgvarad, mcire eWvis SetanaRa SeiZleba imaSi, rom sveticxovlis dasav-
leT fasadze warmodgenili monumenturi xeebi (romelTac analogi ar
gaaCniaT) ukavSirdeba am simboluri datvirTvis mqone samefo baRs, da
697
 isini, karibWeze arsebul wyvil jvrebTan erTad, xazs usvamen kaTedralis
teritorias, rogorc axal zeciur samoTxes, romelSic aRmocenda sicocx-
lis xe, sanam is gadaiqceoda cxovelmyofel svetad, romelmac mravali
kurneba da saswauli moaxdina. amgvarad, wyvili jvari momsvlelebs aw-
vdis informacias im adgilis siwmindis Sesaxeb, romelze fexis Sedgmasac
isini apireben, da, amavdroulad, aqcents akeTebs karibWeze, rogorc miwier-
sa da maradiuls, sikvdilsa da xsnas Soris mdebareze.

gamoSverili xaris Tavebi ar warmoadgens maT zemoT ganlagebul jvarTa

saSualebiT gadmocemul xsnis qristianuli sqemis warmarTul anti pods.
piriqiT, isini avseben mis sazriss. cnobilia, rom xari mravalnair rols
asrulebda berZnul-romaul samyaroSi da axlo aRmosavleTSi, amitomac
ar SeiZleba maT mieweros erTi konkretuli mniSvneloba qristianul ka-
vkasiaSi, romelmac memkvidreobiT miiRo igi. n. garsoiani damajereblad
irwmuneba, rom rogorc zoroastrul, kosmologiur da esqatologiur te-
qstebSi, aseve samxreT kavkasiis uryev xalxur tradiciebSi, xars gaaCnia
ucvleli da Seumcdari mniSvnelobebi, sazrisebi. aq igi mocemulia pir-
vel qmnilebebs Soris da pirvelyofili xaris Sewirva Jamis aRsasruls,
moitans rogorc ukvdavebas adamianebisTvis, aseve borotze keTilis gamar-
jvebas. am gadmosaxedidan, karibWeze arsebuli xaris Tavebi ukavSirdeba
maT Tavze arsebul jvrebs maTi kavSiriT Jamis dasawyisTan da Jamis
aRsasruls msxverplSewirvis da gamarjvebis ideiT. Tumca, darwmunebiT
ver vityviT, rom igive mniSvneloba SeiZleba mieweros sveticxovlis aR-
mosavleT fasadze V saukunis droindeli xaris Tavebis gamosaxulebebs
(romlebic axla Tavdapirvel adgilze ar arian). Tumca, maTi guldasmiTi
daTvalierebiT Cans, rom, karibWeze arsebuli xarebisgan gansxvavebiT, isi-
ni foTlebian totebs miirTmeven. Tu amas ganvixilavT, rogorc sicocx-
lis xis nayofis SeWmad, es xarebic SeiZleba asociaciurad davakavSiroT
Jamis dasawyisTan da xsnasTan.

miuxedavad imisa, rom, rogorc aRvniSneT, karibWe ar mdebareobs sveticx-

ovlis dasavleT Sesasvlelis mimarT erT RerZze, eWvgareSea, rom swored
es ukanasknelia karibWis mTavari fokusi. Tuki kavSiri karibWesa da
kaTedrals Soris mxolod karibWis centraluri warweriT ar myarde-
ba, mis sammag TaReds da skulpturul dekoratiul elementebs, jvrebisa
da xaris Tavebis saxiT, analogebi gaaCnia sakaTedro taZris dasavleT
fasadze. erTmaneTTan kavSirSi myofi reliefebiT cxaddeba, rom ukvdave-
baSi gadasvla da samoTxeSi dabruneba gadasvlis sxva formas moiTxovs:
melqisedekis karibWis gavliT, da, Semdgom, am didebul taZarSi SesvliT,
sadac moxda qristes msxverplSewirvis xelaxali „gaTamaSeba“ im adgilze,
sadac, gadmocemis Tanaxmad, gaizarda sicocxlis xe da romelic isev adg-
ilzea cxovelmyofeli svetis saxiT. amgvarad, karibWis upirveles funq-
cias warmoadgenda melqisedekis da misi axali sakaTedro taZris, rogorc
qristianuli xsnisken umTavresi Suamavlis gandideba, romelsac axlad
gaerTianebul saqarTveloSi ver Seedreba vercerTi mRvdelmTavari an
kaTedrali.

698 699
 Erik Thunø
In collaboration with Natalia Chitishvili
Rutgers University,
Department of Art History,
Professor
GATEWAY
TO
SVETITSKHOVELI
CATHEDRAL
The monumental gateway built by Catholicos-Patriarch Melchise-
dek I (1010-33), located on the western side of the Svetitskhoveli
Cathedral enclosure, takes a unique place in the ecclesiastical ar-
chitecture of medieval Georgia (sur. 1, 2). Rising two levels high,
the early eleventh-century building features a central and vaulted
passage on the ground floor. Marked at each end by a pitched arch,
the passage allows visitors access to the courtyard and, further on,
to the sanctuary itself. But before they enter the holy precinct of
the Cathedral, the gateway’s façade greets them with an important
number of architectural, sculptural and epigraphic features which
are – in part – still preserved. From each spandrel of the archway
projects a large bull head (later replacements) and higher up, on the
gateway’s second floor, is a triple arched set of windows separated
by columns and framed by an almost intact inscription in Asom-
tavruli which says (sur. 3, 4):
q˜e adide Sn mier damyarebuli mfe Cni q˜es mier
melqizedk qarTlisa kaTalikozi r˜nmn meored
aRaSena [w]˜Á kaToli [ . . . ] sulisa m˜Tisa
Various reconstructions of the damaged parts of the inscription
have been proposed. 1 One is by L. Rcheulishvili, who read the en-
tire inscription as follows:
,,qriste, adide Sen mier damyarebuli meufe Cveni
qristes mier melqizedek qarTlisa kaTalikozi,
romelman meored aRaSena wmidaÁ. kaTolike [ekle-
siaÁ. da bWÀ ese gareTaÁ. salxineblad (an salocve-
lad)] sulisa maTisa.“2
1 *I am grateful to Giorgi Gagoshidze and Zaza Skhirtladze for their critical comments and observations in preparing
this article. sveticxovlis karibWis warweris adreuli gamocemebi da bibliografia
ix.: l. musxeliSvili, mcxeTis sveti-cxovlis taZris uZvelesi warwerebi da maTi
damokidebuleba melqizedek kaTalikosis anderZTan, qarTuli xelovneba, I, Tbilisi,
1942, gv. 136 [full pages of the article, p. 169-175]
2 rCeuliSvili l., mcxeTis sveticxovlis karibWis funqciisaTvis, qarTuli xelovnebis
700
3. dasavleTi fasadi, karibWe, saerTo
xedi, foto e. Tuno
4. karibWe, xedi Crdilo-aRmosavle-
TiT, foto e. Tuno
5. samTaRedi, karibWe, foto e. Tuno
6. eore sarTuli, karibWe, naxazi l.
musxeliSvilis
The central section of the gateway is flanked on
both sides by pairs of engaged polygonal col-
umns and deeply cut triangular niches in between
each of which is inserted a relief plaque in green
Tedzami tufa featuring a Latin cross (sur. 5, 6);
only one has survived). Clearly these architec-
tural features serve to both accentuate and unite
the archway with its upper window section. As
a result, we may see this central part, as further
emphasized by its bull heads, its crosses and its
inscription, as one meaningful whole.
To the eleventh-century visitor to Svetitskhov-
eli Cathedral, however, Melchisedek’s gateway
looked somewhat different than it does today.
When restorations undertaken by V. Tsintsadze
began in 1963/64, the monument was in a de-
plorable state and, barely visible, it had to be
unearthed and liberated from an agglomeration
of debris and construction. Photos taken prior
to the restoration thus witness the gateway as
sunken deeply into the ground with all its open-
ings walled up, fortified by about seven meter
high buttresses on both sides of the archway and
topped by a crenulated wall. Indeed, in the cen-
turies prior to its restoration, the gateway was no
longer as originally intended: a free standing and
functional building that provided access to the
church and its courtyard; instead, it was closed
and submerged into a reinforced cathedral enclo-
sure (sur. 7, 8).
Tsintsadze’s comprehensive restoration, which
eventually brought the gateway back to its nearby
original appearance and function (sur. 9), un-
covered the eleventh-century bull heads which,
carved in green Tedzami tufa, originally projected
from the western façade (sur. 10, 11; only one
has survived) and were subsequently replaced
by modern copies. The restoration also revealed
a couple of important things as far as the gate-
way’s building history is concerned. Thus, based
on Tsintsadze’s findings, Levan Rcheulishvili
and Rusudan Gverdtsiteli could demonstrate that
Melchisedech did not build the gateway ex novo,
but used a pre-existing gateway dating back to the
eighth or ninth centuries which he embellished to
look more impressive and ceremonial. The most
istoriis narkvevebi, Tb., 1994, gv. 171 [full pages
of the article, pp. 169-175]
701
 radical intervention happened on the building’s
top floor which he transformed into an open-
air platform or balcony. On its western side he
added the wall, including the triple arched set of
windows, which served as a free standing screen
façade directed at the incoming crowds (sur.
1).3 To Melchisedek, who explicitly mentions
the gateway (,,gareTa bWe“) in a document he
wrote to the Cathedral, his work on the gateway
was part of a larger building campaign within the
holy precinct that included the construction of an
entirely new cathedral and, presumably, a palace
for himself in the south west corner.4 The gate-
way, then, provides access to both of these new
buildings, but is not directly aligned with any of
them, perhaps because its placement was deter-
mined by the preexistent structure on which it
was modeled. Yet, situated somewhat to the left
of the Cathedral’s longitudinal east-west axis, it
is clear that the gateway was oriented primarily
towards the Church and its western entrance.
The fact that the inscription on the gateway does
not mention Arsukisdze, who was responsible
for the building of the Cathedral, as recorded by
two inscriptions on that same building, made G.
Chubinashvili believe that Arsukisdze had died
before the completion of the gateway. He might
not, therefore, have been responsible for much of
the gateway, including its decoration, although
-- so Chubinashvili -- it is possible that he made
a general sketch of the gateway.5 If so, the fact
that his name does not end up in the inscription
might indicate that his original design was even-
tually abandoned. Be that as it may, I shall argue
that the gateway features a coherent and carefully
planned design that closely aligns it with Sve-
titskhoveli Cathedral, the tallest and most holy
Church of the newly united kingdom of Georgia.
Let us first focus on the gateway’s building in-
scription (sur. 3, 4). By emphasizing the Ca-
tholicos-Patriarch Melchisedek as “builder for
the second time,” the inscription appears to refer
3 rCeuliSvili l., dasax. naSromi., gv. 169-175
4 For a critical edition of this document, see: qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebis korpusi IX-XIII ss.,
Seadgines da gamosacemad moamzades T. enuqiZem, v. silogavam, n. SoSiaSvilma, Tb., 1984,
gv. 20-31. On Melchisedek’s palace, see: saqarTvelos istoriisa da kulturis ZeglTa aRwer-
iloba, 5, Tb., 1990, gv. 267-268
5 CubinaSvili g., sveticxovlis galavanSi XI saukunis karibWis gaxsna, Zeglis megobari,
N1, 1964, gv. 6-10
702
to King Vachtang Gorgasali as the first builder
of Svetitskhoveli Cathedral. Supposedly it im-
plies that both Vachtang Gorgasali and Melchi-
sedek were the two builders, or restorers, each
of whom replaced the original fourth-century
wooden church, built by King Mirian, with a new
church made of stone.6 As it wraps around the
three arched windows, the inscription has been
broken up in such a way that its first part, the one
connecting Christ to Melchisedek, and mention-
ing the latter as Catholicos of Kartli, features hor-
7. d a z i a n e b u l i 10. jvris gamosax- izontally and most prominently above the win-
jvris gamosax- uleba, dasav- 11. karibWe, restavraciis Semdgom, dows, whereas the remaining parts, those relating
uleba, dasav- leTi fasadi, foto i. zenko, foto erovnuli saa- to the issue of patronage and intercession, can be
leTi fasadi, karibWe, foto gentos arqividan read vertically, first to the right and then jumping
karibWe, foto g. gagoSiZe over to the left side of the windows.
g. gagoSiZe
The inscription’s conspicuous framing of the cen-
tral window section provides it with the highest
level of exposure. By announcing Melchisedek
as the second builder of Svetitskhoveli to the ap-
proaching visitor, it not only situates the Cathol-
icos-Patriarch within a long and august tradition
of patronage, but explicitly ties the function and
significance of the gateway to the Cathedral. Just
like the inscription, so too does large parts of the
architecture and its sculptural decoration - the
8. karibWe, XX saukunis II naxevari, bull heads and the crosses - seem to forge direct
restavraciamde, foto i. zenko, links between gateway and church. The gate-
foto erovnuli saagentos arqi- way’s upper floor with its triple arch, thus finds
vidan
12. karibWis centraluri nawili, dasav- its counterpart in the gallery situated above the
leTi fasadi, foto e. Tuno
western and main entrance of Svetitskhoveli Ca-
thedral (sur. 12). Here too, a triple arched set of
windows, separated by columns, hovers over the
basilica’s interior with the central opening rising
above the two lateral ones. The triple arch motif,
characteristic of triumphal arches of the Roman
Empire, was not unique to Svetitskhoveli. It was,
for example, built into the western part of a num-
ber of Georgian churches where it either served
as an entrance way on the ground level (Otkhta;
Parkhali – 10th cent) or, as in Svetitskhoveli, an
9. karibWe, XX saukunis II naxevari,
opening on the second floor above one or more
restavraciamde, foto, M(ucnobi) 13. xaris Tavi, inaxeba mcxeTis muzeum- of the entrances (Vachnadziani - 9th cent; Tbeti
Si, foto q. diRmelaSvili – second half of 11th cent. It also featured in the
6 Beridse W. and Neubauer E, Die Baukunst des Mittelalters in Georgien vom 4. bis zum 18. Jahrhundert (Berlin,
1981), pp. 22, 117-119; xoStaria d., adreuli Sua saukuneebis eklesiebi mcxeTaSi, ACA-
DEMIA, istoriul-filologiuri Jurnali, t. I, 2001, gv. 24-26 [full pages of the article, pp. 24-36];
A. Plontke-Lüning, Frühchristliche Architektur in Kaukasien. Die Entwicklung des christlichen Sakralbaus in
Lazika, Iberien, Armenien, Albanien und den Grenzregionen vom 4. bis zum 7. Jahrhundert (Vienna, 2007), pp.
198-201
703
 southern and western entrance porch to Bagrati
Cathedral (early 11th cent). Its appearance on the
gateway, however, is unprecedented and should
be seen in light of its counterpart on the inner
façade of the Cathedral.
Only one of the relief crosses on the gateway’s
façade has survived. Already visible in a photo
taken before the restoration, it manifests itself
on a three-stepped Golgotha like base flanked on
each side by a flourishing tree suggesting that the
cross itself should be seen as a Tree of Life (sur.
6). A small fragment that might have shown the
same type of cross still remains in situ on the ex-
act opposite side of the gateway (sur. 5). Both
relief plagues, as noted, are made of the green
Tedzami tufa which was extensively used under
Melchisedek, as also exemplified by the reliefs
of the southern façade of Samtavro Church and
several chancel screens from the same period.7
Although relatively small, the green color makes
the reliefs stand out against the more common
yellowish tufa blocks of the gateway. Whereas
the lengthened form of the cross conjures up sil-
ver processional crosses of the 10th-11th century,
such as the Martvili Cross (sur. 13), the foliage
on the adjacent trees resembles that on the tall
trees shown in relief on both sides of the western
façade of Svetitskhoveli (სურ. 14-16). Shown as
the Tree of Life and placed symmetrically high
above the entrance, the two greenish crosses
might have been intended as meaningfully paral-
leling these tall trees.8
The same sort of matching might also be the case
with the two large bull heads of which, as noted,
only one has survived and is now in the Mtskhe-
ta Museum. Their counterparts, as observed by
Chubinashvili, are seen on the eastern façade of
Svetitskhoveli (sur. 17, 18).9 They date back to
the church built by Gorgasali and, although no
longer in situ, were probably – just like now --
originally featured together, perhaps on the west-
ern façade, around the entrance.
14. dasavleTi Sesasvleli, sveticxov-
lis sakaTedro taZari, foto nata-
lia CitiSvili
15. martvilis jvari, XI s., saqarTve-
los erovnuli muzeumi, foto e. Ta-
yaiSvili
16. dasavleTi fasadi, sveticxovlis
taZari, foto e. Tuno
17. vazis gamosaxuleba, sveticxovlis
dasavleTi fasadi, foto e. Tuno
18. dasavleTi fasadi, sveticxovlis
taZari, foto s. ciqolia
Given that a bull head and a cross appears on each
side of the gateway passage, it is worth looking
at them as being symbolically aligned. Indeed,
their material – the green Tedzami tufa – seems
to underscore them as an interconnected. But
what does the Golgotha Cross as the Tree of Life
have to do with a sacred bull - a carry-over from
Pre-Christian iconography in the South Cauca-
sus? On one level, the emphasis on the Cross as
a Tree of Life links the former to the Garden of
Eden and its power to guarantee eternal life. As
such, Christ’s instrument of sacrifice is present-
ed as a bridge that spans both time and space. At
the same time, the Tree of Life iconography may
also be seen as site specific. The gateway, for ex-
ample, leads into an area that an ancient written
tradition, as represented by the Georgian Chron-
icles Moksevai Kartlisai and Kartlis Tskhovreba,
narrates was formerly known as the royal garden
with fruitful vines and fragrant flowers. From the
miraculous soil of this garden grew a large ce-
dar from which was made the famous Life-giv-
ing Pillar upon which was erected Svetitskhov-
eli Cathedral.10 In the aforementioned document
written to the Cathedral, Melchisedek calls this
cedar “the most excellent and glorious among
northern cedars” [”yovelTave CrdiloeTi-
sa kedarTa Soris uaRressa da uaR-
matebules-udidebulessa”] and identifies
it with Svetitskhoveli itself.11
There can be little doubt, then, that the monu-
mental reliefs with the unprecedented trees on
the upper west façade of Svetitskhoveli should be
related to this symbolically charged royal garden
and that they, in tandem with the pair of crosses
on the gateway, underscore the site of the Cathe-
dral as a new heavenly paradise in which grew the
Tree of Life before it turned into the Life-giving
Pillar which performed many cures and miracles.
The pair of crosses, then, makes visitors aware
of the sacredness of the site on which they are
about to set foot while underscoring the gateway

7 gagoSiZe g., alaverdis taZris Tavdapirveli kankelis fragmentebi, alaverdis eparqiis
istoriis furclebi, samecniero konferenciis masalebi, 1, Tb., 2007, gv. 26-28 [full pages of the
article pp. 24-31]
8 Flemming J., “Der Lebensbaum in der georgischen Kunst und sein Verhältnis zu Byzans und zu einigen
byzantinischen Einflussgebieten,” Proceedings of Tbilisi University 162, Tb., 1975, pp. 89-109, 95
9 CubinaSvili g., dasax. naSromi, gv. 6; dadiani T., kvaWataZe e., xundaZe T., Sua saukuneebis
qarTuli qandakeba, Tb., 2017, gv. 17-18, sur. 9-10
10 For the entire Moktsevai Kartlisai in English translation, see The Wellspring of Georgian Historiography. The
Early Medieval Historical Chronicle. The Conversion of Kartli and The Life of St. Nino, transl. Constantine
B. Lerner (London, 2004), pp. 166-167, 176-180 (Life of St. Nino); Kartlis Tskhovreba. A History of Georgia,
Georgian National Academy of Sciences, ed. Stephen Jones, Tbilisi, 2014, pp. 52-53, 59-61. See also T. Mga-
loblishvili, “How Mtskheta Turned into the Georgians’ New Jerusalem,” in Visual Constructs of Jerusalem, ed.
B. Kühnel, G. Noga-Banai, and H. Vorholt (Turnhout, 2014), pp. 59-66, with further references
11 qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebis korpusi IX-XIII ss., Seadgines da gamosacemad moamza-
des T. enuqiZem, v. silogavam, n. SoSiaSvilma, Tb., 1984, gv. 22

704 705
 as situated between terrestrial and eternal, death
and salvation.

The two prominent bull heads are not pagan an-

tipodes to this Christian scheme of salvation epit-
omized by the two crosses above them. On the
contrary, they help complement it. To be sure,
the bull played a wide range of roles in the Grae-
co Roman world and the Near East and cannot,
therefore, be accorded one particular significance 19. aRmosavleTi fasadi, detali, svet-
in the Christian Caucasus that inherited it. Yet, icxovlis taZari, foto e. Tuno
Nina Garsoïan has convincingly argued that in
Zoroastrian cosmological and eschatological texts, as well as in the persistent folkloric traditions
of the South Caucasus, the bull had invariable and unmistakable connotations. Here, it appears
among the first creations and the sacrifice of the primordial bull at the end of time will provide
both immortality to humankind and the triumph of good over evil.12 Seen through this lens, the
bull heads on the gateway join the two crosses above them through their relation to the beginning
of time and the idea of sacrifice and victory at the end of time. It is not certain, however, if their
fifth-century counterparts on the eastern façade of Svetitskhoveli, which are no longer in situ, can
be attributed the same set of meanings. Yet, a closer look at them shows that, unlike the bulls on
the gateway, they seem to be eating leaved branches. If this should be seen as consuming from
the Tree of Life, these bulls too might be associated with the beginning of time and Salvation.

20. xaris Tavebi, detali, aRmosavleTi fasadi, sveticxovlis taZari, foto e. Tuno

Even if, as noted, the gateway is not directly aligned with the western entrance to Svetitskhoveli
Cathedral, there can be no question that the latter was the gateway’s principal focus. If the con-
nection could not be made through the central inscription alone, the triple arch and the sculptural
decoration on the gateway in terms of crosses and bull heads all seem to have had their counter-
parts on the Cathedral’s western facade. The interacting reliefs propagate that passage to eternal
life and return to paradise required another form of passage: through Melchisedek’s gateway,
and from there on into his magnificent church, where Christ’s sacrifice was reenacted on a site
believed to have grown the Tree of Life, still present in the Life-giving Pillar. As such, the prime
function of the gateway was to promote Melchisedek and his new Cathedral as the principal me-
diators of Christian Salvation that no other bishop or cathedral in the newly united Georgia could
compete with.

12 Garsoïan N., “The Iranian Substratum of the ‘Agatangelos’ Cycle,” in N. G. Garsoïan et al., eds., East of Byzan-
tium: Syria and Armenia in the Formative Period, Washington, D.C., 1980, pp. 151-89, 153-56

706 707
 manana gabaSvili
saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi,
s. janaSias saxelobis saqarTvelos muzeumi,
giorgi wereTlis saxelobis
aRmosavleTmcodneobis instituti,
ilias universiteti, istoriis doqtori

sveticxovlis
sazRvao
Temebi
evropeizaciis
procesebis
WrilSi
sveticxovlis sakaTedro taZris istoriuli misia
gansakuTrebulia, rac misi didi mniSvnelobiTaa ga-
pirobebuli, im mravalmxrivi funqciiTa da roliT,
rasac saqarTvelos mTavari taZari saukuneebis man-
Zilze qveynis cxovrebaSi asrulebda1.

sveticxovlis taZris yovelmxrivi analizi, agreTve

masTan dakavSirebuli araerTi sakiTxis axlebu-
ri Cveneba, mxolod saqarTvelos istoriis zogad
WrilSia gansaxilveli. am mimarTulebiT kvlevebma
qarTul wyaroebTan, pirvel rigSi, ,,qarTlis cx-
ovrebasTan~ paralelis gavlebis saSualeba mogv-
ca. magram, Tuki ,,qarTlis cxovrebas~ werilobiTi
wyarosTvis niSandoblivi datvirTva da funqcia
aqvs, sveticxoveli mxatvruli xerxebiT, xelovnebi-
sTvis niSandoblivi eniTa da simboloebiT igives
akeTebs. rac mTavaria, orive (,,qarTlis cxovreba~
da sveticxoveli) qveynis cxovrebis umniSvnelo-
vanes istoriul etapebs asaxavs. amasTan, taZarSi
arsebuli sxvadasxva saeklesio Tu saero masa-
la qveynis ara mxolod Sida problemebze, aramed
saerTaSoriso kavSirebze, religiuri Tu saero
kuTxiT saerTaSoriso cxovrebaSi mis CarTuloba-
zec mianiSnebs. taZari aRmosavleTisa Tu dasav-
leTis gzagasayarze mdebare qveynis adgilsa da
rolsac warmoaCens.amdenad, sveticxoveli saer-
TaSoriso misiis matarebelicaa, rogorc agreTve
meore ierusalimi, sadac saeklesio tradiciis,

1 gabaSvili m., sveticxovlis istoriuali misia, samecniero Jurnali ,,logosi~, Tb., 2018

708 709
 qarTuli Tu ucxouri wyaroebis Tanaxmad, qristes kvarTi inaxeba, roml- freskis am scenebis aslebi iseTma mx-
iTac qriste meored mosvlis Jams Seimoseba. Sesabamisad, sveticxovlis atvrebma Seasrules, rogorebic iyvnen
mniSvneloba scildeba sakuTriv saqarTvelos farglebs da zogad qris- gagarini, qiqoZe, kakabaZe da sxv2. fre-
tianul datvirTvas iZens. skaze qarTul kabaSi gamowyobili
solisti qali aSkarad firosmanis
qarTul istoriul Zeglebze dakvirvebam gagvicnobiera, rom Cveni qveynis STagonebis wyaro gaxda. calke didi
warsulis Taviseburebidan gamomdinare, mecnierTa Tu xalxis aRqmaSi isi- Temaa sveticxoveli qarTul litera-
ni qveynis winaSe valmoxdilebad warmoCindebian. am mxriv sveticxovlis, turaSi. poet lado asaTianis sityve-
rogorc mebrZoli eklesiis mniSvneloba gansakuTrebulia. saukuneebis biT, saqarTvelos cxeli guli svet-
manZilze saqarTvelos mTavari sakaTedro taZari, udidesi istoriuli icxovelSi asvenia.
matiane, enisa da erovnuli tradiciebis Semnaxvelad da eris erTianobis
simbolod, ,,qarTlis cxovrebasTan~ erTad qveynisTvis swori orientire- sveticxoveli unikaluri Zeglia im
bis damsaxavad da gezis mimcemad, erovnuli ideologiis damnergavad da TvalsazrisiTac, rom mis erT-erT
popularizatorad gvevlineba. sveticxovlis gavlena yovelTvis didi iyo freskaze zRva da sazRvao Tematikaa
qarTveli eris zneobaze. im saxiTa da formiTaa gamosaxuli,
sxvagan arc erT qarTul taZarze rom
cnobilia, rom sveticxovelSi sxvadasxva drosa da epoqaSi saqarTvelosT- ar gvxvdeba. freskaze aboboqrebuli
vis yvela mniSvnelovan movlenas hqonda adgili, mefed kurTxevis cere- zRva, realuri Tu fantastikuri cx-
monialsa Tu kaTolokosis xeldasxmas, iyo qarTvel mefeTa saZvale da ovelebi da mcenareebi, aseve ori afri-
sxv. mravlismetyvelia Semdegi faqtic; 1917 wlis 12 marts sveticxovel- ani xomaldia gamosaxuli maTze aRm-
Si gamocxadebulma saqarTvelos avtokefaliis sazeimod aRdgenam droSi arTuli oqrosferjvriani mewamuli
gauswro 1918 wlis 26 maiss saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebas, feris droSebiT. mniSvnelovania fre-
riTac qarTulma eklesiam kidev erTxel daadastura Tavisi mebrZoli skis oTxive kuTxeSi gamosaxuli zR-
buneba. amdenad, sveticxovelTan brZola saqarTvelosTan brZolas niSna- vis qaris personifikaciebi3. Suagul
vda, sveticxovelze zrunva _ qveyanaze zrunvas. amitomac am didi simbo- qarTlSi zRvisa da gemebis gamosax-
los dazianebis SemTxvevaSi misi swrafad aRdgena xdeboda da, rac aseve vam yuradReba mii pyro da daabnia
mniSvnelovania, ekonomikuri gaZliereba. es ki misi kuTvnili mitacebuli kidevac mkvlevarni, istorikosebma ki
miwebis dabrunebas moaswavebda da sxv. sveticxovlis mniSvneloba gac- misi ignorireba moaxdines. amas Tav-
nobierebuli hqonda rogorc moyvares, ise mters. magram, masTan brZola isi mizezebi aqvs, rac pirvel rigSi cekva samaia, XVI saukune, sveticxove-
li. grigol gagarinis asli
sxvadasxva xasiaTisa iyo _ ideologiuri, iaraRiT, araprofesionalizmiTa saqarTvelos sazRvao interesebsa da
Tu gulgrilobiT. politikaSi arsebul xarvezebsa da
nihilizmSi unda veZeboT, rac Sede-
XIX saukunis dasawyisSi saxelmwifoebriobis dakargva sveticxovelzec gia zRvisadmi TiTqosda qarTvelebis
mZimed aisaxa. zogierTi freska uxarisxod da daudevrad Sesrulebuli gaucxoebis da mcdari propagandisa.
restavraciebis Sedegad dazaralda, zogic gaqra. miuxedavad amisa, ,,qar-
Tlis cxovrebis~ msgavsad, taZari iZleva saeklesio Tu saero istoriis sazRvao Tematikis amsaxveli sveticxovlis freska vizualuri mxaris
uwyvetad aRdgenis SesaZleblobas. Sesabamisad, sveticxoveli am mxrivac garda, romelic aRqmis TvalsazrisiT STambeWdavia, aseve araerT farul
saqarTvelos istoriis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes saistorio wyarod, saqa- Tu Ria informacias Seicavs. magram, mis gasaxsnelad aucilebelia am fre-
rTvelos istoriisa da kulturis did propagandistad unda miviCnioT. skis rogorc taZris, ise maSindeli epoqis mTlian konteqstSi ganxilva.
sveticxovlis freskebis udidesi nawilis msgavsad, isic XVII saukunes
sveticxovelSi dadasturebulma mravalferovanma da mdidarma informa- ekuTvnis, bevri TvalsazrisiT uaRresad saintereso xanas, romelic ,,mcire
ciam didi xania, rac sxvadasxva dargis qarTvel da ucxoel specialistTa renesansadac~ iwodeboda da romlis drosac araerT saintereso movlenas
yuradReba mii pyro. eseni arian religiis mkvlevarni, xelovnebaTmcod- hqonda adgili evropeizaciis procesebis CaTvliT, rac sveticxovelzec
neebi, arqiteqtorebi, TeatrTmcodneebi, musikaTmcodneebi, filologebi, as- aisaxa.
tronomebi, agreTve xalxuri da klasikuri cekvebis specialistebi, rom-
lebmac ara mxolod Teoriulad Seiswavles, aramed scenazec dadges
sveticxovlis freskaze gamosaxuli cekvis scenebi xalxursa (l. gvaramaZe,
a. TaTaraZe...) da klasikur baletSi, rogorc es vaxtang Wabukianma gaakeTa, 2 gabaSvili m., cekvis scena da musikosTa dasi sveticxovlis freskaze, samecniero
rodesac sveticxovlis freskis cnobili ,,samaia~ scenaze gaacocxla. Jurnali, qarTvelologia,1, Tb., 2017, gv. 78-79
3 gabaSvili m., afriani xomaldebi qarTuli droSebiT sveticxovlis freskaze,
qarTvelologia, Tb., 2017, 2016, 4; misive, zRva da afriani xomaldebi qarTuli droSebiT
sveticxovlis freskaze, saqarTvelos parlamentTan arsebuli heraldikis saxelmwifo
sabWo, Jurnali ,,heroldi~, 5, Tb., 2016

710 711

sazRvao Tematikis amsaxveli sveticxovlis freska, XVII s.,
foto - Salva leJava
sagangebod unda aRiniSnos Semdegi
garemoeba; saqarTveloSi evropeizaci-
is procesebi did sazRvao qveynebTan
kavSirSi warimarTeboda, rasac ar-
sebiTi mniSvneloba hqonda. am dros
asparezze gamodian enciklopediste-
bi, romlebic umniSvnelovanes aminds
qmnian saqarTvelos politikursa Tu
kulturul cxovrebaSi. isini propa-
gandas uweven evropeizacias, Tumca
paralelurad sakuTari tradiciebisa
da kulturis aRorZinebaze zrunaven.
aseT viTarebaSi gansakuTrebul yur-
adRebas amaxvileben istoriaze, raSic
sazRvao Tematikac igulisxmeba. mniS-
vnelovania, rom am procesebs ganaT-
lebuli xalxi warmarTavda da maT
qarTveli mefeebi mizanmimarTulad
TavianT garSemo ikrebdnen.
maT Sorisaa sulxan-sabac, qarTuli sanaosno terminologiis pirvel mkv-
levrad miCneuli. sazRvao Tematika SemTxveviT ar Cndeba sveticxovel-
Sic, Tanac saqarTvelos mTavar sakaTedro taZarSi. amiT aqcenti qarT-
velebis zRvisadmi gansakuTrebul damokidebulebasa da mniSvnelobazec
keTdeba. marTalia, XVII saukunis qarTul naosnobaze sakuTriv qarTul
wyaroebSi saintereso cnobebi dasturdeba, magram am xasiaTis masalebi
gacilebiT metia ucxour wyaroebSi, rac am kuTxiTac saqarTvelosadmi
cxovel interesze metyvelebs. am mxriv sainteresoa saqarTveloSi myofi
evropelebis informaciebi, kastelis mier Caxatuli qarTuli navebi, zR-
vaosnobasTan dakavSirebuli Janruli scenebi da sxv.
712
kastelis mier Caxatuli qarTuli
navebi, zRvaosnobasTan dakavSirebuli
Janruli scenebi am wyaroebs svet-
icxovlis freskis sazRvao Tematika
avsebs, amave dros sveticxoveli saz-
Rvao Temebis erTgvari propagandis-
tis rolSic gamodis.
ibadeba kiTxva, ramdenad aisaxa evro-
peizaciis procesebi sveticxovlis
CvenTvis saintereso sazRvao Tematikis
amsaxvel freskaze. sanam am kiTxvaze
pasuxs gavcemdeT, unda aRiniSnos Sem-
degi; yvela mecnieri aRiarebs simbo-
loebiT datvirTuli am freskis sir-
Tulesa da unikalurobas rogorc
gamomsaxvelobiTi TvalsazrisiT, ise
uCveulobiT. amas qarTvelebis gar-
da aRniSnaven ucxoelebic, germaneli
mecnieri g.p. Simenci, romelic mas re- saunjis Sesanaxi nageboba mTaze da
ligiuri TvalsazrisiT ikvlevs4. rac misionerebis navi, don kristoforo de
Seexeba aRniSnuli freskisadmi Cvens kasteli
interess, misi kvleva mxolod mas Sem-
deg davisaxeT miznad, rodesac sazR-
vao Tematikas, saqarTvelos sazRvao
interesebsa da politikas movkideT xeli da davrwmundiT, rom amis gareSe
saqarTvelos istoriis araerTi mxare da zogierTi mefis mmarTvelobis
Taviseburebani ubralod ver aixsneba. magram, taZarSi sazRvao Tematika
gvxvdeba ara mxolod vizualurad, aramed werilobiTac.
ase, magaliTad, mariam dedofali (1634-1680 an 1683) mis mierve otia
ufliswulisadmi Sedgenil epitafiaze Tavs ase warmoaCens: ,,Cven zRvaT
mefis dadianis asuli.~
aSkaraa, rom am SemTxvevaSic zRvaze keTdeba aqcenti, Tanac sveticxovelSi.
aseve moixsenieben mariams Tanamedroveni, magaliTad farsadan gorgijaniZe,
feSangi xiTariSvili ,,SahnavazianSi~5. mariamis Sav zRvasTan kavSiri Ta-
vidanve aRiniSna farsadan gorgijaniZis mier, rogorc ki igi rostomTan
dasaqorwineblad odiSidan wamoiyvanes: ,,mze Savi zRviT amosuli mariam
dedofali qarTlisken wamoabrZanes~6.
4 Shiemenz G.P., Herz, wiezahlerich sind deine Weke! Eine verborgene psalm _ illustration in Mcxeta, Georgica,
Zeitschrift fur Kultur, Sprache und Geschicthe Georgiens und Kaukasiens, Jahrgang, 2004, 27. kidev erTi
iSviaTi Tavisebureba axlavs am uCveulosa da mimzidvel freskas. es aris varskvla-
vebi da Tanavarskvlavedi zodiaqos Tormeti niSniT, rac sveticxovlis garda sxva
qarTul taZarSi aseve ar gvxvdeba. masze dadasturebuli astronomiuli elementebi
sazRvao qveynebisTvisaa niSandoblivi, magram misi kvleva, garda religiurisa (b. gunia),
jerac ar momxdara
5 gabaSvili m., mariam dedoflisa da otia ufliswulis freska sveticxovlis taZarSi
(istoriuli da mxatvruli Tvalsawieridan), qarTvelologia, 6, Tb., 2017, gv. 90
6 gorgijaniZe f., ,,saistorio moambe~, w. II, tf., 1925, gv. 241
713
 vfiqrobT, mariamic sagangebod akeTebs zRvis faqtorze aqcents. amiT igi
mianiSnebs, rom manuCar I dadianis (1590-1611) asuli da levan II dadianis
(1611-1658) daa, romelTa politikaSic Sav zRvas umniSvnelovanesi adgili
ekava. rodesac manuCar I-ma gurielTan erTad osmalebs mitacebuli aWara
gamostaca, amiT maT Sav zRvaze seriozuli problemebi Seuqmna. ase iyo
levan II-is drosac, romelic di plomatiis daxvewil xerxebsac mimarTa-
vda da Turqebs Sav zRvaze mudmiv daZabulobaSi amyofebda. mariami am
warweriT sveticxovelSi, iribad strategiulad umniSvnelovanesi odiSis
sazRvao istoriazec, iseve rogorc antiosmalur ganwyobebze mianiSnebs.
mxedvelobaSia misaRebi, rom mariami (levan II-Tan erTad evropasTan kav-
SirSi) antiosmaluri koaliciis mxardamWeri iyo. mariamis daqorwineba
rostomzec saerTaSoriso donezec ase iyo aRqmuli, rasac Turqebis mier
saqarTvelos sazRvao nawilis darbeva mohyva.

mniSvnelovania, rom mariami am politikas zogadqarTuli poziciidan ganix-

ilavs, razec zemomoyvanili sveticxovlis epitafiis warwerac metyvelebs,
romlis Tanaxmadac igi erTiani saqarTvelos dedofalia. amdenad saqa-
rTvelos daSlilobis periodSic es idea cocxalia. mravlismetyvelia,
rom rostom mefec erTiani saqarTvelos titulaturas iRebs, rac aSkarad
Tavidanve gaTvlili iyo7.

odiSi imiTac iyo mniSvnelovani, rom mis bunebriv gagrZelebas trapizoni

warmoadgenda, romelsac ,,megrelTa qveyanac~ ewodeboda8. ufro metic, XV
saukunis erTi italiuri dokumentis Tanaxmad, trapizoni da saqarTvelo
erT qveynadaa aRqmuli9. amave epoqaSi, aseve italiuri wyaroebis Tanaxmad,
saqarTvelo ekonomikurad ise dasustebuli ar yofila, rogorc qarTul
istoriografiaSia miCneuli10. tao-klarjeTis folklorSi trapizoni
saqarTvelos dedaqalaqia. am mimarTulebiT kvlevisas CvenTvis naTeli
gaxda, rom trapizonis politikas gagrZeleba unda hqonoda. aseTma anal-
izma saSualeba mogvca axleburad gagveazrebina rogorc Tamaris zemoaR-
niSnuli politika da misi realuri masStabi, ise gulanSaros faqtori,
romelsac arasworad eZebdnen da romelSic ukve dabejiTebiT SeiZleba
iTqvas trapizoni unda vigulisxmoT11.

trapizonis aRebisTanave 1461 w. Turqebma, romlebmac kargad icodnen, qa-

rTuli modgmis lazebiT dasaxlebuli es regioni yovelTvis qarTuli
samefos TvalsawierSi rom Sedioda, qarTvelebisgan Tavdasacavad sas-
wrafod TavianTi floti Seqmnes. amas sagangebod aRniSnavs Tanamedrove
Turqi istorikosi kirzi oRli, romelic Tavis monografiaSi XVI sauku-
nis miwurulis qarTvelTa zRvaosnobas, maT sabrZolo navebs maRal Se-

7 gabaSvili m., dasax. naSr. gv. 54, 85

8 leonti mroveli, qarTlis cxovreba, 1955, I, gv. 39; gabaSvili m., trapizoni qarTuli wya-
roebis mixedviT, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi, 327, aRmosavleTmcod-
neoba, Tb., 1998, gv. 145
9 Карпов С., Трапезундская империя и западноевропейские государства в XIII-XV вв., Москва, 1981, с. 116-
117
10 С. Карпов, Грузия и генуэзцы XV, веке новый архивный документ, krebuli Dedication, istoriul-
filologiuri Ziebani, Tb., 2001
11 gabaSvili m., zRvaosnoba da gulanSaros sakiTxi ,,vefxistyaosanSi~, saiubileo krebuli,
dedofali mariam dadiani da misi Svili otia. XVII-XVIII saukuneebi. sveticxoveli. SoTa mesxia, 90, Tb., 2006
grigol gagarinis asli
714 715
 fasebas aZlevs12. Turqul wyaroebSi isic aris aRniSnuli, rom osmalebi
Sav zRvaze Tavis dasacavad Tavis saxelmwifos usafrTxoebis garantiebs
Txovdnen, Sesabamisad, did angariSs uwevdnen levan II dadians13. amdenad,
XVII saukuneSic, axal pirobebsa da viTarebaSi trapizonis Tema kvlavac
cocxali iyo. aseT dros ar aris SemTxveviTi mariam dedofals Tam-
ar mefes rom adarebdnen14. Tumca, miuxedavad Tamaris epoqisadmi didi
interesisa, qarTul istoriografias gaaCnda iseTi xarvezebi, rac misi
politikis realur masStabSi garkvevas xels uSlida. saqme is aris, rom
vis xelTac iyo Tavriz-trapizonis magistrali, is msoflio politiki-
sa da saerTaSoriso vaWrobis sadaveebs flobda. amitomac es regioni
tradiciulad msoflios cxel wertils, sxvadasxva epoqaSi sxvadasxva
xalxis, maT Soris qarTvelebisac interesisa da brZolis asparezs war-
moadgenda. amiT unda aixsnas Tamaris politikis didi horizonti da Tam-
ar mefisadmi qarTveli xalxis (ara marto qarTvelebis) gansakuTrebuli
damokidebuleba. am masStabSi garkvevas (rasac mTeli rigi statiebi mi-
vuZRveniT) xels uSlida Semdegi garemoeba: qarTuli istoriografia Tam-
aris mier trapizonis imperiis daarsebasa (1204) da sparseTSi laSqrobas
(1210) Soris kavSirs ver xedavda. aseve ar iyo danaxuli Tamar mefis mier
sazRvao politikis or etapad dayofac. pirveli etapi trapizonis impe-
riis daarsebas gulisxmobda, meore ki konstantinopolisken galaSqrebas,
rasac Tamaris xelSewyobiT mis mier trapizonis taxtze dasmuli bagra-
tionebis axlo naTesavi aleqsi komnenosis Zma daviT komnenosi iwyebs15.
sainteresoa, rom is, rac Tanamedrove qarTul istoriografias gamorCa,
kargad icodnen Sua saukuneebSi, rogorc Tavrizsa da trapizons Soris
arsebuli urTierTkavSiri, ise konstantinopolisken warmarTuli poli-
tika. Sesabamis statiaSi vuCveneT, Tu rogor aris is varZiis freskaze
erTgvari politikuri programis saxiT sxvadasxva saxiTa da simboloebiT
warmodgenili. Tamari am freskaze, wiTel fexsacmelSia gamowyobili, rac
bizantiis imperatoris prerogativas warmoadgenda16. Tamaris mexotben-
ic, romlebic axlos arian saistorio JanrTan, igives adastureben. ioane
SavTeli, romelic aRniSnavs trapizonis imperiis daarsebas (da visac
rusTaveli Tavis ,,vefxistyaosanSi~ moixseniebs), Tamars kesarossa da ,,ax-
alo romos~ uwodebs, CaxruxaZe ,,jemSid mflobels~ (anu sparseTis mflo-
bels)17. aseve sagangebo kvlevebis safuZvelze CvenTvis naTeli gaxda, rom
saqarTvelos pretenzia bizantiis imperiis memkvidreobaze saqarTvelos
gaerTianebisTanave (X s.) gaformda da daviT kurapalatis politikis qva-
kuTxedad iqca, romelSic trapizonic igulisxmeboda,YTumca, samwuxarod,
qarTul istoriografias trapizonis sakiTxi aseve gamorCa. ase rom, oSkis
12 kirzi oRlus monografia damowmebulia T. beraZis naSromis mixedviT, zRvaosnoba
Zvel saqarTveloSi, Tb., 1981, gv. 80
13 mamisTvaliSvili e., saqarTvelos sagareo politika da di plomatia, Tb., 2011, II, 584
14 beri egnataSvili, qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris
mixedviT s.yauxCiSvili mier, Tb., 1959, t. II, gv. 441
15 gabaSvili m., Tamar mefis sazRvao politikis istoriidan, krebuli valerian gabaSvili
90, Tbilisi, 2003, gv. 163-188; misive, Tamar mefis aRmosavluri da dasavluri politika,
krebuli valerian gabaSvili 90, Tb., 2003, 188-208
16 gabaSvili m., Tamar mefis freskuli portretebi rogorc saistorio wyaro, nadiraZe g.
80, Tb., 2012, gv. 22-37
17 gabaSvili m., Tamar mefis aRmosavluri da dasavluri politika mxatvruli nawarmoe-
bebis mixedviT (,,vefxistyaosani~, ,,abdulmesiani~, ,,Tamariani~), krebuli, aRmosavleTi da
kavkasia, Tb., 2005, 3, gv. 55-56, 60, 72
716
taZarze daviT kurapalatis bizantiis imperatoris gvirgvinSi gamosaxva
programulia da mravlismetyveli18. mogvianebiT kesarosi aRmosavlur da
dasavlur politikasTan kavSirSi dasturdeba giorgi II-is titulaturaze,
daviT aRmaSeneblis unikalur monetaze da sxv.19 am garemoebaze yuradReba
gavamaxvileT imis gamoc, rom kesarosobis es idea XVII saukuneSic, svet-
icxovlis freskebis Seqmnis drosac dasturdeba, oRond sxva saxiTa da
formiT. bizantiuri orTaviani arwivi daSvebuli frTebiT gvxvdeba qarT-
vel mefeTa gerbebze, beWdebze, dokumentebze, sionis eklesiis bareliefze20.
aseTi miniSneba davinaxeT sveticxovelSic, mariamis im freskaze, sadac igi
yrma otiasTan erTad aris gamosaxuli, Tanac sazRvao Tematikis amsaxveli
freskis siaxloves, rac aseve SemTxveviTad ar migvaCnia. saTanado dak-
virvebis Sedegad mariamis am freskasa da Tamaris varZiis freskas Soris
garkveuli saerTo niSnebic SevniSneT, zemoaRniSnuli kesarosobis ideis
msgavsi. mariamis fexsacmeli wiTeli unda yofiliyo, romelic aSkarad
fergasulia taZarze datexili aTasi ubedurebiT, romelsac saxuravidan
Camosuli wvimac azianebda. Cvens am mosazrebas adasturebs Semdegi faqti;
feSangi xiTariSvili ,,SahnavazianSi~ vaxtang V-s kesarosad moixseniebs21.
es imas niSnavs, rom es idea XVII saukuneSic cocxali iyo da is mariamzec
unda gavrcelebuliyo, vinaidan mariami Tavs mefes utolebda, rostomsa
da vaxtang V-zec (romelic rostomisa da mis mier samefod iyo SerCeuli)
maRla mdgomad. amas adasturebs mariamisTvis gatanebuli mziTvis wignic,
romelSic levan II Tavs rostomze maRla ayenebs, vinaidan igi ,,RmrTiv
damyarebulia~, rostomi ki iranis Sahisgan daniSnuli22. mxedvelobaSia
misaRebi, rom mariamma Tanamefobis sakiTxi Tavidanve dasva, rasac rostomi
daeTanxma. magram, XVII s. axal pirobebSi am ideam sxva politikuri dat-
virTva SeiZina da qarTvelebis antiosmaluri koaliciis erT-erT iaraRad
iqca.
evropeizaciis procesSi qarTvelebi espaneTis mefeebs, romlebic evropaSi
uZlieresad miaCndaT, bizantiis aRdgenasa da TurqTagan konstantinopo-
lis ganTavisuflebas sTavazobdnen, raSic samx edro daxmarebasac aRuTq-
vamdnen. am sakiTxSi da sxva SemTxvevaSic mariami da levani mokavSireebi
rom iyvnen, ara erTi faqtidan Cans da sveticxovelSic SeiniSneba. im dros,
rodesac mariam dedoflis xelSewyobiT cnobili mariamiseuli ,,qarTlis
cxovreba~ gadaiwera, romlis saSualebiTac kidev erTxel sazRvao Teme-
bisa da trapizonis istoriis aqtivizaciac moxda, levan II-is miTiTebiT
odiSSi ,,vefxistyaosani~ gadaiwera da mamuka TavaqaraSvilis mier moix-
ata. masSi poemis siuJetidan gamomdinare, bunebrivia, sazRvao cxovrebasa
da Temebs umniSvnelovanesi adgili uWiravT. es poema epoqis dokumenti-
caa, ramac ganapiroba, rom rusTavelma is Tamar mefes, mis warmatebul
politikas miuZRvna, romelSic Tamaris sazRvao interesebic igulisxma.
am dros am kuTxiT ,,vefxistyaosanze~ yuradReba ar gamaxvilebula, miuxe-
davad imisa, rom misi am xasiaTis cnobebi exmaureba Tamaris mexotbeebsa
18 gabaSvili m., trapizonis imperiis daarsebis winapirobebi _ daviT kurapalati, krebuli
Tamar gamsaxurdia 70, Tb., 2007, gv. 121
19 gabaSvili m., giorgi II-is titulatura rogorc saistorio wyaro, qarTvelologia, 1, Tb.,
2012, gv. 21; misive, bizantiis dedofali marTa mariami da bizantiis imperiis Canacvle-
bis qarTuli politikuri idea, qarTvelologia, 4, Tb., 2013, gv. 90
20 kldiaSvili d., orTaviani arwivi, Jurnali ,,heroldi~, 4, Tb., 2015, gv. 76-77
21 ,,Sahnavaziani~ g. leoniZisa da s. iordaniSvilis reaqciiT, Tb., 1935, 1044-1045, 528
22 anTelava i., levan II dadiani, Tb., 1990, gv. 22
717
 da ,,qarTlis cxovrebis~ saTanado adgilebs. amdenad, Tamaris masStabu-
ri sazRvao interesebis apologetad da propagandistebad warmoCindebian
SoTa rusTaveli, Tamaris mexotbeni, varZiis freska, mogvianebiT sveticx-
oveli. Tanac sveticxoveli Tu saqarTvelos mTavari sakaTedro taZaria,
,,vefxistyaosani~ saukuneebis manZilze qarTvelebSi saero wignebs Soris
yvelaze sakiTxavi wignia, romelic rusTavelma Tamaris masStabur poli-
tikas moargo. es niSnavs, rom am gziTac qarTvelebs arasdros daukargavT
kavSiri zRvasTan. igive unda iTqvas ,,qarTlis cxovrebasa~ da, cxadia,
sveticxovelzec. aqve isic unda aRiniSnos, rom imaT, vinc nihilisturad
uyurebdnen qarTvelebis zRvisadmi damokidebulebas, am propagandis fonze
ar dausvamT Tundac aseTi kiTxva: ratom uWiravs ,,vefxistyaosanSi~ zRvasa
da sazRvao Tematikas faqtobrivad wamyvani adgili. anda ratom flobda
SoTa rusTaveli msoflio masStabiTac aseT Rrma da safuZvlian codnas
zRvasa da zRvaosnobaze, risi dasturic ,,vefxistyaosania~.
mravlismetyvelia isic, rom ,,vefxistyaosanSi~ mxolod qarTuli sazR-
vao terminologiaa dadasturebuli, saidanac Cans qarTuli zRvaosnobis
maRali done. xolo meteorologiurma terminologiam TiTqmis ucvleli
saxiT dRemde moaRwia23. TavisTavad is faqtic, rom sazRvao sakiTxebs rus-
Taveli msoflio masStabiTac icnobs, Tanac yovlismomcveli kuTxiT, esec
qarTvelebis zRvebisadmi interesis da pirvel rigSi, Tamaris masStaburi
politikis kidev erTi dasturia. mravlismetyvelia Tundac is faqti, rom
aravis, TviT ucxouri wyaroebis Tanaxmadac (berZnuli, arabuli, italiuri,
Turquli...), Savi zRvisTvis imdeni saxeli ar daurqmevia, rogorc qarT-
velebsa da qarTul samyarosTan dakavSirebul xalxs: es aris: ,,kolxTa
zRva~, ,,lazTa zRva~, ,,speris zRva~, ,,trapizonis zRva~, ,,qarTvelTa zRva~,
,,daviTis zRva~, ,,megrelTa zRva~. axlaxans mivageniT Savi zRvis kidev
ufro Zvel saxelwodebas, vidre ,,kolxeTis zRvaa~, ,,fasianis zRvas~, rac
igive kolxeTia. gvxvdeba Savi zRvis ganmazogadebeli saxeli ,,kavkasiis
zRvac~, romelsac XVII s. evropul rukaze (g.sansoni) mivakvlieT 24.
yvela zemoT moyvanili nawarmoebi Tu saistorio wyaro sazRvao warsul-
Tan kavSiris aRdgenasTan erTad sainteresoa sxvadasxva ti pis sazRvao
transportis TvalsazrisiTac, romlebic am mxrivac paralels pouloben
sveticxovlis sazRvao Tematikis freskaze gamosaxul afrian navebTan.
gakvirvebas iwvevs is faqti, rom sveticxovlis afriani navebi TviT im
mecnierTa naSromebSic ar aisaxa, romlebic sagangebod swavloben saqarT-
veloSi naosnobisa da navTmSeneblobis sakiTxebs. am dros sveticxovlis
aRniSnuli navebi rogorc qarTuli navigaciis garkveul etaps, ise XVII
saukuneSi Sav zRvaze arsebul viTarebasac asaxaven, romelsac uZvelesi
droidan akvirdebodnen.
hi pokrates, navi, kolxeTis transportis mTavar saSualebad miaCnda. cno-
bili iyo ,,kolxuri xomaldi~, ,,kolxuri floti~, mogvianebiT ,,lazuri
xomaldi~25. apolonios rodoselis (Zv.w. III s.) TqmiT, kolxebs sakmaod
23 kutaleiSvili z., naosnoba saqarTveloSi, Tb., 1987, gv. 135
24 statiebi Savi zRvis saxelebis Sesaxeb ix. m. gabaSvili, qarTul samyarosTan dakav-
Sirebuli kidev erTi uZvelesi saxelwodeba (,,fasianis zRva~), qarTvelologia, 2, Tb.,
2018; misive, Savi zRvis saxelwodeba ,,kavkasiis zRva~ qarTul samyarosTan dakavSire-
buli saxelwodebebis WrilSi, qarTvelologia, 3, Tb., 2018
25 kutaleiSvili z., dasax. naSr. gv. 31, 47-49, 51, 225-228
718
Zlieri da didi floti hyavdaT, romlebic Soreul naosnobaSic dadiod-
nen da axalSenebsac aarsebdnen26. v. latiSevi XX saukunis dasawyisSi aR-
niSnavs, rom kolxuri ti pis xomaldebi saukeTeso taqtikuri da teqnikuri
monacemebiT iyvnen aRWurvilni, rasac berZnebi da romaelebi iyenebdnen27.
XVII saukuneSi, Sav zRvaSi ,,iberiuli xomaldis~ kursirebis periodSi
afriani navebi kvlavac saqarTvelos yvelaze gavrcelebul transportad
rCebodnen, miT umetes, rom Sua saukuneebSi sazRvao vaWroba yvelaze us-
afrTxo da rentabeluri iyo. Sesabamisad, qarTul wyaroebSi navTan da-
kavSirebuli mravali termini gvxvdeba (,,navi~, `menave~, ,,menaveTmoZRvari~
da sxv.), xolo zRva da sazRvao transporti pirovnebis Sefasebis sa-
Sualebasac warmoadgenda. magaliTad, daviT aRmaSenebels brZen menaves
adarebdnen da sxv28. amdenad, sveticxoveli sxvadasxva dekorebis, monetebis
(vaxtang VI-is), nivTebisa Tu arqeologiur masalebis, anu im wyaroTa rigSi
unda davayenoT, romlebzec afriani navebia gamosaxuli. magram vfiqrobT,
sveticxovlis freskaze afriani navebis warmoCena maT ubralo demonstri-
rebas ar isaxavda miznad, aramed garkveuli politikuri datvirTvac unda
hqonodaT. amis Tqmis saSualebas am navebze aRmarTuli droSebi iZlevian,
mewamul fonze oqrosferi jvriT. Tumca afriani xomaldebis msgavsad
arc es droSebi gamxdara sagangebo kvlevis sagani. am dros es is qarTu-
li droSebia, romlebic saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSic figurireben. qa-
rTveli elCebi antiosmaluri koaliciis CamoyalibebisTvis rom iRwvod-
nen, evropelebisTvis saqarTveloze sxvadasxva informaciis miwodebisas
maT am droSasac acnobdnen 29. yuradReba mivaqcieT im faqts, rom aRwer-
iT es droSa iseTivea, rogorc sveticxovelis freskaze dadasturebuli
droSa. sxvaTa Soris, sveticxovlis analogiuri droSa dasturdeba levan
II-is mier restavrirebul korcxelis taZarze, rac kidev erTxel mari-
am dedofalsa da levan II-s Soris arsebul koordinaciaze metyvelebs
(sveticxovelSi, ierusalimSi da sxv.). es droSebi sveticxovelSi pirvel
rigSi erovnul ideologiasa da saxelmwifoebriv interesebze, aseve irib-
ad qveynis SigniT Tu gareT arsebul viTarebazec mianiSneben, Tanac im
dros, rodesac qarTvelebi qveynis mahmadianuri garemocvisgan gamoxsnasa
da evropasTan daaxloebas, evropelebTan erTad antiosmaluri koaliciis
Seqmnas cdilobdnen, rasac adgili aqvs maleve, XV saukunidan, osmalebis
mier konstantinopolis aRebis Semdeg da mTeli XVI-XVII saukuneebis man-
Zilze. faqtobrivad es aris reaqcia, romelic 1453 w. konstantinopolis
dacemam gamoiwvia, ris Sedegadac msoflio politika da ZalTa ganlageba
Seicvala30.
Cveni TvalsazrisiT, sveticxovlis freska am atmosferosa da ganwyobas
(zRvis fonze gamosaxuli urCxulebiTa da sxvadasxva xasiaTis simboloe-
biT) mxatvrobisTvis niSandoblivi xerxebiT gamoxatavs. am mxriv saint-
eresoa z. gamsaxurdias dakvirveba sveticxovlis samxreTi kedlis bare-
liefze, romelzec lomTan da vefxvTan mebrZoli wm. giorgia gamosaxuli,
26 apolonius rodoseli, argonavtika, berZnulidan Targmna, winasityvaoba da ganmarteba
daurTo akaki uruSaZem, Tb., 1948, gv. 160
27 Латышев В. В., Известия древних писателей греческих и латинских о Скифии и о Кавказе, т. II, Латинские
писатели, СПб, 1906, ВДИ, 46, 1949, с. 262-263
28 qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, Tb., 1955, gv. 361
29 mamisTvaliSvili e., dasax. naSr., gv. 193
30 gabaSvili v., qarTuli di plomatiis istoriidan (saqarTvelo da axlo aRmosavluri
koaliciebi XVI-XVII saukuneebSi), statiebis krebuli, Tb., 2016
719
 rogorc mebrZoli, marTlmadidebluri saqarTvelos simbolo, romelic
politikur islams, vefxvs, anu TurqeTs da loms – irans amarcxebs 31.
amdenad, sazRvao Tematikis amsaxveli aRniSnuli freska 1453 wlis tragi-
kuli movlenebis gamoZaxilad unda miviCnioT, romlis Sedegadac Sav zR-
vas iseTi Zala daeufla, ris gamoc mas ,,osmalTa tba~ ewoda. 1461 w. trapi-
zonis imperiis dacemam kidev ufro gaarTula saqarTvelosa da, zogadad.
qristianuli samyaros mdgomareoba, Sesabamisad garTulda saqarTvelos
Savi zRvis politikac, mzardi islamizacia ki Sav zRvasac Seexo. sakiTxs
ase Tu davsvamT, maSin Seqmnil viTarebaSi afriani xomaldebi qarTuli
droSebiT qarTuli sazRvao politikis erTgvar simbolur gansaxiereba-
dac unda miviCnioT, erovnuli, mebrZoli xazis gatarebad sveticxovel-
Si, dapirispirebad Turqul-mahmadianur eqspansiasTan, romelic 1453 wlis
Semdeg yvela mimarTulebiT (Savi zRvis CaTvliT) kidev ufro Zlierdeba,
Sesabamisad Zlierdeba evropeizaciis tendenciebic. sainteresoa, rom aR-
niSnuli droSebi evropul rukebzec gvxvdeba. es is droa rodesac ev-
ropelebi saqarTvelos evropul nawilad ganixilavdnen32, saqarTveloSi
Camosuli evropeli misionerebi ki dasavlur orientacias yovelmxriv
lobirebas uwevdnen, Sesabamisad, mxars uWerdnen saqarTvelos erTianobas,
vinaidan maSindel evropelebs esmodaT urTules regionSi saqarTvelos,
rogorc islamuri samyaros winaSe umniSvnelovanesi Semakavebeli faqto-
ris funqcia.
imis gaTvaliswinebiT, qristianobisTvis brZola saqarTvelos Tavisu-
flebisTvis brZolasTan rom iyo gaigivebuli, am mxrivac sveticxovlis
roli gansakuTrebulia. am brZolaSi ganaTleba, romelsac aseve Seexo
evropeizacia da aRmosavlurTan SedarebiT progresulad miiCneoda, did
rols asrulebda. amis dasturi rogorc sveticxovlis mdidari biblioTe-
ka, ise Cveni kvlevisTvis saintereso freskaa. yuradRebas i pyrobs agreTve,
rom dramatizmiTa da sxvadasxva simboloebiT datvirTuli es freska
srul kontrasts qmnis mis qvemoT warmodgenil mocekvave qalTa, momRe-
ralTa da mosakraveTa gundis sazeimo ganwyobasTan, wina planze cekva ,,sa-
maias~ Semsrulebel, qarTul kabaSi gamowyobili solistis silaResTan.
es mxiaruli atmosfero TiTqos freskis saerTo dramatul atmosferos-
Tan kavSirSi ar unda iyos. am dros kavSiri arsebobs da mas gamiznuli
xasiaTi aqvs. platon ioseliani (XIX s.) saqarTvelos istoriisa da qar-
Tuli xasiaTis gaTvaliswinebiT kontrastebis am monacvleobas zogadad
saqarTvelos istoriis WrilSi ganixilavs da daaskvnis, rom qarTvelebi:
,,Wirsa da lxinsa aerTeben. esreT iyo maSin, esreTve ars dRes33.~ igive sqe-
ma davinaxeT sveticxovelSic, romlis aRniSnuli freskac mxatvrobisTvis
niSandoblivi xerxebiT, urTules viTarebaSic (rac am freskis mixedviTac
Cans) qarTvelebis mebrZoli sulisa da optimizmis, maTi daumorCileblo-
bis demonstrirebas axdenen, rac mtris gamarjvebas droebiTs xdida. am
mosazrebas amagrebs patriotuli cekvebis _ ferxulisa da ,,samaias~ ga-
mosaxva, romelSic mxneoba, mterTan Seurigebloba da brZolis Jini ig-
ulisxmeba. jer kidev Zvel berZnebs SeniSnuli hqondaT qarTvelebis mier
31 gamsaxurdia z., saqarTvelos sulieri misia, Tb., 1990, gv. 25
32 gamyreliZe T., rCeuli werilebi da gamosvlebi, Tb., 2014, gv. 262
33 cxovreba mefisa giorgi mecametisa aRwerili platon egnatis Zis ioselianisgan, tf.,
1925, gv. 40-41
720
cekvisa da simReris demonstrirebis siyvaruli. qsenofontes cnobiT (Zv.w.
IV s.), Wanebi omsac saomari simRera-cekviT iwyebdnen34. krwanisis brZolaSi
(1795w.) daviT maCabelis dasi mxiaruli musikis hangebiT CarTula, romel-
sac mxolod lxinis dros asrulebdnen. yvela daRupula, maT gmirobas
TviT aRa mahmad-xanic ki aRufrTovanebia35. amis uamravi magaliTia saqarT-
velos istoriaSi. gamamxneveblad miiCneoda ,,vefxistyaosanic~, romlis Se-
sabamis adgilebsac Teatralizebulad dgamdnen. aseTi midgoma, optimizmi
da qveynis ukeTesobisken swrafva niSandoblivi saqarTvelos istoriisT-
vis saqarTvelos gamZleobisa da sicocxlisunarianobis mTavar faqtorad
unda miviCnioT.
XVII s. ,,mcire renesansad~ wodebul epoqaSi yvela sferoSi evropeizaci-
is mZlavri impulsi osmalebis mier bizantiis imperiis damxobas rom
ukavSirdeba sveticxovlis sazRvao Tematikis freskazec aisaxa, Tanac
evropeizaciis WrilSi svams evropuli mxatvrobis gavlenis sakiTxs. iyo
Tu ara es pirdapiri gavlena Tu, rogorc zogierTi xelovnebaTmcodne
fiqrobs (mariam dedoflis freskis magaliTze), is iranis gziT gavrcelda,
sadac am dros evropuli portretisadmi interesi didia36.
magram ramdenad mxolod ase iyo es, amasTan dakavSirebiT gansxvavebu-
li Sexeduleba gvaqvs, ris Taobazec uaxloes momavalSi statias gamova-
qveynebT.
amJamad, sveticxovlis sazRvao freskaze pirdapiri gavlenis mxolod erT
magaliTs moviyvanT. es aris am freskis oTxive kuTxeSi gamosaxuli qa-
ris personificirebuli figurebi, romlebic mxolod evropuli mxatvro-
bisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli da evropul rukebze gvxvdeba. maT Soris im
rukebzec, romlebzec Savi zRva da samegreloa datanili. Cveni dakvirve-
biT, sveticxovlis CvenTvis saintereso freskasac erTgvarad rukis forma
aqvs. TavisTavad is faqti, rom evropelTa mier Sedgenili rukebi para-
lels pouloben sveticxovlis sazRvao Tematikis freskasTan, axleburad
svams misi kvlevisa da Sinaarsis gaxsnis problemasac. migvaCnia, rom masze
evropuli mxatvrobis gavlenis gareSe am uCveulo freskis axsna SeuZle-
belia, vinaidan am epoqisTvis niSandoblivma evropeizaciis procesebma
gverdi verc sveticxovels auara.
niko berZeniSvili qarTul civilizacias sam svetze afuZnebda: saxareba,
,,qarTlis cxovreba~, ,,vefxistyaosani~. vfiqrobT, meoTxe sveticxovelia.
34 javaxiSvili iv., qarTuli musikis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi, Tb., 1990, gv. 211
35 abramiSvili m., Zveli qarTuli Teatri (istoriuli mimoxilva), tfilisi, 1925, gv. 40-41
36 CixlaZe n., sveticxovlis moxatulobani, krebuli ,,mcxeTa~, Tb., 2010, gv. 241-242
721

Georgian National Museum,
S. Janashia Museum of Georgia,
Giorgi Tsereteli Institute of Oriental Studies,
Ilia University, Doctor of History
MARINE
TOPICS OF
SVETITSKHOVELI
IN THE LIGHT OF
EUROPEANISATION
PROCESS
Historical mission of Svetitskhoveli is spe-
cial from international and universal Chris-
tian viewpoint, as well. It is assumed, that at
the time of the Second Advent, Christ will be
dressed in Christ’s tunic, which is buried in
the central cathedral of Georgia. Svetitskhov-
eli fresco, created in XVII c., depicting marine
motives, with real and unreal marine creatures,
sailing boats and Georgian flags, is unique and
does not occur elsewhere in Georgia. It pro-
vides opportunity of outlining parallels with
the “Life of Kartli” and Tamar’s glorifiers
(Shavteli, Chakhrukhadze), Rustaveli’s “The
Knight in the Panther’s Skin”, and Vardzia fres-
co, as well. It was not accidental that contem-
poraries were comparing Queen Mariam with
Tamar of Georgia. In our opinion, this fresco
of Svetitskhoveli, full of dramatic character,
722
Manana Gabashvili
indicating to tragic results of the conquest of
Byzantine Empire by Ottomans (1453), shows
opposition and irreconcilability of Georgians
to aggressive Muslim environment. This is also
proven by the group of optimistic dancers and
singers, depicted in the lower part of the fres-
co. Strengthening of Europeanization process-
es in Georgia was also expressed in presence
of influence of western art and was reflected in
Svetitskhoveli, too. Only such approach allows
obtaining clear understanding of this unusual
fresco. Niko Berdzenishvili used to mention
three pillars, supporting Georgian civilization:
Gospel, “Life of Kartli” and “The Knight in the
Panther’s Skin”. In our opinion, the fourth pil-
lar is Svetitskhoveli.
723
 ia Radua
giorgi leoniZis saxelobis qarTuli
literaturis saxelmwifo muzeumi,
unikaluri wignebis fondis kuratori,
filologiis doqtori
"romeli-igi
lamprad
brwyinvaled
da elvad
cecxlisad
egzebis
samaradisod..."
(mcxeTis, sveticxovlisa da mcxeTobis dResaswaulis Sesaxeb
nikoloz gulaberisZis, anton natroevisa da
giorgi leoniZis mixedviT)
XII saukunis II naxevris moRvawis, nikoloz gula-
berisZis Sesaxeb cnobebi sakmaod mwiradaa Semo-
naxuli. biografiul elementebs vxvdebiT missave
TxzulebaSi: „sakiTxavi suetisa cxovelisa, kuar-
Tisa saufloisa da kaTolike eklesiisa“.
1908 wels Txzuleba gamosca polievqtos karbelaS-
vilma. man nikoloz gulaberisZis moRvaweobis wle-
bad 1149-1160 miuTiTa, Tumca, ar asaxelebs wyaros,
saidan aiRo es TariRi. k. kekeliZis mosazrebiT
ki, kaTolikosi nikolozi 1150-1178 wlebSi moRva-
weobda, Tumca, arc is uTiTebs wyaros. srulyofili
kvleva rogorc teqstisa, ise misi avtoris Sesaxeb
ekuTvnis nestan sulavas. man 2008 wels gamosca
monografia, romelSic yvela sakiTxzea yuradReba
gamaxvilebuli.
dadgenilia, rom nikoloz gulaberisZes Txzuleba
dauweria Tamaris damoukideblad mefobis pirvel
wlebSi. masSi mravali kulturologiuri da epo-
qaluri sakiTxia wamoWrili, maT Soris, msjeloba
imaze, Tu ratom mogvivlina ufalma qali ganmanaT-
leblad, mkveTradaa aqcentirebuli mesianuri idea,
romelsac gamoxatavs termini „eri sazepuro“. yo-
velive es kargad gamoxatavs mwerlis msoflmxed-
velobas. am konteqstSi aqvs nikoloz gulaberis-
Zes warmoCeniliis sami siwminde, romlis irgvlivac
724
iSleba Txzulebis kompozicia da ris gamoc mas hagiografiul Janrs mia-
kuTvneben. Tumca, is homiletikuri Txzulebis niSnebsac atarebs da amit-
omac mkvlevrebi mas panegirikul Txzulebad miiCneven.
nikoloz gulaberisZis „sakiTxavis“ saTaurSi samive siwmindea aRniSnuli:
uflis kvarTi, sveti cxoveli da kaTolike eklesia. rac Seexeba himnogra-
fiul teqstebs, maTSi umetesad aqcentirebulia sveti cxovelis simbolika.
amavdroulad, orivegan „sueti cxoveli“ gvxvdeba sueti naTlisas poli-
semiur sinonimad. es is mTavari svetia, romelic sveticxovlis Senobisas
adamianis xeliT ar aRimarTa, igi RvTis nebiT aRimarTa haerSi swored
im adgilas, sadac uflis kvarTia dafluli da sadac idga libanis naZvi.
sveticxovlis ageba da meSvide svetis, anu mTavari svetis, aRmarTva niko-
loz gulaberisZes Sedarebuli aqvs solomonis mier taZris agebasTan,
romelSic rjulis kidobani inaxeboda. rac simbolurad ukavSirdeba sve-
ticxovelSi daflul uflis kvarTs.
nikoloz gulaberisZis monaTxrobiT, mirian mefes gaumarTleblad miaCnda
uflis kvarTis adgilas aRmarTuli cxoveli svetisTvis xalxis mouride-
beli Sexeba da amitomac dafara ficriT siwminde. es xels ar uSlida maT,
vinc rwmeniT mieaxleboda. mogvianebiT, roca ficris aramdgradobis Sede-
gad sveti cxoveli kvlav gamoCnda, mirianis Zem, revma, gadawyvita, qviTkiriT
amoeSenebina kvarTis daflvisa da svetis aRmarTvis adgili. fizikurad
dafarvas ar SeuSlia xeli, rom sveti cxovels kvlav aResrulebina sas-
waulebi masTan rwmeniT misuli xalxisTvis. igi xom qarTvelTa mcvelia,
rogorc sagalobelSia: „gixaroden Sen, sueto wmidao, ebguro da mcvelo
Cveno da SvilTa SenTao, romelni, Cuenca, SeniTa didebiTa netar viqmnebiT“.
sxvaTaSoris, „sakiTxavSi“, sxva saswaulebTan erTad moTxrobilia isic,
rogor gauCnda adamianebs eWvi, ra iyo konqSi dafaruli. maT Soris da-
viT aRmaSenebelsac. am eWvis gamo mefem RamiT Cveneba ixila, „moxucebuli
vinme saxed Zuelisa dReTasaisa“, romelmac gakicxa mefe urwmunoebisTvis.
daviTi ki imave Rames gaeSura sveticxovlisken da taZarSi muxlmodre-
kilma iTxova RvTisagan Sendoba.
zogadad, sveti cxovlis moxuci berikacis saxiT warmoCena sxva saswaul-
Sic gvxvdeba, magaliTad, rodesac Tavad nikolozs gamoecxada, kaTaliko-
sobis Jams - mroveli episkoposi timoTe rom wesebis darRveviT akurTxa.
sveticxovlis aRsrulebul saswaulebze saubrisas nikolozi aseve saku-
Tar Tavze gancdils mogviTxrobs - Tu rogor gaiyvana armazs mimavali
nikolozi zecad aRweulma cxovelma svetma sofel wiwamurTan („sofelsa
mas maxloeblsa aaragvisasa wiwamurs“) adidebuli aragvis erTi napiridan
meoreze Tanmxleb pirTan erTad.
msgavsi saswauli aqvs aRwerili suji dedoflis SemTxvevaSic, rodesac
dedofali kaxeTidan modioda ojaxTan da mravalricxovan erTan erTad.
dedofalma aboboqrebuli mdinare aragvi gadalaxa da muxlmoyrilma
madloba Seswira cxovel svets gadarCenisTvis. nikoloz gulaberisZes
es saswauli Sedarebuli aqvs moses winamZRolobiT ebraeli xalxis mier
mewamuli zRvis gadalaxvas: „ese ukue saswaulni, sayuarelno, israitelTa
maT zeda qmnulisa saswaulisa araraiT ukue umcires ars, aramed kninRa da
725

1
umetesad vgone, vinaiTgan igi mdovrad mdgomi zRuai iyo, xolo ese mqana-
red mavali, viTarca mgeli gamZvinvebuli, xolo orive RmrTisa mieri iyo“.
Sejamebis saxiT gvinda vTqvaT, rom nikoloz gulaberisZis sakiTxavsa da
sagalobelSi sveti naTlisa polisemiuri mniSvnelobisaa da igi ramde-
nime simbolur saxed moiazreba: 1. samebis simbolo, 2. qristes simbolo,
3. saRvTismSoblo simbolod da 4. sveticxovlis mTavar svetad, romelic
aRimarTa RvTis nebiTa da ara adamianis xeliT. Sesabamisad, is simbolu-
rad moiazreba rogorc saqarTvelosa da qarTveli eris mcvelad. amit-
omac araa gasakviri, rom cocxali svetis saxels atarebs saqarTvelos
mTavari eklesia, romelic agebulia uflis kvarTis daflvis adgilas.
niSandoblivia isic, rom 12 mociqulis saxelobis sveticxovlis taZars
sionsac uwodebs, rac pirdapir ukavSirdeba RvTismSobels. n. sulavas
mosazrebiT, sveticxovlis ormagad moxsenieba ierusalimis im eklesiis
saxelwodebebs imeorebs, romelic sionis borcvzea agebuli da sadac, gad-
mocemiT, is saxli mdgara, romelSic mociqulebi Seikribnen suliwmindis
mofenisas. amitomac atarebda is or saxels - sionsa da mociqulTasas da
rogorc pirvelnagebi eklesia iwodeboda didebul sionad, dedad yovel-
Ta eklesiaTa. Sesabamisad, mcxeTaSi pirvelagebuli eklesia - sveticxove-
li saqarTvelosTvis aris „deda yovelTa eklesiaTa“ da „didi sioni“. es
ki cxadad warmoaCens mcxeTis, rogorc meore ierusalimis, simbolursa da
kulturologiur mniSvnelobas qarTvelTa istoriaSi.1
1 mcxeTisa da misi Semogarenis toponimika ierusalimsa da gankacebuli macxovris
saxelTan dakavSirebul wminda adgilebs Seadara k. kekeliZem da aRniSna, rom mcxeTa
726
absoluturad gansxvavebulad warmogvidgeba sveticxovlis taZari anton
natroSvilis (natroevis) wignSi: Мцхет и его собор Свэти-Цховели: Историко-
археологическое описание. Тифлис, 1900.2 monografiis sididis, kvlevis siRrmi-
sa da sxvadasxva aspeqtis mixedviT Tamamad SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom anton
natroevi mcxeTis taZris pirveli fundamenturi mkvlevari. anton natroe-
vis monografiaSi dawvrilebiTaa aRwerili mcxeTis sapatriarqo taZris
arqiteqtura, siZveleTsacavi, romelic Seesabameba saqarTvelos saeklesio
muzeumSi daculi qonebis aRwerilobas. aqve CamoTvlilia sxvadasxva ad-
gilas gatanili, maT Soris, sxvadasxva mizezTa gamo gayiduli saritualo
da arasaritualo nivTebic. axlavs SesaniSnavi fotoebi, romliTac SegviZ-
lia taZris iersaxe aRvadginoT. (sur. 1).
rac Seexeba mcxeTobis dResaswauls, is sveticxovlis taZris dResaswauls
ukavSirdeba, romelmac, rogorc am ti pis sxva dResaswaulebma, gaurkveveli
ritualuri Sinaarsi SeiZina da adrindelisgan gansxvavebuli forma mii-
Ro. CvenSi gavrcelebuli mosazrebiT, religiuri dResaswaulebis amgvari
transformirebis mizezs saqarTvelos gasabWoeba warmoadgens.
Tumca, Zalian bevri wyaro miuTiTebs, rom es procesi gacilebiT adre dai-
wyo – ruseTis imperiis mier saqarTvelos aneqsiis Sedegad, XIX saukuneSi.
amis dasturia gogla leoniZis 1916 wels dawerili werili, romelSic is
naTlad aRwers, Tu rogor dakarga sveticxovlobis didebulma dResas-
waulma Tavisi sulieri datvirTva.
1916 wels gazeT „saqarTveloSi“ moTavsebul werilSi gogla leoniZe gu-
listkiviliT werda, rom swored sveticxovlobis dResaswaulze igrZno
da dainaxa qarTvelTa gadagvareba. werili pataraa, magram imdenad emociu-
ri da STambeWdavia, gadavwyviteT, misi sruli versia SemogTavazoT:
„mcxeToba
Zveli suli aRar SegvrCenia, igi TandisTanobiT hqreba CvenSi.
Tu gind guSin - win.
didi sarwmunoebrivi da istoriuli dRea 1-li RvinobisTve, rogorc dRe-
saswauli saqarTvelos taZrisa, magram SeiZleba arasodes ar yofiliyos
aseTi mniSvnelovani da mraval Wir-varamis gamamJRavnebeli, rogorc iyo
guSin...
guSindelma dRem erTxel kidev gvaCvena, rom yovelive mSobliuri gadaSen-
ebis gzas adgia, rom sarwmunoeba dacemulia CvenSi...
ras warmoadgenda mcxeToba? - raRac karnavals da ara qarTul erovnul
dResaswauls... yovelive wvrilmans da rigs ucxouri elferi edva... mra-
valricxovan mlocavTa Soris verc ki gamoarCevT qarTvels. moxucebul-
Tac ki iSviaTad vxedavT... viRac gadamTielebi, zurniT, etlSi Camsxdarni
qarTuli ierusalimia
2 literaturis muzeumSi daculia anton natroevis zemoaRniSnuli wigni, romelsac
axlavs avtoris miZRvniTi warwera da avtografi. warweris mixedviT, natroevs es
egzemplari ilia WavWavaZisTvis uCuqebia (sur. 2)
727
 uvlian eklesias... WiWyinebs zurna, Rrianceli gaaqvT „Zma biWebo“.

ager arRanic... mis damtvreul xmebze malays gadadian aryiT gamomTvrali

rusis jaris kacebi. xelebis qneviT ecemian miwaze. gahkivian uwmawur...
sityvebs, ar eridebian mandilosanTa krebuls da sx... ismis garmonis Cax-
leCili xmac da arSin malalanis simRerebi. vin uwyoda Tu mcxeTac -
es saqristianos uwmidesi adgili (qristes perangis sacavi) da qarTvel
gvirgvinosanTa saflavnic eRirsebodnen arSin malalans?!3

jgufad somxebic qeifoben... ulxinod, usimRerod, Tumca didi RrianceliT

da yviriliT. gancalkevebul kuTxeSi ismis rusuli tostebi qarTvel
jaris aficrebisa da madlian da mWeqare „mraval- Jamieris“ nacvlad gri-
alebs samxedro marSi...

sad aris mSobliuri, qarTuli simRerebi? sad aris ferxuli, cangala, „mzev,
Sin SemodiT“, sad aris qarTuli Widaoba, burTi da jiriTi, an cxenosanTa
mier mowiwebiT Semovla eklesiis garSemo droSiT xelSi - es simbolo
saqarTvelos sicocxlisa?...

nu Tu yvelaferi moispo, ganqarda? me vxedavdi or ucxoels, qurTul

CveulebaTa dasaTvaliereblad ro iyvnen mosulni. daRonebulni daex-
etebodnen galavanSi, iRimebodnen arRan–garmoniT da ukvirdaT, nuTu am
veluri sakravebiT stkbeboda qarTveli xalxi mraval saukuneTa ganmav-
lobaSi? Soreul sparseTSi fereidanis patara saqarTveloSi samasi wliT,
mSobliur kalTidan mowyvetilma erma SeinarCuna qarTuli saxe da Cven
ki... vai, sircxvilo?...

oriode sityvac TviT eklesiaze. sabralo suraTs warmoadgens mcxeTis

taZari, Tavpiri Camostiris, SigniT ki, sul ganSiSvlebulia, qarTuli mx-
atvroba aRar amSvenebs mas (igi SebRalul iqmna aleqsandre pirvelis
Camosvlisas.) es suraTic erTxel kidev gvimtkicebs, rom Tu saqarTvelos
eklesiis cxovrebaSi Sesaferi reforma ar moxda, dacemulTan mravali
sxvac dagvakldeba!

aseTive upativcemo mdgomareobaSia qarTvel mefeTa saflavebi. mlocvele-

bi didi yuradRebiT sinjavdnen irakli meoris saflavs. ukvirdaT, rom
madlierma erma Tavis sayvarel gmirs mxolod es sada qva aCuqa rusuli
warweriT: „Здесь покоится Царь Ираклии“ da sxv.

gadagvarebis beWedi iraklisac ar ascda.

friad amaRelvebeli suraTi vnaxe: TeTrspetaki moxuci naRvelmoreuli

dahyurebda gaSiSvlebul saflavs, Semdeg Tavi aeRo, miubrunda patara Svi-
liSvils, romelic xelT eWira da uTxra:

-aq mefe irakli hmarxia!

-mefe irakli! Semoexvia mdabio xalxi.

2
3 igulisxmeba hajibekovis opera `arSin malalani~

728 729
 -ho, mefe irakli!
yvela gaSterebiT acqerdeba saflavs. TiTqos maTi mzera, maTi Tvalebi
Caswvda iraklis Zvlebs da dumiliT dagvirgvinebuli sastikad SeaSfo-
Ta... ukmayofilebiT aRevsoT guli.
gogla leoni.“
bibliografia
1. kekeliZe k., etiudebi Zveli qarTuli
literaturis istoriidan, IV, Tb., 1957
2. kekeliZe k., qarTuli literaturis is-
toria, I, Tb., 1960
3. nikoloz I (1149-1160) qarTlis kaTa-
likoz patriarqis mier Sedgenili
`sakiTxavi sveticxovlisai kuarTisa
saufloisa da kaTolike eklesiisa~;
tfilisi, 1908
730
4. sulava n., XII-XIII saukuneebis qarTuli
himnografia, Tb., 2003
5. Натроев Н. Мцхет и его собор Свэти-Цховели:
Историко-археологическое описание. Тифлис,
1900
6. gazeTi `saqarTvelo~, 1916 w. #216
Ia Ghadua
Giorgi Leonidze State Museum of Georgian Literature,
Curator of the Unique Book fund,
Doctor of Philology
ABOUT MTSKHETA,
SVETITSKHOVELI
AND MTSKHETOBA
ACCORDING TO NIKOLOZ GULABERISDZE,
ANTON NATROIEV AND GIORGI LEONIDZE
In Nikoloz Gulaberisdze’s scripture and chant, и его собор Свэти-Цховели: Историко-
the pillar of light is of polysemic meaning and археологическое описание. Тифлис, 1900)
it is understood as several symbolic forms: 1. in an absolutely different way. According to the
the symbol of trinity, 2. the symbol of Christ size of the monograph, depth of research and
and 3. the central pillar of Svetitskhoveli, various aspects, we may say, that Anton Natro-
which was erected by the God’s will and not by ev was the first fundamental researcher of the
a human hand. Consequently, it is considered Cathedral in Mtskheta. Anton Natroev’s mono-
symbolically as the protector of Georgia and graph provides detailed description of archi-
Georgian nation. Thus, it is not surprising that tecture of Patriarchal Cathedral of Mtskheta,
the main cathedral of Georgia, which is built vault of antiquities, which corresponds to the
on the place of burial of Christ’s robe, bears the description of the property, preserved in Eccle-
name of a living pillar. siastic Museum of Georgia. It also lists ritual
and non-ritual items, taken to other places, in-
It is also remarkable that Svetitskhoveli cathe- cluding those sold for various reasons. It con-
dral, of the name of 12 apostles, is also called tains excellent photos, according to which we
Sioni, which directly relates to the Holy Moth- can restore the appearance of the cathedral.
er. According to N. Sulava’s opinion, the fact
of double-named referring to Svetitskhoveli As for the celebration of the day of Mtskheta,
repeats the names of the church in Jerusalem, it is related to the celebration of Svetitskhove-
which is built on Sioni hill and where, accord-li Cathedral, which, like other celebrations of
ing to narration, stood the house, where the this type, acquired unclear ritual content and
apostles were gathered at the moment of de- obtained the form, different from the earlier
scent of the Holy Spirit. That is why it had two
one. According to the widely spread under-
names – Sioni and Apostles’ and, as the first standing, the reason of such transformation of
church built, it was called magnificent Sioni, religious celebrations was the Sovietization of
mother of all churches. Consequently, the firstGeorgia. Nevertheless, many sources indicate
church, built in Georgia – Svetitskhoveli is the
that this process had begun much earlier – as a
“mother of all churches” and “great Sioni” for result of annexation of Georgia by the Russian
Georgia. It clearly shows symbolic and cultur- Empire, in the XIX c. This is proven by Gogla
ological importance of Mtskheta, as second Je- Leonidze’s article, published in the newspaper
rusalem. “Sakartvelo” of the 1916, where he clearly de-
scribes how glorious celebration of “Svetitsk-
Svetitskhoveli cathedral is presented in Anton hovloba” lost its spiritual sense and felt and
Natroshvili’s (Natroev) book “Mtskheta and saw degradation of Georgians just during the
its Cathedral Svetitskhoveli: Historical- Ar- “Svetitskhovloba” celebration.
cheological Description”, Tiflis, 1900 (Мцхет
731
 mzia surgulaZe
korneli kekeliZis saxelobis
xelnawerTa erovnuli centri,
mTavari mecnier-TanamSromeli,
wyaroTmcodneobisa da di plomatikis
ganyofilebis xelmZRvaneli,
istoriis doqtori
mcxeTis
eparqia
qarTlis samefos gaqristianebis Semdeg mcxeTa
qarTlis saeklesio centrad iqca, romlis saTave-
Si Tavdapirvelad idga mcxeTis mTavarepiskoposi,
xolo V saukunis meore naxevridan – kaTalikosi.
pirveli kaTalikosebi iyvnen antioqiis sapatriar-
qos mier xeldasxmuli berZeni saeklesio pirebi,
magram VI saukunis 30-iani wlebidan qarTlis ekle-
siam konstantinopolisagan nebarTva miiRo kaTali-
kosis kandidatura adgilze, mcxeTis aristokratiu-
li sagvareuloebidan SeerCia. am gadawyvetilebiT
dasrulda qarTlis saeklesio ierarqiis gaerovnu-
lebis procesi, rasac Sedegad mohyva qarTlis kaTa-
likosisa da misi eparqiis rolis ganuxreli zrda
qveynis politikur da kulturul cxovrebaSi.
mcxeTis eparqia saeklesio seniorias warmoadgenda,
romelic flobda didZal mamulebs, hqonda saku-
Tari marTvis aparati da jari. mcxeTis saeparqio
miwebi, gansxvavebiT sxva eparqiebisagan, gafantuli
iyo saqarTvelos yovel kuTxeSi da strategiulad
mniSvnelovan sasazRvro adgilebSi. mflobelobis
aseTi struqtura ganpirobebuli iyo im mniSvnelo-
vani saxelmwifoebrivi funqciebiT, romlebsac as-
rulebda kaTalikosi da misdami daqvemdebarebuli
institutebi.
mcxeTis uzarmazari eparqia imarTeboda kaTali-
kosis rezidenciidan, romelsac Zvel saqarTvelo-
Si „mcxeTis saxli“ ewodeboda. „saxlis“ saTaveSi
idga kaTalikosi, romelic mmarTvelobas uZRvebo-
da 12 umaRlesi moxelis, anu „mcxeTiSvilis“ saSua-
lebiT. mcxeTiSvilebi ganekuTvnebodnen saSualo
rangis feodalebs, anu gviandeli Sua saukuneebis
aznaurebs. mcxeTiSvilebis SerCeva mefisa da ka-
Talikosis TanxmobiT xdeboda, rac adasturebs,
Tu raoden maRali pasuxismgeblobis matareble-
bad iTvlebodnen aseTi pirebi. maT samarTavad
732
Cabarebuli hqondaT eparqialuri mamulebis 1/12 wili, romelsac centri-
dan marTavdnen adgilobrivi aznaurebis saSualebiT. mcxeTiSvilebs So-
ris iyo danawilebuli eparqialur taZarSi RvTismsaxureba, misioneruli
saqmianoba, saqmiswarmoeba, arqivis movla-aRnusxva, samarTalwarmoeba, meur-
neobis gaZRola, finansebi, eparqialuri laSqris xelmZRvaneloba.
saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi mcxeTis sakaTalikoso eparqiis wargzavnilebi
monawileobdnen di plomatiur misiebSi, eweodnen kulturul-saganmanaT-
leblo saqmianobas. VI-VII saukuneebSi qarTlis kaTalikosTa mTavari saz-
runavi iyo qveynis SigniT qristianizaciis procesis dasruleba da probi-
zantiuri qalkedonituri mrwamsis dacva. VII-VIII saukuneebSi, aRmosavleT
saqarTveloSi arabTa batonobis pirobebSi, didad SeizRuda mcxeTis po-
litikuri da kulturuli roli. miuxedavad amisa, mcxeTa iyenebda yovel
xelsayrel SesaZleblobas Tavisi iurisdiqciis gasavrceleblad qarT-
lis samefos uSualo mosazRvre regionebSi (dasavleT saqarTvelo, isto-
riuli albaneTi). qarTlis erismTavris institutis gauqmebis Semdeg (VIII
s-is miwuruli) qarTlis kaTalikoss kidev ufro SeezRuda moqmedebis
SesaZleblobebi. IX-X saukuneebSi mcxeTis eparqia afxazTa samefos mo-
kavSire xdeba, romelic yvelaze Tanamimdevruli aRmoCnda saqarTvelos
xelaxali gaerTianebisaTvis brZolaSi. X-XI saukuneebSi, arabTa dasus-
tebis fonze, mcxeTam ganaaxla qristianobis gavrcelebis politika qarT-
lis sazRvrebs gareT. amjerad qarTlis kaTalikosebis misiebi moqmedeben
Crdilo kavkasiaSi da hereTSi (sadac somxuri eklesia iyo gabatonebuli).
XI saukunis dasawyisSi, saqarTvelos gaerTianebis kvaldakval, Sendeba
sveticxovlis axali taZari, romelic erTiani qarTuli monarqiis sim-
bolod iqca. saqarTvelos Zlierebis saukuneebSi mcxeTis kaTalikosis
iurisdiqcia vrceldeboda mTel saqarTveloze da mis farglebs gareT –
Crdilo kavkasiaSi da samxreTiT – Crdilo somxeTis teritoriaze.
XIII-XIV saukuneebSi, rodesac monRolTa batonobis saukunovanma periodma
didad Seaferxa saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi winsvla, qarTlis eparqi-
am didi zarali ganicada – nawili misi mamulebisa aoxrda, nawili samefo
xelisuflebam miwadakargul aznaurebs dauriga. monRolTa gandevnis Sem-
deg mcxeTam kvlav daibruna Tavisi Zveli sazRvrebi da Seudga saeklesio
cxovrebis aRorZinebas, magram es procesi SeaCera XIV saukunis bolos
dawyebulma Temurlengis Semosevebma. am dros daingra da gaiZarcva sve-
ticxoveli, Sewyda RvTismsaxureba, amowyda mcxeTis msaxur aznaurTa mra-
vali sagvareulo da aoxrda mcxeTis mamulebi. XV saukuneSi aleqsandre
I-ma taxtze asvlisTanave daiwyo dazianebuli taZris restavracia. aRdga
RvTismsaxureba, Seivso mcxeTiSvilTa kontingenti da mowesrigda eparqia-
luri mmarTveloba.
XV saukunis meore naxevarSi Seuqcevadi gaxda saqarTvelos erTiani mon-
arqiis daSlis procesi. am procesma gaaRviva saeklesio separatizmic,
romelsac gansakuTrebuli mxardaWera hqonda samcxe-saaTabagoSi, ufro
susti mcdelobebi iyo kaxeTSic. am epoqaSi mcxeTis eparqia kaTalikosis
meTaurobiT erTaderT organizebul Zalad rCeboda, romelic axerxebda
erTiani kanonikuri sivrcis SenarCunebas qarTlSi, kaxeTSi da samcxe-saa-
TabagoSi. qarTlisa da kaxeTis mefeebisa da samoxeleo aristokratiis
mxardaWeriT mcxeTis eparqia XVI saukunis bolomde kvlav rCeboda Ta-
vis Zvel sazRvrebSi. 1614 wels qarTlSi SemoWrilma Sah abasis jarma
733
 sveticxoveli gaZarcva, mtris xels mxolod ganZeulis is mcire nawili
gadaurCa, romlis gatana dasavleT saqarTveloSi moeswro.
1632-1744 wlebSi iranis xelisufleba qarTlis taxtze mxolod gamahma-
dianebul bagrationebs amtkicebda. irani ereoda kaTalikosebis kandida-
turis SerCeva-damtkicebaSic. am garemoebam Seasusta kaTalikosis avtori-
teti da misi zegavlena qarTul sazogadoebaze, romelSic TandaTanobiT
fexs ikidebda iranuli zne. SedarebiT gaumjobesda mdgomareoba XVII sau-
kunis meore naxevarSi, rodesac qarTlSi SedarebiT mSvidobianoba sufev-
da. am periodis qarTlis kaTalikosebma (domenti III bagrationi, nikoloz
IX amilaxvari) gaaumjobeses eparqiis saerTo mdgomareoba da normalur
kalapotSi daabrunes saeklesio cxovreba. mcxeTis eparqiis xanmokle aRm-
avloba grZeldeboda XVIII saukunis dasawyis wlebSic vaxtang VI-is ja-
niSinobisa da domenti IV bagrationis kaTalikosobis dros. mcxeTam am
dros daibruna kaxeTis dakarguli samflobeloebi, ramac SesaZlebloba
misca meti Semosavali miemarTa saganmanaTleblo-kulturuli saqmiano-
bisaken. am periodSi daarsda qarTuli stamba, daibeWda saRvTismsaxuro
da samecniero wignebi, aRorZinda saskolo saqme, ramac mcxeTis eparqias
RvTismsaxurTa ganaTlebuli axali Taoba SesZina. magram es mSvidobiani
ganviTarebis periodi didxans ar gagrZelebula. 1723 wlidan osmaloba,
Semdeg e.w. yizilbaSoba (1735-1744) umZimesi periodebi iyo qarTl-kaxeTis
istoriaSi. 1744 wels, rodesac qarTlsa da kaxeTSi gamefdnen Teimuraz
II da erekle II, kaTalikosi gaxda anton I bagrationi, mcxeTis eparqiam
kvlav axali aRorZineba daiwyo. anton kaTalikoss, Tavisi drois did sa-
eklesio da saxelmwifo moRvawes, qveynis winsvlis aucilebel pirobad
saganmanaTleblo saqmeSi CamorCenilobis daZleva miaCnda, amitom miuZRvna
Tavisi cxovrebis umetesi dro saRvTismetyvelo azris ganviTarebas, sa-
mecniero saxelmZRvaneloebis Sedgenasa da Targmnas, romlebic misi mona-
wileobiT daarsebul seminariebSi (Tbilisi, Telavi) iswavleboda. misive
iniciativiT sveticxovelTan Seiqmna wignTsacavi, romelSic 7000 xelna-
wer wigns mouyares Tavi. erekle II-sTan erTad anton kaTalikosma kvlav
daubruna sakaTalikoso eparqias misi istoriuli funqcia – misi aqtiuri
monawileoba saxelmwifos SenebaSi. mcxeTis sakaTalikoso eparqia orga-
nizaciulad da materialurad sruliad mowesrigebuli daxvda anton II-s,
aseve energiul, uaRresad ganaTlebul da saskolo saqmis didad moamage
kaTalikoss. 1810 wels ruseTis xelisuflebam anton II-s CamoarTva kaTa-
likosoba da iZulebiT gadaasaxla ruseTSi, xolo 1811 wels ruseTis si-
nodma gaauqma saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaluri eklesia, masTan erTad
gauqmda mcxeTis sakaTalikoso eparqia.
734
Korneli Kekelidze National Center of Manuscripts,
Head of Department Source Studies and Diplomacy,
Chief Scientific Officer, Doctor of History
MTSKHETA
EPARCHY
After Christianization of the Kingdom of Kar-
tli, Mtskheta became a religious center of Kar-
tli, first, headed by the Mtskheta Archbishop,
and since the second half of the V c., headed
by the Catholicos. This was followed by a sus-
tainable growth of the role of the Catholicos of
Kartli and his eparchy in political and cultural
life of the country.
Mtskheta eparchy represented ecclesiastic
manorialism, owning a lot of manors, having
its own administrative unit and army. Huge
eparchy of Mtskheta was governed from the
residence of Catholicos, which was called the
“Mtskheta House” in old Georgia. The “house”
was headed by Catholicos, who was governing
through 12 highest servants, i.e. “Mtskhetish-
vilis”. The Mtskhetishvilis were selected by
King’s and Catholicos’ agreement. They had
to manage 1/12 share of manors of the epar-
Mzia Surguladze
chy, which they were governing from the cen-
ter, through local nobles. Religious service,
missioner activities, recordkeeping, mainte-
nance-registration of archive, judicial proce-
dures, management of economic activities,
finances, command of eparchial army was dis-
tributed among Mtskhetishvilis.
During centuries, the emissaries of Mtskheta
Catholicos’ eparchy participated in diplomatic
missions, conducted cultural-educational activ-
ities.
During the centuries, when Georgia was strong,
the jurisdiction of the Catholicos of Georgia
was spread all over the territory of Georgia and
abroad – in North Caucasus and to the south –
on the territory of Armenia.
735
 Tamar qoriZe

saqarTvelos universiteti,
xelovnebisa da humanitarul mecnierebaTa skola,
istoriis departamentis profesori,
istoriis doqtori

afxazeTis
(dasavleT
saqarTvelos)
sakaTalikoso
afxazeTis anu dasavleT saqarTvelos sakaTaliko-
so daaxl. IX saukunis 80-90-iani wlebidan 1814 wels
imperiuli ruseTis mier mis gauqmebamde arsebobda.

afxazeTis sakaTalikosos daarsebis Sesaxeb Zvel

saistorio wyaroebSi pirdapiri cnoba ar mogvepove-
ba, ris gamoc samecniero literaturaSi arsebobs
gansxvavebuli mosazrebani. mkvlevarTa es mosaz-
rebani aRniSnuli sakaTalikosos daarsebis drois
Sesaxeb VIII-XIII saukuneebis SualedSi Tavsdeba.

Zvel qarTul naratiul saistorio wyaroebSi afxa-

zeTis sakaTalikosos daarsebis Sesaxeb ramdenime
gviandeli cnoba moi poveba. juanSeris (XI s.) Txzu-
lebis arSiaze gakeTebuli minaweris mixedviT, aR-
niSnuli sakaTalikoso daarsda 720 wels (qarTlis
cxovreba, 1955, gv. 232). „matiane qarTlisai“-Si (XI s.)
vaxtang VI-is (1716-1724) komisiis mier gakeTebuli
CanarTis mixedviT, 830 wels qarTvelTa samTavros
(tao-klarjeTis) mTavarma bagrat I kurapalatma
(826-876) „...gaaCina da ganawesa kaTalikosi afxaze-
Ts“ (qarTlis cxovreba, 1955, gv. 255). batoniSvili
vaxuSti (XVIII s.) afxazeTis sakaTalikosos warmo-
qmnas zogadad „afxazTa“ samefos arsebobis xanas
ukavSirebda (batoniSvili vaxuSti, 1973, gv. 746). yve-
la es cnoba gviandelia da dazustebas saWiroebs.

sakiTxis garkvevisaTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba

eniWeba konstantinopolis sapatriarqosadmi daq-
vemdebarebuli saeklesio kaTedrebis nusxebs, e.w.
noticiebs, radganac afxazeTis sakaTalikosos war-
moqmna uSualod ukavSirdeba konstantinopolis
sapatriarqos daqvemdebarebisagan dasavleT saqar-
Tvelos saeklesio kaTedrebis gaTavisuflebas.

736 737
 afxazeTis sakaTalikosos warmoqmnamde dasavleT saqarTvelos terito-
riaze sami saeklesio kaTedra arseboda: abazgiis igive sebastopolisis
saarqiepiskoposo, nikofsiis saarqiepiskoposo da fazisis samitropolito
masSi Semavali oTxi - rodopolisis (dRevandeli varcixe), caiSis, petras
(dRevandeli cixisZiri), ZiRanevis (dRevandeli gudava) saepiskoposoTi.
afxazeTis sakaTalikoso konstantinopolis sapatriarqos daqvemdebarebi-
sagan gaTavisuflebuli swored am saeklesio kaTedraTagan Seiqmna.

imis Sesaxeb, Tu rodis moxda maTi gaTavisufleba konstantinopolis sapa-

triarqos daqvemdebarebisagan cnobebs gvawvdis zemoaRniSnuli noticiebi,
romlebic arsebobs sxvadasxva nusxebis (g. parTiei, h. gelceri da v. bene-
SeviCi) saxiT. noticiebis qarTuli gamocema ekuTvnis s. yauxCiSvils.

am gamocemis mixedviT Cans, rom konstantinopolis sapatriarqosagan dasa-

vleT saqarTvelos eklesiis gaTavisufleba IX saukunis 30-iani wlebidan
901-907 wlebamde periodSi unda momxdariyo (georgika, 1952, gv. 196-198).

noticiebis Jan daruzesis mier 1981 wels parizSi gamocemuli kritikuli

publikacia drois aRniSnuli monakveTis ufro dakonkretebis saSualebas
iZleva da is 879 – 901-907 wlebSi Tavsdeba (daruzesi/darrouzes, 1981, 268,
269-288). ase rom, am gamocemis mixedviT, konstantinopolis sapatriarqosa-
gan dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio centrebis gamoyofa IX saukunis
80-90-iani wlebiT unda ganisazRvros.

ukve gaTavisuflebuli saepiskoposo centrebi imTaviTve – IX saukunis

ukanasknel oceulSi, unda gaerTianebuliyvnen damoukidebel saeklesio
organizaciad – afxazeTis sakaTalikosod.

axladwarmoqmnil afxazeTis sakaTalikosos politikur safuZvels dasa-

vlurqarTuli saxelmwifo – „afxazTa“ samefo warmoadgenda, ramac ganapi-
roba samefos analogiiT misi saxelwodebis „afxazTa sakaTalikosod“
formulireba. TavisTavad es faqti damatebiTi argumentia imisa, rom afxa-
zeTis sakaTalikoso „afxazTa“ samefos arsebobis xanaSi warmoiqmna.

afxazeTis sakaTalikosos kaTedrals RvTismSoblis saxelze X saukune-

Si agebuli biWvintis taZari warmoadgenda (sur. 1), ris gamoc afxazeTis
kaTolikosebi titulSi „biWvintis RvTismSoblisa“ , „afxazeTisa deda-
qalwulisa kaTolike samociqulo eklesiisa biWvintisa“, „CrdiloeTisa da
afxazeTisa biWvintisa embazisa“ saWeTmpyrobel kaTolikosebad iwodebo-
dnen (ase iwodebodnen kaTolikosebi mogvianebiTac – XVI-XVIII saukuneSi
sakaTalikoso rezidenciis biWvintidan gelaTis wmida giorgis eklesiaSi
gadmotanis miuxedavad). aseTi titulidan gamomdinare damkvidrda afxaze-
Tis kaTolikosTa ubralod „biWvintis“ kaTolikosebad moxsenieba. analo-
giur movlenas adgili hqonda aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, sadac qarTlis
(aRmosavleT saqarTvelos) kaTolikosebi sakaTedro taZris adgilmdeba-
reobidan gamomdinare, ubralod „mcxeTis kaTolikosebadac“ iwodebodnen.
„mcxeTa“ kaTolikosTa titulSi mTel aRmosavleT saqarTvelosTan iyo
gaigivebuli, iseve rogorc „biWvinta“ – mTel dasavleT saqarTvelosTan
(T. qoriZe, 2006, gv. 186).

saeklesio damoukideblobis mopovebisa da afxazeTis sakaTalikosos 1. graviura karla serenas statiidan `mogzauroba samurzayanosa da afxazeTSi“ (Excur-
daarsebisTanave „afxazTa“ mefeebma daiwyes qveynis eklesiaSi arsebuli sion au Samourzakan et en Abkasie). Jurnali “Le Tour du Monde”, parizi, 1881, foto: d. ermakovi

738 739
 berZnuli gavlenis aRmofxvra da misi gaqarTuleba. amis dasturia „afxa-
zTa“ mefeebis didi saeklesio-saamSeneblo moRvaweoba, rac miznad isaxa-
vda Zveli bizantiuri saepiskoposoebis moSlasa da maT nacvlad axali
qarTuli eparqiebis daarsebas. „matiane qarTlisai“-Si (XI s.) dasavleT sa-
qarTvelos eklesiaSi ganxorcielebuli mxolod erTi aseTi konkretuli
SemTxvevaa „mocvliT“ saxeldebuli (qarTlis cxovreba, 1955, gv. 281), rac
zustad asaxavs zogadad am movlenis Sinaarss – xdeboda Zveli saeklesio
kaTedrebis ara ubralod gauqmeba, aramed maTi Canacvleba Sinaarsobri-
vad axali, qarTuli eklesiiT. ase „moicvala“ ZiRanevi//gudayva bediiT.
amasTan, dasavleT saqarTvelos Sida mxareebSi Seiqmna mTeli rigi axali
saepiskoposo kaTedrebi – moqvi, dranda, Wyondidi, cageri, nikorwminda.
IX-X saukuneebSive Seicvala dasavleT saqarTveloSi berZnulenovani
RvTismsaxureba qarTuliT. am Tvalsazrisis dasturia is, rom uZvelesi
epigrafikuli Zeglebi dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze swored IX
saukunidan gvxvdeba da isini aRmoCenilia sakuTriv afxazeTis (igulisx-
meba afxazTa saerisTavos teritoria anakofiidan nikofsiamde) terito-
riaze, sadac istoriulad ufro Zlieri iyo berZnuli gavlena. yvelaze
adrindeli maT Soris msigxuas (gudauTis r-ni) eklesiis asomTavruli
warwerebia, romlebic IX-X saukuneebiT TariRdeba (qarTuli warwerebis
korpusi, 1980, gv. 30-31; axalaZe, 2005, gv. 145). IX-X saukunidan moyolebuli ki
afxazeTSi qarTul enaze Sesrulebuli epigrafikuli Zeglebi sul ufro
da ufro matulobs, rasac adastureben afxazi mkvlevrebic (bRaJba/Бгажба,
1967, gv. 5)
afxazeTis sakaTalikosos warmoqmnis Semdeg saqarTveloSi ori – qarT-
lisa (aRmosavleT saqarTvelos) da afxazeTis (dasavleT saqarTvelos)
sakaTalikoso aRmoCnda.
afxazeTis sakaTalikoso misi arsebobis sawyis etapze (IX s-is bolo - X
s-is pirveli naxevari) damoukidebeli iyo qarTlis sakaTalikososagan. X
saukunis ganmavlobaSi afxazTa mefeebis meTaurobiT saqarTvelos gaer-
TianebisaTvis brZolis paralelurad, eklesiuri gaerTianebis procesic
warimarTa, Tumca eklesiurma gaerTianebam win gauswro qveynis politikur
gaerTianebas da misi safuZveli gaxda.
afxazeTisa da qarTlis sakaTalikosoebis gaerTianebis Sedegad Seiqmna
erTiani saqarTvelos eklesia, romelsac saTaveSi uSualod ieso qristes
kvarTze dafuZnebuli da ufro Zveli avtokefaluri tradiciis mqone
saeklesio organizaciis saTaveSi myofi qarTlis (aRmosavleT saqarT-
velos) kaTolikosi Caudga. am droidan moyolebuli is ukve patriarqis
pativSi iqna ayvanili (T. qoriZe, 2003, gv. 314).
uaxlesi gamokvlevis safuZvelze gamoTqmulia Tvalsazrisi, rom saqarT-
velos pirveli kaTolikos-patriarqi iyo ara melqisedek I (1010-1033), ara-
med parxlis X saukunis warweraSi moxseniebuli „qarTlisa da yovlisa
aRmosavleTisa mamamTavari iovane“ (danelia...1997, gv. 68), rac safuZvels
iZleva aRniSnuli iovane, X saukunis meore naxevarSi moRvawe qarTlis
kaTolikos ioane I oqropirad (980-1001) miviCnioT. mkvlevarTa nawili
iziarebs am Tvalsazriss da eklesiuri gaerTianebis TariRad X saukunis
meore naxevars – daviT III taoelis xanas miiCnevs (silogava v., 2003, gv. 302-
303; qoriZe T., 2007, gv. 186-187).
740
afxazeTis sakaTalikoso qveynisa da eklesiis erTianobis xanaSi uwyvetad
arsebobda, Tumca afxazeTis kaTolikosis uflebrivi mdgomareoba erT-
nairi ar iyo da qveyanaSi Seqmnili politikuri viTarebidan gamomdinare
icvleboda.
XI-XII saukuneSi afxazeTis kaTolikosi damcrobili Cans. am dros mas ar
hqonda Tavisi iuridiuli mdgomareobis Sesabamisi funqcia. garkveulwi-
lad amiTac unda aixsnebodes misi epizoduri moxsenieba im periodis
saistorio wyaroebSi.
erTianobis xanaSi afxazeTis kaTolikoss dasavleT saqarTvelos
episkoposTa kurTxevis ufleba ar hqonda. maT „yovlisa saqarTveloisa
didi mamaT-mTavari“ kaTolikosi akurTxebda, razec metyvelebs dasavleT
da aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi mdebare saeklesio centrebis gaerTianebis
SemTxvevebi erTi konkretuli piris, erTi saeklesio ierarqis xelSi. ase-
Ti iyo bediel-alaverdelis (XII s. 20-iani wlebi), Wyondidel-mawyverelis,
Wyondidel-samTavnelis (XII s. 70-80-iani wlebi), Wyondidel-ujarmelis
(XIII s. 60-iani wlebi) saeklesio Tanamdebobani. saqarTvelos kaTolikos-
-patriarqi akurTxebda TviT afxazeTis kaTolikossac. marTalia, am faq-
tis pirdapiri damadasturebeli cnoba ar gagvaCnia,magram XII-XIII sauku-
neSi aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTvelos gaerTianebuli saeklesio
kaTedrebis arseboba aSkarad miuTiTebs, rom mcxeTis taxtis iurisdiqcia
mTel saqarTveloze vrceldeboda.
dasavleT saqarTvelos (lixT-imereTis) calke samefod gamoyofis Semdeg,
XIII saukunis 60-iani wlebidan, afxazeTis kaTolikosma daiwyo TandaTa-
nobiT aRzeveba-brZola saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqTan jer pativiT,
Semdeg ki uflebiT gaTanasworebisaTvis, rasac miaRwia mxolod XV sauku-
nis 70-ian wlebSi, anu mas Semdeg, rac saqarTvelos eklesiuri mTlianoba
moiSala da is erTmaneTisagan damoukidebel or - dasavleT (afxaze-
Tis//lixT-imereTis) da aRmosavleT (qarTlis) saeklesio organizaciebad
gaiyo.
XV saukunis meore naxevarSi, saqarTvelos feodaluri monarqiis daSlis
paralelurad, misi eklesiuri mTlianobac moiSala. saqarTvelos sapa-
triarqom SeZlo separatizmis aRkveTa samcxisa da kaxeTis eklesiebSi,
dasavleT saqarTveloSi ki – vera. XV saukunis 70-ian wlebSi afxazeTis
(dasavleT saqarTvelos) sakaTalikoso gamovida mcxeTis sapatriarqos
iurisdiqciidan, rac am saqmis iniciatoris qarTl-imereTis mefe bagrat
VI-is (1466-1478) didi ZalisxmeviT ganxorcielda, misi samefos - imereTis
damoukideblobis ganmtkicebis mizniT.
aRniSnuli gamosvla gulisxmobda mxolod mcxeTis sapatriarqos daq-
vemdebarebisagan gaTavisuflebas da saqarTvelos sapatriarqos or – da-
savleT da aRmosavleT nawilebad gayofas, ramac asaxva hpova qarTuli
eklesiis struqturul cvlilebaSi. afxazeTis sakaTalikoso arsebobis
bolomde darCa qarTul marTlmadidebel eklesiad, afxazeTis kaToliko-
sebi TavianT Tavs Tvlidnen „yovlisa saqarTvelos mwyems“ kaTolikose-
bad, rasac adastureben dokumenturi wyaroebi (kakabaZe. s., 1921, gv. 107).
eklesiuri gamoyofis iniciatorebma -- qarTl-imereTis mefe bagrat VI-m
da dadian-gurielma Samadavlam dasavleT saqarTveloSi Sesawiravis
741
 Sesagroveblad Camosul antioqiisa da ierusalimis patriarq miqaels
(1470/74-1484) afxazeTis kaTolikosad akurTxevines caiSel-bedieli mTava-
repiskoposi iovakime, rac saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis mier afxa-
zeTis kaTolikosis kurTxevis manamde arsebuli wesis darRveva iyo.
am faqtTan dakavSirebiT Sedgenilma saeklesio samarTlis Zeglma -- „mc-
nebai sasjuloi“-m iuridiulad ganamtkica dasavleT saqarTvelos ekle-
siis damoukidebloba aRmosavleT saqarTvelos umaRlesi saeklesio xe-
lisuflebisagan. es dokumenti TviTon dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesiuri
gamoyofis iniciatorebs Tavidanve qarTulad unda SeedginaT patriarq
miqaelis (masTan erTad, an dasaSvebia, mis gareSe) saxeliT, raTa sabuTisa-
Tvis kanonieri saxe miecaT (T. qoriZe, 2011, gv.130-131).
viTarebaa aRwerili XV saukunis 70-ian ww-Si moRvawe – Samadavla da-
dianis xobisadmi Sewirulobis sigelSi (misi fragmenti levan II dadins
aqvs CarTuli Tavis sigelSi) „mas Jasa uRmrTod da usjulod moiqcnen
afxazni... afxazTa garyvnes sjuli da kaTalikosoba“-o (saqarTvelos si-
Zveleni,1920, gv. 26).
aseTi viTareba gamowveuli iyo CrdiloeT kavkasiis warmarTi tomebis Ca-
mowoliT afxazeTis teritoriaze. XV saukuneSi es procesi ukve dawyebu-
li Cans. Camosaxlebuli warmarTebi isakuTrebdnen afxazeTis teritorias,
aviwrovebdnen mkvidr qriastianul mosaxleobas da SemohqondaT TavianTi
warmarTuli wes-Cveulebani, ramac gamoiwia „afxazeTis qriatianobisagan
sruliad midreka“ da „sjulis garyvna“.

„mcnebai sasjulo“-s mixedviT, mTavarepiskoposi iovakime kaTolikosad paralelurad daiwyo TurqeTis gavlenis gaZliereba CrdiloeTidan, rac
dasves afxazeTs „saydarTa maT andria mociqulisaTa“ (qarTuli samarT- mohyva 1475 wels maT mier yirimis dapyrobas. TurqeTis politikis erT-erT
lis Zeglebi, 1970, gv.222), riTac dokumentis Semdgenlebma xazi gausves konkretul gamovlenas afxazeTSi warmoadgenda jiqebis Tavdasxma 1533
afxazeTis kaTolikosis wm. andria pirvelwodebulis Tanamosaydrebas da wels, romelic Turqebis mier iyo inspirirebuli. jiqebTan gagris mida-
mis mier avtokefaliis kanonier mflobelobas. moebSi gamarTul am brZolaSi qarTvelebi mamia I gurielisa (1512-1534) da
mamia III dadianis (1512-1533) meTaurobiT damarcxdnen (qarTlis cxovreba,
„mcnebai sasjuloi“-s mixedviT Cans, rom afxazeTis kaTolikosi antioqiis 1959, gv. 497). es da msgavsi movlenebi momaswavebeli iyo imis, rom saqarTve-
sapatriarqos daemorCila, radgan kaTolikosi mis mier iqna xeldasxmuli. los ekargeboda es mxare, xolo kaTalikoss aRar edgomeboda maxlobel
amiT ki dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesiis TviTmwysoba Seilaxa. Tumca, mo- biWvintaSi.
vlenebis Semdgomma ganviTarebam cxadyo, rom patriarq miqaelis mier afxa-
zeTis kaTolikosis kurTxeva mxolod erTi konkretuli SemTxveva iyo. XVI saukunis 60-iani wlebis miwuruls
sakaTalikoso rezidencia biWvinti-
„mcnebai sasjuloi“-m daadgina afxazeTis sakaTalikosos, rogorc ukve dan gelaTSi iqna gadmotanili (sur.
damoukidebeli saeklesio organizaciis, samwyso sazRvrebi, romelic moi- 2). afxazeTidan wamosuli kaToliko-
cavda teritorias „Woroxsa aqaT, ovseTsa aqaT, zRuai pontosa aqaT, sada sebi veRarasodes dabrundnen biWvin-
didisa biWuintisa sazRuari miawevs“ (qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, 1970, gv. taSi, rogorc mudmiv rezidenciaSi.
223). afxazeTis kaTolikoss am vrcel teritoriaze episkoposebis kurTxe- miuxedavad amisa, biWvintis taZari
vis ufleba mieca, rac saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqisagan misi damou- sakaTalikosos arsebobis bolom-
kideblobis erT-erTi umTavresi niSani iyo. male man patriarqis titulic de iTvleboda kaTedralur taZrad.
SeiTavsa. CvenTvis cnobili afxazeTis pirveli kaTolikos-patriarqi ma- kaTolikosebi datovebul eklesias
laqia I abaSiZea (XVI s. 20-30-iani wlebi). patronobdnen. iq msaxurobda erTi
qarTveli mRvdeli, magram eklesia
aRsaniSnavia, rom XVI saukuneSi afxazeTis sakaTalikosos samwyso sa- zogjer mTlianad dacarielebuli
zRvari CrdiloeTiT bevrad scildeboda lixT-imereTis samefo-samTa- iyo. XVII saukunis garkveul period-
vroebis politikur sazRvars. „biWvintis iadgari“-s (XVI s.) mixedviT, Si kaTolikosebi am eklesias yma-ma-
afxazeTis sakaTalikosos CrdiloeTisa da Crdilo-dasavleTis samwyso 2. gelaTis wm. giorgis sax. eklesia muls swiravdnen, amkobdnen saekle-
sazRvrad Sesabamisad „ruseTis samzRvari“ da kafaa dasaxelebuli. Sua sio nivTebiT, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi
saukuneebSi (XIII s-is meore naxevridan 1783 wlamde), kafa erqva CrdiloeT midiodnen kidec iq, Tumca jaris Tan-
SavizRvispireTSi mdebare qalaq feodosias, rac imas niSnavs, rom afxaze- xlebiT, radgan Crdilokavkasieli
Tis kaTolikoss Crdilo-dasavleTiT mdebare teritoria qalaq kafamde, warmarTi mosaxleobis moZalebis
xolo CrdiloeTiT ruseTis sazRvramde, anu CerqezeTi da oseTi (alania) gamo gzebze usafrTxoebis garantia
Tavis samwysod miaCnda. amiTac unda aixsnebodes am periodSi afxazeTis ar arsebobda (stolniki toloCano-
kaTolikosis titulSi „afxazeTis“ (dasavleT saqarTvelo) garda „Crdi- visa da diaki ievlievis elCoba ime-
loeTis“ kaTolikosad moxsenieba (T.qoriZe, 2006, gv.183-186). reTSi, 1650-1652, 1926, gv. 154)

„mcnebai sasjuloi“-dan Cans, rom XV saukuneSi afxazeTSi (sakuTriv afxa- dasavleT saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi misionerebisa da mogzaurebis gadmo-
zeTSi) sarwmunoebrivi cxovreba Zalze daqveiTebula. dokumentSi naTqva- cemiT, kaTolikosebi TavianT zeobaSi erTxel mainc midiodnen biWvintis
mia „afxazeTi qristianobisagan sruliad midrekil iyvnes, qristes mcneba- taZarSi mironis mosaduReblad. viTareba Seicvala XVIII saukuneSi. da-
Tagan ganSuebul iyunes“ (qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, 1970, gv.222). aseTive savleT saqarTveloSi Seqmnili politikuri viTarebis gamo, afxazeTis

742 743
 kaTalikosebs biWvintis taZarze
xeli aRar miuwvdebodaT. am period-
Si biWvintis taZari dacarielebuli
Cans.
biWvintidan wamosuli afxazeTis ka-
Tolikosebi imereTis mefe bagrat
III-is (1510-1565 ww.) mier axladaRdge-
nil gelaTis wm. giorgis eklesiaSi
damkvidrdnen. pirveli maT Soris iyo
evdemon I CxetiZe (1557-1578), romelic
amave taZarSia dakrZaluli. gelaT-
Sive iqna gadmobrZanebuli afxaze-
Tis sakaTalikosos mTavari siwmide
- biWvintis RvTismSoblis xati (sur.
3).
Cvenamde moaRwia biWvintis RvTismSo-
blis im xatma, romelic, amave xatis
qarTuli warweris mixedviT, afxa-
zeTis kaTolokos evdemon CxetiZis
3. biWvintis RvTismSobeli (1541;1557-1578) brZanebiT „moiWeda da
srul iqmna“ 1568 wels da dabrZane-
bul iqna „taZarsa wmidisa RTismSo-
blisasa biWointas“.
kaTolikosis gadmobrZaneba da xatis gadmosveneba biWvintidan gelaTs
Tanadroulad unda momxdariyo, radganac biWvintis RvTismSoblis xati
da afxazeTis kaTolikosi ganuyofelni iyvnen – xati dabrZanebuli iyo
iq, sadac mudmivad imyofeboda kaTolikosi. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom kaTo-
likoss mimarTavdnen iseve, rogorc biWvintis RvTismSobels: „biWvintis
RvTismSobeli“ – „biWvintis kaTalikosi“; „batoni biWvintisa RvTismSobe-
li“ – „batoni kaTalikozi“; „CrdiloeTisa da afxazeTisa dedaqalwuli...
biWvintisa RvTismSobeli“ – „CrdiloeTisa da afxazeTisa kaTalikozi“ da
sxva (T. qoriZe, 2006, gv. 188).
wmida andria pirvelwodebulis saqarTveloSi, kerZod ki, dasavleT saqar-
TveloSi moRvaweobis gamo, dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesia (afxazeTis
sakaTalikoso) iTvleboda wm. andria pirvelwodebulis saydrad anu ta-
xtad, xolo afxazeTis kaTolikosi – am wmida mociqulis Tanamosaydred.
es aisaxa afxazeTis kaTolokosTa titulaturaSi, mag., kaTolikosi maq-
sime II abaSiZe (1776-1795) Tavis Tavs moixseniebs rogorc „mamamTavar-ka-
Tolikosi zogad yovelTave afxaz-imerTa da mjdomare saydarTa andria
pirvel wodebulisa mociqulisasa.“ andria pirvelwodebulis saydarze
dasvenebulad ixsenieba biWvintis RvTismSobelic. kaTolikosma ioseb I
bagrationma (1769-1776) 1770 wels ganaaxla sakaTalikoso mamulebi „dide-
bad RvTismSobelisad“ da „SeZinebad saydrisa misisa, romel ars saydari
pirvelwodebulisa andria mociqulisa da maszeda gansvenebulisa RvTis-
mSobelisad biWvintisada“.
sabuTebidan Cans, rom biWvintis RvTismSobeli gulisxmobda; 1) RvTismSo-
blis xats; 2) afxazeTis sakaTalikosos sakaTedro taZars (jer q. biWvin-
tis RvTismSoblis, xolo Semdeg gelaTis wm. giorgis eklesias); 3) dasa-
vleT saqarTvelos, anu afxazeTis sakaTalikosos mTlianad.
XI-XVI ss-Si biWvintaSi, rogorc momqmed sakaTalikoso taZarSi moRvawe
afxazeTis kaTolikosTa Sesaxeb, wyaroTa simwiris gamo, mcire ram aris
cnobili. amave mizeziT ver xerxdeba aRniSnul periodSi moRvawe afxa-
zeTis kaTolikosTa uwyveti qronologiuri rigisa da maTi moRvaweobis
zusti drois dadgena (T. qoriZe,2002., gv. 3-26).
XI-XVI saukuneebidan saxeliT moxseniebuli afxazeTis sul cxra kaTo-
likosia CvenTvis cnobili. maTgan pirvelia svimeon I, romelic ixsenieba
XI s-is axalcixuri tyavis saxarebis amave periodSi maszeve Sesrulebul
minawerebSi. kaTolikosi svimeoni XI-XII ss-is mijnaze – daviT aRmaSene-
blis epoqaSi moRvaweobda. momdevno xanis kaTolikosebi arian – arsen I
bulmaisimisZe (XIII s-is 40-iani ww.), nikolozi (XIII s-is meore nax.,), danie-
li (XIV s-is 70-80-iani ww.), arsen II (XIV s-is 90-iani ww.), iovakime (XV s-is
70-iani ww.), barTlome (daaxl. 1488-1519 ww.), malaqia I abaSiZe (1519 w. - XVI
s-is 30-iani ww.), evdemon I CxetiZe (1541 w.; 1557-1578 ww.) (T. qoriZe, 2002, gv.
3-26).

biWvintis RvTismSoblis xati ikonografiulad saqarTvelos eklesiis,
kerZod ki, afxazeTis sakaTalikosos erTgvar matianes warmoadgens, rad-
gan masze gamosaxuli wmidanebi -- wm. ioane naTlismcemeli da wm. ioane
oqropiri istoriulad saqarTvelos ukavSirdebian. kerZod, wmida ioa-
nes patiosani Tavi garkveul periodSi dasavleT saqarTveloSi, komanis
maxloblad (q. soxumTan) mdebare gamoqvabulSi iyo Cafluli. komanSive
aResrula wmida ioane oqropiri, romelic iqve dakrZales, mogvianebiT ki
(438 w.) konstantinopolSi gadaasvenes. SemTxveviTi ar aris arc biWvintis
RvTismSoblis xatis aslis (XVII s.) Sida karedebze saqarTvelos pirveli
ganmanaTleblebis, wmida mociqulebis andria pirvelwodebulisa da svi-
mon kananelis gamosaxva, radgan swored maTma saqarTveloSi moRvaweobam
ganapiroba qarTuli eklesiis avtokefalia. yovelive es qarTuli ekle-
siis - afxazeTis sakaTalikosos istoriis yvelaze naTeli furcelia da
swored mis mTavar xats - biWvintis RvTismSobels unda gadaeca mxilve-
lisaTvis (T. qoriZe,1996, gv. 54).
am periodSi anu XVI saukuneSi afxazeTis sakaTalikosoSi Sedioda Sem-
degi eparqiebi: biWvintis, drandis, bediis, moqvis, quTaisis, gelaTis, xonis,
nikorwmidis, cageris, caiSis, walenjixis, Wyondidis, xinowmidisa da Semoq-
medis.
XVII-XVIII ss-Si dasavleT saqarTveloSi politikuri viTareba kidev
ufro garTulda afxazeTis barSi mTis (CrdiloeT kavkasieli) mosaxleo-
bis Camowolis gamo, rasac mowmobs „afxazTa moqceva wamarTobisadmi“.
am movlenam mwvaved iCina Tavi kaTolikosebis – daviT nemsaZisa (1673-
1696) da grigol II lorTqifaniZis (1696-1742) moRvaweobis periodSi. Camo-
saxlebulma warmarTebma, romlebic TavianT Tavs „afsuebs“, xolo mkvidri
qarTuli mosaxleoba „afxazebs“ uwodebda, odiSis samTavros TandaTan
Camoaciles md. engurs gaRma mdebare teritoriebi, rasac Sedegad mohyva
mkvidri qarTuli mosaxleobis ayra–gaqceva, sakaTalikoso soflebis moS-
la da ymaTa gayidva. kaTolikosi daviTi Seecada daecva sakaTalikosos
interesebi. man afxazeTis mTavars – yvapu ServaSiZes mosTxova Sewyveti-

744 745
 liyo mis samTavroSi sakaTalikoso ymaTa ayra da gayidva. mTavarma ficis
wigni uboZa kaTolikoss, rom Seasrulebda mis am moTxovnas, magram TviT
afxazTa mTavarsac ar SeeZlo SeeCerebina es procesi, radgan mkvidri mo-
saxleobis damarbeveli „afxazebi“ afxazeTis mTavars ar emorCilebodnen.
aRsaniSnavia, rom kaTalikosma daviTma „afxazisagan“ ayrili 60 mosaxle
swored afxazeTis mTavars yvapus Caabara, raTa maT usafrTxoebaze ezruna
(qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, 1970, gv. 670).
misi winamorbedis msgavsad, kaTolikosma grigol II-mac awarmoa molapa-
rakeba yvapusTan sakaTalikoso ymebisa da mamulebis dacvis Sesaxeb, ma-
gram uSedegod. maSin kaTolikosi grigoli TviTon gadavida md. engurs
gaRma mdebare sof. naJaneulSi, sadac mas adre sakaTalikosos kuTvnili
60 komli ymidan mxolod eqvsiRa daxvda. aseTive mdgomareoba iyo md.
engurs gaRma mdebare sxva soflebSic. kaTolikosma grigolma yvela ga-
darCenili sakaTalikoso yma md. engurs gamoRma gadmoiyvana da odiSis
soflebSi daasaxla (qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, 1970, gv. 670).
md. engurze afxazeTsa da odiSis samTavros Soris sazRvris gadmonac-
vlebas Sedegad mohyva ara marto sakaTalikoso mamulebis, aramed eparqia-
Ta ricxvis Semcirebac. Crdilo-dasavleTiT gauqmda odiSis, imJamad ukve
afxazeTis samTavros teritoriaze mdebare moqvisa da drandis eparqiebi,
„aramed aw afxazisagan arRara arian orTa amaT Sina episkopozni“-o, aR-
niSnavda batoniSvili vaxuSti (vaxuSti batoniSvili, 1973, gv. 781). mogviane-
biT, XVIII saukunis 60-ian wlebis miwuruls, imave mizeziT, gauqmda bediis
eparqiac, xolo samxreTiT, Turqebis mier qvemo guriis okupaciis Sedegad,
moiSala guriis samive eparqia --- xinos, Semoqmedisa da jumaTis. es uka-
naskneli ori kaTedra droebiT aRdgenil iqna XVIII saukunis 70-iani ww-Si
(s. kakabaZe, 1921, II, gv. 62). xinos saepiskoposos aRdgena ki SeuZlebeli gaxda,
radgan rogorc Tavadi mamuka TavdgiriZe aRniSnavda, misi „mamulica da
saxinowmindloc TaTrisagan damZlavrebuliyo. mravali kidec gaaTaTres.
amisaTvis ar SeiZleboda, rom xinowmidels Tavisi eklesia da mamuli dae-
pyra da arca me Zalmedva“-o (s.kakabaZe, 1921, II, gv. 62).
afxazeTis sakaTalikosos mamulebis Sesaxeb cnobebi ZiriTadad gvaqvs
XVI saukunidan. „biWvintis iadgari“ (XVI s.) iuwyeba, rom odiSis erisTa-
vma mamia III dadianma (1512-1533) Seuvaloba mianiWa sakaTalikoso mamulebs
da Seswira yma-mamuli, eklesia-monastrebi da sasaxleebi dasavleT saqar-
Tvelos TiTqmis yvela kuTxeSi, maT Soris biWvintis garSemo mdebare so-
flebi – aiTarne, aruxa da rabiwa, aiTarnes mTa zeTisxilovani. aRniSnuli
soflebi warmoadgenda afxazeTis sakaTalikosos ukidures mamulebs Cr-
dilo-dasavleTiT. am dros afxazeTi odiSis samTavros SemadgenlobaSi
Sedioda. aRsaniSnavia, rom XVII saukunis sakaTalikoso sabuTebSi ukve
arsad aRar ixsenieba biWvintis garSemo mdebare zemoaRniSnuli soflebi.
afxazeTis sakaTalikosos kuTvnilebas isini warmoadgendnen XVI saukune-
Si, anu maSin, rodesac afxazeTi odiSis samTavros SemadgenlobaSi Sedio-
da. XVII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi ki, rodesac odiSis samTavros gamoeyo
afxazeTis samTavro da sazRvari maT Soris md. kelasurze dafiqsirda,
sakaTalikosom dakarga Tavisi mamulebi am mdinaris dasavleTiT, sakuTriv,
afxazeTis teritoriaze. XVII saukunis bolos sazRvarma afxazeTisa da
odiSis samTavroebs Soris jer md. egriswyalze (md. RaliZga), Semdeg ki
md. engurze gadmoinacvla, rasac Sedegad mohyva sakaTalikoso mamulebis
mospoba aRniSnuli mdinaris gaRma. sruliad sakaTalikoso mamulis da-
746
vTarSi, romelic XVIII saukunis viTarebas aRwers, aseve am periodis sxva
werilobiT wyaroebSi arsad md. engurs gaRma mdebare arc erTi sakaTa-
likoso sofeli ukve aRar ixsenieba.
afxazeTis sakaTalikosos bevri Rvawlmosili kaTolikosi edga saTaveSi.
isini imereTis mefeebs mxarSi edgnen dasavleT saqarTvelos politikur
gaerTianebaSi, samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos Seqmnasa da kulturul-aRmSe-
neblobiT saqmianobaSi. isini aqtiur di plomatiur moRvaweobasac eweo-
dnen. am mxriv, gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia afxazeTis ukanaskneli kaTo-
likosi maqsime II abaSiZe. igi orjer iyo wargzavnili ruseTSi elCad.
sainteresoa meore elCobis dros, 1792 wels mis mier q.astraxanidan dasa-
vleT saqarTvelos mRvdelmTavrebisadmi gamogzavnili werili. aRniSnul
werilSi igi gulistkiviliT aRniSnavda, rom mas, afxazeTis kaTolikoss,
ar eRirsa afxazeTis (igulisxmeba sakuTriv afxazeTis samTavros teri-
toria) naxva da „maTi samsaxuri“, mis Semdgom kaTolikosebs ki anderZad
daubara „afxazeTis moqceva“ da „biWvintis eklesiis ganaxleba“ (qarTuli
samarTlis Zeglebi, 1970, gv. 1016). kaTolikos-patriarqi maqsime II gardaic-
vala q. kievSi 1795 wlis 30 maiss. igi dakrZales kievis mRvimis (kiev-peCe-
ris) monasterSi.
1795 wels dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesias saTaveSi Caudga quTaTeli mi-
tropoliti dosiTeozi (wereTeli), magram misi kaTolikosad kurTxeva ar
momxdara, amitom dokumentebSi igi Tavis Tavs ixseniebs rogorc „yovlad
samRvdelo quTaTeli mitropoliti da ganmge sakaTalikososi“. ruseTis
mier imereTis samefos aneqsiis Semdeg sul male, 1814 wels ruseTis xe-
lisuflebam gaauqma afxazeTis (dasavleT saqarTvelos) sakaTalikoso da
uSualod SeuerTa ruseTis eklesias. Seiqmna „saqarTvelosa da imereTis
saegzarqoso“, romelsac ruseTis eklesiis meorexarisxovani moxele eg-
zarqosi Caudga saTaveSi.
1917 wels saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenis Semdeg, dasa-
vleT saqarTvelos saeklesio organizacia, rogorc saqarTvelos ekle-
siis ganuyofeli nawili, Sevida erTiani saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli
samociqulo eklesiis SemadgenlobaSi da daeqvemdebara sruliad saqarT-
velos kaTolikos–patriarqis iurisdiqcias.
747
 bibliografia
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leografia, Tb.,1997
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saeklesio sabuTebi. w. II tf., 1921
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eTnografia, #321, Tb., 1996
748
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(dasavleT saqarTvelos) kaTolikosTa
qronologia, Jurn. „klio“ (saistorio
almanaxi), #15, Tb., 2002
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velos) sakaTalikoso, wgn: naTeli qris-
tesi saqarTvelo, w. I, Tb., 2003
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velos) kaTolikosTa titulatura, kre-
buli: SoTa mesxia 90, Tb., 2006
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sitetis gamomcemloba, Tb., 2007
17. qoriZe T., „mcnebai sarjulo“ da saqar-
Tvelos sapatriarqos or - dasavleT
da aRmosavleT nawilebad gayofa (XV
s-is 70-iani wlebi), krebuli: valeri si-
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Constantinopolitanae, Texte critique, introduction
et notes par Jean Darrouzés, Paris, 1981
Tamar Koridze
University of Georgia,
Department of the School of Art and Humanitarian Sciences,
Professor, Doctor of History
THE CATHOLICOSATE
OF ABKHAZIA
(WEST GEORGIA)
The Catholicosate of Abkhazia (West Georgia) created under the leadership of the Catholicos
was Georgian Orthodox Church, with Georgi- of Kartli (east Georgia), heading ecclesiastic
an religious service, writing, ecclesiastic tra- organization, directly established on the Robe
dition, architecture, wall painting, samples of of Christ and having ever older autocephalous
metalworking, epigraphic monuments. tradition, as a result of which it became the
Catholicos of “All Georgia” and was raised in
The Catholicosate of Abkhazia was formed in the honor of the Patriarch.
80-90-ies of the IX c. as a result of unification
of ecclesiastic centers of the west Georgia, li- The Catholicosate of Abkhazia existed conti-
berated from subordination to the Patriarcha- nuously throughout the period of unity of the
te of Constantinople (Phasis Metropolitanate country and the church, although its ruler, in
(with four eparchies, included in it – Rhodopo- reality, represented the bishop of Pitsunda and
lis// Vartsikhe, Tsaishi, Dzighanevi// Gudava, was subordinated to the Catholicos-Patriarch
Petra// Tsikhisdziri), Abazgia// Sevastopolis of Georgia. In the second half of the XV c., the
and Nicopsis Arch-bishoprics). process of disintegration of feudal monarchy of
Georgia, and, in parallel, the process of ecclesi-
Political basis of the newly formed Catholico- astic disintegration, was completed with its di-
sate of Abkhazia was west Georgian state – the vision into two independent – west (Abkhazia//
Kingdom of “Abkhazians”, which conditioned Likht Imereti) and east (Kartli) Georgian eccle-
formulation of its name, similar to the King- siastic organizations, which was implemented
dom – “Catholicosate of Abkhazians”. under the initiative of the King of Kartli and
Imereti Bagrat and served to strengthening of
The Cathedral of the Catholicosate of Abkha- independence of his Kingdom.
zia was Pitsunda Church, build in the X c. in
the name of the Holy Mother. Pitsunda Holy Coming down of the North Caucasian pagan
Mother was the main patron of the Catholico- tribes to the north-west part of Georgia, on
sate of Abkhazia. the territory of Abkhazia itself, was followed
by disturbance-suppression of Christianity;
After formation of the Catholicosate of Abkha- for this reason, the residence of Catholicosa-
zia, two – Kartli (east Georgia) and Abkhazia te of Abkhazia moved from Pitsunda to Gelati
(west Georgia) Catholicosates turned out to be Church of St. George in 60-ies of the XVI c. In
in Georgia. XVII-XVIII c.c. this political process, occur-
ring in west Georgia, became even deeper. The
At the end of the X c., the process of ecclesi- resettled pagans, calling themselves “Apsuas”,
astic unification, happening in parallel with the and called by Georgians as “Abkhazians”, gra-
struggle for unification of Georgia under the dually took the territories of Odishi Princedom,
leadership of first Abkhazian kings and later which were located beyond the river Enguri,
by Bagrations of Tao-Klarjeti, was completed which was followed by forced uprooting and
successfully. United church of Georgia was flight of indigenous Georgian population, de-
749
 rangement of Catholicosate villages, sale of
serfs, reduction of the number of eparchies. In
the beginning of the XVIII c, when the border
between Abkhazia and Odishi Princedom was
set at Enguri river, the Catholicoses of Ab-
khazia no longer possessed serfs and estates
beyond river, on the territory of Abkhazia it-
self. The Catholicoses, living and working in
the second half of the same century, actually,
couldn’t manage to exercise their jurisdiction
on the territory of Abkhazia itself; neverthe-
less, they tried to re-Christianize Abkhazia and
restore Pitsunda Church. As a result of anne-
xation of the Kingdoms of first Kartli-Kakheti
and then Imereti, by Russia, the autocephaly of
750
the Churches of first east (1811) and then west
Georgia (1814) was abolished.
Following the restoration of autocephaly of
Georgian Church in 1917, ecclesiastic orga-
nization of west Georgia, as integral part of
Georgian Church, joined Orthodox Apostolic
Church of united Georgia and subordinated to
the jurisdiction of the Catholicos-Patriarch of
All Georgia.
751
 eka berelaSvili
saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi
Salva amiranaSvilis saxelobis xelovnebis muzeumi,
naqargobisa da qsovilebis fondis asistent-kuratori,
kulturis kvlevebis doqtori
samRvdelmTavro
Sesamoselis
rekonstruqcia
mcxeTis
muzeumis
saeqspozicio
sivrceSi
`Seimoss ra mRvdeli samRvdlo SesamoselTa swamebs
mis mier, romel Semamkobeli maT mier sxeulisa TÂ-
sisa, Seamkobs sulsaca keTil-msaxurebiTa“1.
samRvdelmTavro Sesamoselis formirebas qris-
tianobis pirvel saukuneebSi daedo saTave. samosi,
romelic samRvdeloebas ganasxvavebda sazogadoe-
bis sxva warmomadgenelTagan, cxadad gamoxatavs
RvTismsaxurTa gamorCeul statuss. sxvadasxva sax-
is mdidrulad dekorirebul samRvdelmTavro Sesa-
moselSi _ formebSi, dekoris programaSi, ikonogra-
fiaSi, masalaSi _ SenivTebulia RvTismsaxurebis
simboluri arsi.
naqargi Zvirfasi qsovilebi (xaverdi, abreSumi, diba)
da maTi samkauli (oqrosa da vercxlis Tma, oqrom-
kedi, vercxlmkedi, zezi, abreSumis Zafi. minanqari,
oqros Zafi, klanWurebi, kilitebi, oqros burTule-
bi, Zvirfasi liToni (oqro, vercxli) Zvirfasi da
naxevrad Zvirfasi qvebi.) sataZro xuroTmoZRvrul
formebTan, monumentur mxatvrobasTan (mozaika, fre-
ska), Zvirfas liturgikul WurWelTan erTad Tana-
monawileobs RvTismsaxurebis ritualSi.
Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi, bizantiis msgavsad,
iqmneboda maRali mxatvruli ostatobis saeklesio
1 mokle ganmarteba liturRiisa, Sekrebili dekanozis grigol mansvetovis mier. tf., Cynb
(1852) welsa
752
xelovnebis qmnilebebi, maT Soris gansakuTrebuli mxatvruli Rirsebebi-
Ta da Sesrulebis (teqnikuri) ostatobiT gamoirCeva liturgikuli Sesa-
moseli. asaxavs ra Tanadrouli sazogadoebis gemovnebasa da interesebs,
RvTismsaxurTa Sesamoseli organulad erwymis qarTuli saeklesio xe-
lovnebis ganviTarebis ZiriTad xazs da saSualebas gvaZlevs aRvadginoT
epoqis kulturisa da xelovnebis xasiaTi. naqargobiT Semkuli, dRemde
SemorCenili saRvTismsaxuro samosis nimuSebi Sesrulebis maRali kul-
turiTa da mxatvruli doniT xasiaTdeba. saqarTveloSi Cvenamde moRweu-
li am dargis uZvelesi nimuSia samRvdelmTavro samosis erT-erTi detali
sabuxari kacxis monastridan romelic XII saukunis bolo XIII saukunis
dasawyisiT TariRdeba (amave epoqas ganekuTvneba uadresi SemorCenili
naqargobani sxva marTlmadidebluri qveynebidanac _ saberZneTi, ruse-
Ti, bulgareTi, moldova-vlaqerni, serbeTi da sxva). XIII-XVI saukuneebis
naqargobis nimuSebi mcire raodenobiTaa SemorCenili, danarCeni Zeglebi
moicavs XVII-XIX saukuneebs. SemorCenili mxatvruli naqargobis simcire,
masalis cud gamZleobasTan erTad, mterTa Semosevebis Sedegad ekle-
sia-monastrebis aoxrebiTac aixsneba.
XVI-XVIII saukuneebi, miuxedavad qveyanaSi arsebuli mZime politikuri
mdgomareobisa, qarTuli xelovnebis ganviTarebis istoriaSi kultur-
is gamococxlebiTaa cnobili. kulturul-literaturuli saqmianobis
mniSvnelovani centrebi arsebobda qarTlSi, aseve kaxeTisa da imereTis
samefo-sasaxleebSi (gremi, Telavi, quTaisi) da samegrelosa da guriis sam-
TavroTa karze. kulturis mniSvnelovan centrebs warmoadgendnen saepis-
koposo kaTedralebi - sveticxoveli, wilkani, samTavisi, alaverdi, gelaTi,
caiSi, bedia, Semoqmedi da sxva.
qristianuli tradiciis mixedviT, saeklesio samosi, romliTac eklesiis
msaxuri imoseba, Tavad ganasaxierebs macxovars dedamiwaze da qristian-
uli religiuri simbolikiT aris gajerebuli. samosi, romelic RmerTma
Zveli aRTqmis mRvdelmTavar aaronsa da mis STamomavlobas dauwesa, sxva
adamianTagan maT gamorCeulobas usvamda xazs. „Zveli aRTqmis“ mixedviT,
RvTismsaxurebisaTvis saWiro samosi da am samosis forma, feri Tu „sam-
kaulebi“ garkveul normebsa da kanonikas emorCileboda. qristianulma
samyarom liturgiis damkvidrebisTanave SeimuSava RvTismsaxurebasTan da-
kavSirebuli sakuTari dogmaturi kanonebi.
bizantiis imperiis dacemis Semdeg, saimperatoro xelisuflebis simbo-
loebma mTlianad gadainacvla „saeklesio sferoSi“. XI saukunemde patri-
arqs ar gamoarCevda arc erTi gansakuTrebuli insignia mitropolitis,
mTavarepiskoposis an mRvdlisagan. RvTismsaxuris mier nebismieri saidum-
los aRsrulebisas gamoyenebuli sagniTa Tu samosiT xazgasmulia macx-
ovris Tandaswreba. rac imas gulisxmobs, rom eklesiis msaxurTa samosis
zogadi simboluri mniSvneloba aris xiluli materialuri formiT ga-
moxatuli sulieri samosi. rogorc wminda mamebi ganmartaven, mRvdelm-
Tavris Sesamoselis yvela Semadgeneli elementi, simbolurad dakavSire-
bulia macxovris cxovrebasa da mowameobriv aRsasrulTan.
Semosva RvTismsaxurebaSi sulieri Sinaarsis matarebelia. misi mniSvne-
loba xazgasmulia liturgiaSi. evqaristiuli saidumlos aRsruleba iw-
yeba episkoposis sadResaswaulo SemosviT. krebulis winaSe, aRsaydrebuli
mRvdelmTavari taZris dasavleT mklavSi an stoaSi ganemzadeba Jamiswir-
753
 visaTvis. Sav samRvdelmonazvno Sesamosels, romelic saxea „ama soflis-
agan“ ganSorebisa anu codvaTagan Tavis damarxvisa, Caenacvleba sazeimo,
feradovani, naqargobiT damSvenebuli samoseli.
eklesiis msaxurTa samosis tarebisa da masTan dakavSirebuli tradicia
gansazRvruli iyo da aris saeklesio dadgenilebebiT. aqedan gamomdinare,
dawesda sasuliero pirTa ierarqiis sami xarisxis samosi da dakanon-
da samosTa raodenoba xarisxis gaTvaliswinebiT. sasuliero pirebi, ier-
arqiuli safexuris Sesabamisad, RvTismsaxurebisas imosebian gamorCeuli
SesamoseliT, ase magaliTad: umaRles safexurze mdgomi sasuliero piri
imoseba yvela mis qvemoT safexurze mdgomi sasuliero piris Sesamosel-
Si. magaliTad, diakvans aqvs ufleba Seimosos olariTa da sabuxarebiT,
mRvdels, garda diakvnis Sesamoselisa, aqvs sartyeli da filoni, episko-
poss aqvs omoforis, enqerisa da mitris, aseve panaRiis tarebis ufleba.
diakvani imoseba sami saxeobis, mRvdeli - xuTi, xolo episkoposi - Svidi
saxeobis samosSi. simon Tesalonikelis ganmartebiT (XVs.), Sesamoselis
Svidi komponenti (stiqari, sabuxari, filoni, omofori, epitraqili, enqeri,
sakosi) suliwmindis Svidi madlis simboloa.
yvela xarisxisaTvis aucilebel sa-
moss warmoadgens „sadiakvno stiqa-
ri“ anu igive „fesuedi samosi“. (sur.
1). stiqari mosavT rogorc mRvdelm-
saxurT, aseve medaviTneebsac. igi
Sida samosia, romelsac Zvelad yvela
qali da mamakaci atarebda. SemdgomSi
eklesiam miiRo rogorc Sida – fes-
vedi samosi. igi cvlis Zveli aRTqmis
qitons, amitomac mas xSirad qitonsac
uwodeben. karTagenis meoTxe kreba-
ze ganisazRvra misi tarebis ufle-
ba. adre stiqari iyo TeTri, razedac
metyvelebs misi erT-erTi saxeli _
`alba~. es aris odnav kalTagagan-
ierebuli, koWebamde daSvebuli samo-
si, majasTan Seviwroebuli saxeloe-
biT, romlebic xlaTebiT bolovdeba,
xlaTebi ki majaze mWidrod exveva.
qristianuli TvalsazrisiT, saRvTism-
saxuro samoss sami ZiriTadi princi-
pi udevs safuZvlad: forma, feri da
wminda ricxvTa simbolika. umTavre-
si da wamyvani, formis TvalsazrisiT,
aris jvari, romlis Targzecaa aWrili
sadiakvno da samRvdlo stiqari. sim-
boluri gaazrebiT, saintereso deta-
lia stiqarisa da sakosis gulispiri-
sa da sayelos Wrili,romelic formiT
1 barZims mogvagonebs. da es SemTxvevi-
Ti araa, radgan RvTis msaxuri am sa-
mosiT Semosili, Tavadaa WurWeli.
754
sabuxari - pirvelad moixsenieba pe-
tre antioqielis mier mixeil kero-
lariosisadmi 1054 wels miweril
werilSi. werilis konteqstidan ga-
momdinare, misi damweric da adresatic,
orive patriarqi dajildovda sabux-
arebis tarebis uflebiT, rogorc
maTi wodebisTvis gankuTvnili privi-
legiiT. XIII saukuneSi sabuxarebs at-
arebdnen rogorc mRvdlebi, aseve epis-
koposebi. XIV saukunis Sua xanebSi ki
sabuxarebs ukve diakvnebic atarebd-
nen. sabuxari ganasaxierebs im Tasmebs,
romliTac macxovars dauborkes xe-
lebi, geTsimaniis baRSi, pilatesTan
miyvanisas. sabuxari samajuris mova-
leobasac asrulebs. misi meSveobiT,
Sida samosis saxeloebi maRla iweva,
majaze mWidrod exveva da ufro mox-
erxebuls xdis samoss RvTismsaxure-
bisas. Cvenamde moRweuli trapeciis
formis sabuxarTa xmareba eklesiaSi
XI saukunidan dasturdeba, mas Semdeg,
rac bizantiis imperatorebma saekle-
sio pirebs ufleba misces, RvTism-
saxurebis dros saimperatoro samo-
sis garkveuli detalebi etarebinaT.
sabuxarebze yvelaze xSirad gamois-
axeba „xarebis“ kompozicia. Cvenamde
SemorCenil yvelaze adreul qarTul
sabuxarebze („kacxis sabuxarebi“, XII
s.) gamosaxulia „ziarebis kompozi-
cia“. (sur. 2).
2
755
 olari - romelic i podiakvnebis,
diakvnebisa da arqidiakvnebis Sesa-
moselia, garkveuli ikonografiuli
programiT morTuli grZeli, viwro
qsovilia. olari gamoiyeneba ro-
gorc aRmosavleTis, ise dasavleTis
eklesiebSi. dasavleTSi mas „stola“
hqvia. werilobiT wyaroebSi olari
pirvelad 364 w. – laodikiis krebaze
Cans, sadac misi tarebis uflebasa da
weszea laparaki. dabali rangis msax-
urT _ medaviTneebsa da mgaloblebs
olaris tarebis ufleba ara aqvT. bi-
zantiuri periodis naqargobiT Sem-
kul liturgikul Sesamosels Soris,
mxolod diakvnis olars aqvs (um-
Tavresad warweris saxiT), misi sim-
boluri interpretaciis Sesatyvisi
dekoracia. (sur. 3).
756
diakvnis olars qarTulad g i n g i l a
hqvia, xolo mRvdlebisa da episkopose-
bisas – e p i t r a q i l i , romelic
warmosdgeba sadiakvno olarisagan.
mRvdeli diakvnis uflebamosilebas-
Tan erTad iRebda damatebiT madls,
rac mas uflebas aniWebda yofiliyo
ara marto msaxuri, aramed Caetarebi-
na saeklesio saidumloebebi da mRvd-
lis funqciaSi Semavali yvela saqme.
arqiepiskoposis netari simeonis
ganmartebiT, epitraqiliT mosili mR-
vdeli RvTisadmi msaxurebis uRelSi
ebmeba. (sur. 4).
epitraqilis gareSe mRvdeli arc
erT msaxurebas ar atarebs. olari
da epitraqili ganasaxierebs madl-
sac da uRelsac. rac Seexeba omo-
fors, is mxolod episkoposTa samosia,
romlis gareSe liturgiis arcer-
Ti samsaxuris Catareba ar SeuZlia
mas. tradiciulad, epitraqilebze ga-
mosaxulia (Cvens dromde SemorCeni-
li uZvelesi epitraqili TariRdeba
XII-XIII saukuneebiT. inaxeba germani-
aSi, eixStetSi. masze warmodgenilia
RvTismSobeli, macxovari da aTi moci-
quli TaRebSi. saqarTveloSi SemorCe-
nilia XVII-XVIII ss-ebis epitraqile-
bi) sxvadasxva saxis moCarCoebaSi
RvTismSoblis, ioane naTlismcemlis,
mociqulebis, maxareblebis, mTavaran-
gelozebis, wmindanebis, mRvdelmTavre-
bis figurebi an qristes cxovrebis
amsaxveli scenebi. epitraqilis sakis-
reze, wreSi Cawerili macxovris an
misive simbolos - jvris gamosax-
ulebaa. paralelur masalaze epi-
traqilebze am adgilas gvxvdeba aseve
abraamis stumarTmoyvareobis scena.
mogvianebiT (XVIII s-is bolo XIX s.)
epitraqilebze figurebi mcenareul-
ma ornamentebma, jvrebma da serafimTa
gamosaxulebebma Caanacvla.
757
 omofori jvrebiT Semkuli grZeli mRvdlebisTvisaa gankuTvnili filoni, romelic maT mxolod RvTismsax-
da ganieri qsovilia. adreuli xanis urebis dros acviaT. (sur. 6). filoni aris usaxelo, zeda samosi, romelic
omoforebi morTuli iyo qristes mTel sxeuls faravda. simbolurad filoni is qlamidaa, romelic qristes
cxovrebis amsaxveli siuJetebiT an moasxes warwymedis win. amave dros igi mRvdelmsaxurT Seaxsenebs simar-
mociqulTa Tu mRvdelmTavarTa ga- Tlis samosze, romliTac isini unda Seimoson, rogorc qristes msaxur-
mosaxulebebiT, rac saqarTvelos xe- ni. saberZneTsa da saqarTveloSi gamorCeuli Rirseba hqonda miniWebuli
lovnebis muzeumSi arsebuli masal- mravaljvrian filons - „polistavrions“.
iTac dasturdeba. (sur. 5) omofori
simbolurad dakargul cxvars, adami- filonis identuri mniSvneloba aqvs sakoss, romelic zogjer filons
anTa dakargul modgmas niSnavs. omo- cvlis. sakosi formiT gavs Zveli aRTqmis efodsa da berZeni imperato-
foriT mosili RvTismsaxuri gana- ris sakoss. saepiskoposo sakosi xelovnebaSi XIII saukunis bolos Cndeba
saxierebs qristes, romelmac, rogorc (ohrida 1295 w.).
keTilma mwyemsma, dakarguli cxvari
farasTan miiyvana. episkoposis mxre-
bze Semoxveuli omofori, pirvelad
isidore pelozionis, mogvianebiT
ki germane konstantinepolelis
mier mis liturgikul komentarebSi
ganmartebulia, rogorc dakarguli
cxvari (maTe 18: 12-13; luka15: 4-5):

„episkoposis omofori damzadebulia

Salisgan da ara selisgan, is war-
moadgens dakargul cxvars, romelic
Cvenma macxovarma i pova da Tavisi mx-
rebiT moiyvana“.

miuxedavad am simboluri tradicii-

sa, omofori xSirad mzaddeboda, ro-
gorc abreSumis, aseve Salisgan. is
ZiriTadad naqargi jvrebiT irTvebo-
da. SemorCenil omoforTagan bevris
miwari abreSumiTaa naqargi.

qarTuli olarebis, omoforebisa da

epitraqilebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
araa kanonikuri warwerebi, maTze mx-
olod saqtitoro warweras Tu Sevx-
vdebiT.

saqarTveloSi arsebuli Cvenamde

moRweuli olarebidan uZvelesia 1312
wliT daTariRebuli anCis olari.

6
5

758 759
 sakosis Targs gaSlil mdgomareo-
baSi jvris forma aqvs. misi gverde-
bi Caukeravia. wina da ukana kalTebi
simboloa Zveli da axali aRTqmisa.
gverdebsa da saxeloebze dakerebuli
Rilebi uflis sityvis gamocxadebis
simboloa. (sur. 7)

rogorc Cans, sakosebi morTuli yo-

fila mravalferovani religiuri
scenebiT. amis dasturia erovnuli
muzeumis S. amiranaSvilis sax. xe-
lovnebis muzeumSi daculi sakosi,
romlis wina kalTis sayelosTan en-
drosferi zeziT mosiTvul miwarze
„xarebis“ kompoziciaa warmodgenili,
zurgis mxares ki - „vedreba“; gar-
da amisa, igi Semkulia yvela sauflo
dResaswauliT. masze warmodgenil-
ia agreTve wmindanTa da mociqulTa,
wminda meomarTa, mesveteTa figurebi.

760 761
 Zveli aRTqmidan Semovida qristian-
ul saeklesio samosSi qamari _ sar-
tyeli. misi praqtikuli daniSnulebaa,
rom mRvdelma samosis qamriT SekvriT
ukeTesad Caataros mRvdelmsaxureba.
sartyeli simbolurad zeciuri niSa-
nia RmrTis Zalisa, codvasTan mebrZo-
li adamianis sulieri sifxizlisa da
RvTis mcnebis aRsrulebisa. igi mR-
vdelmsaxurs aZlierebs msaxurebis
aRsrulebisas. mis gareSe mRvdelm-
saxurs ufleba ara aqvs msaxurebis
Catarebisa. sartyelebi mzaddeboda
sxvadasxva masalisgan: tyavis, oqrosi,
abreSumnarevi Salis, selis. masze gam-
oisaxeba wmindanTa,winaswarmetyvelTa
gamosaxulebebi an simboluri mniSvn-
elobis mcenareul-geometriuli or-
namentebi. sartyeli ukan ikvreba Tas-
miT an balTebiT. Cvenamde moRweul
sartylebze aSkarad SeiniSneba, rom
mqargveli ostatebi, ZiriTadad or-
namentul dekors (figuraTa gareSe)
gamosaxavdnen Sig Cawerili jvre-
biT. Tumca SemoqmedebiTi amocanis es,
erTi SexedviT, erTgvari „gaioleba“,
arafers aklebs maT mxatvrul Rire-
bulebas. kompoziciis agebis aseTi
sqema ostatisagan damatebiT moiTx-
ovs umciresi ornamentuli detalis
gaazrebas kanonikuri Tu mxatvruli
TvalsazrisiT, rac arc Tu ise iolia
sartyelTa mcire zomis gamo. ramden-
ime sartyelze an mis balTaze gvxvde-
ba aseve saqtitoro warwerebi. (sur. 8)

bizantias ukavSirdeba enqeris war-

momavloba. igi ganekuTvneba mxolod
episkoposebs, arqimandritebs, raime
gansakuTrebuli damsaxurebisaTvis
zogierT mRvdelsac eZleva misi tare-
bis ufleba. (sur. 9) yvelaze Zveli
cnobebi enqeris Sesaxeb XI saukune- 9
Si gvxvdeba. Teodor valsamonis si-
tyvebidan irkveva, rom enqeri manamdec
yofila xmarebaSi. enqeri, simbolurad,
niSnavs sulier maxvils, romelic
RvTis sityvaa. enqeris rombiseburi
forma simboloa oTxi maxareblisa, ma-
gram, daniSnulebis mixedviT, is basri
maxvilia. sulxan-sabas ganmartebiT,
8 enqeri aris „xelsaxoci“. berZnuli

762 763
 eklesia ganixilavs enqers, rogorc qristes sityvis maxvils da rogorc
xelsaxocs, romliTac macxovarma fexebi Seuwminda Tavis mowafeebs. XII
saukunemde mxolod episkoposebs hqondaT misi tarebis ufleba, xolo Sem-
deg es ufleba sxva, gamorCeuli saeklesio wodebiT dajildoebul samR-
vdeloebasac gadaeca.
enqeri ikereba abreSumis qsovilisgan, xolo zedapiri ki iqargeba. masze
gamosaxuli Tematikis mixedviT, saeklesio daniSnulebis nivTTagan,
yvelaze mravalferovania. enqerze gamoisaxeba „jojoxeTis warmotyvev-
na“, „feriscvaleba“, „vedreba“, „me var venaxi“, „sameba“, „RvTismSobeli yr-
miT“, `qerubimi~, „suliwmindis gadmosvla“, `jvris dideba~. a.S. kompozicia
yovelTvis diagonalzea agebuli, amiT xazgasmulia masSi Cadebuli sim-
bolo - borotebaze daSvebuli maxvili. enqeris sam kuTxeSi sami fun-
ji, zaris simboloa, zarisa, romelic Sekrebs morwmuneT uflis sadide-
blad, gawmends haers mavne Zalebisgan, gaaZlierebs morwmuneT, raTa win
aRudgnen borotebas. enqeri, rogorc RvTis sityva, unda ismodes yvel-
gan - „oTxiv kuTxiT“ da zaris xmaze Sekribos morwmuneni. sam kuTxe-
Si mimagrebuli funji, simbolurad, samjer zaris rekvas gamoxatavs.
yvela zemoT CamoTvlili samosiT Semosvisas warmoiTqmis Sesabamisi
locvani aRebuli fsalmunidan, saxarebidan, Zveli aRTqmidan da a.S. es
locvebi cxadyofs im sixaruls, romelic sufevs ufalTan Sexvedris
samzadisSi.
mRvdelmTavris Sesamoselis srul SemadgenlobaSi Sedis aseve mitra,
romelic sxvadasxva religiuri gamosaxulebebiT aris Semkobili da jil-
dos saxiT gadaecemaT sasuliero pirebs. mRvdelmTavris mitriT Semos-
visas warmoiTqmis Semdegi locva: `daadga ufalman Tavsa Sensa gvirgvini
qvisa misgan patiosnisa, cxorebaÁ sTxove mas da mogces Sen gangrZobaÁ
dReT yovladve aw da maradis da ukuniTi ukunisamde amin“.
mitra moiazreba rogorc simbolo
eklis gvirgvinisa da im sudarisa,
romliTac daburvili iyo macxovris
dawylulebuli Tavi. (sur. 10) qris-
tianTaTvis mitra im gvirgvins moas-
wavebs, romliTac marTalni caTa sa-
sufevelSi Seimkobian,aseve igi niSania
mefis gvirgvinisa, radgan mRvdelmsax-
uri qriste meufis saxiT aris Semosi-
li. arsebobs berZnuli mitrebis sami
saxeoba, romelTagan naqargobis Tval-
sazrisiT pirveli yvelaze saintere-
soa, vinaidan es aris mitris yvelaze
adreuli ti pi, martivi, mrgvali qudi,
brtyeli ciT, romelic warmosdgeba
samonastro Tavsaburavidan.
10 esMmitra caze da gverdebze scenebiT
an calkeuli figurebiT iyo moqar-
guli; mitrebis danarCeni ori ti pi,
Zlier hgavda bizantiis saimperatoro
764
gvirgvins, aseve bizantieli didebulebis Tavsaburavebs, albaT imitom
rom xalxisaTvis SeexsenebinaT, rom bizantiis dacemis Semdeg, imperatori
misi wmidaTawminda avtoritetiT, RmerTis warmomadgeneli iyo dedamiwaze,
romelic cocxlobda eklesiis saTaveSi. meore da mesame ti pis mitrebi
maRalia da mrgvali, amaTgan erTs aqvs jvriT dafaruli saimperatoro
gvirgvinis salte. orive gakeTebulia myari masalisagan da Zvirfasi
metalebisgan. Semkulia qvebiTa da minanqris firfitebiT, iSviaTad _ naqa-
rgobiT.
saeklesio leqsikonSi CamoTvlilia is RvTismsaxurebi, romelTac mitris
tarebis ufleba aqvT. aseTebia: mRvdelmTavrebi,arqimandritebi,gamorCeuli
dekanozebi. kaTolikos-patriarqis, mitropolitebisa da mTavarepiskopose-
bis mitrebi savaldebuloa jvrebiT gvirgvindebodes. liturgiis erT-erT
ganmartebaSi vkiTxulobT: `xolo mitrasa nebarTviT ukeTil-msaxuresTa
xelmwifeTa gamo, garda mRudelmTavarTa hxmaroben mas arximandritni da
romelnime dekanozica“.
Cven mier Seswavlil mitrebze warmodgenil naratiul kompoziciebSi
„jvarcmis“, „vedrebis“, „aRdgomis“ Temebi dominirebs. calkeuli gamo-
saxulebebis saxiT gvxvdeba macxovris sxvadasxva ikonografiuli ti pi,
RvTismSobeli, ioane naTlismcemeli, mTavarangelozebi, wminda mamebi. mi-
trebze yuradReba gamaxvilebulia macxovris, RvTismSoblisa da wmindan-
Ta meoxebis gziT morwmuneTa sasufevelSi damkvidrebis ideaze, romlisT-
visac gamosaxulebebis irgvliv iqmneba sagangebo Teologiur programaze
dafuZnebuli dekori.
mitrebis caze e.w. mTavar xatad mocemulia „xati miZinebisa“, „macxovari
Zveli dReTa“, „niSiani RvTismSobeli“, „jvarcmis“ gamosaxulebebi. safiqre-
belia, rom mitris ikonografiuli programis Sedgenas ganapirobebda dam-
kveTis an mflobelis piradi arCevani. aseve, SesaZloa, damkveTis an eklesi-
isa Tu monastris mfarveli wmindanis saxelTan yofiliyo dakavSirebuli
mitraze mTavari xatisTvis gamorCeuli adgilis mikuTvneba.
droTa ganmavlobaSi mitrebze SeiniSneba dekoris princi pebis Secvla,
kerZod, mitrebis dekorSi ornamentis mniSvneloba gaizarda, rac eTanxmeba
am periodis saerTo tendencias, Tu XVII saukunemde zogadad saeklesio
Sesamoselze wamyvani mniSvneloba figurul gamosaxulebebs eniWeboda, am
periodidan moyolebuli saeklesio daniSnulebis naqargobebze (dafar-
na, enqeri, sabuxari, olar–omoforebi) ornamenti gabatonda. ufro metic,
mcenareulma ornamentma mTlianad Caanacvla figuruli gamosaxuleba.
rogorc ganxiluli mitrebis magaliTebma dagvanaxa, qarTuli mitrebi-
saTvis SemuSavebuli ikonografiuli programis erT-erTi wamyvani Temaa
- „samoTxis Tema“, romelic sxvadasxva mcenareuli motivebis saSualebi-
Taa warmodgenili. mitrebis dekori rTul Teologiur sazriss emyareba,
sadac figuratiul gamosaxulebasTan erTad sxvadasxva saxis simboluri
gamosaxuleba da ornamenti qmnis erTian mxatvrul-ideur mTlianobas.
Seswavlili masalidan warmoCinda, rom saukuneTa manZilze mitrebis for-
ma icvleboda:
765
 a) XVI saukunis bolosa da XVII saukunis dasawyisSi xelovnebis nimuSeb-
ze warmodgenil sasuliero pirebs umTavresad xuravT ornawiliani mitra
- gvirgviniT. amis Tqmis saSualebas gvaZlevs rogorc realurad Semonax-
uli masala, aseve vizualuri mowmobebi, Tumca am ukanasknelze Tavsabu-
ravebis dekori ar aris gamokveTili. muzeumSi daculi msgavsi formis
mitrebi ki mdidruladaa Semkuli Zvirfasi qvebiTa da daxvewili teqnikiT
Sesrulebuli sxvadasxva gamosaxulebiT.
naxevarSi qarTveli ostatebi ukve mTlianad moeqcnen ruseTis fabrikuli
nawarmis gavlenis qveS“.
igive SeiZleba iTqvas qarTul saeklesio naqargobazedac. XIX saukunis
meore naxevarSi qarTuli saeklesio naqargoba mTlianad Secvala rusul-
ma fabrikulma mza nimuSebma, ramac gamoiwvia xelovnebis am metad saint-
ereso dargis sruli gaqroba.

b) XVII saukuneSi, rogorc realurad SemorCenil masalaSi, aseve amave pe-

riodis xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargSi asaxulia dabali, sworgverdebiani
mitrebi, romlebzec gamosaxulebebi naqargobiTaa Sesrulebuli da ar
gamoirCeva mdidruli SemkulobiT.

g) XVIII saukunis bolos rusuli da evropuli kulturisadmi interesis

gaRviveba da maTTan realuri kontaqtebis damyareba erTgvar gamoZax-
ils saRvTismsaxurebo naqargobaSic poulobs. aRniSnuli gavleniT isev
icvleba mitrebis forma da is iRebs ufro maRal, cisken gafarToebul
formas, Sublze mWidrod morgebuli sartyliTa da momrgvalebuli ciT.
icvleba gamoyenebuli masala da dekoric, rogorc vizualur, ise realur
masalaSi warmodgenili aRniSnuli formis mitrebi gaformebulia minan-
qris medalionebiT, aseve margalitebiTa da Zvirfasi qvebiT Sedgenili
sxvadasxva saxis ornamentiT.

liturgikuli WurWlis safarebeli - dafarna saeklesio daniSnulebis

nivTia, romelic ixmareba barZimisa da feSxumis safareblad ziarebis
aRsrulebis dros. kompleqtebad moqarguli dafarnebidan, erTi feSxums
efareboda, meore-barZims, mesame ki _ orives erTad. (sur. 11) formisa da
zomis mixedviT isini erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian. barZimis da feSxumis
safareblebi SedarebiT mcire zomisaa da kvadratuli an jvruli forma
aqvs, xolo saerTo safarebeli marTkuTxaa da zomiTac ufro didia. adre,
mcire dafarnebisaTvis specialuri terminebi arsebobda: patarebs „pereqe-
li“ erqva, dids - jer „cai“, XVII saukunidan ki - „dafarna“, romelic XVIII
saukunis bolodan dRemde, maT saerTo saxelad damkvidrda. saukuneebis
manZilze dafarnebisaTvis iqmneboda da yalibdeboda ikonografiuli pro-
gramebi, romlebSic asaxuli iyo am nivTis ZiriTadi azri da funqcia. Cve-
namde moRweuli yvelaze adreuli qarTuli nimuSi XVII saukunis meore
naxevriT TariRdeba. saukuneebis manZilze dafarnebisaTvis SemuSavebuli
Teologiurad ucvleli siuJetebis - „liturgiuli msxverpli“, „evqaris-
tia“ da „meored mosvlis“ Temebi gvianfeodalur xanaSi axali ikonografi-
uli saxeebiT, formebiTa da xerxebiT gadmoicemoda. XVII saukunis bo-
losa da XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi naqargobis ikonografiaSi arsebiTi
cvlilebebi xdeba. dafarnebisaTvis SemuSavebuli zemoT dasaxelebuli
Teologiurad ucvleli Temebis gadmocemisas, mTavar Sinaarsobriv el-
ementad ukve simboluri mniSvnelobis mqone ornamenti iqca. maTi meS-
veobiT moxda rTuli Teologiuri cnebebisa Tu siuJetebis gadmocema.
aRniSnuli cvlilebebi TandaTan, etapobrivad ganviTarda. XIX saukunis
dasawyisSi Seqmnil dafarnebze ornaments ukve zogadi simboluri dat-
virTva aqvs da, umTavresad, dekoratiuli morTulobisTvisaa gamiznuli.
Seexo ra XIX saukunis Weduri xelovnebis nimuSebs, g. CubinaSvili werda:
11
„XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi kidev SeiZleba laparaki qarTuli saekle-
sio xelovnebis tradiciebis gagrZelebis Sesaxeb. amave saukunis meore

766 767
 bibliografia
1. guCua v., „ganaTleba, xalxuri sityviere-
ba“, saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t.
II, Tb., 1973
2. mokle ganmarteba liturRiisa, Sekrebi-
li dekanozis grigol mansvetovis mier.
tf., Cynb (1852) welsa
3. saeklesio leqsikoni, redaqtori zurab
ekalaZe, Tb., 2008
4. Jonstone P., Byzantine tradition in church embroi-
dery, London, 1967
768
5. Sharon E.J. Gerstel, Beholding the Sacred myster-
ies: programs of the byzantine Sanctuary,Seattle and
London, 1999
6. Брокгаузь Ф. А., Ефронь И. А.,Энциклопедиче-
ский Словарь, т. 19, С-петербург, 1896
7. Настолъная книга священнослужителя, т. 4,
Москва, 1983
769
 Eka Berelashvili

Georgian National Museum,

Sh. Amiranashvili State Museum,
Curator of Fund of Embroideries and Textiles,
Doctor of Cultural Studies

RECONSTRUCTION
OF ARCHPRIEST'S
GARMENTS
IN THE
EXHIBITION
SPACE
OF MTSKHETA
MUSEUM
According to the Christian tradition, ecclesi-
astic garments that religious servants put on,
personify the Savior himself and are saturated
with the Christian religious symbols. Garments,
which the God established for the archpriest of
the Old Testament Aaron and his descendants,
underlines their distinction from other humans.
According to the “Old Testament”, garments
required for religious service, their form, color
and “adornments” had to follow certain norms
and canonic. As soon as the liturgy was es-
tablished, Christian world developed its own
dogmatic law, related to religious services. The
tradition of wearing clothes of a churchman
and the related traditions were and are deter-
mined by ecclesiastic resolutions. Following
the above-mentioned, garments for three level
hierarchy of churchmen were determined, and
according to the level, the number of garments
were established. According to their hierar-
chic position, churchmen wear special clothes
during the religious services, e.g. The church-
man of the highest position wears garments of
all the churchmen being in the lower positions.
For instance, a deacon has the right to wear epi-
trachelion and epinamikia; a priest, in addition
to the deacon’s garments, has belt and phelon-
ion; bishop has the right of wearing omophori-
on, epigonation and mitre, as well as, panagia.

770 771
 nana burWulaZe
saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi,
Salva amiranaSvilis saxelobis xelovnebis muzeumi,
Sua saukuneebis koleqciebis mTavari kuratori
qristianuli
siZveleebi
mcxeTidan
Salva
amiranaSvilis
saxelobis
xelovnebis
muzeumSi
saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis Salva amiranaSvi-
lis saxelobis xelovnebis muzeumis Sua saukunee-
bis xelovnebis ZeglTa sacavebSi qristianul siZve-
leebs wamyvani adgili ukavia. maTi udidesi nawili
XX saukunis 20-30-ian wlebSia Camotanili sxvadas-
xva regionis eklesia-monastrebidan; im dros, roca
saeklesio nagebobebsa da saRvTismsaxuro siwmin-
deebs ganadgureba emuqreboda. isini dargobrivi
Taviseburebebis mixedviT gadanawilda da im niv-
Tebs daemata, romlebic qarTvel sazogado moRva-
weTa da sasuliero pirTa ZalisxmeviT saxelmwifo
sacavebSi ufro adre, XIX saukunis meore naxevarsa
da XX saukunis dasawyisSi moxvda.1 am masalas 50-
ian wlebSi da mas merec, sxvadasxva eqspediciebis
Sedegad Tu taZrebis restavraciis dros gamovle-
nili artefaqtebi da kerZo pirTagan Sesyiduli da
Sewiruli nivTebic daemata, ris Sedegadac xelovne-
bis muzeumSi Camoyalibda Sua saukuneebis qristia-
nuli xelovnebis uZvirfasesi koleqcia. am koleq-
ciaSi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas iqcevs mcxeTuri
eqsponatebi (arqiteqturuli Zeglebis fragmentebi,
xatebi, saeklesio qsovilebi, liturgiuli WurWeli
1 vgulisxmobT qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis, saekle-
sio muzeumis, saqarTvelos saistorio da saeTnografio sazogadoebisa Tu erovnuli
galeriis fondebSi aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi dagrovil sakmaod didi moculobis
masalas, romelmac Semdgom, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis Zveli qarTuli xe-
lovnebis muzeumisa Tu `metexis“ muzeumis koleqciebSi `gavliT“ dRevandeli xe-
lovnebis muzeumSi daido bina
772
da sxv.), romlebic Tavis droze saqarTvelos `wmida dedaqalaqis“ wmin-
da salocavebs ekuTvnoda. maT emateba agreTve is eqsponatebi, romlebic
XIX-XX saukuneebSia Seqmnili da ama Tu im kuTxiT ukavSirdeba mcxeTur
masalas (kedlis mxatvrobis aslebi, eklesiebis anazomebi, naxazebi, Canaxa-
tebi da sxv.).
winamdebare publikaciis mizania mcxeTuri siZveleebis im rCeul nimuSTa
Cveneba, romlebic iSviaTi ikonografiT, mxatvruli doniTa da ti polo-
giiT gamoirCeva. obieqturi mizezebis gamo amjerad ar vexebiT mcxeTuri
warmomavlobis masalas, romelic muzeumis e.w. oqros fondSi inaxeba da
romlis gamomzeureba momavlis saqmea.
SerCeuli eqsponatebis mimoxilvamde mokled gavixsenebT, rom saqarTve-
los sulier dedaqalaqs ukavSirdeba qristianobis iseTi mniSvnelovani
siwmindeebi, rogoric uflis kvarTi, wminda elia winaswarmetyvelis xa-
leni, wminda ninos jvari, golgoTis jvrisa da Zeli-cxovelis nawilebi
da mravali sxva wminda relikviaa [4:106-122]. aswleulebis ganmavlobaSi
sveticxovelSi xdeboda qarTvel mefeTa da kaTalikosTa kurTxeva, aq iyo
maTi saflavebi da bunebrivia, rom aqauri saganZuri moculobiTac da xa-
risxobrivadac gansakuTrebuli iqneboda. marTlac, werilobiTi wyaroebi
naTlad mowmobs mcxeTis taZrebisa da pirvelyovlisa sveticxovlis sim-
didresa da didebulebas. amis naTeli dasturia melqisedek kaTalikosis
mier sveticxovlisadmi boZebuli sigeli (1031-1033 ww.), sadac saqarTvelos
eklesiis saWeTmpyrobelis mier naTqvamia:
`... Cuen, qristes mier kurTxeulman qarTlisa k(aTaliko)z-patriarqman mel-
qizedek, mas Jamsa, odes uRirsi /ese/ Rirs viqmen saWeT-pyrobad wmidisa amis
taZrisa kaTolike samociquloÁsa eklesiisa da Sevamkev salxineblad su-
lisa Cemisa da warsamarTeblad qristeaneTa, da Sevamkev yovliTave samkau-
lobiTa, gareTiTa bWiTa da garSemo stoiTa moqmniTa da zedadaburviTa.
da Sevamkev yovliTa samkaulobiTa da vecxliTa, TualiTa da margalitiTa
da saR(mr)ToTa /wignTa/ daweriTa. da SevWede sueticx(o)veli oqroiTa
da vecxliTa. da SevWede w(mi)daÁ s(a)k(u)rTxeveli [oqroiTa] da vecxliTa,
TualiTa da margalitiTa. da movWeden kankelni da k(a)rni s(a)k(u)rTx(e)
velis(a)ni oqroiTa da vecxliTa... da Sevqmnen Zelni cx(o)r(e)bis(a)ni oq-
roÁs(a)ni b(evr)ni TualiTa da m(a)rgalitiTa. da Sevqmen w(mida)Á ese s(a)
m(a)rtuil(o)Á oqroÁTa da vecxliTa, TualiTa da m(a)rgalitiTa. da amas
Sig(a)n dausuenen yovelTa w(mi)daTa n(a)w(i)lni auracxelni da Zeli cx(o)
rebis(a)Á ...“[11: 22-23].
rogorc Cans, melqisedekis zeobisas qarTvelTa deda-eklesia flobda
Zvirfasi liTonebisgan damzadebul da Zvirfasad Semkul asobiT jvar-
xats, barZim-feSxumebs, sacecxlurebs, sasakmevleebs, xelnawer wignebs, mdi-
drulad naqarg liturgiul qsovilebs, sasanTleebsa da a.S. maT Soris
iyo berZen mefeTa – basilis, konstantinesa da romanozis2 - naboZebi xate-
bi, samoseli, kretsabmelebi da sxv., rac, cxadia kidev ufro faseuls xdida
imxanad sveticxovelSi davanebul ganZs.
2 aq unda igulisxmebodnen bizantiis imperatorebi: basili II (960-1025), konstantine VIII
porfirogeneti (1025-1028) da romanoz II argirusi (1028-1034)
773
 samwuxarod, am Zvirfasi saganZurisgan TiTqmis araferi gadarCa. Zalze
mcire ram Semoinaxa gviandeli nivTebisganac, romlebic XIX-XX saukunee-
bis siZveleTmaZiebelTa aRwerilobebiT imxanad mcxeTasa da mis taZrebSi
inaxeboda [22: 220,222-223; 23: 249-259]. miuxedavad amisa, is, rac SemogvrCa,
Zalze mniSvnelovania ara mxolod qarTuli, aramed zogadad qristianuli
kulturis TvalsazrisiTac. naTqvamis naTelsayofad sakmarisia mcxeTuri
samuzeumo siZveleebisTvis Tvalis erTi Sevlebac ki da maTi mokle da-
xasiaTeba.
daviwyebT qvaze kveTis nimuSebiT –
filiTa da ori steliT, romlebic
Camotanilia jvris taZridan da misi
Semogarenidan. fila (96 X 114 X 6 sm)
saqarTvelosTvis uCveulo masalis
– marmarilosia, restavrirebulia da
Sedgeba TabaSiriT SekavSirebuli 18
naWrisgan (sur. 1), romlebic marmari-
los sxva natexebTan erTad 1938 wels,
taZris restavraciis dros iqna amo-
Rebuli sakurTxevlis iatakidan3.
1. marmarilos fila. IV-V ss. jvris
taZari
g. CubinaSvilis azriT, fila SesaZloa ekuTvnoda: 1. qarTvelTa moqcevis
adgilis mosaniSnad mTaze aRmarTuli xis jvris oqtogonalur kvarcxlb-
eks; 2. jvrisTvis sagangebod agebul salxinebels (`gumbads“); 3. jvris
didi taZris kankels, an 4. sakurTxevlis afsids Semoyolebuli qvis na-
xevarwriuli xarisxis baliustradas [26.: 84, 86, tab. 29]. mkvlevari, V-VIII
saukuneebis bizantiuri paralelebis safuZvelze (kankelis filebi romis
san klimentisa da ravenis san apolinari nuovos bazilikebidan, fokidis
osios lukasisa da salonikis wm. dimitri Tesalonikelis taZrebidan,
trapezis qva da svetebis bazisebi ravenis san vitales, baris san nikolas
da ravenis san apolinari in klases eklesiebidan da sxv.) VI saukunis
pirveli naxevriT aTariRebs filas da miiCnevs mas jvris did taZarze
ufro adrindel nakeTobad. zemoxsenebul paralelebs davumatebdiT aTe-
nis benakisa da bizantiuri muzeumebis koleqciebSi dacul kankelebis
marmarilos filebs, romlebic yvelaze metad gavs mcxeTur filas.
jvris taZris fila kankelis nawilad miiCnia r. Smerlingma [24: 60-62;
tab. 1]. man gamosaxulebis ikonografiiTa da stiliT igi e.w. delfosuri
filebis jgufs miakuTvna, gaafarTova ucxouri analogebis wre da V-VI
saukuneebiT daaTariRa. amasTan mecnierma, g. CubinaSvilis msgavsad, es eq-
sponati bizantiuri warmomavlobis Zeglad CaTvala.
filis daniSnulebis Sesaxeb g. CubinaSvilis erT-erTi versia gaiziara da
daasabuTa g. abramiSvilma. man yuradReba miaqcia taZris centrSi mdgari
oqtogonuri kvarcxlbekis erT mxares SemorCenil marmarilos oTxkuT-
3 fila 1940-iani wlebis dasawyisSi Sewebda arqiteqtor m. CxikvaZis sqemiT, 1947 wels ki
xelovnebis muzeum `metexis“ sainventaro wignSi gatarda (sxsm `d“ 102). aqvea Canawe-
ri marmarilos meore filis usaxuri namsxvrevebis Sesaxebac (sxsm `d“ 101), romelTa
awyoba SeuZlebelia
774
xa boZs, romelsac cal waxnagze zustad filis zomis Rari aqvs. amgvari
Tanxvedridan gamomdinare, mkvlevarma boZi filis Casamagrebel sayrdenad
miiCnia, riTac daazusta misi adgili da funqcia [1: 36-37, 193].
asea Tu ise, sadac unda mdgariyo jvris taZris fila da ra funqciac unda
hqonoda mas, igi kompoziciuri simwyobriT, kveTis teqnikuri daxvewilo-
biT, gamosaxulebis SinaarsiTa da mxatvruli iersaxiT misi wris ZeglTa
Soris erT-erTi saukeTeso nimuSia. am filis mniSvnelovnebas zrdis is
garemoebac, rom dRemde aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi marmarilos arqiteq-
turuli detalebis arseboba mcxeTis garda mxolod atenis sionSi fiq-
sirdeba.4
saerTod, Zvel qarTul taZrebSi samSeneblod Tu mosapirkeTeblad mar-
marilos qvis moxmarebis SemTxvevebi sakmaod iSviaTia da bizantiasTan
meti siaxlovis gamo umetesad dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesia-monastreb-
Si gvxvdeba (moqvi, biWvinTa, martvili, caiSi, xobi,…gelaTi). mkvlevarTa az-
riT, yvela maTgani adreqristianul xanas ekuTvnis, prokonesuri warmomav-
lobisaa da marmarilos zRvis kunZul marmoraze arsebul im saxelosnos
ukavSirdeba, romelic samSeneblo da mosapirkeTebeli masaliT amaragebda
bizantiis dedaqalaqs, italias da qristianuli samyaros bevr sxva mniS-
vnelovan punqtsac [1: 36].
rogorc irkveva, saqarTveloSi SemorCenili marmarilos nakeTobebi Zi-
riTadad spoilebia, anu Tavis droze isini axal adgilebze meoradi da-
niSnulebiT gamouyenebiaT [8: 227-242].5 Tavdapirvelad qvisgan nakveTi es
nimuSebi mcire arqiteqturuli nagebobebis (kankelebi, sanaTlavi embazebi,
sakurnebeli wylis rezervuarebi, ambionebi, svetebi, kolonadebi da a.S.) na-
wilebs warmoadgenda da maTi mxatvruli dekoric tradiciulad jvrebis-
gan, geometriuli figurebisgan da mcenareuli ornamentebisgan Sedgeboda.
spoilebis gavrcelebas ramdenime mizezi hqonda. erTi is, rom isini maTi
mompovebel-Semwirvelebis SesaZleblobebs warmoaCenda, meore – axal ad-
gilebs amSvenebda, mesame – maTi warmomavlobis adgils fizikurad da
sulierad akavSirebda axal samyofelTan, da meoTxe (eklesiuri TvalTa-
xedviT gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani) _ axali nagebobebis kedlebsa Tu
interierebSi CarTviT es nivTebi wminda relikviebis rols asrulebda.
cxadia, yvela importirebuli qva spoila ver iqneboda. zogjer isini
sagangebo SekveTebsac warmoadgenda. aseTi unda yofiliyo, savaraudod
qarTvelTa wminda dedaqalaqis, mcxeTis jvris marmarilos filac. ar ga-
4 atenis sionis arqeologiuri kvlevis dros, 1969-1992 wlebSi, taZris SigniTac da gare-
Tac marmarilos ara erTi fragmenti aRmoCnda, romlebic V saukunis bazilikas ekuT-
vnoda. esaa svetebisa da bazisebis fragmentebi, romlebic pirveladi daniSnulebiT
SesaZloa trapezis, kankelis, ormetriani mrgvali svetis da balustradis nawilebs
warmoadgenda [1: 36-41]
5 xelovnebis muzeumis qvis fondSi inaxeba marmarilos svetebis, bazisebisa da kapitel-
ebis sada da moCuqurTmebuli fragmentebi moqvidan. xobis monastris RvTismSoblis
taZris samxreT ekvderis interierSi da fasadis wyobaSi CarTulia ambionis filebi
jiqeTidan, romlebic samegrelos mTavarma, vamey dadianma omSi gamarjvebis Semdeg
Camoitana misi sagvareulos samarxi-eklesiisTvis [8: 231-236]. marmarilos spoilebi
dRemdea SemorCenili martvilis, caiSis, biWvinTisa da gelaTis monastrebis mTavari
taZrebis interierebSi [8: 231-236]; 25: 20-23]
775
 movricxavT, rom axladgaqristianebul iberiaSi es fila, kvarcxlbekisa
da, SesaZloa, agreTve kankelis nawilebTan erTad mcxeTaSi konstantine
didis mier gamogzavnil RvTismsaxurebsa da xuroTmoZRvrebs CamoetanaT.
jvris filaze nakveTia golgoTis jvrebi da maT Soris ormag wreSi Ca-
werili eqvsfoTola varduli qrizmiT, romlebic ormagad gadaxlarTuli
sartyeliT erTdeba ise, rom jvrebi kompoziciis qveda nawilSi gaSlil-
gafoTlili sartylis boloebs eyrdnoba. qrizma, adreqristianul xana-
Si farTod gavrcelebuli macxovris niSan-simbolo sxvadasxva versiiT
gvxvdeba [16: 30, 75, 78, 79; 17: 39, 41]. mas xSirad eqvsi an rva bolo aqvs, xan
R-ic erTvis, zogjer ki, wreSi Casmuli, `jvarcmaSi“ macxovris anTrop-
omorful figuras enacvleba.6 ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba, rom
jvarcmuli ieso ukve sxeulebrivad amaRlebulia da eklesia elodeba mis
meored mosvlas. swored am Sinaarsisaa mcxeTis jvris filis gamosaxule-
bac, romelic mTlianobaSi orbunebovani RmerTis sikvdilze gamarjvebis
Temas da sayovelTao xsnis dogmats asaxavs. aqve vityviT, rom marmarilos
filebi am SinaarsiTa da am sqemis gamosaxulebebiT adreqristianul rom-
sa da bizantiaSi arc Tu iSviaTia, magram saqarTveloSi mcxeTuri fila
erTaderTia.
aseve unikaluria jvris taZris mim-
debare teritoriidan muzeumSi mox-
vedrili VI-VII saukuneebis stelebis
fragmentebic, romlebic marmarilos
filisgan gansxvavebiT anTropomor-
ful, siuJetur gamosaxulebebs Sei-
cavs7. erTi maTgani (sxsm `d“ 103/1),
mcire zomisaa (21 X 21 X 12 sm.), Ca-
motexilia da Sesabamisad, masze war-
modgenili `ganrRveulis gankurneba“
nawilobriv moCans [6: 63, tab. 96]. fi-
lis zeda mxares, Rrma, iribuli kve-
TiT gamoyvanili vertikaluri zole-
bis rigi efeqtur TavsarTs qmnis da
mkafiod aCarCoebs ZiriTad gamosaxu-
2. stelis fragmenti `ganrRveulis lebas (sur. 2). mis qvemoT SemorCeni-
gankurnebis~ sceniT. VI-VII ss. lia aseve Rrma kveTiT gadmocemuli
jvris taZris mimdebare teritoria qristes Tmisa da Saravandis mcire
fragmenti da profiliT mdgari gan-
kurnebuli paralizebuli mamakaci,
romelsac zurgze TokiT mikruli
ayiravebuli sawoli mouCans.
ganrRveulis talRovani Tmis punsonirebuli boloebi, punsonirebuli
Tvalis guga, samosis nakecebis wyoba da damuSavebis manera aaxloebs mas
TviT mcxeTis jvris didi taZris aRmosavleT fasadze nakveT VI-VII sau-
kuneebis qtitorTa portretebTan.
soterologiuri Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, uflis saswaulebis gamosax-
vas saeklesio xelovnebis ganviTarebis pirvelive etapze gansakuTrebu-
li mniSvneloba eniWeboda [18: 162-186]. amitomac, ganrRveulis gankurneba
- brmis da eSmakeulis gankurnebasTan da lazares aRdginebasTan erTad
- sakmaod xSirad aisaxeboda kedlis mxatvrobaSi (II-III saukuneebis romis
katakombebisa da dura evroposis sinagogis freskebi) da qvis, liTonisa
Tu spilos Zvlis mxatvruli damuSavebis xelovnebaSi [16: 11-12, 66-67, 242-
243]. niSandoblivia, rom swored qristes saswaulebis amsaxveli uZvelesi
artefaqtebis wreSi eqceva mcxeTuri eqsponatic, romelic imiTac iqcevs
gansakuTrebul interess, rom qvajvarebi da maTi aRmarTvis tradicia
saqarTvelosgan gansxvavebiT, sakmaod iSviaTi movlenaa sxva qristianul
qveynebSi.
VI-VII saukuneebiT TariRdeba muzeumSi daculi kidev erTi qvis stelis
fragmenti jvris taZris mimdebare teritoriidan (41 X 28 X 30 sm.), romlis
sam mxareze adamianebis, cxovelebisa da jvrebis gamosaxulebebi moCans
(sur. 3-1,2).8 mis centralur waxnagze warmodgenilia macxovaris figura
Tavze daSvebuli suliwmindis sxivebiT da ori angelozis frTebis narCe-
nebiT. mkvlevarTa erTi nawili aq `uflis didebiT gamocxadebas“ xedavs
[10: 332], meore ki _ `jvarcmas“ [6: 67]. kompoziciis zemoT, viwro areze naC-
venebia `jvris amaRleba mfrinav angelozTa mier“, rac uSualod exmianeba
jvris didi taZris samxreT karis timpanis cnobil, jvarTamaRlebis gamo-
saxulebas.

6 vatikanis muzeumis IV saukunis sarkofagze (# 171) domicilas katakombidan dafnis

gvirgvinSi Casmuli da jvarze gakruli qrizmis da frinvelebis (morwmuneTa sulebi) 3.1 3.2
garda vnebis kviris amsaxveli yvela scena Cveulebrivad, adamianebis figurebis Cve-
3. 1,2 stelis fragmenti, VI-VII ss. jvris taZris midamoebi
nebiT gamoisaxeba. ufro metic, TviT qrizmian `jvarcmaSic“ mcvelebi naCvenebi arian
sxeulebrivad [16: 72, il. 40]
7 stelis sxva, CuqurTmebiani fragmentebic 1947 wlis dasawyisSia registrirebuli sain-
ventaro wignSi (sxsm `d“ 103/2-5), sadac maT Sesaxebac aris Canaweri imis Taobaze, rom 8 sainventaro davTris 1947 wlis Canaweris mixedviT qva muzeums arqiteqtorma m. Cxik-
SesaZloa muzeumSi isinic m. CxikvaZis motanilia vaZem gadasca (sainv. # sxsm `d“ 482)

776 777
 stelis fragmentis gverdiTa waxna-
gebze warmodgenilia: wreebSi Caweri-
li bolnuri jvrebi (marcxniv), ori
cxoveli da 3/4-iT Sebrunebuli ber-
monazoni (marjvniv).9 mkvlevarTa erTi
nawilis varaudiT, aq SeiZleba war-
modgenili iyos: a) wm. Sio mRvimeli,
romelmac taZris qtitori, qarTlis
erisTavi stefanoz I qristes rjul-
ze moaqcia; an b) ioane zedazneli,
4.1 4.2 rogorc winamZRoli asurel ber-mo-
nazonTa; an g) krebiTi saxe zogadad
samonazno dasisa, romelic VI-VII sau-
kuneebis qarTl-kaxeTSi mimdinare po-
litikur procesebSi zurgs umagreb-
da saero xelisuflebas [10: 342-343].
am mxriv niSandoblivia, rom arsebobs
stelis am gamosaxulebis gansxvavebu-
li interpretaciac, romlis mixedviT
4.3 ber-monazoni gaigivebulia daviT ga-
rejelTan, xolo scena – misi cxovre-
4. xis konsoli bis erT-erT epizodTan [6: 67].
4.1 xis konsoli adamis gamosax-
ulebiT. IV-V ss. stelis grafikulma rekonstruqciam
4.2 sveticxoveli, xis konsoli. IV-V
(avtori n. CakvetaZe) cxadyo, rom mu-
ss. zeumSi daculi qvis fragmenti ste-
4.3 sveticxoveli, xis konsolis zeda
mxare. IV-V ss. sveticxoveli
fanoz I-is mier taZris agebamde cota
adre dadgmuli memorialuri da vo-
tivuri daniSnulebis Zeglis zeda na-
wils warmoadgenda. rogorc gairkva,
am stelis bazisis nawilia is qarTul-somxuri warwerebiani qvac, rome-
lic taZris gviandel kankelSi naxes CaSenebuli, 1938 wlis restavraciis
dros, `gamoaTavisufles“ da romelic erTxans miaCndaT mirian mefis mier
aRmarTuli jvris postamentis mosapirkeTebel dafad [10: 352].10
garda jvris taZris siZveleebisa, muzeumis qvisa da xis nakeTobaTa fond-
Si iricxeba sveticxovlis taZris kuTvnili ramdenime eqsponati, romelTa
Soris uZvelesi da uiSviaTesi xis konsolia. esaa saSualo zomis (73 X 23
X 23 sm.), sworkuTxa, nawilobriv moCuqurTmebuli sveti, romelsac gansaku-
Trebuli simboluri gamosaxulebebi aqvs (sur. 4-1,2,3).11
svetis korpusis sam mxares amokveTilia dayiravebuli mcenare (xe, buCqi),
romelsac mayvlisa da askilis msgavsi nayofebi aqvs. centralur waxnag-
ze warmodgenilia xis totebs moWidebuli SiSveli mamakaci, romelic aS-
karad adamia, miuxedavad imisa, rom muzeumis davTarSi moxseniebulia ro-
gorc eva. adamis saxisa da sxeulis momrgvalebuli, amoburculi nakvTebi
ganzogadebuli formisaa, xveuli Tma ki Tavze maRali gvirgviniviT adgas.
es eqsponati daTariRebulia VII saukuniT [12: 4)], Tumca, SesaZloa, igi ram-
denadme Zvelic kia. misi uaxloesi analogebia xeze da qvaze kveTis IV-VI
saukuneebis nimuSebi saberZneTidan, sinas mTidan, CrdiloeT afrikidan (sa-
qara, bauiti) da sxv. maT Sorisaa sworkuTxa svetebi salonikis wm. demetre
Tesalonikelis taZris kri ptidan, qvis arqitravi ahnadan, bauitis stela
luvridan da sxv. (16: 148-149, 15: 22, 24-25). maTTan Cvens svets aaxloebs ga-
mosaxulebaTa siuJetebad upiratesad miTologiuri an bibliuri Temebis
gamoyeneba, kveTis Rrma da rbili, e.w. Suq-Crdiliani teqnika, formaTa plas-
tikuri gamomsaxveloba, msxvilmasStabiani mcenareuli dekori, personaJTa
bavSvuri ieri da figurebis momrgvalebuli, moculobiTi formebiT gad-
mocema [16: 148-150; 15: 22, 24-25]. maT saerTo aqvT agreTve sxeulTa propor-
ciebi, xorcieleba, saxis mokle da momrgvalebuli ovali, dabali kiseri,
gansakuTrebuli formis varcxniloba da rac xazgasmiTaa aRsaniSnavi -
TviT svetebis specifikuri forma da konstruqcia.
sayuradReboa, rom svetze adami dgas xesTan, xe ki (Axis Mundi) qristianuli
saxismetyvelebiT dakavSirebulia adamis baRTan [21: 203]. igi akavSirebs
miwasa da zecas anu warmoadgens maT Soris arsebul sulier xids, kibes,
riTic adamians saSualeba eZleva zeciuri mamis wiaRSi dabrunebisa. SemT-
xveviTi ar aris, rom svetze adami ise dgas, rom Tan rcxvenia siSiSvlisa,
Tan ki emzadeba misken daxril, dayiravebul xeze asasvlelad, rac niSnavs,
rom igi ukve gamodevnilia samoTxidan, magram misTvis da misi monanuli
modgmisTvis SesaZlebelia sasufevelSi dabruneba.
sveticxovlis konsolis zeda waxnagze arsebuli reliefuri vardulis
centrSi da sam waxnagis zeda nawilSi sxvadasxva siRrmisa da formis
fosoebi moCans. es ki imas mowmobs, rom konsoli iyo nawili raRac sxva
konstruqciisa, romelic didi albaTobiT TviT mironmdinare svetis ad-
gils _ mis Cardaxs an bariers ukavSirdeboda. xis siZvele, wiwvovanTa ji-
Sisadmi kuTvnileba, misi reliefebis msgavseba IV-V saukuneebis ZeglebTan
uneblieT badebs kiTxvas _ xom ar ekuTvnoda es konsoli sveticxovlis
adreul, pirvel an meore taZars? kiTxva legitimuria imdenad, ramdena-
dac wm. ninos locvis ZaliT saswaulebrivad aRmarTuli cxovelmyofeli
svetica da masze daSenebuli taZaric Tavidanve simbolurad swored Axis
Mundi-s gamoxatavda [9: 122-123].

sveticxovlis taZridanaa momwvano tufis qvis kankelis Sewebebuli filac

9 aq SeiZleba gavixsenoT wm mamanti (III s.), wm. elia (IV s.) da mariam (VI s.) egvi pteli,
wm. gerasime iordaneli (V s.), wm. francisk asizeli (XII-XIII ss.), wm. serafim saroveli
(XVIII- XIX s.) da sxvebi, vis biografiebSic cxovelebTan urTierTobas gansakuTrebu-
li adgili ukavia
10 qva s. janaSias saxelobis saqarTvelos muzeumSi inaxeba
11 sveti 1958 wels iqna restavrirebuli, xolo 1959 w-s gaxda muzeumis eqsponati (sxsm
`d“ 827)
(51 X 60 X 18 sm.), romelic samuzeumo davTris Canaweris mixedviT, mcxeTi-
dan TbilisSi kirion kaTalikosis kurTxeviT gadautaniaT (sxsm `d“ 195).
igi X, XI saukuneebiT TariRdeba (24: 97-98) da gansakuTrebul yuradRebas
iqcevs imiT, rom misi orive mxare uaRresad saintereso dekoriTaa dafa-
ruli (sur. 5 - 1,2). filis ukana mxris dekori anikonuria da Sedgeba far-
To, oTkuTxa CarCosgan, romelic wreebSi Casmuli samfoTola mcenareebis
or-ori rigiT ivseba da SedarebiT viwro, CaRrmavebuli centraluri are-
sagan, romelic iribi xazebiT isea dayofili, rom maTSi amoRaruli sada

778 779
 5. sveticxovlis kankeli
5.1 kankelis filis ukana
mxare. X s.
5.2 kankelis wina mxare. XI s.

5.1 5.2 6.1

oTkuTxedebiTa da jvrebiT Semkuli kvadratebi erTmaneTs Wadrakulad

enacvleba. am ti pis kveTa da ornamentacia qarTuli xelovnebis sxva, iseT
cnobil Zeglebzec gvxvdeba rogoric X saukunis foToleTisa da xaSu-
ris kankelebis filebia [24: 97). niSandoblivia, rom maTi dekori imeorebs
winare qristianuli xanisa da adre Sua saukuneebis bazilikebis Wvirul
kankelTa ornamentacias.

filis meore mxareze sruliad sxva suraTi gvaqvs. aq SemorCenilia aRsay-

drebuli macxovris naxevarfigura, romelic filaze mxolod nawilobriv
moCans. misgan marcxniv, zemoT warmodgenilia medalionSi Cawerili mTava-
rangelozi, xolo qvemoT serafimi, rac migvaniSnebs, rom Cvens winaSea uf-
lis didebiT gamocxadeba _ Teofania [6: 266]. am satriumfo kompoziciasac
moCuqurTmebuli CarCos farTo zoli Semouyveba, romlis stilizebuli
mcenareuli motivi XI saukunis qarTuli arqiteqturis da maT Soris kan-
kelebis saxasiaTo niSania (ix. kankelebi zedaznidan, SiomRvimidan, safari-
dan da sxv.). filis ori mxaris gansxvavebuli teqnikiT kveTa, ikonografia
da stiluri maxasiaTeblebi sxvadasxva droiT aTariRebs maT [24: 97-98].
misi ukana mxare X saukunisaa, wina – XI saukunisa, rac imas mowmobs, rom
melqisedek kaTalikosis mSeneblebs taZris erT-erTi eklesiis kankeli-
saTvis ukve arsebuli, moCuqurTmebuli kankelisave fila gamouyenebiaT.

mcxeTis koleqciis erT-erTi saintereso nimuSia mowiTalo feris qvisgan

gamokveTili eklesiis modeli (sur. 6-1,2), romelic 40-ian wlebSi vinme
k. geraskins Caubarebia muzeumisTvis (sxsm `d“ 669). XVII saukuniT da-
TariRebuli es nakeToba (39 X 50 X 26 sm.) msgavsia im akroteriumebisa,
romlebic qristianuli taZrebis saxuravebis kexze wamodgmulni miwi-
eri da zeciuri eklesiebis erTobis simboloebad aRiqmeboda; Tumca, zog
SemTxvevaSi aseTi eklesiebi taZarTmSeneblobisTvis saWiro saproeqto, 6.2
moculobiT modelebadac gamoiyeneboda [8: 142-143]. aRsaniSnavia, rom svet-
icxovlis `eklesia“ rogorc formiT, iseve samxreT da dasavleT fasa-
debis gaformebiT12 dRevandel taZars zedmiwevniTaa mimsgavsebuli, rac mis

6. sveticxovlis modeli
6.1 xedi samxreT-dasavleTidan
12 modelis CrdiloeT fasadi sruliad sadaa, aRmosavleTisa ki dausrulebuli 6.2 aRmosavleT fasadi

780 781
 TariRTan dakavSirebiT garkveul eWvebs aRZravs, vinaidan sveticxovlis
taZris `garSemo stoa“, romelic melqisedek kaTalikosis mier yofila
miSenebuli [11: 22] XIX saukuneSi, egzarqatobis dros moungreviaT [3: 54, 36].13
calke aRniSvnas imsaxurebs mcxeTis mesame didebuli taZris, samTavros
kankelis tufis qvis fragmenti (sur. 7-1), romelic i. gagoSiZis mier 1969
wels iqna SemTxveviT napovni monastris ezoSi da maleve xelovnebis
muzeumis Sua saukuneebis koleqciis kuTvnileba gaxda (sxsm D`d“ 1062). am
fragments (40 X 31 X 21 sm), araferi aqvs saerTo im kankelTan, romelic
eklesiaSi dRes dgas. amJamindeli kankelis SedarebiT sruli saxe Zveli
CanaxatebiT SemogvrCa [19: 19, tab. XIII]. igi XV saukuniT TariRdeba da ale-
qsandre I-is mier miwisZvriT dazianebuli taZris aRdgenis process ukav-
Sirdeba [24: 179]. rac Seexeba muzeumis eqsponats, igi, winaswari mosazrebiT,
XI saukunis pirveli mesamediT TariRdeba [7: 321)] da 2002-2004 wlebSi
samTavros taZarSi arqeologiuri samuSaoebis dros aRmoCenil kidev 2
fragmentTan erTiandeba [13:741]. mogvianebiT maT kankelis kidev sxva, Sesan-
iSnavad moCuqurTmebuli fragmentebi Seemata, romelTagan erTze ornamen-
tul dekorTan erTad wmindanTa figurebis naSTebic moCans (sur. 7-2, 3, 4).
isini dRes monastris muzeumSi inaxeba da ti pologiurad da stilurad
im jgufSi erTiandeba, romelic XI saukunis qarTul qvaze kveTilobis
xelovnebis saukeTeso nimuSebisgan Sedgeba.14
7. 1,2,3,4 kankelis filis fragmenti.
7.1 7.2
XI s. samTavros monastris xe-
lovnebis muzeumi
7.3 7.4
13 am minaSenebis saZirkvlebi da kedlebis fragmentebi taZarTan dResac Cans
14 mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs kankelTa nawilebi zedaznidan, SiomRvimedan, sveticxovlidan,
iyalTodan, awyuridan, safaridan
782
ganxiluli masalis garda, xelovnebis muzeumis mcxeTur eqsponatTa Sori-
saa sanawile xati da saeklesio naqargi qsovilebis ramdenime nimuSi, rom-
lebic gviani Sua saukuneebiT TariRdeba da Tavis droze sveticxovlis
taZris kuTvnilebas warmoadgenda. TiToeuli maTgani Zalze sainteresoa
istoriiT, ti pologiiT da ikonografiul-mxatvruli maxasiaTeblebiT, ma-
gram, vinaidan maT Sesaxeb ukve arsebobs sagangebo publikaciebi [5: 56-63;
5: 64-74], amjerad mxolod fotoebsa da Zalze mokle informacias davjer-
debiT.
sveticxovlis mravalnawiliani xati-relikvariumi (sxsm `x“ 743) nakluli
da saxecvlilia. igi Tavis droze ferwerul samkareds warmoadgenda, ris-
ganac dRes mxolod frTebi SemorCa. ermakovis arqivis fotos mixedviT
mis centralur dafaze amokveTili yofila wminda nawilebisTvis gan-
kuTvnili 88 bude, romelic mooqruli liTonis dafanjruli `badiT“ iyo
dafaruli (sur. 8 a). `badeze“ mocemuli iyo wminda nawilTa ganmartebiTi
warwerebi da qarTlis kaTalikos-patriarq domenti IV-is saqtitoro te-
qsti.15
8. a) sanawile xatis dafa (samkaredis Sua nawili) wmin-
da nawilebiT. XVII s. sveticxoveli
15 xatis am dafis Sesaxeb ix. Натроев А., gv. 254-256
783

8. b) erT xatad Sekruli sanawile
samkaredis frTebi, XVII-XVIII ss.
784
teqstis Tanaxmad kaTalikoss 1719
wels mravalnawiliani xatis sanaw-
ile dafa mouWedavs da daubrZanebia
TbilisSi, anCisxatis eklesiaSi. ro-
gorc Cans, im droisTvis samkaredi
ukve daSlili yofila da kaTalikoss
xelT mxolod misi centraluri dafa
hqonia. rac Seexeba frTebs, isini viRa-
cas erTi CarCoTi Seukravs da meore
mxridan wm. petresa da wm. pavles gamo-
saxulebebiT mouxatavs (sur. 8 b).bune-
brivia, rom xelovnebis muzeumSi dac-
uli es ormxrivi xati (48, 5 X 62,5 sm.)
sxvadasxva periodis mxatvrobis fen-
ebs Seicavs. misi dRevandeli ukana mx-
are XVII saukunis, wina mxare ki XVIII
saukunisaa. amasTan, wm. mociqulTa
gamosaxulebebi gadawerilicaa. mTa-
vari ki isaa, rom xatis Sida mxareze,
oqros fonze, imdeni miniaturuli ga-
mosaxulebaa, ramdeni sanawile budec
centralur dafazea mocemuli (sur. 8
g). isini isea ganawilebuli, rom wmin-
danTa da dResaswaulTa mcire xate-
bi, Tavdapirveli samkaredis arsebo-
bis SemTxvevaSi frTebis daxurvisas
zustad daedeboda budeebs, romleb-
Sic maTi wminda nawilebi inaxeboda.
yuradRebas iqcevs is faqti, rom XVII
saukunis mxatvrobis fenaze, marjve-
na frTis zeda registrSi moTavse-
bulia sveticxovlis TemasTan dakav-
Sirebuli gamosaxulebebi – angelozi
mironmdinare cxoveli svetiT xelSi
da wm. nino jvriT (sur. 8 d); xolo
orive frTis SuagulSi jvarcma-aRd-
gomasTan dakavSirebuli samsWvalebi,
Rrubeli, lodze mjdari angelozi da
iesos Sesagragni qsovilebi moCans.
muzeumis mcxeTur koleqciaSi sa-
gangebo yuradRebas iqcevs agreTve
liturgiuli qsovilebi, romlebic
sveticxovlisTvis sxvadasxva dros
SeuwiravT. maT Sorisaa sami gar-
damoxsna (sur. 9, 10, 11), oTxi did-pa-
tara dafarna (sur. 12, 13, 14), olari
da oric saepiskoposo sartyeli, rom-
lebic qarTvel mefe-didebulTa da
eklesiis saWeTmpyroblis mieraa Se-
wiruli (sur. 15). qtitorTa warw-
erebSi moixseniebian: gaerTianebuli
785

8. g) sanawile samkaredis frTebi-
sgan Sekruli xatis Siga mxare
8. d) sanawile xatis marcxena frTa
mironmdinare svetisa da wm. ninos
gamosaxulebiT (detali), XVII s.
786
saqarTvelos ukanaskneli mefe gior-
gi VIII (1446-1466); qarTlis dedofali,
manuCar dadianis asuli mariami (1632-
1682); Tavadi givi amilaxvari (1678-
1694) da misi Tanamecxedre, vaxtang
V-is asuli Tamari; vaxtang V-is Ze,
batoniSvili levani da misi meuRle
TuTa. maTgan ori – mariam dedofali
da batoniSvili Tamari, maT Sewirul
gardamoxsnebze amoqargulic ki arian
muxlmoyriT vedrebis pozebiT.
aRniSnuli qsovilebi mcxeTidan Zve-
li qarTuli saeklesio naqargobis
saukeTeso nimuSebia. isini, iseve, ro-
gorc yvela zemoxsenebuli nivTi
sveticxovlis, jvrisa Tu samTavros
taZrebidan xelovnebis muzeumis um-
niSvnelovanesi eqsponatebia.
rogorc dasawyisSi iTqva, muzeumis
saganZurSi kidev araerTi mcxeTuri
siwminde inaxeba, romelTa Rirebule-
ba erovnuli memkvidreobis farglebs
scildeba. cxadia, maTi gasajaroeba
sasurveli da aucilebelic kia. vime-
dovnebT, rom momavalSi SesaZlebeli
gaxdeba `samefo da sameufeo qalaqis“,
wminda dedaqalaq mcxeTis samuzeumo
siZveleebis sruli katalogis Sedge-
na da maTTan dakavSirebuli damxmare
masalis (aslebi, anazomebi, naxazebi,
fotoebi) gamomzeurebac, ris saSuale-
basac winamdebare publikaciis forma- 9. giorgi VIII-iseuli gardamoxsna. XV s.
ti ar iZleva. sveticxoveli
10. mariam dedofliseuli gardamoxsna. XVII 11. givi amilaxvriseuli gardamoxsna. XVII
s. sveticxoveli s. sveticxoveli
787
 15. barZimis pereqeli. XVII s.
sveticxoveli

13. barZimis pereqeli. XVII

s. sveticxoveli

14. samRvdelmTavro
12. feSxumis pereqeli. XVII s. sartyeli. XVII s.
sveticxoveli sveticxoveli

788 789
 bibliografia
1. abramiSvili g., atenis sioni, Tb., 2012
2. baraTaSvili g., naqargi siwmindeebi sve-
ticxovlidan. sveticxoveli, samecniero
konferenciis moxsenebaTa krebuli. Tb.,
2018
3. beriZe v., qarTuli xuroTmoZRvreba. Tb.,
1974
4. bubulaSvili e., sveticxovlis siwmin-
deebi, sveticxoveli, Tb., 2010
5. burWulaZe n., sanawile xati sveticxov-
lidan saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumSi,
sveticxoveli, samecniero konferenciis
moxsenebaTa krebuli., Tb., 2018
6. dadiani T., kvaWataZe e., xundaZe T., Sua
saukuneebis qarTuli qandakeba, Tb., 2017
7. gagoSiZe g., gagoSiZe s., niqozis saepis-
koposo saydris Zveli kankeli, saqarT-
velos erovnuli muzeumis `moambe“, #7,
(52-B), 2016
8. TumaniSvili d., nacvliSvili n., xoSta-
ria d.,MmSenebeli ostatebi Sua sauku-
neebis saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2012
9. oqropiriZe a., sveticxoveli _ sicoc-
xlis xe, sveticxoveli, samecniero kon-
ferenciis moxsenebaTa krebuli, Tb., 2018
10. sixaruliZe n., sxirtlaZe z., stelis
fragmenti mcxeTis wm. jvris taZridan,
saistorio krebuli, t. 5, Tb., 2015
11. dawerili melqisedek kaTalikosisa
moÃsenebuli mcxeTis saydrisadmi, qar-
Tuli istoriuli sabuTebis korpusi, t.
I, Tb., 1984
790
12. qristianuli gamofena muzeumis fonde-
bidan da ierusalimis 2002 wlis eqspe-
diciis fotoebi, katalogi, Tb., 2003
13. yifiani g., mefe mirianis bazilika. bizan-
tologia saqarTveloSi, 2. Tb., 2009
14. javaxiSvili g., adrefeodaluri xanis
qarTuli stelebi, Tb., 1998
15. Gabra G., Eaton-Krauss M., Coptic Art, Cairo,
NewYork
16. Milburn R., Early Christian Art and Architecture,
California, 1988
17. Runsiman S., Byzantine Style and Civilization,
1975
18. Schiller G., Iconography of Christian Art, vol. I,
New York, 1971
19. Stackelberg E., Gagarine G., Le Caucase Pittor-
esque, Paris, 1847
20. Библейская энциклопедия, Москва, 1890
(репринтное издание, 1990)
21. Вахрина В. И., Щенникова Л. А., Владимирская
икона Божией Матери. Православная
энциклопедия, т. IX, М., 2005
22. Муравёв А., Грузия и Армения, СПб., 1848
23. Натроев А., Мцхетъ и его собор Светисховели.
Историко-археологическое описанiе, Тф., 1900
24. Шмерлинг Р., Малые формы в архитектуре
средневековой Грузии. Тб., 1962
25. Хрушкова Л., Скульптура раннесредневековой
Абхазии, Тб., 1980
26. Чубинашвили Г., Памятники типа Джвари, Тб.,
1948
Nana Burtchuladze
Georgian National Museum,
Sh. Amiranashvili State Museum,
Chief Curator for Medieval Art Collections
CHRISTIAN
ANTIQUITIES
FROM MTSKHETA
IN SHALVA
AMIRANASHVILI
MUSEUM
OF FINE
ARTS
Christian antiquities hold central place in me- In the present publication, selected exhibits
dieval collection of Shalva Amiranashvili Mu- of Mtskheta collection of Shalva Amiranash-
seum of Fine Arts. From the last decade of XIX vili Museum of Fine Arts are presented – the
c. Georgian public figures started identification samples of stone and wood carvings, icons and
and preservation of this collection in state de- embroidery, which are outstanding due to rare
positories. This process continued in the XX iconography, refined making techniques, high-
c., as well. Particularly active it became in 20- ly artistic style, interesting inscriptions and
30-ies, when religious items, remaining in the even the special function. Some of them are
abolished churches and monasteries, were in more or less known, and some are completely
danger of being destructed. Firstly, they were unknown. Besides, together with the original
stored in the capital city in the funds of several pieces, we represent the copies of monumental
charitable organizations and ecclesiastic muse- paintings of Old Mtskheta and measurements
ums, then the collection was moved to Tbilisi and drawings of the monuments of ecclesiastic
State University, Georgian National Gallery architecture; as far as these monuments are in
and Art Museum „Metekhi“. Since 1950, ma- depreciated condition or their original appear-
jority of these items became the exhibits of the ances have complete disappeared, presently,
newly established Georgian State Museum of these materials have extremely important in-
Art. formational and scientific significance.
Among these exhibits, special attention is
drawn by the collection of Georgia’s spiritual
capital – Mtskheta, and particularly, the part of
this collection, which at certain time, belonged
to Jvari, Svetitskhoveli and Samtavro Monas-
teries. Unfortunately, the volume of this col-
lection is quite small, as the cathedrals in that
area suffered numerous invasions and looting,
during centuries (including the XX c.c.); nev-
ertheless, whatever has survived to the present,
is particularly valuable according to its cultur-
al-historical importance.
791
 givi RambaSiZe
saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi,
asocirebuli mecnier-TanamSromeli,
daviT baazovis saxelobis saqarTvelos
ebraelTa da qarTul-ebraul urTierTobaTa
istoriis muzeumi, direqtori
qarTuli
qristianuli
kulturis
wris Zeglebi
centralursa
da aRmosavleT
imierkavkasiaSi
Tanamedrove kavkasiologiur gamokvlevaTa fonze
(romliTac cxaddeba zeda paleoliTSi kavkasiis
eTno-kulturul-istoriuli erTobis arseboba, ro-
melic Zv. w. V-IV aTaswleulebSi daSliT da Zv.w.
III aTaswleulisaTvis _ kavkasiis mosaxleobis Zi-
riTadi eTnikuri jgufebis CamoyalibebiT mTavrd-
eba) [21], yuradRebas i pyrobs leonti mroveliseu-
li (XI s.) cnobebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis Zveli
istoriis Sesaxeb da, maT Soris, kavkasiis xalxTa
saerTo warmomavlobis koncefcia [8: 3/5–11, 4/1–6],
romliTac isini bibliuri noes SvilTaSvilis _
Targamosis STamomavlebad cxaddebian. mroveli-
seuli koncefcia mniSvnelovania imiTac, rom sava-
raudod, uZveles tradicias asaxavda, Tavisi epoqis
msoflmxedveloba-suliskveTebasac gamoxatavda da
gacxadda samefo dinastiis _ bagrationTa gvaris
izoTeistur (RvTaebrivi warmoSobis) TeoriasTan
erTad _ Zlieri da vrceli, Savsa da kaspiis zRvebs
Soris teritoriaze saerTo-kavkasiuri saxelmwi-
foebriobis Camoyalibebis istoriul epoqaSi [44:
294-295].
adreSuasaukuneTa miwuruls kavkasiis xalxTa
politikur-socialur-ekonomikursa da kulturis
sferoebSi (feodalur–formaciuli Zvrebi, Crdi-
loel momTabareTa da samxreTeli Zlieri saxel-
mwifoebisagan Tavdacva, transkavkasiuri gzebis
floba-gamagreba, mTisa da baris ekonomikuri ka-
vSirebi, ZirZveli eTno-kulturuli urTierTobani,
tradiciuli zne-Cveulebani – eTnofsiqikuri wyoba
792
da sxva) mimdinare imanenturi procesebiTa da saqarTvelos kavkasiuri
politikis Sedegad warmoSobili kavkasiuri saxelmwifoebriobis religi-
ur-kulturul safuZvlad qristianuli religia da kultura gvevlineba,
rac ufro aaxloebda saqarTvelosa da imierkavkasiis xalxebs erTmaneT-
Tan da aZlevda saSualebas gadaewyvitaT maT winaSe arsebuli istoriuli
problemebi [19: 227–228].
* * *
CrdiloeT kavkasiis qveynebSi qristianuli religiisa da kulturis isto-
riis Seswavla kavkasiologiis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani samecniero prob-
lemaa, romlis mTavar meTodologias istoriis, qristianuli arqeologi-
is, kulturis istoriis, wyaroTmcodneobis, enaTmecnierebis, paleografiis,
eTnografiis, folkloristikis, anTropologiisa da genetikuri kuTxiT
sagnis kompleqsurad kvleva warmoadgens.
XVIII s. miwurulidan imierkavkasiur sivrceSi mkvlevarTa Taobebis mier
gamovlenilia qristianuli religiisa da kulturis mravali miwisqveSa
da miwiszeda Zegli [45:8-21; 47:142-163; 4: 119-126; 6: 473-478; 5: 767-773; 22: 161-
182; 48: 211-218; 42; 9: 72-78; 43; 26; 27; 13: 296-307; 18: 321-327; 3: 185-196; 23: 182-185;
24: 160-167; 2: 91-103; 25: 115-116; 17: 67-71; 10: 46-47; 11:34-35; 12:89-103; 30:12-13; 31:42;
32:55-57; 46:53-67; 36: 113-116; 37:79-81; 38; 14:514-520]:
naeklesiar-nataZralebi (gumbaTiani – dasavleT imierkavkasiaSi, istori-
ul alaneTSi – maTi bizantiuri Tu qarTuli warmomavlobis Taobaze
azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa; qarTuli qristianuli xuroTmoZRvrebisaTvis da-
maxasiaTebeli e.w. `sameklesiani bazilikebi~ – istoriul alaneTsa da
inguSeTSi; umetesad ki gvxvdeba didi da mcire zomis, adgilobrivTaganac
agebuli e.w. `darbazuli~ (maT Soris uafsidonicaa) eklesiebi, romelnic
zogjer ar gamoirCevian arqiteqturul-mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT, magram
mniSvnelovani arian sociologiuri kuTxiT – gvauwyeben mosaxleobaSi
qristianuli religiis safuZvlian gavrcelebasa da mis msaxurebaze);
qvis, xisa da liTonis monumenturi da mcire plastikis Zeglebi (nairg-
vari zomisa da formis jvrebi, maTi kvarcxlbekebi, jvarTa gamosaxulebani
samlocveloebze, eklesiis saxurav kramitebze, qvis kvadrebze, koSkebze, ak-
ldamebze, gulsakidi da saeklesio droSebis jvrebi, eklesiis kankelebis,
lavgardanebisa da xis karebis reliefebi, eklesiis eqsterieris Semam-
kobeli reliefebi, bareliefebi, qvis embazi da a.S.). siuJetur-kompozi-
ciur-ikonografiuli TvalsazrisiT, ornamentuli motivebiTa da Ses-
rulebis teqnikiT isini analogiebs pouloben SuasaukuneTa saqarTvelos
arqiteqturul, kankelebis, saeklesio kedlis mxatvrobis, Wedur, qvasa da
xeze kveTilobis ZeglebSi, rac maTTan genetikuri kavSiriT aixsneba da,
amave dros, gaaCniaT lokaluri, damaxasiaTebeli niSnebic;
saeklesio kedlis mxatvrobis nimuSebi (mTlianad SemorCenilic da, um-
Tavresad fragmentulad, rogorc interierSi, ise eqsterierSi – eklesiis
karis timpanSi; sagangebodaa aRsaniSnavi adgilobriv qtitorTa gamosax-
ulebani);
adgilobriv mcxovrebTa samarx-samarovnebi (akldamebi, kldesa da miwaSi
nakveTi, qvebiT amoSenebuli da qvis fiqlebiT gadaxuruli da sxva). ar-
793
 qeologiurad qristianuli dasafla-
vebis wesis dadasturebasTan erTad
(eklesia-taZrebTan arseboba, sasaf-
laoebze qvis jvrebisa Tu maTi gamo-
saxulebiani qvis stelebis aRmarTva,
samarxTa da micvalebulTa damxroba,
poza, ZiriTadSi uinventaroba – mx-
olod samarxisa da tansacmliseuli
aqsesuaris arseboba, gulsakidi jvre-
bi da sxva), didi mniSvneloba aqvT an-
Tropologiur monacemebsac – `ojax-
ur~ samarxebSi dedakacTa da bavSvTa
ConCxebis aRmoCena, aseve, mosaxleo-
bis farTod qristianizaciazea mima-
TiTebuli;
1. `xozita mad mariamis~ eklesia, XIs.
dasawyisi (Crd. oseTi)
ZiriTadad samlocvelo, samSeneblo,
liturgiuli Sinaarsisa da adgilo-
brivi saxelwodebebis aRmniSvneli,
krebsiTad X–XVI ss. (umTavresad X–
XI ss. da XII–XIV s.s.) daTariRebuli
ZvelqarTuli werilobiTi Zeglebi
(samSeneblo qvebze, qvis jvrebsa [16:
584-588; 51: 588-589] da jvarTa gamosax-
ulebian qvis kvadrebze, eklesiis ked-
lis mxatvrobaSi CarTulebi, samSen-
eblo da sayofacxovrebo keramikaze,
sefiskveris qvis sabeWdavze [11: 34-35;
29: 72-73], etratsa da qaRaldze xelnaw-
erebi [15: 144-146; 50:208]. zogi maTgani
CrdiloeT kavkasiis qveynebSi saqarT-
velodan `moxumulia~, umravlesoba ki,
adgilobriv xelosan-kaligrafosTa
2. nuzalis eklesia. XIII s. (Crd. os-
eTi) mieraa Seqmnili, rac maT mier Zvelqar-
Tul damwerlobaTa – `asomTavruli-
sa~ da `nusxuris~ karg codnasa da
qarTuli damwerlobisaTvis damaxasi-
aTebel tendenciebSi gaTviTcnobiere-
baze miuTiTebs – or da oTxstriqo-
niani weris sistemebi, aso-niSanTa da
qaragmaTa moxazuloba-Semkuloba-
ni, sityvaTa daSoriSoreba, gankveTis
niSnebi, daqaragmeba, asoTa SewiaReba,
`asomTavrulisa~ da `nusxuris~ urT-
ierTgavlena, maTi urTierTSereva da
a.S.).
gamomzeurebuli qristianuli re-
ligiis qarTuli kulturis wris Ze-
glebi, saistorio, enobriv (qristianu-
3. wmida RvTismSobeli. nuzalis li leqsikis, onomastikis, toponimikis
eklesia. XIII s. (Crd. oseTi) arseboba), folklorulsa da eT-
794
nografiul masalebTan erTad [33:
351-354], naTlad uCveneben im qveynebSi
qristianizaciis xarisxze, mis qro-
nologiur diapazonsa da, xazgasmiTaa
aRsaniSnavi, iq moqmed eklesia-taZreb-
Si qarTul RvTismsaxurebasa da mo-
saxleobaSi qarTuli enisa da dam-
werlobis farTod gavrcelebaze,
rac safuZvels qmnis, Suasaukuneebis
epoqis garkveul periodSi, region-
Si, qarTuli enisa da damwerlobis
`lingva franka~ – `koine enis~ so-
ciolingvisturi faqtis arsebobaze
visaubroT; Tavis mxriv, isini aseve,
Zvirfas cnobebs gvawvdian istoriul
geografiaze (saxelmwifoebriv-admin- 4. wmida ioane. nuzalis eklesia. XIII
istraciulsa da saeklesioze), ono- s. (Crd. oseTi)
mastika-toponomikasa da a.S.
mniSvnelovani kavkasiologiuri problemis Seswavlis dRevandeli donis
gaTvaliswinebiT, meTodologiurad gaumarTlebelia, rodesac, CrdiloeT
kavkasiis qveynebis Suasaukuneebis materialur kulturebSi arsebuli
jvrebisa (uamrav formaTagan aRsaniSnavia `berZnuli~, `laTinuri~, `gol-
goTiani~, `medalionebiT~ daboloebuli da didroni jvar–monumentebi)
da maTi gamosaxulebebis semasiologiuri analizisas, mkvlevarTa erTi
nawili gamodioda mxolod warmarTobis konfesiuri monizmis poziciidan.
im qveynebSi qristianobis damkvidrebis droidan jvrebis gamosaxulebaTa
semantika, bunebrivia, qristianulia, nawilobriv ki, dualistur-sinkretu-
lic: jvari (solaruli niSani) + jvari (qristianuli religiis simbolo).
sakiTxi, Tu romeli safuZveli mZlavrobs, saWiroa gaSuqdes rogorc droSi
(romel epoqaSia Seqmnili), aseve sivrceSi (romel regionSi – centrsa Tu
periferiaSi). amasTanave, orive ganzomilebaSi sagnis ganxilvisas, gasaT-
valiswinebelia qristianuli religiisa da kulturis gavrcelebulobis
xarisxi. rac Seexeba jvrebis gamosaxulebebs gviani periodis samSeneblo
qvebze – nadirobis scenebSi, mxedarTa, cxovelTa, `babilonTa~, ornamentis,
astraluri niSnebis anturaJSi da, aseve, utilitaruli daniSnulebis (xe,
liToni, qsovili) sagnebze, maTi nawili misaCnevia qristianuli religiis
simbolos ornamentul reminiscenciad.
centralursa da aRmosavleT imierkavkasiaSi qristianuli religiisa
da kulturis kvlevis intensifikaciasTan erTad, bolo aTwleulebSi
mravali axalic gamomzeurda (daRistan-saqarTvelos gaerTianebuli ar-
qeologiuri eqspediciis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani aRmonaCenTagania – mTian
daRistanSi, avareTSi, qarTuli wyaroebis `RunZeTSi~, misi dedaqalaqis
– xunZaxs damyure aqaros mTaze, X–XIV saukuneebis `wmida Tormeti moci-
qulis~ saxelobis (mcxeTis sapatriarqo sakaTedro taZris – `sveticxov-
lis~ msgavsad) eklesiis mikvleva, ZvelqarTuldamwerlobiani qvis jvreb-
iTa da saintereso arqeologiuri masaliT) [28: 68-70; 49: 33-35; 39: 82-86; 30:
12-13], Tumc, kidevaa `ucnobi miwebi~.
aseve, daiwyo zogierTi Zvelad aRmoCenilis Tanamedrove mecnierul do-
neze xelaxali Seswavla (zogierT SemTxvevaSi ar iyo da, dResac araa
795
 sworad gansazRvruli – Tu ra enaze
`saubrobdnen~ isini, araa garkveuli
maTi `gramatikuli Zirebi da diale-
qturi saxecvlilebani~, rac araswor
daTariRebebsa da interpretaciebs
iwvevs; xazgasmiTaa aRsaniSnavi – Crdi-
loeT kavkasiis qveynebis qristianuli
periodis kulturebSi adgilobriv
lokalur niSanTa da TviTmyofado-
5. `albi-Áerdas~ eklesia. XII-XIII bis gamovlenis tendencia swori is-
ss. (inguSeTi) toriografiuli poziciaa, rac gan-
sazRvravs mis perspeqtiulobas).
moxda sakiTxTa konkretizaciac da
sagnis mTlianobaSi gaazrebac. gamoi-
kveTa problemis siRrmiseuli mov-
lenebi da misi axali waxnagebi. uary-
ofilia Zveli da miRebulia axali
qronologiuri CarCoebi. uaryofilia
is mtkiceba, TiTqos CrdiloeT kavkasi-
is xalxebisaTvis qristianuli reli-
gia da kultura `zedapiruli~, `ucxo~,
`Tavsmoxveuli~ movlena yofiliyos,
Rrmad ar Sexebodes imierkavkasiel-
Ta msoflmxedvelobas, riTac faqto-
brivad arqaizirdeboda im qveynebis
sazogadoebriv-politikur-kulturu-
6. `tyobÁa-Áerdas~ eklesia. X s-is li ganviTarebis donec da kavkasiis
II naxevari (inguSeTi) xalxTa konsolidaciis xarisxic.
qarTuli arqeologiuri kavkasiolo-
giis mier 1970-80 ww. SemuSavebuli
axali mtkicebulebiT ara XII–XIII
ss., saqarTvelos feodaluri monarqi-
is, saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis
umaRlesi Zlierebis epoqaSi – daviT
IV aRmaSeneblis (1089-1125 ww.) – Tama-
ris (1184-1213 ww.) mefobis dros, ro-
desac, saqarTvelo – CrdiloeT kav-
kasiis qveynebis kavSiri kidev ufro
ganmtkicda, aramed, X s. iwyeba saqarT-
velodan imierkavkasiaSi qristianu-
li religiisa da kulturis farTod
gavrceleba-damkvidreba, rac saTana-
dod aisaxa kidec im qveynebis mate-
rialur kulturebSi. aqvea aRsaniS-
navi mociqulTa droidan mokidebuli,
7. `tyobÁa-Áerdas~ eklesia. X s-is
saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi, CrdiloeT
II naxevari. dasavleTis bare-
kavkasiaSi qristianuli religiis
liefi (inguSeTi)
gavrcelebis adrindeli istoriuli
faqtebic.
796
saqarTvelos gaerTianebamde (bagrat III–is epoqa – X s. 60-iani ww. dasawyi-
si – 1014 w.) Crdilo-dasavleT imierkavkasiaSi qristianobis gamavrcele-
bel bizantiasTan (istoriuli alaneTis teritoriaze konstantinepolis
sapatriarqos daqvemdebarebuli alaneTis samTavarepiskoposos, SemdgomSi
ki, samitropolitos arseboba) erTad, dasavleT–qarTuli samefo-afxaze-
Tia (afxazTa mefis giorgi II–is (922–957 ww.) am mimarTebiT gamorCeuli
moRvaweoba), centralursa da aRmosavleT imierkavkasiaSi – qarTli da
kaxeTia, xolo, gaerTianebis Semdeg – saqarTvelos centraluri xelisuf-
lebaa. am istoriul procesSi gansakuTrebiTaa aRsaniSnavi saqarTvelos
samociqulo marTlmadidebeli eklesiis roli. sasuliero da saero xe-
lisufalTa saerTo qmedebaa, vfiqrobT, gamoxatuli inguSeTSi arsebuli
tyobÁa-Áerdas taZris (wmida Tomas, kviracxovlobis saxelobisa [41: 120-129],
X s. II naxevari, `sameklesiani bazilika~, XIII–XIV ss. `darbazul~ eklesiad
aRdgenil-gadakeTebuli) dasavleTis kedlis bareliefur qtitorul kom-
poziciaSi, sadac isini qristes miarTmeven eklesiis models.
cnobilia, Tu ra Rvawli miuZRvis adrefeodaluri xanis miwuruls saqa-
rTvelos eklesias erovnul–saxelmwifoebriv gaerTianeba–mSeneblobaSi.
analogiuri roli Seasrula man saqarTvelosa da CrdiloeT kavkasiis
xalxTa daaxloebaSi. X s. cnobili qarTveli RvTismetyvelisa da mwer-
lis giorgi merCuliseuli qarTuli erovnuli mTlianobis definiciis
(istoriul _ geografiul-politikur-enobriv-konfesiuri aspeqtebi) Sem-
cveli formula – `qarTlad friadi queyanaÁ aRiracxebis, romelsaca Sina
qarTuliTa eniTa Jami Seiwirvis da locvaÁ yoveli aResrulebis~,
ukve, X s. bolosa da XI s. dasawyisSi SeiZleba gavrceldes imierkavkasi-
azec. saqarTvelos sakaTalikoso–sapatriarqos status kvo da iurisdiq-
cia, safiqrebelia, gacxadda saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqis melqise-
dek I (1012-1030, 1039-1045 ww.) `aRmosavleTis patriarqad~ saxeldebaSi imave
tyobÁa–Áerdas taZris lapidarul warweraSi. es, gaerTianebuli qarTuli
saxelmwifosa da gaerTianebuli qarTuli eklesiis (dasavleT da aR-
mosavleT saqarTveloSi arsebuli ori sakaTalikososa, agreTve Crdi-
loeT da aRmosavleT kavkasiisa da somxeTis qarTuli marTlmadidebeli
eklesiebisgan iqmneba erTiani sapatriarqo, romlis mamamTavaria saqarTve-
los eklesiis istoriaSi pirveli patriarqi – melqisedek I [20: 170, 222-223])
siZliere-avtoritetisa da bizantiis imperiasTan, konstantinepolisa da
antioqiis sapatriarqoebTan rogorc zogad konfesiur-politikur urT-
ierTobaTa konteqstSia gansaxilveli, aseve, SesaZloa, Crdilo kavkasiur
sivrceSi interesTa Sejaxebis gamomxatvelic [40: 185-200].
arsebuli masalebi (saistorio-werilobiTi, arqeologiuri) safuZvels qm-
nis Suafeodalur xanaSi saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivsa da saeklesio
iurisdiqciaSi Semavali imierkavkasiuri sivrce samitropolitoebad da ep-
arqiebad gaerTianebul samwysod warmovidginoT – IV msoflio saeklesio
krebis dakanonebiT, saklesio sazRvari saxelmwifos sazRvars emTxveoda,
saero–administraciuli dayofa saeklesioSi aisaxeboda. ase, magaliTad,
XIV s. giorgi V brwyinvalisa (1314-1346 ww.) da saqarTvelos kaTalikos eqv-
Time III (1310-1325 ww.) epoqaSi, mTiani daRistnis teritoriaze 3 saepiskoposo
(xunZaxis, anwuxisa da waxuris) saxeldeba; XV s. ki, xunZeli kaTalikosi
oqropiria cnobili [7: 318-319]. Tu SevadarebT am periodis viTarebas X s.
dasawyisSi cnobili sparseli arabulenovani swavlulis ibn rusTis (IX
s. II nax. – X s. I nax.) mier aRwerils – sariris (avareTis) mefis cixe–
797
 simagris mcxovrebni qristianebad, xolo qveynis danarCeni mosaxleoba ki, Zeglebis mimarT, rac, eTno-kulturuli tradiciis, sulieri memkvidreo-
warmarTad moixsenieba, naTlad Cans, magaliTad, mTiani daRistnis qristian- biTobisa da kulturis ekologiis mniSvnelovan, sayuradRebo istoriul
izaciis procesi, misi intensifikacia; aseve SeiZleba saubari inguSeTSi faqts warmoadgens.
(qarTuli wyaroebis – durZukeTi) kaTalikos arsen II-is (955-980 ww.) gior-
gi episkoposis (X s-is II nax.) da `aRmosavleTis patriarqad~ saxeldebu-
li kaTalikos-patriarqis melqisedek I-is (XI s-is I naxevari) moRvaweobis
Taobaze, ris Sesaxebac gvauwyebs imave tyobÁa-Áerdas qristianuli taZris
lapidaruli warwerebi [34: 47-48; 12: 89-103; 35: 246-250]; aqve aRvniSnavT, is-
toriul `RunZeTsa~, `durZukeTTan~ da `RliRveTTan~ (CaCneTi) mimarTebaSi
aRniSnul sakiTxTa garkvevisaTvis mniSvnelovania kaxeTis mefis kvirike
III didis (1010-1029 ww.) mier kaxeT–hereTSi Catarebuli administraciuli
reformis (igi adrindeli viTarebis gamomxatveli iyo _ m. lorTqifaniZe)
monacemebis gaTvaliswineba, rasac gvauwyebs XVIII s. cnobili qarTveli
istorikosi da geografosi vaxuSti bagrationi (am reformiT, `durZukeTi~
da `RliRveTi~ kaxeTis meore, kveteris, saerisTavoSi, `RunZeTi~ ki, here-
Tis mesame-maWis saerisTavoSi Semavali qveynebia); agreTve, misi monacemebi
niqozis saepiskoposos oseT–dvaleTTan dakavSirebiT [1: 561/5-25, 638/9-14].

aseve, arsebobs safuZveli, imierkavkasiur sivrceSi qristianuli religiis

arseboba oficialur-klerikalur xarisxSic miviCnioT, romelic axlos
bibliografia
iyo kanonikur normebTan da, romelic SeiZleba arsebobdes mxolod sazo-
gadoebrivi ganviTarebis maRali donis pirobebSi, Tu mas amkvidrebs ekle- 1. batoniSvili vaxuSti, aRwera samefosa
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konfesionalur-kulturuli erTianobac da irRveva qristianuli religi- rTul–xunZuri) daRestnidan. masalebi
isa da kulturis safuZvlebic (SemdgomSi, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi qristia- saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis istoriisaT-
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vrceldeba da mkvidrdeba islami, romelmac axali politikur-socialuri kulturuli urTierTobis sabuTi. saqa-
da religiur-kulturuli tendenciebi warmoSva, centralursa da dasav- rTvelos ssr mecn. akademiis moambe, t.
leT imierkavkasiaSi ki mis gavrcelebamde, nawilobriv restavrirdebian XV, #2, Tb., 1954
warmarTuli kultebi, romlebic qristianobasTan sinkretulad arsebo- 5. doliZe v., Tlis xuroTmoZRvruli Zeg-
ben. am gardamavalma periodma warmoSva iq, gvian SuasaukuneebSi, arakanon- li _ saqarTvelosa da dvaleTis kul-
ikuri arqiteqtura, romelsac samecniero literaturaSi `naxevradqris- turuli urTierTobis axali sabuTi,
tianul-naxevradwarmarTul~ samlocveloebad moixsenieben da, romelTac, saqarTvelos ssr mecn. akademiis moambe,
kanonzomieria, ver vxvdebiT daRistnis mTebSi. meTodologiurad mcdarad t. XXI, #6, Tb., 1958
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neebSi arsebuli viTarebidan gamomdinare, axdenen im qveynebSi X-XIV ss. mentebi `xozita - mairamis~ qarTul
religiur-konfesionaluri realobis rekonstruqcias. rogorc iTqva, amiT taZarSi. saqarTvelos ssr mecn. akademi-
xdeba CrdiloeT kavkasiis qveynebisa da xalxebis istoriuli (sazogadoe- is moambe, t. XV, #6, Tb., 1954
briv-politikur-kulturuli) ganviTarebisa da saqarTvelosa da imier- 7. kekeliZe k., qarTuli kulturis isto-
kavkasieli xalxebis konsolidaciis maRalxarisxovnebis ugulebelyofa. riisaTvis monRolTa batonobis xanaSi.
etiudebi Zveli qarTuli literaturis
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miuTiTeben CrdiloeT kavkasiis qveynebSi adgilobriv mcxovrebTa mowiwe- 8. leonti mroveli, cxovreba qarTvelTa
basa da rids Tavisi istoriis qristianuli periodisa da misi kulturis mefeTa. qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, Tb., 1955
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801
 Givi Gambashidze
Georgian National Museum,
Associate Researcher,
David Baazov Museum of History of the Jews,
Director

MONUMENTS
OF GEORGIAN
CHRISTIAN
CULTURAL
CIRCLE IN
CENTRAL AND
NORTH-EAST
CAUCASUS
With consideration of historical-cultural re- too. Islam was spread and established in North-
lations of the Georgian-Caucasian peoples East Caucasus (Dagestan), creating new politi-
in Middle Ages, the paper covers the Geor- cal-social and religious-cultural trends; in Cen-
gian monuments of Christian circle, identified tral and West Caucasus, before its spreading,
by the generations of researchers in Central pagan cults were partially restored, existing in
and East Caucasian space since the XVIII c.: synergy with Christianity. It shall be consid-
churches, stone, wooden and metal monumen- ered methodologically wrong, when, following
tal and small statuary (crosses of various sizes from the situation, existing in North Caucasian
and forms, their pedestals, images of crosses on countries in late Middle Ages, social develop-
chapels, roof tiles of churches, stone quadras, ment, religious- confessional realities of those
towers, crypts, crosses, worn of chest and those countries in the X-XIV c.c. are reconstructed; it
of church flags, reliefs of church iconostasis, is the discard of historical (social-political-cul-
arc cornices and wooden doors, reliefs, deco- tural) development of North Caucasian coun-
rating church exterior, bas-reliefs, stone bap- tries and peoples and high level consolidation
tismal font, etc.), church wall-paintings, graves of Georgia and Caucasian peoples.
and cemeteries of local population, monuments
of ancient Georgian writing… they, together Finally, it shall also be mentioned, that the ex-
with written, ethnographic, folkloristic, lin- isting empiric data clearly indicates how the
guistic data, indicate to Georgian-Caucasian local population in North Caucasian countries
political-religious-cultural unity in X-XIV c.c. respect and reserve the Christian period of their
history and its cultural monuments, which rep-
Historical evolutionary process of Caucasian resent important and interesting historical facts
integration stopped after invasions of Ta- about ethno-cultural tradition, spiritual heredi-
tar-Mongols, especially Tamerlane’s invasions. ty and cultural ecology.
Political, economic, social and cultural regress
occurred. Centrifugal forces developed, which
disintegrated unity of not only the whole Cau-
casus, but also its individual regions. Naturally,
confessional-cultural unity was disintegrated

802 803
804 805
 samefo xelisufleba

806 807
 nino SiolaSvili
saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis
dacvis erovnuli saagento,
wm. andria pirvelwodebulis qarTuli universitetis
asistent-profesori, istoriis doqtori
saqarTvelos
samefo
xelisufleba - mefe
daviT IV
aRmaSenebeli
`didi qalaqi, sajdomeli didTa mefeTaÁ...sada
RmerTni RmerToben da mefeni mefoben~1.
qalaq mcxeTas qarTveli erisa da qarTuli saxelm-
wifoebriobis CamoyalibebaSi mniSvnelovani adgi-
li ukavia. igi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi samefos
politikuri, ekonomikuri da religiuri centri iyo
_ `qalaqi mcxeTa gandidebul iyo umetes yovelTa-
sa, da uwoddes deda-qalaqad2~.
mcxeTa miTebisa da legendebis qalaqia, sadac sim-
bolo gadazrdilia miTSi, miTi simboloSi da sau-
kuneebis ganmavlobaSi cocxlobs miTologiuri
warsuli.
leonti mrovelis koncefciiT `...farnavazis dros
da farnavazis meoxebiT Seiqmna qarTvelTa saxelm-
wifo, qarTuli teritoriiT, qarTuli eniT, qar-
Tuli weswyobilebiT (Tumca nasesxebiT), qarTuli
sarwmunoebiT, qarTuli mwignobrobiT da qarTveli
mefiT~.3
mcxeTa farnavazianTa, xosrovianTa da bagrationTa
samefo qalaqia.
mcxeTis axali samuzeumo sivrcis eleqtronuli
formatisaTvis gaTvaliswinebulia Tema qarTuli
1 `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~, Zveli agiografiuli literaturuli Zeglebi, I, il. abulaZis
redaqciiT, Tb., 1963, gv.76, 83
2 leonti mroveli, cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTa, `qarTlis cxovreba~, teqsti dadgenili
yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. I, Tb. 1955, gv. 11
3 berZeniSvili n., saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, w. II, Tb. 1965, gv. 8
808
samefo xelisufleba _ Cveni qveynis istoriaSi erT-erTi gamorCeuli me-
fis daviT IV (1089-1125) aRmaSeneblis epoqis CvenebiT. qarTulma saistorio
mwerlobam da istoriografiam daviT aRmaSenebeli udides saxelmwifo
moRvawed da mxedarTmTavrad aRiara. mis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli qar-
Tuli saxelmwifos saboloo Camoyalibebisa da erovnuli TviTSegnebis
amaRleba.
2016 wels internetgamocema ,,the top tens“-ma daviT aRmaSenebeli msoflio
yvela drois 20 saukeTeso mTavarsardals Soris daasaxela.
mcxeTis muzeumis saeqspozicio sivrceSi `saqarTvelos samefo xelisu-
fleba _ mefe daviT IV aRmaSenebeli~ warmodgenili iqneba daviTis epoqis
amsaxveli artefaqtebiT, teqsturi nawiliTa da Tanamedrove teqnolo-
giebis gamoyenebiT: Touch Screen-is programa, samganzomilebiani gamosaxule-
ba, igive 3D formatis grafika, animacia, video, audio gidi, da a.S.
`saqarTvelos samefo xelisufleba _ mefe daviT IV aRmaSenebeli~ war-
modgenili iqneba qronologiisa da Tematikis dacviT.
mefis titulatura
pirveli qarTveli mefe, romelmac
uari Tqva bizantiur sakariska-
co titulze da iwodeboda: mefed
`afxazTa, qarTvelTa, ranTa, kax-
Ta, somexTa, SarvanSa da SahanSa~.
ufliswuloba
daviTis gamefebamde saqarTvelos
politikuri da ekonomikuri mdgo-
mareobis aRwera _ `iyo qveyana ese
sruliad oxer~ _ Turq-selCukTa
Tavdasxmebi da maT mier dapyro-
bili teritoriebi; centralur
xelisuflebas dapirispirebuli
gamdgari didgvarovani feodale-
bi.
vizualuri masala _ XI saukunis
msoflio rukaze naCvenebi iqne-
ba kavkasiasa da maxlobel aRm-
osavleTSi Turq-selCukebis mier
dapyrobili bizantiis aziuri
4. daviT aRmaSeneblis portreti gela-
provinciebi da saqarTvelos aRm-
Tis taZridan
osavleTi da samxreTi teritorie-
bi;
809

2. sinas taZris wm. giorgis xatze
daviTis portreti
vizualuri masala _ adgilis pirobiTi Cveneba (kreba gaimarTa ori dasa-
xlebuli punqtis ruisisa da urbnisis maxloblad, `sanaxebs Soris~, saero
daniSnulebis SenobaSi). animaciisa da audio gidis saSualebiT saeklesio
krebis rekonstruqcia: krebis Tavmjdomare kaTolikos-patriarqi, wevrebi:
episkoposebi, mefis aRmzrdeli giorgi Wyondideli, mefis moZRvari arseni,
samRvdeloeba; saero pirebi _ mefe daviTi, mefis mama giorgi II, daviTis
mamida _ bizantiis dedofali mariami da sxv. saeklesio etiketi _ jdo-
ma-dgomis wesi da a.S. saeklesio krebis dadgenilebis `Zeglisweris~ te-
qstis foto.

daviT aRmaSeneblis
gamefeba daviT IV aRmaSeneblis mier Seqmnili saxelmwifo in-
stituciebi
`...amas martod Sobilsa giorgis-
gan TÂT mamaman daadga gÂrgÂni me- • centraluri aparatis reforma - savaziro
fobisa...~ Seiqmna mefesTan arsebuli saTaTbiro da mmarTvelobiTi organo, saTanado
samoxeleo aparatiT dakompleqtebuli saxelmwifo sabWo, igive savaziro.

daviT IV aRmaSeneblis reformebi

• progresul moRvaweTa dasis Seqmna Tavisi aRmzrdelis giorgi mwigno-

barTuxucesiT saTaveSi.

• brZola urCi feodalebis winaaRmdeg - Rirsni wyalobisani Seiwyalna,

Semcodeni dai pyrna da wuarTna~.

centraluri xelisuflebis mowinaaRmdege didgvarovani feodalebis: kl-

dekaris erisTav li parit V baRvaSisa da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos feo-
daluri saxlis _ abuleTisZeTa Sepyroba.

vizualuri masala _ rukaze baRvaSTa da abuleTisZeTa safeodalo saxle-

bis _ mamulebisa da sagamgebo teritoriebis moniSvna (Tanamedrove saCxe-
re-WiaTuris teritoria da aragvis xeoba). safeodalo cixe-simagreebis _
kldekarisa da zedaznis cixeebis, sagvareulo eklesiebisa da saZvaleebis
_ kacxis monastris, mitacebuli saxelmwifo da saeklesio _ SiomRvimis
monasteri, sveticxovlis sapatriarqo taZari da wilknis saepiskoposo _
mamulebis Cveneba.

• `didTa wylulTa~ kurnebani - gardaqmnebi eklesiaSi _ ruis-urbnisis

saeklesio kreba _ `mbrZol veqmen yovelTa wesTa sjulisa SenisaTa...
ara gecruvneT Sen, siwmindiT Cueno kaTolike eklesiao, arca gangceT
Sen, siqadulo Cueno marTlmadideblobao~.
ruis-urbnisis saeklesio reformis Sedegad saxelmwifom Tavisi gavlena
gaavrcela eklesiaze. amas xeli Seuwyo samefo xelisuflebis mier gata-
rebulma mniSvnelovanma RonisZiebam Wyondidlisa da mwignobarTuxucesis
(saeklesio da saero) Tanamdebobebis gaerTianebam.
3. ruis-urbnisis krebis `Zegliswera~
vizuali _ imitirebuli savaziro, gacocxlebuli animaciiT. savaziroSi
winaswar xdeboda sxvadasxva uwyebis sakiTxebis ganxilva da erTiani po-
litikuri xazis SemuSaveba. saxelmwifo sabWo umniSvnelovanes sakiTxebs
wyvetda mefis „sawolSi“, sadac „vaziroba“ anu TaTbiri mimdinareobda.
„xelmwifis karis garigebis“ Tanaxmad, zustad iyo gawerili savaziro
sxdomebis Catarebis adgili da wesebi, dacvisa da momsaxure personalis
ufleba-movaleobebi;

810 811
 savaziros sxdomas icavda e.w. „sawolis mekre“ (mesawoleTuxucesis xel-
qveiTi moxele), romelic xelSi argniT idga sawolis „kars gareT“ da
sxdomaze Seiyvanda gamoZaxebul pirs („visca ubrZaneben“).
mwignobarTuxuces-Wyondideli, rogorc umaRlesi saero da saeklesio moxe-
le, „vazirTa upirvelesad“ iTvleboda, xolo savaziroSi ufros-umcroso-
bis rigiT Sediodnen: aTabagi, amirspasalari, mandaturTuxucesi, meWurWle-
Tuxucesi da msaxurTuxucesi. savaziro sxdomas saTaTbiro xmis uflebis
gareSe eswrebodnen vazirTa TanaSemweni: sawolis mwignobari, amilaxori
da amirejibi.
mefe savaziros eTaTbireboda umniSvnelovanesi saxelmwifo saqmeebis ga-
dasawyvetad, kerZod: Tavdacva, mterze laSqroba, zavis dadeba da a.S.; „va-
zirobis“ mowveva da misi Tavmjdomareoba mefis prerogativa iyo.
• `mstovarTa~ instituti
daviTma Seqmna Zlieri sapolicio, sadazvervo – `mstovarTa~ _ instituti.
`mstovrebi~ akontrolebdnen rogorc Sinauri mtrebis, feodalTa saq-
mianobas, ise gareSe mtrebis _ Turq-selCukTa moZraobas;
• sasamarTlo reforma _ `saajo kari~ an uzenaesi marTlmsajuleba
mefis ganwesebiT Seiqmna umaRlesi sasamarTlo organo _ „saajo kari“.
uwyebas xelmZRvanelobda mwignobarTuxuces-Wyondideli. orSabaTobiT va-
zirTa Soris upirvelesi „saajo karSi“ dajdeboda da qvrivTa da obol-
Ta saqmeebs ganixilavda.
vizuali _ animaciiT sadazvervo organos `mstovarTa~ institutisa da
uzenaesi marTlmsajulebis `saajo karis~ rekonstruqcia.
• samxedro reforma
Si; mecixovneebi, maTi movaleoba _ cixe-simagreebis gamagreba, estafetiT
cixe-koSkebze anTebuli cecxlis meSveobiT mtris Semosvlisa da brZo-
laSi Cabmis niSani; mudmivi qarTuli laSqari _ laSqris gadaadgileba
brZolis velze, ra saomari da sabrZolo aRWurviloba gamoiyeneboda
brZolis dros da ra transportiT (cxeni, saxedari, jori, xari, borbliani
transporti) xdeboda sabrZolo iaraRis, sakvebisa da furaJis gadatana,
alafis wamoReba da daWrilTa transportireba. saalyo teqnika da sa-
tyorcni iaraRi cixesimagreTa asaRebad.
sabrZolo wyoba _ daviT aRmaSeneblis dros saqarTvelos laSqars miRe-
buli hqonda bizantiuri, e.w. „mwkrivebrivi taqtika“. ramdenime razmi sam
mwkrivad Wadrakis figurebis msgavsad ewyoboda: pirveli — winamZRoli
jari, meore — yolbi jari (wre, rkali _ `kacni gars Semorigebulni~), xolo
mesame — maSveli jari. maSvel mwkrivad iTvleboda roqis spa, romelsac
mefe meTaurobda. pirveli mwkrivi ieriSiT midioda da Tu sigrZeze mtris
mowinave jars aRemateboda, maSin frTebs Slida da ormxriv moexveoda
mowinaaRmdeges. meore mwkrivi pirvels Sveloda da a.S.
animaciis saSualebiT yivCayTa gadmoyvana Crdilo kavkasiidan.
• sabrZolo moqmedebebi
1096 wels evropaSi dawyebulma jvarosnulma laSqrobebma daviT mefes sa-
fuZveli misca selCukebis mier mitacebuli qarTuli miwebi daebrunebina:
• pirveli da mniSvnelovani brZola kaxeTis dasabruneblad gaimarTa
erwuxis velze 1104 wels. es iyo mefis pirveli Zlevamosili gamarjve-
ba mtris koaliciuri laSqris winaaRmdeg, romelsac mematianem `ZlevaÁ
sakvirveli~ uwoda.
• samSvildis cixe - 1110 weli

daviT aRmaSeneblis RonisZiebebs Soris mniSvnelovani iyo samxedro re-

forma. qarTuli laSqari sam nawilad daiyo:

pirveli _ mefis piradi 5000-iani `mona-spa~.

meore _ mecixovneebi.

mesame _ mudmivi qarTuli laSqari.

mefem laSqris gazrdis mizniT 1118-1120 wlebSi Crdilo kavkasiidan Camoa-

saxla yivCaRTa 40 aTasi ojaxi. CamosaxlebulTa yoveli ojaxis valdebu-
lebas erTi SeiaraRebuli mxedris gamoyvana warmoadgenda.

samxedro reformis Semdeg momzadda niadagi Turq-selCukTa saqarTvelo-

dan gandevnisaTvis da saqarTvelos gaerTianebis procesis dasrulebi-
saTvis.
4. jvarosnebis mier ierusalimisa da antioqiis aRebis scenebi
vizuali _ animaciisa da audio gidis saSualebiT saqarTvelos laS- laTinuri xelnawerebis miniaturebidan
qris wyobisa da qarTveli meomris aRWurvilobis gacocxleba; mona-spa,
maTi movaleoba _ rogor icavs mefes. rodis da rogor ebmeba brZola-

812 813
 • Zerna - 1110 weli
• TrialeTSi TurqTa laSqris damarcxeba _ 1110 weli
• rusTavi _ 1115 weli
• tao-klarjeTSi Turq-selCukebis damarcxeba _ 1116 wlis Tebervali
• giSi _ 1117 weli
• daviTis memkvidris, demetres, laSqroba Samqors da qalaq qalaZoris
aReba _ 1117 weli
• raxsis piras Turqebis damarcxeba _ 1118 weli
• lores cixe _ 1118 weli
• agarani _ 1118 wlis ivlisi
• selCukTa damarcxeba botorasTan (bortia) _ 1120 wlis 14 Tebervali
• Sirvanis qalaq yabalas aReba _ 1120 weli
• Sirvanidan selCukebis gaZeveba _ 1120 wlis maisi
• aSornias da sevgulamejs Turq-selCukebis damarcxeba _ 1120 weli
• xunans selCukebis damaarcxeba _ 1121 wlis marti
• qalaq bardavis aReba _ 1121 wlis ivnisi
• Tbilisis aReba _ 1122 weli, riTic, faqtobrivad, dasrulda saqarTve-
los samefos mier warmoebuli qveynis Semomtkicebis procesi. Tbilisi,
400 wlis Semdeg, kvlav samefo dedaqalaqi gaxda
• Sirvanis qalaq gulistanisa aReba _ 1123
• SamaxiasTan selCukebis damarcxeba _ 1123
• saqarTveloSi arsebuli Turq-selCukTa ukanaskneli punqtis dmanisis
aReba _ 1124 wlis marti
• Saburani _ 1124 wlis aprili
• somxeTis cixeebis _ gagni, teronakali, qavazini, norbedi, manasgomni, ta-
linjaqaris _ gaTavisufleba selCukebisgan _ 1124 weli
• javaxeTis, kolas, karniforis, basianis selCukebisagan gawmenda _ 1124
wlis ivnisi
• anel didebulTa Txovnis safuZvelze Turq-selCukebisgan somxeTis
yofili samefos dedaqalaqi anisisa da misi mimdgomi cixeebis gaTa-
visufleba _ 1124 weli
• Sirvanis saboloo SemoerTeba _ 1124 wlis seqtemberi
vizualuri mxare _ rukis daxmarebiT yvela im lokaciis Cveneba, rac
saqarTvelos laSqris mier iqna aRebuli. magaliTad: erwuxi brZola, Se-
darebiT vrclad, aRwerili aqvs daviTis mematianes, amitom SesaZlebelia
brZolis epizodebis gacocxleba. saqarTvelos mefem axali taqtikuri
xerxi SesTavaza selCukebs _ „qmna wyobani didni“ anu, mZlavri flanguri
dartymebi ganaxorciela. mematianes cnobiT mefe win miuZRvoda laSqars,
lomiviT SeuZaxebda laSqars da amiT amxnevebda maT. am brZolaSi mefes
sami cxeni moukles da meoTxe cxenze daasrula brZola.
814
didgoris brZola
„eha, meomarno qristesano! Tu RvTis sjulis dasacavad TavdadebiT vi-
brZolebT, aramc Tu eSmakis uricxv mimdevarT a, aramed TviT eSmakebsac
advilad davamarcxebT, da erT rames girCevT, rac Cveni patiosnebisa da
sargeblobisaTvis kargi iqneba: Cven yvelam, xelebis cisken apyrobiT,
Zlier RmerTs aRTqma mivceT, rom misi siyvarulisaTvis am brZolis vel-
ze davixocebiT da ar gaviqceviT. da raTa ar SegveZlos gaqceva, kidec
rom movindomoT, am xeobis Sesavali, romliTac SemovsulvarT, xeTa xSi-
ri xorgebiT SevkariT da mters, roca mogviaxlovdeba Cvenze ieriSis
mosatanad, mtkice guliT daundoblad SevutioT“ - am sityvebiT mimarTa
brZolis dawyebamde qarTvelTa mefem Tavis laSqars (gotie, frangi mema-
tiane, antioqiis samTavros kancleri da jvarosnuli omebis monawile).
`mefeman daviT uSiSman da yovlad uZravman guliTa
wina ganawyo spa misi da yoveli saqme Svenierad da
Ronierad hyo“
- daviT aRmaSeneblis mematiane
didgoris brZolas saqarTvelosa da msoflio samxedro istoriaSi umniS-
vnelovanesi adgili ukavia.
brZola gaimarTa 1121 wlis 12 agvistos didgoris velze.
mahmadianTa koaliciuri laSqari 300.000-s aRemateboda, sardlobda baRda-
dis gamgebeli da jvarosnebis winaaRmdeg warmatebuli brZoliT ganTqmu-
li Turqi sardali da mxedarTmTavari nejm ad din ilRazi.
saqarTvelos samefo laSqari Sedgeboda 40 000 qarTveli, 15 000 yivCayi, 500
osi da 100 frangi (evropeli) jvarosani meomrisgan.
didgoris brZolas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda saqarTvelos samefos
istoriaSi, mefem samxedro Tavganwirvis sastik RonisZiebebs mimarTa _
ukandasaxevi gzebi Cauxerga qarTul laSqars. pirvelive SetakebisTanave
iZlia mtris uricxvi mxedroba.
„mosrna saxelovanni igi mbrZolni arabeTisani, anu meotTa viTar simar-
jჳT da gankrZalulad sdevnna da mosrna, romliTa aRivsnes velni, mTani
da Releni mZorebiTa“.
mahmadianTa laSqari sastikad damarcxda. gaqceul mters qarTvelebma did
manZilze sdies. mtris mxolod mcire nawilma gaaRwia samSvidobos. TviT
ilRazi, laSqris sardali, TavSi mZimed daWrili Zlivs gadaurCa brZolis
velze sikvdils.
didgoris brZolaSi gamovlinda daviT mefis udidesi mxedarTmTavruli
da strategiuli niWi. saqarTvelosa da misi centraluri xelisuflebis
avtoriteti ganuzomlad gaizarda. daviTma qveynis cxovrebis yvela mxare
Tavis Zalauflebas daumorCila da xelisuflebis sruli koncentrireba
moaxdina.
815
 didgoris brZolaSi gamarjvebam didi gamoxmaureba hpova maxlobel aR- urTierToba bizantiasTan
mosavleTsa da evropaSi. am brZolis Sesaxeb werdnen evropeli, somexi Tu
arabi istorikosebi.
daviTma Tavisi erT-erTi qaliSvili
vizuali _ 3D formatSi sabrZolo teritoriis _ didgorisa da niCbisis kataÁ 1116 wels bizantiis imperato-
xeobis landSaftis Cveneba; animaciiT da rukis saSualebiT mahmadianuri ris aleqsi I komnenosis umcros vaJ-
koaliciuri laSqris Semosvlis marSruti; qarTuli da mowinaaRmdege ze, isakze gaaTxova _ „gagzavna sa-
laSqris wyoba da brZolis detalebi dafuZnebuli werilobiT masalebze. berZneTs sZlad berZenTa mefisad“.
qarTuli laSqris sabrZolo taqtika _ 100 meomris gagzavna mowinaaRmde-
geTa banakSi; damarcxebuli laSqris devna saqarTvelos samefo sazRvre- vizuali _ bizantiis imperator
bamde da a.S. audio gidi _ mefis mowodeba Tavisi laSqrisadmi brZolis aleqsi I komnenosis portretis
win, didgoris brZolis Sefaseba TanamedroveTa mier _ gotie, maTe urqae- foto erT-erTi berZnuli xelnawe-
li, al fariki, daviTis mematiane. ris miniaturidan; animaciis saSua-
lebiT mefis asulis gagzavna bizan- 6. aleqsi komnenosis portreti
tiaSi Tavisi sefeqalebiT, Tanmxlebi
finansebi da ekonomika pirebiT da samefo qorwili.

daviT aRmaSeneblis mier gatarebul- urTierToba evropasTan (jvarosnebTan)

ma mravalmxrivma reformebma ganapi-
roba warmatebebi qveynis ekonomika-
Si; moWra ramdenime moneta qarTuli
warweriT da mefis titulaturiT:
`qriste, daviT mefe afxazTa, qarT-
velTa, ranTa, kaxTa, somexTa~;
iTvaliswinebda ra muslimanur sa-
5. daviT aRmaSeneblis moneta myarosTan ekonomikur da politikur
urTierTobas moWra arabulwarwe-
riani spilenZis moneta: `mefeTa mefe
daviT, Ze giorgisa, mesiis maxvili~.
ganviTarebis maRal dones miaRwia soflis meurneobam da xelosnobam;
vaWrobis ganviTarebis mizniT ucxoeli vaWrebisTvis gzebze sagangebo
saxlebi aago, aaSena xidebi da gaiyvana gzebi.
jvarosnebi daviTs Tavis mokavSired
ganixilavdnen da Turq-selCukTa wi-
naaRmdeg brZolaSi jvarosanTa „win-
burjad“ moixseniebdnen.
daviTis warmatebam selCukTa wi-
naaRmdeg evropaSi Seqmna legendebi.
XIII saukunis laTinur enaze Sedge-
nil inglisur qronikaSi moTxro-
bilia, rom „mTels saqristianoSi
gavrcelda xma, rom mefe daviTi, ioa-
ne presviterad saxeldebuli, aurac-
xeli jariT daiZra indoeTidan da
ukve dai pyro midia da sparseTio“.

vizuali _ daviT aRmaSeneblis mier moWrili monetebis fotoebi, monete- legenda gavrcelebuli iyo evropel
bis aRwera xmovani teqstis meSveobiT, aversisa da reversis gamosaxulebe- da aRmosavleTis xalxebSi: Cineleb-
bi, vlaqernis RvTismSobeli, mefis portreti, Cacmuloba, samefo insigniebi, Si, monRolebSi, TurqebSi, sparseleb-
mefis titulatura da a.S. Si, indoelebSi, arabebSi, somxebSi, ru-
seTSi.

qarTuli wyaros cnobiT daviTs ur-

TierToba hqonda ierusalimis mefe
bolduin (balduin) II-sTan?

vizuali _ bolduin II-is portretis

foto, erT-erTi laTinuri wignis mi-
niaturidan. 7. bolduin II-is portreti

816 817
 toleranti mefe daviT aRmaSeneblis mier gatarebulma reformebma safuZveli Seuqmna XIII
saukunis qarTuli renesansuli kulturis, `oqros xanis~, Camoyalibebas.

daviT aRmaSenebeli Semwynareblobas iCenda rogorc sxva eTnosebis, ise vizuali _ gelaTis, SiomRvimis monastrebis, sazRvargareT arsebuli qar-
religiebis mimarT. ucxoeli istorikosebi aRniSnavdnen, rom daviT mefe Tuli saganmanaTleblo kerebisa da umaRlesi saswavleblebis, saeklesio
mfarvelobda mahmadian qveSevrdomebs. nivTebis _ sawinamZRvre jvrebis da a.S. foto kolaJi.

muslimanTa uflebebi privilegirebul mdgomareobaSi iyo ekonomikur da

finansur dargebSic.

daviTma isini erTi wliT gaaTavisufla sxvadasxva gadasaxadebisagan,

xolo Semdgom saxelmwifo xazinis sasargeblod yovelwliurad gadasa-
xadi TiToeul muslims sami dinari dauwesa, maSin rodesac qarTvelebi
xuT dinars ixdidnen.

daviTma mqadageblebs, sufiebsa da asketebs sasaxleebi auSena, Tuki mahma-

diani Tbilisidan wasvlas daapirebda mas samgzavro fuli eZleoda.

mefe aseve xels uwyobda saqarTveloSi mcxovreb somxebs. uflebrivad

qristian mosaxleobasTan iyvnen gaTanabrebulni ebraelebic.

vizuali _ animacia da xmovani teqsti _ XII saukunis Tbilisuri yofa

konfesiebis mixedviT: qarTvelTa ubani _ qristianuli Temi da marTlm-
adidebluri eklesia, somxebi da grigorianuli eklesia; mahmadianuri uba-
ni _ meCeTiT da minareTiT, ebraelTa ubani _ sinagogiT; xmovani teqsti _
qristianuli ubnidan zaris xma, mahmadianuri ubnidan molas locva. sub-
titrebiT an audio gidis gaxmovanebiT daviTis daxasiaTeba Tanamedrove 8. daviTis drois sawinamZRvro jvrebi
mahmadiani istorikosebis mier (al fariki da ibn-al-jauzi).

kulturul-saganmanaTleblo da saaRmSeneblo
moRvaweoba

daviT aRmaSeneblis periodSi ganviTarda qarTuli kultura da ganaTle- mefe mwignobari

ba. saqarTveloSi daviTis brZanebiT aSenda da Seimko mravali eklesia,
maT Soris gelaTisa da SiomRvimis monastrebi.
daarsda umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo saswavleblebi _ gelaTisa da iyal-
Tos akademiebi;
eklesia-monastrebTan arsebobda skolebic, sadac Teologias, himnografi-
as, liturgikasa da qarTul mwignobrobas aswavlidnen.
codnis miRebis mizniT bavSvebs bizantiaSi agzavnida.
daviT aRmaSenebels laSqrobaSi Tu xangrZlivi mgzavrobisas jorebsa da
saxedrebze akidebuli mcire biblioTeka dahqonda.
Cvens dromdea moRweuli daviTis mier Seqmnili originaluri poeturi
nawarmoebi RvTismSoblisadmi miZRvnili „galobani sinanulisani~, sadac
mefe SeTxovs ufals: `nu warmwymed codvaTa Sina da nu moixsenieb ZeTa
CemTa da nu damsji me qvesknelTa Tana, rameTu Sen xar RmerTi monanul-
TaÁ amaRlebuli zesknels caTa ZalTagan~.

did yuradRebas aqcevda kulturuli centrebis gamravlebas sazRvar-

gareTac: aTonis qarTvelTa monasteri, palestinis, petriwonis, Savi mTis
qarTvelTa monasteri siriaSi saqarTvelos samefo karis mzrunvelobis
qveS iyvnen.

818 819
 gardacvalebamde daviTma taxtis memkvidred Tavisi vaJi demetre I ak-
urTxa mefed.

mefem gardacvalebis win anderZad datova, rom gelaTis monastris mTavar

karibWeSi daekrZalaT, raTa yvela momlocvels mis saflavze daedga fexi.
mefis saflavis qvas mxolod erTi warwera amSvenebs: „ese ars gansasuene-
beli Cemi ukuniTi ukunisamde; ese mTnavs: aqa davemkvidro me“.

varaudoben, rom daviTis wmindanad Seracxvis Semdeg misi nawilebi XVIII

9. mefis xelrTva
daviT aRmaSenebelma SiomRvimis monastris mamebs anderZad dautova, rom
didmarxvis paraskevs misTvis elocaT: `ufalo RmerTo, daviTs miuteven
bralni misni siyrmisa da cTomilebisani!~
mefe Tavis anderZSi sagangebod aRniSnavs _ `ara damiteva me sawuTroman
da, damZimebuli codvaTa simravliTa, mwuxared ganmiyuana winaSe msaju-
lisa...~
saukuneSi mTavari taZris sakurTxevelSi gadaasvenes.
pirovnuli Rirsebebisa da qveynisa da eris winaSe udidesi damsaxurebi-
saTvis, qarTulma marTlmadidebelma eklesiam daviTi wmindanad Seracxa,
xolo madlierma STamomavlobam mas aRmaSenebeli uwoda.
vizuali _ saqarTvelos ruka daviT mefis drois sazRvrebis moniSvniT.
mefis saZvalis foto; mefis anderZi _ audio gidi; animaciis saSualebiT
daviTis mier demetre ufliswulis mefed kurTxeva.

vizuali _ animacia: mefis gadaadgileba Tavisi Tanmxlebi pirebiTa da

biblioTekiT _ saxedrebze akidebuli wignebi; xmovani teqsti, citatebi
da fotokolaJi xelnawerebidan: `galobani sinanulisani~, daviTis sigeli
SiomRvimis monastrisadmi, mefis anderZi, daviT aRmaSeneblis xelrTva.

legendebi da Tqmulebebi

saintereso legendaa SemorCenili da-

viT aRmaSeneblis mier gelaTis taZ-
ris agebaze: mefes md. wyalwiTeladan
Tavisi xeliT amoutania ori uzarma-
zari qva da monastris samxreT-dasav-
leTis yureSi dautanebia. erT maTgan-
ze dRemde aris viTom daviTis mier bibliografia
gakeTebuli mzis saaTi.
10. mzis saaTis foto gelaTis taZri- 1. berZeniSvili n., saqarTvelos istoriis 6. `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~, Zveli agiografiu-
dan sakiTxebi, w. II, Tb., 1965 li literaturuli Zeglebi, I, il. abula-
mefis aRsasruli 2. gabiZaSvili e., ruis-urbnisis krebis Zeg- Zis redaqciiT, Tb., 1963
liswera, Tb., 1978 7. metreveli r., wminda daviT aRmaSenebeli,
3. leonti mroveli, cxovreba qarTvelTa Tb., 2011
daviT IV aRmaSeneblad wodebuli `mefe afxazTa, qarTvelTa, ranTa, kaxTa mefeTa, `qarTlis cxovreba~, teqsti dad- 8. cxovreba mefeT-mefisa daviTisi, `qarT-
da somexTa, SarvanSa da SahanSa~ gardaicvala 1125 wlis 26 ianvars, Tbi- genili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mi- lis cxovreba~, teqsti dadgenili yvela
lisSi. xedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. I, Tb. 1955 ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yaux-
4. mesxia S., saSinao politikuri viTareba CiSvilis mier, t. I, Tb.1955
mefem Tavisi ocdaTeqvsmetwliani mmarTvelobis ganmavlobaSi gaaerTiana da samoxeleo wyoba XII saukunis sa- 9. wurwumia m., Sua saukuneebis qarTuli
saqarTvelo „nikofsiTgan darubandisa sazRuradmde da ovseTidgan soe- qarTveloSi, Tb., 1972 laSqari 900-1700, Tb., 2016
rad da aregawadmde“. 5. mesxia S., `ZlevaÁ sakvirveli~, Tb., 1972

820 821
 Nino Shiolashvili
National Agency for Cultural Heritage Preservation of Georgia,
St. Andrews Georgian University,
Assistant Professor, Doctor of History

GEORGIAN
ROYAL
GOVERNANCE – KING
DAVID IV
THE
BUILDER
In the new museum of Mtskheta it is planned to In the exhibition space of the museum, the Roy-
represent the Georgian royal government - the al Government of Georgia will be represented
epoch of Georgia’s greatest King David IV the in textual materials, displaying artifacts from
Builder, the period during which the country the time of David the Builder and using mod-
experienced political, economic and cultural ern technologies: Touch Screen, Three-dimen-
progress, while the royal government reached sional images, same as the 3D format graphics,
the peak of centralization. animation, video, audio guide, etc.

822 823
 guliko kvantiZe
saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi,
simon janaSias saxelobis saqarTvelos muzeumi,
eTnologiisa da istoriis koleqciebis ufrosi kuratori,
istoriis doqtori
samefo
Sesamoselis
rekonstruqcia
mcxeTis muzeumis
saeqspozicio
sivrceSi
mcxeTis axali muzeumis saeqspozicio sivrceSi
eleqtronul formatSi warmosadgen sxva mniSvne-
lovan da saintereso TemaTa Soris, rekonstruire-
buli samefo Sesamoselisa da insigniebis eqsponi-
rebacaa gaTvaliswinebuli.
saeqspozicio Tematikidan gamomdinare, statiis mi-
zania, werilobiTi wyaroebis, vizualuri masalisa
da samecniero literaturis daxmarebiT mimovixi-
loT qarTvel xelisufalTa samefo kostiumis sa-
xeobebi, kostiumSi Semaval detalTa Targi, masa-
la, feri da Semkuloba. aseve, ganvixiloT samefo
regaliebi.
qarTul samecniero sivrceSi samefo samosi sakma-
od kargad Seswavlili Temaa, sxvadasxva dros aR-
niSnul Temaze muSaobdnen: ivane javaxiSvili1, ivane
ciciSvili2, sargis kakabaZe3, nino CofikaSvili4, Ti-
naTin virsalaZe5, kiti maCabeli6, marika sayvareliZe7
da sxvani.
qarTvel mefeTa samosis kvleva SesaZlebelia we-
rilobiTi wyaroebis: 1) `wesi da gangeba mefed
1 javaxiSvili iv., Txzulebani Tormet tomad, t. VII. Tb., 1984
2 ciciSvili i., masalebi qarTuli Cacmulobis istoriisaTvis, Tb. 1954
3 kakabaZe s., `mefed kurTxevis wesi me-XIII s. dasawyiss Sedgenili~, tf. 1913
4 CofikaSvili n., qarTuli kostiumis istoria (VI-XIV ss.), Tb. 1964
5 Вирсаладзе Т., Фресковая роспись художника Микаела Маглакели в Мацхвариши, Грузинская
Средневековая монументальная живопись, Тб., 2007
6 maCabeli k., qarTuli istoriuli kostiumi (V-X ss.) Tb., 2013
7 sayvareliZe m., samefo kostiumi (leon kaxT mefis mixedviT. 1520-1574 ww.) ssmm, Tb., 1975
824
kurTxevisa~8,`cxovreba mefeT-mefisa daviTisi~9, `istoriani da azmani Sa-
ravandedTani~10, ioane SavTelis `abdulmesiani~, `ambavni qarTlisani~11; 2)
kedlis mxatvrobis: bediis, atenis, macxvariSis, varZiis, beTaniis, yinwvisis,
berTubnis, gelaTis, udabnos12, varZiis ananauris, garejis (naTlismcemlis),
axali SuamTisa da sxv. eklesia-monastrebis freskebis mixedviT; 3) relie-
febis: opizis, tbeTis, dolisyanis, oSkis13; 4) monetebis: daviT aRmaSeneblis,
laSa-giorgis14 da sxv.
Cvens xelT arsebuli samecniero literaturis, werilobiTi da vizualu-
ri wyaroebis gamoyenebiT gairkva, rom qarTvel mefeTa samosi SesaZlebe-
lia ramdenime saxeobad daiyos:
I saxeobas ganekuTvneba aSot kurapa-
latis Cacmuloba (sur. 1), romelic
opizis (826-829 ww.) reliefze ekle-
siis modeliTaa xelSi gamosaxuli.
qarTvel xelisufals welSi daviw-
rovebuli da qobasken gaganierebu-
li mokle kaba acia, sayelo mxrebzea
gadafenili da aqeT-iqiT kuTxeSi
TiTo, didi Rili amSvenebs. welze,
TiTqos, rombiseburi formis, erTma-
neTze gadabmulfigurebiani sartye-
li artyia, kaba bolomdea Caxsnili
da marcxena mxares ikvreba. saxe-
loebi grZelia da gofrirebuli. am
saxeobis kabebi, ZiriTadad, gofri-
rebuli, sada qsovilisganaa nakeri.
reliefebs Tu kargad davukvirdebiT,
SevamCnevT, rom samosi rigebad Camw-
krivebuli margalitebiTa da Zvir-
1. aSot kurapalati, opiza, IX s.
fasi qvebiTaa gamSvenebuli. feris
Sesaxeb, bunebrivia, verafers vityviT.
II saxeobis samefo samoss ganekuTvneba oSkis taZris reliefze (958-961 ww.)
gamosaxuli adarnase III kurapalatis vaJebis _ bagrat erisTavT-erisTavi-
sa da daviT magistrosis (SemdgomSi kurapalati) Cacmuloba. reliefis da-
zianebis miuxedavad, ikiTxeba ori erTeulisgan Semdgari samosi: koWebamde
sigrZis, Tavisufladmdgomi, wriul da mcenareulornamentiani mosasxami da
mosasxamis msgavsi (wriul da mcenareulornamentiani) qsovilis kaba, rome-
lic grZeli da ganieria da aseve Tavisuflad dgas. daxuruli kabis yeli
8 `wesi da gangeba mefeT kurTxevisa~, qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, saero sakanonmdeblo
Zeglebi (X-XIX ss.). teqstebi gamoica, SeniSvnebi da saZiebeli daurTo prof. i. doliZem,
t. II. Tb., 1965
9 qarTlis cxovreba. s. yauxCiSvilis redaqciiT, t. I, Tb., 1955
10 ix. sqolio #9
11 papuna orbeliani, `ambavni qarTlisani~, Tb. 1981
12 CofikaSvili n., dasax. naSromi, gv. 68
13 iqve, gv. 68
14 patariZe m., faRava i., `giorgi-laSas mefed kurTxevis numizmatikuri asaxva~, saistorio
krebuli t. 3, Tb., 2013
825
 mrgvladaa amoWrili da margalitebi-
Ta da Zvirfasi qvebiT imkoba. saxeloe-
bi grZeli da viwroa, manJetebi ki ase-
ve Zvirfasi qvebiTaa Semkuli (sur. 2).

III saxeobas ganekuTvneba giorgi II-is

samosi atenSi (sur. 3), demetre I-is sa-
mosi macxvariSSi (sur. 4) da laSa-gi-
orgis samosi berTubansa da beTaniaSi.
kaba tanzea momdgari, welSi gamoyva-
nili, muxls odnav qvemoT sigrZis da
2. bagrat IV erisTavT-erisTavi, oSki bolosken trapeciad daSvebuli. same-
X s. fo kabis es saxeoba xan welamde, xan
ki kalTis bolomdea Caxsnili, yelic
gansxvavebulia, daxuruli gulispiri-
Ta da yelis areSi, nikapqveS mdgari
patara zomis samkuTxa sayeloTi. ka-
bis sartyeli TeZoze artyiaT da ara
welze. samosis am saxeobas enian ka-
basac uwodeben. rogorc vizualuri
masalidan aRiqmeba, kaba nakeri unda
iyos sqeli qsovilisagan, radgan we-
lidan gaSvebul trapecias ar aqvs
xSiri nakecebi. kabis gulispiri da
bolo, aseve saxelos manJetebi, gala-
mazebulia naqargobiT. Tavad qsovili
sadacaa da saxianic.

am saxeobas minda mivakuTvno qarT-

lis mefe giorgi X-is (1600-1606) same-
fo kaba (sur. 5), romelic formebiT
uaxlovdeba laSa-giorgisa da deme-
tre I-is samefo samoss. 5. giorgi X, XVII s. dasawyisi

IV saxeobas ganekuTvneba samefo kos-

3. giorgi II, atenis sioni, VII s-is I
nax.
4. demetre I, macxvariSi, XII s-is I nax.
gorc saxian, aseve sada da mZime qsovilisgan naker bisonebs. savaraudod,
tiumi, romelic mosavT bagrat III-s
es qsovilebi unda yofiliyo: stavra, atlasi, zarqaSi da sxv. werilobiTi
gelaTSi, bagrat IV-s atenSi, daviT
wyaroebis mixedviT, iyenebdnen, aseve, oqroqsovilebsa da ferad Zoweulebs.
aRmaSenebels gelaTSi, Tamar mefes
ZiriTadad, saxeldeba bisonis Semdegi ferebi: Ria mwvane, alublisferi,
varZiaSi, beTaniaSi, berTubansa da yin-
iisferi, TeTri, cisferi da sxv. ferebs Soris Warbobs alublisferi.
wvisSi.
bisons amkobdnen naqargobiT, sxvadasxva feris Zvirfasi qvebiTa da marga-
samefo kostiumi Sedgeba: bisonis,
litebiT.
diademasa da porfirisagan.
fesuedi samoseli, igive interula/kvarTi/podiri - bisonis Sida samosia,
bisoni qarTvel da bizantiel xeli-
ris gamoc ar ikiTxeba misi mTliani vizuali. mefeebs mouCanT mxolod
sufalTa Sesamoselia, grZeli, viwro
sayelo, bolo da saxelos manJetebi.
da gaSvebuli, koWamde sigrZis. moZ-
raobis gasaadvileblad wina kalTa
fesuedi samosi unda yofiliyo daxurulguliani, mrgvlad an oTxkuTxad
muxlamdea SeWrili. bisonis sayelo
amoWrili, saxeloebi grZeli, tanze momdgari, kalTis bolo naoWmiyrili,
samkuTxa formaze Rrmadaa amoWrili,
rac mis ganier formaze migvaniSnebs. am Sida samoss bisonTan Sexamebuli
saxelo grZeli da tanze momdgaria.
ferisas atarebdnen. ZiriTadad, gamoyenebulia Ria feris Txeli qsovilebi.
kedlis mxatvrobaSi vxvdebiT ro-

826 827
 diadi verdisagan, xolo, sagazafxulo-sazafxulos SedarebiT msubuqi faqturis
qsovilebisagan, rogoricaa magaliTad, daraia da abreSumi.

ma/loris diadema, igive loroni aris viwro, grZeli da swori qsovili.
atarebdnen bisonze, welisa da mxrebze gadmotarebiT win aqcevdnen da
bolo nawils mklavze gadaidebdnen. diademam forma Seicvala da dana-
wevrda, radgan mZime Semkulobis gamo, SeuZlebeli iyo misi tareba. sabo-
lood, gamoiyo diademis ori ti pi: pirveli _ maniakidan vertikalurad
daSvebuli da meore _ gulze gadajvaredinebulad damagrebuli.
diademas keravdnen sada, zogjer ki saxiani msubuqi qsovilisgan da auci-
leblad asarCulebdnen gansxvavebuli feris abreSumiT. vxvdebiT TeTr,
Sav, yavisfer, kubokrulsa da oqrosfer diademebs. SemkulobisTvis masze
uxvad amagrebdnen budeSi Casmul Zvirfas qvebsa da margalitebs.
mZime qsovilis mosasxamebi umetesad dabewvilia da xSirad sayelosac
bewvis zoli Semosdevs. xolo, Txeli qsovilis mosasxamebi usayelo da
msubuqi qsoviliTaa dasarCulebuli. mosasxamis qsovilebi mravalferova-
nia, romelime gamorCeuli feri ar dominirebs. warmodgenilia saxiani da
ornamentirebuli qsovilebi.
V saxeobas ganekuTvneba gviandeli Sua saukuneebis mefeTa Sesamoseli,
romelsac IV saxeobisagan gansxvavebiT, aRmosavluri, kerZod, iranuli el-
feri dakravs. magaliTisaTvis, mimovixilavT qarTlis mefe Teimuraz II-is
samefo kabas.
Teimuraz II-is (1744-1762) kaba Sekerilia uxeSi farCisagan, romelzec oq-
ronemsuliT gamoyvanilia yvavilovani ornamentebi. zeda nawili tanze
momdgaria, welSi gadaWrili, qveda ki _ Tavisuflad mdgari, Caqiani, rac mas
naxevarsferos formas aZlevs. kaba win mTlianad Riaa da ikvreba liTonis
buzmentebiT. sayelo dabali, mdgari, saxelo _ mklavze momdgari, iRliis
are _ idayvamde Ria, majasTan viwro da Sexsnili. saxelo ovaluri yoSiT
bolovdeba da gadakecilia. SesamCnevia yoSis gansxvavebuli qsoviliT
dafarva. gviandeli Sua saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi qarTvel mefeTa kabebis
forma, qsovili da Semkuloba odnavi cvlilebebiTaa warmodgenili.

zemoT daxasiaTebuli samefoOkostiu-

mis saxeobebisgan gansxvavebuladaa
Semosili levan kaxTa mefe (sur. 7),
romelsac Tavisuflad mdgomi, koWam-
de sigrZis, umklavo mosasxami acvia.
mosasxams samkuTxa formis, mdgari,
mxrebisken gadaSlili sayelo aqvs,
xolo, Signidan TeTri, tanze momdgari,
6. maniakis diademebi usayelo, CaRiluli, aseve ganieri da
grZeli samosi mouCans, romlis man-
maniaki (sur. 6) aris danawevrebuli diademas erT-erTi damoukidebeli Jetebi da kalTis bolo yavisferia.
detali, romelic farTo sayelos msgavsia. mrgvali formisaa da erTia- Tavad mosasxamis qsovili mewamuli
nad faravs gulispirsa da mxrebs. mas alamazebdnen Zvirfasi qvebiTa da ferisaa, zed Savi feris rkalebSi
TvlebiT, aseve naqargobiT. Caxatuli mcenareuli saxeebia, ro-
melic TiTqosda, orTaviani arwivis
porfiri mantiisa da qlamindis msgavsi mosasxami iyo15. kedlis mxatvrobis amobrunebul figuras mogvagonebs.
mixedviT, ori ti pis porfiri gvxvdeba: usaxelo da crusaxeloiani. usaxe-
lo mosasxami Targis, Semkulobisa da sigrZis TvalsazrisiT, trapeciad samefo fexsacmeli _ VI-VIII sauku-
iyo aWrili. erTianad gaSvebuli qsovili mxrebis gaswvriv, erTi RiliT neebSi samefo-sadidgvarovno fexsac-
ikvroda. vxvdebiT rogorc ubewvo, aseve yelis garSemo bewvSemovlebul meli mogvi iyo, romelic uqusloa da
da sarCulad bewvgamokrul usaxelo mosasxamebs. meore ti pis mosasxami maRalyeliani. mogvianebiT, IX-X sau-
crusaxeloiania. am samoss bewviT asarCulebdnen. Targi gansxvavebuli kuneebSi mogvis gverdiT Cndeba qus-
7. levan kaxTa mefe, XVI s.
iyo _ ufro swori da Zirs daSvebuli. iyenebdnen rogorc mZime, aseve msu- liani fexsacmlis saxeobani. X-XIV
buq qsovilebs. es nairgvaroba maT sezonurobaze mianiSnebs. sazamTro-sa- saukuneebSi gavrcelebuli Cans fex-
Semodgomo porfirs keravdnen dibas, qirmanSalis, sqeli farCisa da xa- sacmlis igive ti pebi, rac wina sauku-
neebSi iyo. mxolod fersa da Semku-
lobaSi aRiniSneboda sxvaoba (sur. 8).
15 CofikaSvili n., dasax. naSromi, gv. 144

828 829

8. samefo fexsacmlis saxeobebi
9. daviT aRmaSeneblis moneta
830
gviandel Sua saukuneebSi mefeebi
mogvis garda atarebdnen maSias, qoS-
sa da maRalyelian Ceqmas. maSia qoSis
msgavsi ucxviro, qusliani fexsacme-
lia. keravdnen sxvadasxva ferisa da
xarisxis tyavisagan. qoSi maSias msgav-
si, qusliani fexsacmelia, romelsac
cxvirze Wvints _ kauWs ukeTebdnen
silamazisaTvis. Ceqma, sulxan-saba or-
belianis ganmartebiT, `TurqTa enaa~
da qarTulad mogvi hqvia. igi maRaly-
eliani, lanCiani tyavis fexsamosia.
Ceqmis Zirebsa da quslebs gamZleo-
bisaTvis lursmnebiTa da nalebiT
amagrebdnen.
samefo regaliebia: droSa, sfero,
ski ptra, xmali, gvirgvini.
droSa xelisuflebisa da Zalaufle-
bis simboluri gamoxatulebaa. papuna
orbelianis `ambavni qarTlisani~-Si
aRwerili droSa, romelic Teimuraz
meoris brZanebiT sagangebod mefed
kurTxevisaTvis Seikera, `oTxiv jvri-
Ta moculi~ yofila, viTac Zvelad
rigi yofiliyo. cnobidan irkveva mxo-
lod is, rom Zvelad droSa jvrebiT
moculi yofila da Teimurazs amis
gamo jvriani droSis Sekerva ubrZa-
nebia.
istoriulad, jvriani droSebi damow-
mebulia rogorc qarTul, aseve uc-
xour wyaroebSi, magram, Cvenis azriT,
droSaze oTxi jvris datanas gark-
veuli simboluri datvirTva unda
hqonoda. Teimuraz II-s SemTxvevaSi,
savaraudod, es unda yofiliyo sim-
boluri gamoxatuleba imdroindeli
qarTlis samxedro-administraciul
erTeulebad - sadroSoebad dayofi-
sa. droSis ferisa da zomis Sesaxeb
verafers vityviT, radgan amaze teqst-
Si miniSnebiTac ki araferia naTqva-
mi. TvalsaCinoebis mizniT, sanimuSod
mogvyavs jvriani droSa da vaxtang
VI-is droSa.
samefo regaliaa aseve sfero. sfero,
rogorc samefo regalia pirvelad pa-
puna orbelianis TxzulebaSi - `ambav-
ni qarTlisani~-Sia naxsenebi. es aris
oqrosferi burTi. arsebobs jvriani
da jvris gareSe sferoebi, romlebic
aseve samyaros Zalauflebis simbo-
luri gamoxatulebaa.
TvalsaCinoebisTvis mogvyavs daviT
aRmaSeneblis moneta, romelzec mefes
xelT qveynis sfero upyria. (sur. 9)
ski ptra, rogorc mas sulxan-saba gan-
martavs, samefo joxs niSnavs da mas
qarTulad faeni hqvia. SeiZleba iT-
qvas, ski ptra yvelaze xSiradaa gamo-
saxuli monarqTa amsaxvel vizualur
masalaSi. ski ptras ramdenimenairi
10. daviT narini da daviT ulu ski p- gamosaxulebaa cnobili. xSiria misi
triT, oSkis reliefi, X s.
jvarTan, sferosTan, bunTan da xmal-
Tan erTad gamosaxva. SedarebiT gans-
xvavebulia giorgi XII-s ski ptra, ro-
melsac jvris magivrad samfoTlovani
daboloeba aqvs. amgvarive ski ptriTaa
gamosaxuli simon I vatikanis biblio-
TekaSi dacul graviuraze. TvalsaCi-
noebis mizniT, simon I-is garda mog-
vyavs oSkis reliefze gamosaxuli
daviT narini da daviT ulu, ski ptriT
xelSi (sur. 10).
regalia-xmali (sur. 11) sferosagan gansxvavebiT, damowmebulia kurTxevis
rogorc `Zvel~, aseve `axal~ wesSi. CvenTvis ucnobia Tu romel saukuneSi
iRebs saTaves xmlis Sebmis tradicia. Tumca, is ki cxadia, rom XII sauku-
nis I naxevarSi aRniSnuli wesi namdvilad arsebobda. daviT aRmaSenebel-
ma Tavisi Ze, demetre Tavad akurTxa mefed da xmali Tavisi xeliT Seaba
welze.
11. samefo regalia-xmali, XVIII s.
831
 da ZlierebasTan asocirdeba, xolo, Tavad samosi Seqmnilia im periodis
uZlieresi qristianuli saxelmwifos, bizantiis kulturuli zegavlenis
mixedviT; 2) Seiqmnas samefo kostiumi II saxeobis mixedviT, romelSic
gaerTianebulia laSa-giorgisa da demetre I-is samosis msgavsi Casacmeli,
Sesabamisi samosis aqsesuarebiTa da regaliebiT.

12. samefo regalia-gvirgvini, XVIII s.; gvirgvinis saxeobani

mefisa da imperatoris regaliis saxiT, xmali iqca Zalauflebisa da su-

verenobis gamomxatvelad. simboluri niSnebis mixedviT, is zeciur da mi-
wier RmerTebs akavSirebda.

regalia-gvirgvini (sur. 12) erT-erTi ZiriTadi samefo insignia, romelic

romidan momdinareobs. Tavis droze ki regalia-gvirgvini etruskebidan
gadmouRiaT.
vizualuri masalis mixedviT demetre I-s macxvariSis freskaze mar-
galitebiT galamazebuli, dabali, marTkuTxa formis gvirgvini xuravs.
aseve, Zvirfasi TvlebiTa da qvebiTaa gamSvenebuli giorgi III-isa da Tamar
mefis rkaliseburad momrgvalebuli gvirgvinebi varZiis freskaze. dakbi-
luli gvirgvinebiT arian warmodgenilni giorgi III, Tamari da laSa-gi-
orgi beTaniisa da yinwvisis mxatvrobaSi. jvriani gvirviniTaa mocemuli
giorgi III-is gamosaxuleba misive monetaze.
amgvarad, mcxeTis ganaxlebuli muzeumis eqspoziciisaTvis momzadda qarT-
vel xelisufalTa rogorc samefo samosisa da aqsesuarebis aRweriloba,
aseve, ganvixileT regaliebi da maTi saxeebi. am mimoxilvis saSualebiT,
SesaZlebeli xdeba gakeTdes qarTveli mefis rekonstruirebuli suraTi,
momzaddes eskizi da Seiqmnas samefo kostiumis asli.
aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, arsebobs ori mosazreba: 1) qarTve-
li mefis samefo kostiumi Seiqmnas XI-XIV saukuneebSi arsebuli mefeTa
Sesamoslis mixedviT. vinaidan, es periodi, calsaxad qveynis didebasTan
bibliografia
1. kakabaZe s., mefis kurTxevis wesi me-XIII
s. dasawyiss Sedgenili, tf., 1913
2. maCabeli k., qarTuli istoriuli kos-
tiumi (V-X saukuneebi), Tb., 2013
3. orbeliani papuna, ambavni qarTlisani,
Tb., 1981
4. patariZe m., faRava i., giorgi-laSas mefed
kurTxevis numizmatikuri asaxva, saisto-
rio krebuli, t. 3, Tb., 2013
5. sayvareliZe m., samefo kostiumi (leon
kaxTa mefis mixedviT. 1520-1574 ww.) saqa-
rTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis moambe,
t. 31-B, Tb., 1975
6. qarTlis cxovreba, s. yauxCiSvilis re-
daqciiT, t. I, Tb., 1955
7. CofikaSvili n., qarTuli kostiumi VI-
XIV, Tb., 1964
8. ciciSvili i., masalebi qarTuli Cacmu-
lobis istoriisaTvis, Tb., 1954
9. `wesi da gangeba mefeT kurTxevisa~, qar-
Tuli samarTlis Zeglebi, saero saka-
nonmdeblo Zeglebi (X-XIX ss.). teqstebi
gamoica, SeniSvnebi da saZiebeli daur-
To prof. i. doliZem, t. II. Tb., 1965
10. javaxiSvili iv., Txzulebani Tormet
tomad, t. VII. Tb., 1984
11. Вирсаладзе Т., Фресковая роспись художника
Микаела Маглакели в Мацхвариши, Грузинская
Средневековая монументальная живопись, Тб.,
2007

832 833
 Guliko Kvantidze
Georgian National Museum,
S. Janashia Museum of Georgia,
Senior Curator of the Collections
of Ethnology and History, Doctor of History

RECONSTRUCTION
OF ROYAL
GARMENTS
IN THE
EXHIBITION
SPACE OF
MUSEUM OF
MTSKHETA
With consideration of written sources, visual The aim of the paper is to present a reconstruct-
materials and scientific literature, the paper re- ed picture of a Georgian king, for the renewed
views the types of royal costumes of Georgian exposition of Mtskheta museum.
authorities, sewing patterns, materials, colors
and decorations, used in costumes; royal rega-
lia are also considered.

834 835
 qarTuli samarTali

836 837
 mariam yufaraZe
iuneskosa da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis samsaxuri,
saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis
dacvis erovnuli saagento,
samarTlis magistri

saxelmwifo
da
samarTali
1. mcire sjulis kanoni

samarTali aris bunebiT ganpirobebuli adamianTa

ufleba-movaleobebis ganmsazRvreli zogadsaval-
debulo qcevis wesebis erToblioba da sazogadoe-
brivi urTierTobebis mowesrigebis sistema, risi
Sesrulebac saxelmwifoebrivi zemoqmedebiT aris
uzrunvelyofili1.
qarTuli samarTlis Seswavlisas aucilebelia sa-
marTlis wyaroebis ganxilva, radgan mniSvnelovania
vicodeT is uZvelesi istoriuli Zeglebi, romli-
danac qarTuli samarTali saTaves iRebs da war-
moadgens Cveni qveynis umniSvnelovanes kulturul
memkvidreobas2.
samarTlis Zegli SeiZleba sxvadasxva saxis iyos:
Cveuleba, kanoni, dadgenileba, gankarguleba, sasa-
marTlo precedenti da sxva. CamoTvlili aqtebi,
amave dros, moqmedi samarTlis formebia da, maSasa-
dame, samarTlis wyaros warmoadgenen.
arsebobs samarTlis wyaroebis Semdegi klasifi-
kacia: saeklesio (kanonikuri) da saero xasiaTis
wyaroebi; aseve, arsebobs pirdapiri da arapirdapi-
ri wyaroebi. es ukanaskneli iseTi wyaroebia, rom-
lebic Tumca uSualod ar eZRvneba samarTals, mag-
ram garkveuli kavSiri maT Soris mainc arsebobs.
pirdapiri wyaroebi uSualod gvawvdian cnobebs
qarTuli saxelmwifosa da samarTlis sxvadasxva
Temebze. aseTi pirdapiri wyaroebia, magaliTad, vax-
tang VI-is samarTlis wignTa krebuli; `xelmwifis
karis garigeba~; `dasturlamali~; `giorgi brwyin-
valis samarTlis wigni~; beqasa da aRbuRas kanonebi
anu `wigni samarTlisa kacTa
Secodebisa yovlisave~ da a.
S. pirdapiri wyaroebi iyofa:
saero da saeklesio wyaroe-
bad. xolo es ukanaskneli ki,
Tavis mxriv, ucxour da adgi-
lobriv anu qarTuli eklesia-
monastrebis mier miRebul wya-
roebad. ucxouri wyaroebidan
aRsaniSnavia XI saukuneSi eqv-
Time mTawmindelis mier berZ-
nulidan qarTulad naTargmni 2. kaTolikosTa samarTali
`mcire sjulis kanoni~ da XII
saukuneSi arsen iyalToelis
mier berZnulidan qarTulad naTargmni `didi sjulis kanoni~, garda uc-
xouri saeklesio samarTlis Zeglebisa, arsebobs aseve, qarTuli saeklesio
sakanonmdeblo Zeglebi, romelTaganac mniSvnelovania: `ruis_urbnisis 1103
wlis saeklesio krebis Zegliswera~ da dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio
krebis mier XVI saukuneSi Sedgenili `kaTalikosTa samarTali~3. (sur. 1, 2)
aseve or kategoriad iyofa saero xasiaTis samarTlis Zeglebi _ saxelm-
wifo-samarTlebriv (konstituciur) da sisxlisa da samoqalaqo. saxelm-
wifo-samarTlebrivi Zeglebi uamravia, maT Soris gansakuTrebiT gamorCeu-
lia: `xelmwifis karis garigeba~ da `dasturlamali~4.
aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTuli samarTali, xangrZlivad inarCunebda reli-
giur elfers, amitomac Sua saukuneebis samarTlis Zeglebis dayofa saero
da saeklesio kanonmdeblobis Zeglebad, mxolod maTi Sinaarsis mixedviT,
Zalzed rTulia. es mdgomareoba sazogadod aixsneba saero da saekle-
sio iurisdiqciis Sereuli xasiaTiT Sua saukuneebSi; magaliTad, im dros
sajaro da kerZosamarTlebrivi urTierTobebis mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi,
rogoricaa mefeTa kurTxeva, qorwineba, memkvidreoba da sxv. saeklesio iu-

1 https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83
%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98 3 gogiaSvili n.,; https://elawjournal.wordpress.com/
2 gogiaSvili n.; https://elawjournal.wordpress.com/ 4 iqve

838 839
 risdiqciis sferos Seadgenda5. amave saukunes ganekuTvneba „wesi da
gangeba mefed kurTxevisa“, romelic
xalxis civilizaciisa da kulturis done metad mkafiod Cans sazoga- saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi wyo-
doebaSi damkvidrebul marTlwesrigsa da iuridiul SexedulebaSi. rac bilebis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT Se-
ufro maRalia xalxis marTlSegneba, miT ufro ganviTarebulia misi sa- saniSnavi Zeglia. samoxeleo wyobile-
marTlebrivi institutebi6. bis gaTvaliswinebiT is „xelmwifis
karis garigebis“ cnobebs avsebs da
saxelmwifosa da samarTlis Tanafardobis Sesaxeb msoflio istoriis adasturebs.
manZilze araerTi naSromia dawerili. avtorTa nawils miaCnda da miaCnia,
rom msoflio istoria arsebiTad daiyvaneba samarTlis istoriaze, ro- centralizebuli sakanonmdeblo
gorc civilizaciis umaRles miRwevaze, romelic koncentrirebulad Sei- saqmianoba feodalur saqarTvelo- 3. beqa jayeli, zarzmis monastris mx-
atvroba
cavs mTel mis Sinaarss. iyo da aris dRemde sawinaaRmdego mosazrebac, rom Si sagrZnoblad ganviTarda giorgi
saxelmwifo aris samarTlis Semoqmedi, rom samarTali sxva araferia, Tu brwyinvalis dros, romelmac aRmosav-
ara saxelmwifos mier dadgenili qcevis im wesTa sistemuri erToblioba, leT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi gaxSire-
romelTa Sesrulebac uzrunvelyofilia saxelmwifos zemoqmedebiT7. buli mkvlelobebisa da adgilobrivi
organoebis winaaRmdeg gamosvlebisa
saqarTvelos samarTlis sistemis istoria saqarTvelos saxelmwifoe- da sxva danaSaulebis gamo Seadgina
briobis paralelurad viTardeboda. saqarTveloSi kanonSemoqmdebiTi samarTlis wigni - „Zeglis dadeba“.
tradicia, saxelmwifo politikur xelisuflebasTan erTad, yovelTvis ar-
sebobda. rogorc istoriidan aris cnobili, qarTuli saxelmwifoebrioba XIV saukunis 80-ian wlebSi samcxe-saa-
da samarTali Cv.w. pirvel aTaswleulSi yalibdeba. bunebrivia, man sauku- Tabagos mTavarma aRbuRa aTabag-amir- 4. beqa jayeli, safara, wm. saba ganmw-
mendelis taZris mxatvroba
neebis ganmavlobaSi ganviTarebis mravali safexuri ganvlo da araerTi spasalarma beqa mandaturTuxucesis
cvlilebac ganicada, vidre dRevandeli formiT Camoyalibdeboda. calkeu- samarTlis wigni axali kanonmdeblo-
li xevebisa da soflebis Tu alagebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli qcevis wese- biT Seavso, romelsac beqa-aRbuRas sa-
bi sazogadoebis ganviTarebasTan erTad, TandaTan cvlilebebs ganicdida, marTlis wignad vicnobT. am samarTlis wignis mniSvneloba didia qarTuli
SedarebiT erTian sistemur normebad yalibdeboda da jer winaresamarT- samarTlis istoriisTvis, is uZvirfases samarTlis wyaros warmoadgens.
lad, xolo Semdgom, droTa ganmavlobaSi samarTlis saxiT moevlineboda masSi mkafiod aris asaxuli XIII-XIV saukuneebis saqarTvelo. profesor
saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebas8. daviT CubinaSvilis gamocemaSi Zegli 175 muxlisgan Sedgeba, xolo vax-
tang VI-is gankargulebiT Sedgenil samarTlis wignTa krebulSi ki - 176
erTiani feodaluri saqarTvelo Seiqmna X saukunis damlevs. am dros muxlisgan10. zustad dadgenili araa vis ekuTvnis 98-is momdevno muxlebi.
saxelmwifo wes-wyobilebam Zireuli cvlilebebi ganicada, Seiqmna axali ivaraudeba, rom bagrat kurapalatis samarTlis wignis nawyvetebi swored
saxelmwifo organoebi, ramac Tavis mxriv, bunebrivad gamoiwvia yvela- am muxlebSia moTavsebuli.
feri Zvelis axal sistemaze morgeba. daviT aRmaSenebelma saxelmwifo
reformebs dasrulebuli saxe misca. feodaluri monarqiis Zlierebis XV saukuneSi saqarTvelos samefo-samTavroebad daSlam sabolood daamk-
xanis (XI-XII ss.) qarTvel mefeTa sakanonmdeblo saqmianoba laSa-giorgi- vidra partikularuli kanonmdebloba. vaxtang VI-is samarTlis wignic
sa da rusudan mefis moRvaweobiT mTavrdeba XIII saukunis 30-ian wlebSi. qarTlis samefosTvis iyo Sedgenili, romelSic mocemulia XVII-XVIII ss.
kanonmdeblobis funqciam samTavroebSi gadainacvla. sazogadoebrivi da saxelmwifoebrivi wyobilebis, klasebisa da socialu-
ri fenebis ekonomikuri da uflebrivi mdgomareobis mkafio suraTi, asa-
XIII saukunis bolos samarTlebrivi partikularizmi imdenad ganviTarda, xulia mravali samarTlebrivi instituti, adaT-Cveuleba, iuridiuli yofa
rom samcxis mTavarma beqa mandaturTuxucesma Tavisi samTavrosTvis da- da marTlSegneba. i. doliZis TqmiT:
moukidebeli samarTlis wigni Seadgina. (sur. 3, 4)
„vaxtangis samarTlis wigni qarTuli kulturis istoriis uZvirfasesi da
„xelmwifis karis garigeba“ XIV saukunis pirvel naxevarSi unda iyos Sed- umniSvnelovanesi ganZia.“
genili. Zegli, samwuxarod, nakluli saxiT aris Cvenamde moRweuli, rac mis
gagebas aZnelebs. mas samarTlianad miiCneven gaerTianebuli feodaluri vaxtang VI-is gankargulebiT Sedgenili samarTlis wignTa krebuli ixsne-
saqarTvelos konstituciuri xasiaTis Zeglad9. boda moses samarTliT. is amoRebulia bibliis im nawilidan, romelsac
`meore sjulisa~ ewodeba da romelic qristianul qveynebSi didi avto-
ritetiT sargeblobda11. krebuli sul Svidi wignisgan Sedgeba da moicavs
5 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. II, gv. 4
6 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, gv. 1
7 nadareiSvili g., saxelmwifosa da samarTlis istoria, gv. 33-34
8 iqve, gv. 28 10 nadareiSvili g., dasax. naSromi gv. 234
9 iqve, gv. 228 11 iqve, gv. 234

840 841

7. vaxtang VI-is samarTlis
wigni
6. vaxtang VI-is samarTlis wigni, zugdidis xelnaweri
moses, berZnul, somxur, siriul-romaul, mefe
giorgis da aRbuRas samarTlis Zeglebs. bolo
VII nawili daTmobili aqvs sakuTriv vaxtang
VI-is samarTlis wigns „samarTali batoniSvi-
lis vaxtangisa“.12 (sur. 5, 6,7)
vaxtang VI-is kanonSemoqmedebis SesaniSnav
Zegls warmoadgens „dasturlamali“ (XVIII
5. vaxtang VI-is samarTlis
saukunis pirveli naxevari). igi pirvelyovli-
wigni sa sasaxlis ganawesia. amasTanave, masSi asa-
xulia mefis xelisuflebisa da mmarTvelo-
bis centraluri da adgilobrivi organoebis
daxasiaTeba da maTi funqciebis gansazRvra.
qarTlis samefos ekonomikuri da finansuri
mdgomareobis Sesaswavlad „dasturlamals“
verc erTi sxva samarTlis Zegli Seedreba.
aseve aRsaniSnavia saqalaqo wyobis, sasamarT-
lo organizaciis, sapolicio aparatis daxa-
siaTeba13. (sur. 8)
erTgvarad centralizebuli sakanonmdeblo
moRvaweoba erekle II-is dros ganaxlda, Tum-
ca mxolod aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, rac
1801 wels ruseTTan SeerTebiT dasrulda.
kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianoba XX saukuneSi,
1918 wlis 26 maiss saqarTvelos demokratiu-
li respublikis mier saqarTvelos damouki-
8. vaxtang VI deblobis aqtis miRebiT gagrZelda, ris sa-
fuZvelzec daiwyo konstituciis SemuSaveba.
12 iqve, gv. 234-237
13 qanTaria b., qarTuli samarTlis istoria, gv. 56
842
1921 wlis 21 Tebervals miRebul iqna saqarTvelos konstitucia, romelmac
mxolod oTxi dRe imoqmeda da Tavisi funqcia faqtobrivad ver Seasrula.
saqarTvelom Tavisi arseboba sxva saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi gaagrZe-
la da saxelmwifoebrivi sakanonmdeblo nebis damoukideblad gansazRv-
ris saSualeba ar hqonda.
saqarTvelos moqmedi konstitucia 1995 wlis 24 agvistos iqna miRebuli
saqarTvelos respublikis parlamentis mier.
,,Cven, saqarTvelos moqalaqeni, romelTa uryevi nebaa, davamkvidroT
demokratiuli sazogadoebrivi weswyobileba, ekonomikuri Tavisufle-
ba, socialuri da samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo, uzrunvelvyoT adamianis
sayovelTaod aRiarebuli uflebani da Tavisuflebani, ganvamtkicoT sa-
xelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba da sxva xalxebTan mSvidobiani urTier-
Toba, qarTveli eris mravalsaukunovani saxelmwifoebriobis tradiciebsa
da saqarTvelos 1921 wlis konstituciis istoriul-samarTlebriv memkvi-
dreobaze dayrdnobiT, RvTisa da qveynis winaSe vacxadebT am konstitu-
cias14.“
saxelmwifoebis civiliziciis, kulturis da ganviTarebis dones mkafiod
gamoxatavs masSi damkvidrebuli iuridiuli marTlwesrigi da samarTle-
brivi institutebi, romlebic did rols TamaSobs saxelmwifoebriobis
CamoyalibebaSi da warmoadgens udidesi Rirebulebis mqone kulturul
memkvidreobas.
9 10
am umniSvnelovanesi faseulobis, qarTuli samarTlebrivi kulturuli
memkvidreobis - qarTuli samarTlisa da samarTlis Zeglebis farTo sa-
zogadoebisaTvis gacnobis saukeTeso saSualebad mcxeTis muzeumis sa-
eqspozicio sivrce migvaCnia. es aris saukeTeso xerxi qveynis mraval-
saukunovani saxelmwifoebriobis demonstrirebisa. aRniSnul praqtikas
mravali saxelmwifo mimarTavs.
am miznis misaRwevad, Sesabamis sivrceSi sasurvelia damzaddes qarTuli
samarTlis istoriis amsaxveli efeqturi sainformacio dafa. (sur. 9)
sivrceSi warmodgenil koleqcias Sinaarsidan gamomdinare individualu-
ri koncefcia unda gaaCndes, Tumca is organulad unda Seerwyas erTian
14 saqarTvelos konstituciis preambula
843

11 12 13
saeqspozicio konteqsts. samarTlis Zeglebis eqsponirebis sivrce unda
CavrToT qarTuli saxelmwifos istoriis amsaxvel erTian sivrceSi, vinai-
dan swored samarTali da samarTlis Zeglebia saxelmwifoebriobis erT-
erTi umTavresi myari argumenti.
am sivrceSi unda gaimijnos saeklesio da saero samarTlis Zeglebi.
koleqciebi, romlebic umTavresad wignebis, xelnawerebisa da grafikuli
masalis saxiT iqneba warmodgenili unda moTavsdes bnel sivrceSi, minis
gamWvirvale, gamWol, individualurad ganaTebul vitrinebSi. (sur. 10) sa-
survelia aseve didi ekranis ganTavseba, sadac 3D gamosaxulebiT naCvenebi
iqneba kanonSemoqmed mefe-mTavarTa portretebi (m.S. kedlis mxatvroba),
xelrTvebi, sakanonmdeblo Zeglebis xelnaweri fragmentebi, xeliT Sesru-
lebuli ilustraciebi da sxva saxis efeqturi vizualuri masala. (sur.
11 12, 13, 14)
qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebis sivrcisaTvis saukeTesoa Zvelisa da ax-
lis, klasikurisa da Tanamedrove dizainis, uaxlesi teqnikuri miRwevebis
gamoyeneba da Serwyma, sakanonmdeblo Zeglebis samuzeumo sivrceebSi eq-
sponirebis saerTaSoriso gamocdilebis gaziareba da qarTuli samarT-
lis istoriidan da specifikidan gamomdinare, individualuri, Tanamedrove,
gansxvavebuli saeqspozicio sivrcis SeTavazebiT umTavresi miznis – qar-
Tuli saxelmwifoebriobis siZvelisa da mniSvnelobis demonstrireba.
bibliografia
1. doliZe i., qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, 6. https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E
tomi I, Tb., 1963 1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83
2. doliZe i., qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, %A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A
tomi II, Tb., 1963 %E1%83%98
3. nadiraSvili g., saxelmwifosa da sa- 7. h t t p s : / / e l a w j o u r n a l . w o r d p r e s s . c o m / , n .
marTlis istoria, Tb., 2008 gogiaSvili
4. qanTaria b., qarTuli samarTlis isto-
ria, Tb., 2014
5. saqarTvelos konstitucia
844
UNESCO and International Relations Unit,
National Agency for Cultural Heritage Preservation of Georgia,
Master of Law
14 THE
STATE
AND
THE
LAW
Law is the unity of universally obligatory
rules of conduct, determining human rights
and responsibilities and the system of regula-
tion of public relations, fulfillment of which is
enforced by the influence of the state. When
studying Georgian law, it is necessary to con-
sider the law sources, as it is important to know
the oldest law monuments, where Georgian law
originates from and which one of them repre-
sent the most important cultural heritage of our
country. The classification of the law sources
is as follows: ecclesiastic (canonic) and secular
law sources; the history of the system of Geor-
gian law was developing in parallel to the state-
hood of Georgia. The Law-making tradition in
Georgia, together with the public political au-
thorities, always existed. As it is known from
the historical sources, Georgian statehood and
law was formed in the 1st Millennium A.D. It is
Mariam Kuparadze
natural, that it had gone through many stages of
development during the centuries and had un-
dergone number of changes till it obtained the
present form. The level of civilization, culture
and development of states is clearly expressed
by legal order and law institutions, established
in them, which play major role in the formation
of statehood and represent cultural heritage of
the greatest value.
In our opinion, the exposition space of Mtskhe-
ta Museum is the best way for familiarizing the
general society with this extremely important
value, Georgian legal cultural heritage – Geor-
gian law and law monuments. This is the best
method for demonstrating the statehood of the
country, which counts many centuries. The
State applies the above-mentioned practice.
845
 Tea qarTveliSvili
k. kekeliZis saxelobis saqarTvelos
xelnawerTa erovnuli centri,
ufrosi mecnier-TanamSromeli
saistorio
sabuTebi,
rogorc
qarTuli
samarTlis
wyaro
saqarTveloSi samarTlebrivi kultura uZvelesi
droidan yalibdeboda. sazogadoebaSi gavrcelebu-
li samarTlebrivi normebis Sesaxeb mogviTxroben
arqeologiuri, eTnologiuri, agiografiuli, epigra-
fikuli, qarTuli da ucxouri naratiuli wyaroebi.
Tumca qarTuli samarTlis (saero da saeklesio)
ZiriTad wyaros samarTlis krebulebi da mTeli
rigi sakanonmdeblo aqtebi (iuridiuli Sinaarsis
saistorio dokumentebi) warmoadgens, romlebic
gaicemoda mefis, saeklesio ierarqis Tu feodalis
mier (decentralizebul saxelmwifoSi) da kanonis
Zala hqonda. brZanebebisa da gankargulebis garda,
iuridiuli xasiaTis dokumentebi, aweseben sabuTis
gamcemsa da mimRebs Soris raime iuridiul normas,
romelic SeiZleba exebodes: sxvadasxva ti pis val-
debulebas (SromiT, sagadasaxado), sakuTrebis uf-
lebas, sasamarTlo ganCinebebs, sasjelis dadebasa
Tu moxsnas, ficisa da pirobis dadebas da a.S. iu-
ridiuli sabuTebis gaformebas mosaxleobis yvela
kategoria saWiroebda. amdenad, dokumentebi form-
deboda dabal wodebaTa warmomadgenlebSic.
saistorio dokumentebSi asaxulia Sua saukunee-
bis samarTlis yvela mimarTuleba: qarTuli sa-
xelmwifo samarTali (umaRlesi, centraluri da
adgilobrivi mmarTveloba, saxelmwifo moxelee-
bis ufleba-movaleobani), sisxlis samarTali (da-
naSaulis da sasjelis aRmniSvneli terminebi,
danaSaulis cneba, sisxlis samarTlis Semamsub-
uqebeli da damamZimebeli garemoebani, pasuxismge-
blobisgan gaTavisufleba, danaSaulTa klasifika-
cia da sasjelis saxeebi), samoqalaqo samarTali
(sakuTrebis ufleba, valdebulebiTi da sanivTo
846
samarTali), saqorwino-saojaxo samarTali (qorwinebisa da ganqorwinebis
wesebi da pirobebi, qonebrivi urTierTobebi), memkvidreobiTi samarTali
(memkvidreobis saxeebi, kanoniT da anderZiT memkvidreoba), sasamarTlos or-
ganizebis (sasamarTlo organizacia, procesualuri sasamarTlo) sakiTxi.
saeklesio sakanonmdeblo aqtebi aerTianebs: saeklesio krebaTa dadgeni-
lebebs, ti pikonebs, sjuldebis wignebs, gamosavlis davTrebs, saaRape Cana-
werebs, sulTa matianeebs, ficis wignebsa da a.S.
Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos sabuTebis didi nawili exeba feodaluri
urTierTobebis mowesrigebasa da garkveuli normebis dakanonebas. maT
ricxvs ekuTvnis: wyalobis, Sewirulebis, nasyidobis, Seuvalobis, gayrisa
da Seyris, gauyrelobis, ymobis (Tavdaweris) ficis, siTarxnis, pirobis, mow-
mobis sabuTebi, brZanebebi.
Cvenamde SemorCenil pirvelive sais-
torio dokumentebSi ukve Cans qarTu-
li samarTlebrivi kulturis maRali
done. opizelTa da mijnaZorelTadmi
gacemul bagrat IV-is sigelSi war-
modgenilia XI saukunis saqarTve-
loSi arsebuli procesualuri sa-
samarTlos daxvewili saxe. sabuTSi
ganxilulia opizisa da mijnaZoris
monastrebs Soris mamulebis Sesaxeb
warmoSobili dava. sasamarTlo pro-
cess Tavad mefe xelmZRvanelobda.
modave mxareebis mier wardgenil sa-
buTebs mefe sasamarTlo procesamde
swavlobda. saqmis winaswari Seswav- Sd - 1201 mefe bagrat IV-is sigeli
lis Semdeg iniSneboda sasamarTlos opizel da mijnaZoreli mamebisadmi,
sxdoma, romelzec sabuTebis sajaro XI saukune
gamoqveynebis Semdeg ismendnen mxa-
reebis axsna-ganmartebas. mefe iwvev-
da samarTalmcodneebs, anu iuristebs,
sadac erToblivad ganixilavdnen
saqmeebs, ecnobodnen damamtkicebel
sabuTebs da gamohqondaT ganaCeni.
XII saukunidan SemorCenil sul ram-
denime sabuTs Sorisaa giorgi III-is
sigeli SiomRvimisadmi (1170 w.) da
mxolod mis teqstSia dafiqsirebu-
li am periodis saqarTveloSi ~mpa-
ravTmZebnelis~ institutis arseboba.
mparavmZebnelT evalebodaT qurdebi-
sa da yaCaRebis devna, Sepyroba, gas-
amarTleba da ganaCenis aRsruleba.
Hd - 1351 giorgi III-is sigeli SiomRvi-
ganmeorebiTi qurdobisTvis damnaSave
misadmi, 1170 weli
CamoxrCobiT isjeboda.
gvian Sua saukuneebSi ~mparavTmZebne-
847
 li~ Secvala ~mekobreTmZebnelma~. 1590 wels qarTlis mefe svimon I-ma ga-
mosca brZaneba mekobreTmZebnelebis Sesaxeb, romelSic gansazRvruli iyo
maTi movaleobani da samoqmedo areali.
saistorio dokumentebi metad mravalferovania da Sesabamisad, sxvadasxva
ti pis informaciis Semcveli. yvelaze gavrcelebuli iyo wyalobis sige-
lebi. amgvari sabuTebi TvalsaCinod axasiaTebda feodalur sazogadoebas,
romelic damyarebuli iyo siuzerenis (mwyalobeli) da vasalis (wyalobis
mimRebi) urTierTobaze. wyalobiT, ZiriTadad, gaicemoda mamuli, romelic
SeiZleba yofiliyo mkvidri, nasyidi, namziTvi, naanderZevi. wyalobiT eniWe-
bodaT Seuvaloba. cxadia, xdeboda Zveli wyalobis ganaxlebac. wyalobis
sabuTebiT amtkicebdnen saxelmwifo moxeleebs da aniWebdnen maT samoxe-
leo sargos.
dgeboda sagangebod SemuSavebuli formis dacviT.
XVIII_XIX ss. gavrcelda mediatorTa samarTlis mier miRebuli ganCinebe-
bi. modave mxareebi irCevdnen Suamavlebad maTTvis sasurvel da miuker-
Zoebel pirebs, romelnic saqmes ganabWobdnen, ganixilavdnen da saTanado
daskvna gamohqondaT. sabuTebSi aisaxa modave mxareTa mtkicebulebebi, saq-
mis mimdinareoba da mediatorTa ganaCeni. mediatorTa ganCinebebSi mtki-
cebulebis mTavari forma iyo fici da maTi daskvnac, ZiriTadad, modave
mxareebis mier dadebul fics emyareboda.
saistorio sabuTebis kidev mravali qvesaxeoba arsebobda da isini moica-
ven: angariSgebis, garigebis, etiketis wignebs, sasamarTlo aqtebs, statisti-
kur nusxebs, finansur urTierTobebsa da wilis baraTebs.

Sewirulebis sigelebi eklesiisadmi aris boZebuli da warmoadgens misT- saistorio sabuTebSi zedmiwevniT aris naCvenebi saqarTveloSi moqmed iu-
vis garkveuli qonebisa Tu uflebebis miniWebis iuridiul gaformebas. ridiul normaTa yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi gamoyenebis praqtika.
wyalobis gamcemi SeiZleba yofiliyo nebismieri socialuri wodebis war-
momadgeneli. rogorc wesi, xdeboda Zveli Sewirulebebis ganaxlebac. Se-
wirulebis sanacvlod eklesia valdebuli iyo Semwirvelis (cocxalTa
Tu micvalebulTa) saxelze wirva-locva daeyenebina, aRapi gadaexada da
a.S.

Sewiruleba xorcieldeboda danaSaulis gamosyidvis mizniTac, sasuliero

piris mier dawesebuli epitimiis safuZvelze da mas ~sakanono~ ewodeboda.

sasisxlo sigelebi wyalobis safuZvelze aRmocenebuli sakanonmdeblo

Zeglebia, romelic, ZiriTadad, dasavleT saqarTvelosTan aris dakavSi-
rebuli da aznaurTa fenisTvis privilegiebis damtkicebas iTvaliswi-
nebs. sasisxlo sigelebSi gansazRvrulia sisxlis fasi. Camoyalibebulia
danaSaulTa kategoriebi (fizikuri, zneobrivi da qonebrivi xelyofis:
kaciskvla, daWra, dasaxiCreba, colis gaupatiureba, saxl-karis, sabZelis,
wisqvilis, venaxis gadawva, naxiris gataceba, Ralati, muqara da a.S.) da
maTze dawesebulia sajaro gadasaxadi. sasisxlo sigelebi mniSvnelovan
cnobebs Seicaven saqarTveloSi sisxlis samarTlis istoriis Sesaxeb.

nasyidobisa da gacvlilobis wignebSi asaxulia qonebrivi urTierTobani,

romelic uZravi da moZravi qonebis sakuTrebis uflebas exeba.

saistorio sigelebis saxeobaa sesxis Sesaxeb arsebuli sabuTebi, romle-

bic valis aRebisa da dabrunebis dokumentebs aformeben, aseve sagirao
sesxs, romelsac windi ewodeboda.
Qd - 7118 mefe giorgi VIII-is
feodalur saqarTveloSi aqtualuri iyo dacvisa da erTgulebis pirobis sasisxlo sigeli giorgi Ju-
Sesaxeb dadebuli sabuTebi, romelic iTvaliswinebda mefesa da feoda- rulisadmi, 1460 wlis 12 ivnisi
lebs Soris dadebul mfarvelobas, feodalur saxlebs Soris keTilmoyv-
robas da Serigebul mxareebs Soris udaobis pirobas.

saqarTveloSi didad iyo ganviTarebuli anderZis instituti. anderZi Sed-

genili sakanonmdeblo Zeglia, romelic sabuTSi miTiTebuli adresatis
mimarT vrceldeba. samamulo anderZi ideboda pirdapiri memkvidris arar-
sebobis SemTxvevaSi. arsebobda saeklesio anderZebi, romelic ormxriv
(moanderZesa da eklesias Soris) valdebulebas iTvaliswinebda. anderZi

848 849
 Qd - 9220 siTarxnis ganaxlebis wigni mefe
giorgi XII-isa cicikaSvilebisadmi, 1799 wlis Hd - 1329 mefe solomon II-is Sewir-
26 maisi ulebis wigni jruWis monastrisadmi,
1809 wlis agvisto

850 851
 bibliografia
1. surgulaZe iv., qarTuli saxelmwifosa 5. qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, teqsti ga-
da samarTlis istoriisaTvis, Tb., 1952
2. surgulaZe iv., qarTuli samarTlis is-
toriis wyaroebi, Tb., 1984
3. surgulaZe m., qarTuli saistorio aqte-
bi XI-XV ss., Tb., 2006
4. qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebis korpusi,
t. I, Seadgines da gamosacemad moamzades
T. enuqiZem, v. silogavam, n. SoSiaSvilma,
Tb., 1984
852
mosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo
i. doliZem, t. I, Tb., 1963
6. javaxiSvili iv., qarTuli sigelTa-mcod-
neoba anu di plomatika, tf., 1926
Tea Kartvelishvili
K. Kekelidze Georgian National Center of Manuscripts,
Senior Researcher
HISTORICAL
DOCUMENTS
AS THE
SOURCE OF
GEORGIAN
LAW
The main source of the history of Georgian law Ecclesiastical legislation incorporates: Res-
(secular and ecclesiastical) are the collections olutions of the Church Councils, typicon,
of law and a number of legislative acts (histori- Books of Jurisprudence, so called “Gamosavlis
cal documents of legal content), which were is- Davtari” - s, agape records, chronicles of the
sued by the king, ecclesiastical hierarch or feu- souls, books of oaths, etc.
dal lord (in a decentralized state) and had the
force of law. In addition to orders and decrees, Among the historical documents, the most
legal documents impose any legal norm be- common were: orders of the highest hierarchs,
tween the issuer and the recipient, which may documents of mercy, donation, purchase, in-
relate to: various types of obligations (labor, violability, divorce, non-divorce, will, oath,
tax), property rights, court rulings, sentencing pledge, vow, certificate, report, transaction, and
or revocation, taking an oath and making a blood documents, as well as etiquette books,
promise, etc. Legal documents were required court deeds, statistical lists, share cards,
for all categories of the population, so docu-
ments were drawn up for representatives of the Historical documents show in detail the prac-
low social classes as well. tice of applying the legal norms in everyday
life in Georgia.
Historical documents reflect all the areas of
medieval law: Georgian state law, ecclesiasti-
cal law, criminal law, civil law, marriage-fami-
ly law, inheritance law, the issue of organizing
the court.
853
 arqeologia

854 855
 vaxtang nikolaiSvili
didi mcxeTis arqeologiuri
saxelmwifo muzeum-nakrZali, kuratori,
saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi,
mecnier-konsultanti,
istoriis doqtori
nikoloz maisuraSvili
didi mcxeTis arqeologiuri
saxelmwifo muzeum-nakrZali,
direqtori, arqeologi
mcxeTis
arqeologiuri
kvlevebis
istoria
qarTlis samefos (berZnul-romauli wyaroebis ibe-
riis) dedaqalaq mcxeTis (Zv.w. IV-III- ax.w. IV-V ss.)
Sesaxeb mogviTxroben rogorc qarTuli, aseve ucx-
ouri werilobiTi wyaroebi (straboni-Zv. w. I-ax. w.
I ss.; dion kasiosi-ax.w. II-III ss.; klavdios ptol-
emaiosi-ax.w. I-II ss. ; movses xorenaci-V s. da sxva)
da arqeologiuri Zeglebi.
dedaqalaqobisdroindeli „didi mcxeTa~ naxsenebi
aqvs XI s-is qarTvel istorikoss leonti mrovels
Tavis TxzulebaSi „cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTa~,
romelic Sesulia saistorio qronikaSi „qarTlis
cxovreba~ - „qalaqi didi mcxeTa da ubanni misni,
sarkine, cixe didi da zanavi, ubani uriaTa...~. didi
qalaqi mcxeTa naxsenebia, agreTve, `moqcevai qarT-
lisais~ qronikaSi, romelic Sesulia X saukunis
Satberdis krebulSi. javaxeTSi, faravnis tbasTan
SeCerebul qarTlis ganmanaTlebel nino kapadokie-
lis SekiTxvaze „romlisa soflisani xarT Tqven?~
mcxeTeli mwyemsi pasuxobs: „zogni dabiT da zogni
safurcliT da zogni qinjarelni da rabaTelni
didisa qalaqisa mcxeTisani, sada RmerTni RmerTo-
ben da mefeni mefoben~. amJamad es teritoria ase
Semoifargleba: aRmosavleTiT - rkinigzis sadguri
zahesi, dasavleTiT - Zegvi, xekorZulas xevi da nas-
takisi, CrdiloeTiT - muxranis sanaxebi, samxreTiT
- sawkepela-didgoris qedi.
1940 wlidan mcxeTaSi arqeologiur-arqiteqturul
nakrZalad gamocxadda armazis midamoebi,xolo 1957
856
wlidan - teritoria mdinareebis aragvisa da mtkvris Sua bebriscixemde.
1966 wlidan mcxeTis teritoria mTlianad gamocxadda dacul teritori-
ad, 1968 wlidan ki mcxeTas mieniWa qalaqi-muzeumis statusi.
1974 wlis 24 aprils Camoyalibda saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis
istoriis, arqeologiisa da eTnografiis institutis mcxeTis mudmivmoqme-
di arqeologiuri eqspedicia a. afaqiZis xelmZRvanelobiT. arqeologiuri
gaTxrebis gziT dagrovili masala saSualebas iZleva naTlad davinaxoT
mravalsaukunovani istoria, maT Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovani mcxeTis
istoriis ori etapi, kerZod, dedaqalaqobamdeli da dedaqalaqobis xana.
mcxeTis mudmivmoqmedi arqeologiuri eqspedicia - 1994 wlidan instituti,
romelic saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis prezidiumis dadgenilebis
safuZvelze Seiqmna, mudmivad axdens rogorc Zveli, ise axlad gamovle-
nili Zeglebis kvleva-gamocemas. pirvel rigSi ganaxlda „mcxeTa~ seriis
gamocema gansxvavebuli formatiT.
1994 wlidan, sveticxovlis sakaTedro taZari, samTavros monasteri da
jvris monasteri Sesulia iuneskos msoflio memkvidreobis ZeglTa nusxaSi.
2006 wels saqarTvelos kulturis, ZeglTa dacvisa da sportis minis-
trisa da saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis ministris erToblivi
brZanebiT, 2006 w. 24 oqtombers damtkicebul iqna q. mcxeTis kulturuli
memkvidreobis damcavi zonebi. samTavros samarovnis arqeologiur zonasa
da landSaftis dacvis zonebs mniSvnelovani teritoriebi hqonda daTmo-
bili.
2012 wlis 17 seqtembris #1750 saqarTvelos premier–ministris gankar-
gulebiT, “q. mcxeTis kulturuli memkvidreobis damcavi zonebis dadge-
nis Sesaxeb, Seicvala 2006 wels damtkicebuli kulturuli memkvidreobis
dacvis zonebi. mniSvnelovnad Semcirda landSaftis dacvis zonebi da
samTavros samarovnis arqeologiuri zona. am droidan es teritoriebi
gaxda aqtiuri Carevis arealebi Tanamedrove mSeneblobebiT.
istoriuli didi mcxeTis arqeologiisa da istoriul-kulturuli mem-
kvidreobis Seswavlis etapebi. saqarTveloSi arqeologiuri Zeglebis Ses-
wavla, faqtobrivad, mcxeTaSi daiwyo XIX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi, rodesac
avstrielma bunebismetyvelma da moyvarulma arqeologma f. baiernma sam-
Tavros velze 600-mde samarxi Seiswavla. am gaTxrebis Sesaxeb ramdenime
naSromi gamoqveynda rogorc Cvens qveyanaSi ise sazRvargareT.
1872 wels qvaze amokveTili arameul enaze Sesrulebuli epitafia aRmoCn-
da samTavroze, romelic gviandeli samarxis Sesadgenad iyo gamoyenebuli.
warwera d. xvolsonma gamoaqveyna 1884 wels.
gamoCenilma qarTvelma istorikosma dimitri baqraZem Tavis naSromSi „О
доисторической археологии вообще и Кавказа в особенности“ mniSvnelovani adgi-
li dauTmo samTavros gaTxrebs. 1885 wels rusma mecnierebma a.s. da p.s.
uvarovebmac specialuri naSromi miuZRvnes samTavros Zeglebs.
eqvTime TayaiSvilma 1902 wels sangrisxevTan, sadgur navTsadenis mida-
moebSi Seiswavla I-VIII saukuneebis samarovani.
857
 1918 wels g. lemleinma karsnisxevSi miakvlia Sua saukuneebis minis sad-
nobi warmoebis naSTebs.
1920 wels, qalaqis teritoriaze, sveticxovlis maxloblad, erT-erTi mosax-
lis ezoSi, miwis samuSaoebisas aRmoCnda gvianantikuri xanis qvasamarxi.
1924 wels g. Citaiam zahesis mSeneblobisas gaTxara ramdenime qvevrsa-
marxi. manve, sof. wiwamurTan, aragvis marcxena sanapiroze Seiswavla adrea-
qemeniduri xanis meomris ormosamarxi cxeniT da SeiaraRebiT aRWurvili.
1924 wels e. pCelinam sof. saguramosTan, mcxeTis Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT
7 km-ze, Seiswavla ramdenime ormosamarxi.
1925 wels, karsnisxevis dasasruls g. nioraZis xelmZRvanelobiT gaiTxara
adre Suasaukuneebis, IV-V ss. samarovani. momdevno wels ki igive periodis
samarxebi meoradi dakrZalviT - aragvis marcxena napirze.
farTomasStabiani savele kvleva-Zieba didi mcxeTis teritoriaze daiwyo
1937 wels, rodesac muSaobas Seudga mcxeTis arqeologiuri eqspedicia
ivane javaxiSvilisa da Semdeg simon janaSias xelmZRvanelobiT.
mcxeTaSi, arqeologiuri samuSaoebis gaSlasTan dakavSirebiT, iv. javax-
iSvili aRniSnavda: `imis gasaTvaliswineblad, Tu ra mniSvneloba aqvs am
saqmes ara marto saqarTvelos istoriisaTvis, aramed mTeli kavkasiisa da
maxlobeli aRmosavleTis kulturul-istoriuli problemebis gadasawyve-
tad, unda gvaxsovdes, rom qalaqi mcxeTa iyo ori udidesi magistraluri
gzis gzajvaredinze da swored amis gamo bunebrivad unda movelodeT aq
masalas sakacobrio kulturis istoriis mravali mecnieruli sakiTxis
gasacnobad~.
am TvalsazrisiT, uaRresad mniSvnelovani Zeglebi aRmoCnda armazisxev-
Si, samTavros velze, 40-ian wlebSi ki armazcixeze. gamovlinda saqalaqo
xuroTmoZRvrebis, mxatvruli xelosnobis, oqromWedlobis, meTuneobis, min-
is warmoebis, gli ptikisa da numizmatikis Zeglebi.
40-ian wlebSi arqeologiuri samuSaoebis meore etapi Caatara mcxeTis ar-
qeologiurma eqspediciam (xelmZRvanelebi s. janaSia, a. afaqiZe). amjerad,
gamovlinda saqalaqo cxovrebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mniSvnelovani Ze-
glebi: samefo sasaxle, safortifikacio sistema, romauli ti pis abano,
mavzoleumis ti pis akldama, erTiani qvisgan nagebi sarkofagi da sxva
sazogadoebrivi Tu sameurneo nagebobebis naSTebi.
1948-1958 wlebSi dedaqalaqobis xanis - II-III ss. samarxebi - ZiriTadad
kramitsamarxebi da qvasamarxebi aRmoCnda qalaqis centrSi.
1963-1967 wlebSi Seswavlil iqna melqisedekis sasaxle sveticxovlis
galavanSi da V saukunis karibWe monastrisxevis marjvena napirze.
1974 wels, saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenilebis safuZvelze Seiqmna mcxe-
Tis mudmivmoqmedi arqeologiuri eqspedicia (xelmZR. a. afaqiZe). eqspediciam
gamoavlina da nawilobriv Seiswavla gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis, elinisturi
da Suasaukuneebis namosaxlarebi da I-VIII saukuneebis 1000-ze meti samarxi.
858
samTavros veli. samTavros vels aRmosavleTiT esazRvreba md.
aragvi, dasavleTiT kodmanis vakobi, samxreTiT - monastrisxevi, xolo
CrdiloeTiT-baiaTxevi. gamovlinda mtkvar-araqsis periodis, Sua brinjaos,
gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis, elinisturi, gvianantikuri da adre Suasaukunee-
bis arqeologiuri obieqtebi.
samTavroze arqeologiuri gaTxrebi jer kidev XIX s-is meore naxevarSi
daiwyo, Tumca, kvleva-Ziebam sistemuri xasiaTi 1938 wlidan miiRo (sxva-
dasxva wlebSi savele samuSaoebs xelmZRvanelobdnen: a. kalandaZe, m. ivaS-
Cenko, a. afaqiZe, v. nikolaiSvili, g. manjgalaZe, g. giunaSvili).
adreuli periodis samarxebi aRmoCenilia samTavros samxreT ubanze (Zv.w.
XVIII-XV ss.). maT Soris gamoirCeva samarxi #243. sadac sxva nivTebTan
erTad aRmoCenilia rapiriseburi maxvili. igi damaxasiaTebeli artefaq-
tia kreta-mikenuri kulturisaTvis da asaxavs mWidro kontaqtebs xmelTa-
SuazRvispireTis civilizaciasTan Zv.w. II aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi.
iqve, samxreTis ubanze, SeiZleba vivaraudoT samefo ojaxis warmomadgenel-
Ta gansasvenebeli. amaze unda metyvelebdes erT-erT mdidrul samarx-
Si (samarxi-akldamaa #905) dadasturebul mravalricxovan da mraval-
ferovan oqro-vercxlis nivTebTan erTad aRmoCenili warwera: „Tiridati
ufliswuli (es langari) misi sakuTaria~.
am akldamaSi dakrZalulTa socialur kuTvnilebaze naTel warmodgenas
gvaZlevs vercxlis langarze amokveTili wertilovani warwera: „ufliswu-
li Tiridati (es langari) misi sakuTaria“. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom sam-
Tavros samarovanis samxreT ubanze gvianantikur xanaSi (III saukuneSi)
ikrZalebodnen samefo ojaxis wevrebic.
samTavros samarx-akldamaSi aRmoCenili nivTebis nawili sxvadasxva qvey-
nis saxelosnoebSia damzadebuli. aRniSnuli viTareba kidev erTi mow-
mobaa im gacxovelebuli savaWro-ekonomikuri da kulturuli urTierTo-
bisa, romelic hqonia qarTls antikuri samyaros qveynebTan, kerZod, romis
imperiasTan.
samarx-akldamaSi aRmoCenili oqromWedlobis, torevtikis Zeglebi mniS-
vnelovania ara marto gvianantikuri xanis qarTlis (iberiis) materialuri
kulturis istoriisaTvis, aramed, zogadad, antikuri kulturis istoriis
SeswavlisTvisac pirvelxarisxovan masalas warmoadgens.
1. samTavros samarovanze Seswavlilia e.w. “mwyemsis samarxi~, romelic Zv.w.
XIV-XIII ss-iT TariRdeba. samarxSi aRmoCnda ueno samTvliani salamuri,
romelic migvaniSnebs, rom gvianbrinjaos xanaSi arsebobda mravalxmi-
ani musikaluri instrumentis damzadebisa da gamoyenebis tradicia. es
ki imdroindeli musikaluri kulturis dawinaurebis maCvenebelia.
2. centraluri nawilis siaxloves gamovlinda samarxi #320. samarxSi
micvalebuli kevrze iyo dakrZaluli. es faqti mianiSnebs, rom saqa-
rTvelos teritoriaze, Zv.w. VIII-VII ss-Si lewva kevrisa da pirutyvis
gamoyenebiT xdeboda. akad. niko berZeniSvilis azriT, amierkavkasiuri
brinjaos xanis Seswavlisas uTuod gasaTvaliswinebelia erTi Tavise-
bureba. es mTisa da baris meurneobaTa SerwymaSi gamoixateba. iq mo-
859
 saxle tomebi erTsa da imave dros miwaTmoqmedi da mesaqonle tomebi
unda yofiliyvnen.
3. samTavros Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi, 1976 wels aRmoCnda gvianbrin-
jao-adrerkinis xanis goranamosaxlari. misi aRmosavleTi kalTe-
bi samTavros vels uerTdeba. namosaxlari terasuladaa ganlagebu-
li. naxevradmiwuri banursaxuraviani saxlebi nagebia qvatexiliTa da
TixiT. interierSi, marcxena kuTxeSi organyofilebiani puris sacxo-
bi Rumelebia mowyobili. Rumelze miSenebul Taroebze ki samsxverp-
lo-sakurTxevlebia gamarTuli. zogierT sakurTxevelze TixiT naZer-
wi anTropomorfuli qandakebebi dgas. marjvena nawilSi mowyobilia
filafeniliT gamarTuli zRve sanerwyuliT da baga saqonlisaTvis.
sacxovrebeli saxlis es saxeoba erdoian-gvirgvinovani xalxuri sacx-
ovrebeli saxlis-darbazis prototi ps warmoadgens. namosaxlarze gam-
ovlenili saxlebi Zv. w. I aTaswleulis I naxevriT TariRdeba.
4. namosaxlaris Zirze aRmoCnda Zveli da axali welTaRricxvebis mijnis
warmarTuli taZris naSTebi, rac mtkvrisa da aragvis xerTvisSi am
droisaTvis arsebuli dasaxlebis maCvenebelia da miuTiTebs iq didi
raodenobiT gamovlenili samarxebis sinqronuli dasaxlebis arseboba-
ze.
5. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia samTavroze aRmoCenili epigrafikuli Ze-
glebi. ori arameuli da erTi ZvelberZnul enaze Sesrulebuli epita-
fia. berZnuli epitafia mogviTxrobs: „aq ganvisveneb mxatvarT-uxucesi
da xuroTmoZRvari avreli aqolisi“. warwera IV s-iT TariRdeba. epita-
fia meored gamouyenebiaT IV-V ss-Si axali samarxis asagebad. avreli
aqolisis saxeli kvlav dadasturda 1997 wels antioqiis eklesiaSi
aRmoCenil samSeneblo warweraSi. es faqti IV s-is mcxeTaSi am Tana-
mdebobis arsebobaze miuTiTebs. es termini ar gvxvdeba ZvelberZnul
samwerlo ZeglebSi, arc bizantiurSi XII saukunemde (s. yauxCiSvili).
arqeologiuri monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT, es aRmoCena dedaqalaqobis
xanis mcxeTaSi qalaqmSeneblobis ganviTarebaze metyvelebs.
6. samTavros samxreT-dasavleT nawilSi – ferdze gaiTxara ganviTarebu-
li Suasaukuneebis namosaxlaris naSTi e.w. `glexis saxli~. am perio-
dis namosaxlaris naSTebi dadasturda iqve, ferdobze, dazvervisas.
samTavros Crdilo-dasavleT monakveTSi gadaxuruli da daculia 800 kv.
m farTobi, sadac gamovlenilia I s-is taZari, II-VII ss-is sxvadasxva ti pis
samarxebi. aseve, gadaxuruli da daculia goranamosaxlaris ferdobze -
Zv. w. I aTaswleulis I naxevris ramdenime banursaxuraviani saxli.
2008 wels, samTavros velze restoran „gujaris“ mimdebare teritoriaze,
kerZo saxlis mSeneblobis procesSi dafiqsirda qvayuTebi. arqeologiuri
eqspediciis mier (xelmZR. T. bibiluri) Seswavlili iqna adre Suasauku-
neebiT daTariRebuli 53 samarxi.
samTavros velze gamovlenili samSeneblo fenebi, samarovnebi da arte-
faqtebi adasturebs, rom teritoria sakmaod intensiurad aris datvir-
Tuli sxvadasxva epoqis kulturuli fenebiT, romlebic Sua brinjaos
droidan Suasaukuneebis CaTvliT ganviTarebis uwyvet xazs qmnis da metad
860
mniSvnelovan masalas warmoadgens rogorc uSualod mcxeTis, aseve zo-
gadad saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi istoriis Semdgomi multidisci-
plinaruli Seswavla-gaazrebisTvis.
mcxeTa - qalaqi - sveticxovlis ubani. 1975-85 wlebSi (xelmZR.
a. afaqiZe, v. nikolaiSvili) Seswavlil iqna ramdenime monakveTi - sveticx-
oveli I-VI. Zegli mravalfeniania, TariRdeba Zv.w. I - gvian Sua saukuneebiT.
1992 wels, sveticxovlis ubanze, IV-VI ss. namosaxlarze, erT saxlSi, merx-
ebiani nagebobis kuTxeSi Cafluli samtuCa xeladaSi aRmoCnda dagrag-
nili oqros firfita (5,8X2,8 sm.), romelzedac amokveTilia 29 striqoni-
ani warwera, Sesrulebuli arameuli damwerlobiT (k. wereTeli), romelic
mcxeTeli ebraelis abraam saras Zis amulets warmoadgenda.
qalaqis teritoriaze aRmoCenili dasaxlebebi ZiriTadad ax.w. III-VI ss.
ekuTvnis. sxvadasxva adgilas Cndeba aRniSnuli periodis qalaqis nawile-
bi, romlebic qalaqgegmarebis aRdgenisaTvis pirvelxarisxovan masalas
warmoadgens. rogorc Cans, regularuli gegmarebis mqone centraluri
nawili SemosazRvruli iyo zRude-galavniT. igi qvis safuZvelze al-
iziT yofila nagebi da misi sigane zogan 6 m-s aRwevda. galavans ramden-
ime karibWe hqonda. galavani aragvis marjvena napirze iwyeboda, Semdeg
monastrisxevis marjvena napirs auyveboda, mcxeTis goraze gadadioda da
samxreT-dasavleTiT mtkvarTan eSveboda. galavani, savaraudod, mtkvrisa
da aragvis napirebsac miuyveboda da daxloebiT 35 ha farTobs moicavda.
sveticxovlis ezo. sveticxovlis sakaTedro taZris ezoSi, gasuli
saukunis 90-iani wlebis miwuruls Catarebuli arqeologiuri samuSaoebi-
sas (xelmZR. a. afaqiZe, v. nikolaiSvili) dadasturda gvianantikuri xanis
samarxebi da maTi sinqronuli romauli ti pis abanos naSTebi (II-IV ss.).
aRmoCnda agreTve, daaxloebiT amave xanis ramdenime arqiteqturuli deta-
li (baza, frizis fragmenti karniziTurT da Tixis antefiqsi sicocxlis
xis gamosaxulebiT).
samarxebi zogadad III-IV ss-iT TariRdeba. inventaris siuxviT, mraval-
ferovnebiTa da unikalurobiT gamoirCeva samarxi-akldama #14. samarxSi
aRmoCnda oqros, vercxlis, brinjaos, rkinis, minis da sxvadasxva miner-
alebisagan damzadebuli 25 dasaxelebis nivTi. maT Soris unikaluria
vercxlisa da oqrosagan damzadebuli saweri mowyobiloba - penali. sami
kalam-kalmistari vercxlis kolofSia moTavsebuli, romelsac oqros
warweriani firfitiT morTuli vercxlis saxuravi axuravs. saxuravze
damagrebulia bude, romelSiac oqros samelne yofila Cadgmuli. budeze
mocemulia kompozicia sami mamakacis gamosaxulebiT, romelTac amkobs
saTanado warwerebi ZvelberZnul enaze: menandre, homerosi da demosTene.
oqros Wvirul firfitaze ki amokveTilia - `mefe ustamosisa da evgeni-
osisa~. xelsawyos zurgis mxares cxra muzis gamosaxulebaa saTanado
warwerebiT.
mcxeTaSi adre gamovlenil stilosebTan da samelneebTan erTad es aR-
moCena qarTlis (iberiis) samefoSi mwignobrobis dawinaurebasTan erTad
qalaquri kulturis maRal doneze metyvelebs.
karibWe. „CrdiloeTis kari“, namosaxlari da samarovani karibWe mde-
861
 bareobs qalaqis centrSi, mSrali xevis marjvena napirze. igi V–VI sauku-
neebiT TariRdeba. amJamad moqceulia mcxeTis arqeologiuri muzeumis
Senobis qveS da vitraJiTaa daculi (Seswavlili iqna 1965-67 wlebSi.
xelmZRvaneli - a. kalandaZe)
,,CrdiloeTis kari’’ CaSenebulia Zveli mcxeTis zRude-galavanis Crdi-
loeT nawilSi, sadac mSrali xevi TxriliT bolovdeba. karibWis kedlebi
(sisqe 0,9 m.) nagebia natexi qviT. wina mxare gaTlili qviTaa mopirkeTebu-
li, ukana mxare, romelic zRudes ebjineba moupirkeTebelia, karibWes asaw-
ev-dasawevi kari unda hqonoda, SemorCenilia karis diris foso (0,38 - 0,3 m.).
karibWe garedan gamagrebulia koSkebiT (koSkebis rkalis sigrZe-11,8 m.).
galavnis kedlisa da koSkebis asagebad winaswar mousworebiaT miwis
zedapiri da zed natexi qviSaqvis qvafenili (sisqe 0,3-0,4 m.) daugiaT.
qvafenilSi Sereulia riyis qva, kramitisa da Tixis WurWlis natexebi.
qvafenilze xreSia dayrili, mosworebul zedapirze ki Semdgom amoyvanil-
ia kedlebi da koSkebi. zRude-galavnis kedeli da koSkebi nagebia alizis
aguriT. qvafenili SigniTa mxridan cokolis msgavsadaa gamoweuli.
zRude-galavani karibWiTurT adreuli xanis namosaxlarsa da samarovanzea
daSenebuli. karibWis dasavleT kedels saurme gzis donidan SemaRlebu-
li (0,1-0,15 m.) bordiuriT gamoyofili, riyis qviT mokirwyluli sacalfexo
gza miuyveba.
namosaxlari TariRdeba IV-V ss-iT. aq gamovlinda qviSaqviTa da riyis
qviT nagebi SenobaTa naSTebi, marnebi, sameurneo daniSnulebis ormoebi,
WurWlis gamosawvavi qurebi da mravalgvari Tixis WurWeli. ori quridan
erTs mozrdili WurWlis gamosawvavad iyenebdnen; masSi SemorCenili iyo
oryura dergis fragmentebi, meore navisebur quras - momcro WurWlisa da
Wraqebis gamosawvavad iyenebdnen, masSic idga xuTi WurWeli da ramdenime
aTeuli Wraqi. qurebi kramitiT iyo gadaxuruli.
samarovani TariRdeba Zv. w. I - ax. w. I-II s-iT. gaiTxara 1 orsamarxi, 3
kramitsamarxi da 11 qvevrsamarxi. ormosamarxSi micvalebulis ConCxi, sami
moneta da minis WurWeli aRmoCnda. kramitis samarxebi gaZarcvulia, maTSi
mxolod ramdenime moneta aRmoCnda.
zogierT qvevrsamarxSi ori micvalebuli esvena, sadac elaga Tixis xe-
ladebi, brinjaosa da vercxlis samkaulebi, zarakebi, samajurebi, sasa-
feTqle rgolebi, sxvadasxva masalisa da formis Tu sididis mZivebi.
mcxeTis arqeologiuri muzeumis axali Senobis rekonstruqciasTan da-
kavSirebiT, arqeologiuri samuSaoebi Catarda karibWeze 2018-20 wlebSic
(eqspediciis xelmZRvaneli T. bibiluri).
fiqrisgoris samarovani. q. mcxeTis fiqrisgora warmoadgens
sxaltba-SiomRvimis qedis aRmosavleT ganStoebas da Tavze dahyurebs
samTavros monasters. fiqrisgoris samarovani samTavros velis nawilia,
romelic moqceulia baiaTxevs, monastris xevs, kodmanis tafobsa da md.
aragvs Soris. am geografiul sazRvrebSi fiqrisgorasTan erTad moq-
ceulia samTavros monastris, samTavros samarovnis, baiaTxevis samarovnis,
mcxeTis centraluri moednis Semogareni da mcxeTis samosaxlo ubnebi.
862
amdenad, fiqrisgora mcxeTis msoflio memkvidreobis Zeglebis buferul
arealSia da warmoadgens misi gansakuTrebuli zogadsakacobrio Rire-
bulebis Semadgenel nawils.
XX s-is 70-ian wlebSi fiqrisgoraze aSenda mcxeTis raionuli saavad-
myofo. mSeneblobis dros aRmoCnda samarxebi, romlebic 1975 w. Seiswav-
la mcxeTis mudmivmoqmedma eqspediciam (xelmZRvaneli: a. afaqiZe, razmis
ufrosi T. jRarkava). gawmendil iqna 12 samarxi.
2014 wels fiqrisgora kidev erTxel moeqca arqeologTa yuradRebis
qveS, rodesac, kerZo mesakuTris mier warmoebuli miwis samuSaoebis dros
gamoCnda ramdenime samarxi, ramac gamoiwvia arqeologiuri samuSaoebis
dawyeba (eqspediciis xelmZRvaneli n. maisuraSvili). gamovlenil da Ses-
wavlil iqna 64 samarxi.
samarovanze arqeologiuri samuSaoebi kvlav ganaxlda 2016 wels (eqs-
pediciis xelmZRvaneli n. maisuraSvili). aRniSnul wels gamovlinda da
Seswavlil iqna 99 samarxi.
samarovanze sxvadasxva ti pis samarxi dadasturda: qvayuTebi, ormosamarx-
ebi, kombinirebuli samarxebi, Tixis filasamarxebi, akldama.
aRmoCnda rogorc individualuri, aseve, koleqtiuri samarxebi. gamovlin-
da mravalferovani inventari: minis samelsacxeblebi; mSvildsakinZebi,
sakinZebi, sayureebi, sasafeTqle rgolebi, sakidebi, abzindebi, beWdebi, ki-
litebi, samajurebi, monetebi, mZivebi da sxva.
samarxebis absoluturi umravlesoba adre SuasaukuneebiT (ax.w. IV-VIII
ss.) TariRdeba. dadasturda aseve ramdenime ganviTarebuli Sua saukunee-
bis samarxi. rogorc Cans, samarovanze gamarTuli iyo gvianantikuri xanis
miwurulis samarxebic, romelTa meoradad gamoyeneba moxda adre Sua-
saukuneebsa da ganviTarebul SuasaukuneebSi.
kodmani. 1979 wels mcxeTa-SiomRvimis gzis 1,7 km-ze, mcxeTis mudmivmo-
qmedma arqeologiurma eqspediciam (eqspediciis xelmZRvaneli a. afaqiZe.
razmis ufrosi - m. ZnelaZe) gaTxara gvian romauli xanis kramitsamarxe-
bi (ax.w. II-III ss.). samarxebSi aRmoCnda ti piuri inventari: Tixis WurWeli,
gemiani beWdebi, mZivebi da sxv. iqve gamovlinda adreSua saukuneebis (ax.w.
IV-VI ss.) namosaxlaris naSTebi (qvevrebi da samzareulo keramika).
mcxeTis gora. arqeologiuri Zegli mdebareobs qalaqis CrdiloeT
nawilSi. a. kalandaZis xelmZRvanelobiT, 1957 da 1962 wlebSi gaiTxara
Tlili qviTa da kiris xsnariT nagebi gvianantikuri xanis mcxeTis zRu-
dis nawili, gvianantikuri xanidan adreul feodalur xanaze gardamavali
periodis da ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis xanis nagebobebis naSTi da
marani.
1975, 1979-80 wlebSi mcxeTis mudmivmoqmedi arqeologiuri eqspediciis (xe-
lmZR. a. afaqiZe, v. nikolaiSvili) mier Seswavlil iqna alizis zRudisa
da Tixatkepnili iatakis mqone natexi qviT nagebi saTavsoTa fragmentebi
da samarovani. gorakze aRmoCnda ramdenime Tixis Tone-saTburi, Rariani
da brtyeli kramitebis, Calisfrad gamomwvari Tixis yelwiboiani WinWi-
863
 la-xeladebis, Rrma jamebis, qoTan-qilebis natexebi, rkinisa da brinjaos
wvrili nivTebi, Sinaur cxovelTa Zvlebi, nacari, naxSiri, baTqaSisa da
alizis namtvrevebi.
orfeniani samarovnis pirveli fena Sedgeba filaqviT nagebi qvayuTebisgan,
romelSic qristianuli dakrZalvis wesi dadasturda. TariRdeba adre
SuasaukuneebiT. meore fena warmodgenilia ormosamarxebiT, romlebic
adre brinjaos xanas ganekuTvneba. mopovebuli masala inaxeba mcxeTis
muzeumSi.
tuiaqoCoras samarovani. arqeologiuri Zegli mdebareobs mcxe-
Ta-SiomRvimis gzis marcxena mxares, borcvze, TariRdeba IV-VIII ss.
tuiaqoCoras samarovanze 1953 wels (xelmZR. a. afaqiZe) gaiTxara 14 qvayu-
Ti. samarxebis nawili miwis samuSaoebis drosaa dazianebuli, nawili ki
adreve gauZarcvavT. IV samarxSi aRmoCnda: giSris, pastisa da minis mogr-
Zo, cilindruli, rombisebri, da sworkuTxa mZivebi; oqros, brinjaosa da
rkinis sakinZebi, oqros sayureebi, Tvaledi da gemiani oqros beWdebi, minis
sabeWdavi, sanelsacxeble. mopovebuli masala inaxeba mcxeTis muzeumSi.
tuiaqoCoras samarovanze mikvleuli samarxeuli inventaris analogebi
uxvadaa gamovlenili aRmosavleT saqarTvelos Crdilo kavkasiisa da
azerbaijanis nasaxlarebsa Tu samarovnebze.
mogvTakari. leonti mroveli mogvTakaris Sesaxeb gadmogvcems: qar-
Tlis mefe farnajomma „moiyvanna sparseTiT cecxlmsaxurni da moguni da
dasxa igini mcxeTas, adgilsa mas, romelsa aw hqvian moguTa“.
mogvTakari mdebareobs mcxeTaSi, rkinigzis sadguris win, samxreTiT, mcxe-
Tis Tanamedrove xidis dasavleTiT. wyaroebSi pirvelad IX s-Si ixsenieba.
is mcxeTis ubania, sadac cecxlTayvanismcemeli mogvebi dasaxldnen. Zv. w.
II s-Si iberiis meoTxe mefe farnajomma sparseTidan Camoyvanili cecxl-
Tayvanismcemlebi (mogvebi) mcxeTis erT-erT ubanSi - moguTaSi (mogvTa-
kari) daasaxla.
1926 w. SemTxveviT aRmoCnda sxvadasxva periodis (Zv.w. V -ax.w. III ss.) sa-
marxeuli inventari. 1937 w. sadguris ukan, baRSi gamovlinda kramitsa-
marxi, romelic I-III ss-is inventars Seicavda. 1943 w. mcxeTis arqeologiu-
ri eqspediciis mier mcxeTis sadgurTan gaiTxara ramdenime kramitsamarxi.
1975-78 ww. mogvTakarze mcxeTis arqeologiurma eqspediciam (eqspediciis
xelmZR. a. afaqiZe, razmis ufrosi a. sixaruliZe) Seiswavla romauli xanis
samarovani da nagebobis naSTebi.
Seswavlili samarxebidan umetesoba kramityuTebia. samarovani ax.w. I-III
ss. TariRdeba.
mcxeTis (mogvTakaris) akldama (I s.) mdebareobs mcxeTis rkin-
igzis sadgurTan, samxreTiT 300 m-ze, mtkvris marjvena sanapirosTan, qarT-
lis qedis kalTis Ziras. igi agebulia sagangebod mosworebul terasaze
- qvabulSi. aRmoCnda 1951 wels (gaiTxara imave wels g. lomTaTiZis xe-
lmZRvanelobiT). saxelwodeba momdinareobs „wminda ninos cxovrebaSi“
864
dadasturebuli gadmocemidan am adgilebSi mogvebis arsebobis Sesaxeb.
mogvTakaris akldama Cadgmulia 1,6-2,1 m-is simaRlis galavniT Semosaz-
Rvrul qvabulSi. galavnis kedlebi nagebia qvatexiliT da Semtkicebulia
TixiT.
ezos aRmosavleT kuTxeSi ubelo cxeni daukrZalavT. akldama gegmiT
sworkuTxa (2,4X1,8 m.) erTsenakiani nagebobaa - dasavleTidan aRmosavle-
TiT damxrobili. naxevarwriul kamariani da orferdasaxuraviani. miuxe-
davad gaZarcvisa, akldamaSi oqros, vercxlis, brinjaos, minis da Tixis Ses-
aniSnavi nivTebi aRmoCnda da iq dakrZaluli qali da bavSvi, savaraudod,
samefo ojaxis wevrebi unda yofiliyvnen. mcxeTis (mogvTakaris) akldama,
SeiZleba iTqvas, antikuri xanis erTaderTi arqeologiuri Zeglia mcxeTis
sinamdvileSi, romelic saxuravianad SemorCa. igi warmoadgens models
saero saxlisa, romelSic qarTlis samefos umaRlesi xelisufalni cxov-
robdnen.
armazcixe (bagineTi) mdebareobs qarTlis qedis dasasruls, mTaze
(farTobi 30 ha.).
qarTlis samefo rezidencia armazcixe cnobilia rogorc qarTuli, aseve
ucxouri werilobiTi wyaroebiT. qarTul saistorio wyaroebSi armazcixe
ixsenieba rogorc qarTli, qalaqi, dedaqalaqi, cixe, armazi, bagineTi. ucx-
ourSi: harmozike, hermastus, armaqtika. magram ZiriTadi informacia ar-
mazcixis istoriis Sesaxeb miRebulia arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad.
cnobilma qarTvelma mecnierma eqvTime TayaiSvilma, ilia WavWavaZis Taos-
nobiT, 1890 wels armazcixis samefo rezidenciaSi Caatara mcire gaTxrebi.
sxva masalebTan erTad, e.w. ,,orsenakian nagebobaSi’’ aRmoCnda I saukunis
freskis natexi, romelzedac sxvadasxva feris saRebavebiT qalRvTaebis
gamosaxulebaa aRbeWdili.
1993 wels armazcixeze, gaTxrebis Sedegad (xelmZR. a. afaqiZe; v. nikolaiS-
vili), gamovlinda romauli ti pis ori abano, eqvsafsidiani warmarTuli
taZari da epigrafikuli Zeglebi - filaqvaze amokveTili, berZnul enaze
Sesrulebuli warwerebi.
warwerebi qarTlis (iberiis) samefo karze mimdinare samSeneblo saqmi-
anobaze mogviTxroben. erT warweraSi moxseniebulia iberiis didi mefe
amazaspi da misi ezosmoZRvari anagranesi. mefe amazaspi unda iyos qarTu-
li wyaroebis amazasp II. misi saxeli asaxa iranis SahinSah Sapur I (242-272
ww.) persepolisTan aRmoCenil warweraSi - e.w. mazdas qaabze. es faqti
azustebs amazasp II-is zeobis xanas - III saukunis Sua xanebiT.
pirvel terasaze aRmoCnda gegmaSi oTxkuTxa moyvanilobis, qviSaqvis kar-
gad damuSavebul qvaTlilebze amoyvanili, aliziskedlebiani, eqvsafsid-
iani taZari. misi farTobi 200 m-ia. mas dasavleTidan ebmis sameurneo
nageboba da marani. taZris centrSi aRmoCnda qviSaqvis eqvskuTxa baza.
masze xis sveti aRumarTavT. igi dagvirgvinebuli yofila qvis eqvskuTxa,
moCuqurTmebuli kapiteliT. es detalebi Tanabari ZaliT uyris Tavs
rogorc dasavleTis, ise aRmosavleTis xuroTmoZRvrul tradiciebs da
sabolood warmoadgens maT harmoniul sinTezs. taZris SigniT aRmoCn-
865
 da kirqvanarevi qviSaqvis kvarcxlbeki qandakebisaTvis (70X70X32 sm.). misi
gverdebi Semkulia vardulebiTa da svetnaris reliefuri gamosaxule-
bebiT.
taZris gegmarebiTi sqemis analizi, arqiteqturul detalTa saxe da ar-
qeologiuri masala saSualebas iZleva misi TariRi III saukunis boloTi
da IV saukunis dasawyisiT - an misi I naxevriT ganisazRvros.
armazcixeze nagebobebi gadaxuruli yofila mcxeTuri ti pis brtyeli
gverdebakecili da Rariseburi kramitiT.
aq aseve gamovlenilia samefo mavzoleumis nangrevebi. didi raodeno-
biT oqro-vercxlis nivTebi dadasturda mefis asulis samarx-sarkofagSi
(ax.w. II-III ss.).
aRniSnulma aRmoCenebma kidev erTxel daadastures qarTuli da ucxouri
werilobiTi wyaroebis monacemebi armazcixeze mefeTa rezidenciis arse-
bobis Sesaxeb.
XXI saukuneSi kvlav grZeldeba arqeologiuri samuSaoebi armazcixeze
(sxvadasxva dros eqspediciis xelmZR. v. nikolaiSvili, g. narimaniSvili).
mTa qarTli. 1961-62 ww-Si aq gaTxrebi Caatara mcxeTis arqeologiurma
eqspediciam (xelmZRvaneli n. berZeniSvili). gamoikveTa galavani, romelic
sami mxridan qviSaqvis didroni lodebiTaa nagebi, xolo CrdiloeTi mxare
- qvatexiliT. galavani oTxkuTxa koSkebiTaa gamagrebuli, romlebic sx-
vadsxva manZiliTaa erTmaneTs daSorebuli. galavnis samxreT-aRmosavleT
kuTxidan 44 m-is daSorebiT mrgvali koSki augiaT, romelic galavans
ukavSirdeba qvatexiliT nagebi kedliT. galavnis SigniT gamovlinda qva-
texiliT nagebi miwuris ti pis wagrZelebuli - oTxkuTxa nagebobebi. nage-
bobebs SigniT oTxkuTxa kerebia gamarTuli. galavnis SigniT, CrdiloeT
kedelTan gamovlinda ori marani, erTSi 14, meoreSi ki 4 qvevri aRmoCnda.
galavanSi didi raodenobiT aRmoCnda Tixis WurWeli, romelic, ZiriTadad,
adreSuasaukuneebiT TariRdeba (ax.w. V-VIII ss.). galavanSi da koSkebSi
gvian CaSenebuli kvadrebi, romlebSic amoWrilia fosoebi e.w. mercxli-
skuda gadasabmelisaTvis, gvavaraudebinebs iq antikuri xanis dasaxlebis
arsebobas. amasve gvidasturebs qvevrsamarxis aRmoCenac (Zv. w. I saukune).
karsnisxevis meTune-xelosanTa dasaxleba (Zv.w. I - ax.w. III
ss.) mcxeTis SemogarenSi, XX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi gaiTxara kompleqsuri
Zegli: meTune-xelosanTa dasaxleba, sawarmoo ubani, marnebi da samarovani
(xelmZRvaneli a. afaqiZe, v. nikolaiSvili). namosaxlarze dadasturda ori
ti pis saxli: banursaxuraviani da orferdasaxuraviani. namosaxlaris si-
axloves aRmoCnda misi Tanadrouli meTuneTa saxelosnos kompleqsi, sad-
ac Tixis WurWlis damzadebis sruli cikli mimdinareobda. Zegli asaxavs
dedaqalaqobisdroindeli erT-erTi ubnis cxovrebas, kerZod ki, igi war-
moadgens armazcixis ekonomikur saxsars ax.w. I saukuneebSi.
avWaliskari-devis namuxli (qoSigora) samSeneblo samuSoe-
bisas devis namuxlTan (mtkvris marjvena napirTan) 1867 wels aRmoCnda 17
striqoniani ZvelberZnuli warwera, romelic iuwyeboda, rom romis imper-
atorma vespasianem (ax. w. 69-79 ww.) iberiis mefe miTridates da mis xalxs
866
kedlebi gaumagres. vespasianes warwera ax. w. 75 wliT daTariRda. 1938
wels ki mopirdapire mxares (marcxena sanapiroze), avWaliskarTan aRmoCn-
da didroni markirebuli lodebi, rogorc Cans, galavnis naSTi. iqve gaiTx-
ara amave periodis samarxic (xelmZRvaneli g. lomTaTiZe). savaraudod,
vespasianes warweraca da arqeologiuri monapovaric miuTiTebs sasimagro
sistemaze, romelic avWaliskari-devis namuxlis (qoSigora) xazze gadioda
da aRmosavleTidan icavda did mcxeTas ax.w. I s-Si.
galavanTan siaxloves, mtkvris marcxena napirze g.nioraZem Seiswavla
adrerkinis xanis saintereso ormosamarxis inventari.
1983-84 wlebSi, avWaliskarze samuSaoebi ganaaxla mcxeTis arqeologiurma
eqspediciam (eqspediciis xelmZRvaneli a. afaqiZe, razmis ufrosi l. xe-
curiani). eqspediciam Seiswavla adre Suasaukuneebis samarovani.
muxaTgverdi I-II. 1937 w. muxaTgverdis midamoebSi arqeologiuri daz-
vervebi Caatara enis, istoriisa da materialuri kulturis institutis
(enimki) eqspediciam.
1975-1976 da 1979-83 ww. mcxeTis arqeologiurma eqspediciam (eqspediciis xe-
lmZRvaneli a. afaqiZe, razmis xelmZRvaneli l. xecuriani) Seiswavla adre
Suasaukuneebis samarovani (muxaTgverdi I) da mravalfeniani arqeologiu-
ri Zegli - muxaTgverdi II, sadac dadasturda: adrebrinjaos xanis nasax-
laris naSTebi da oTxi sameurneo ormo; gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanisa
da elinisturi xanis samarovnebi. mtkvar-araqsis periodis masala Zv.w. III
aTaswleulis meore naxevriT TariRdeba. gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanis
samarovani ki Zv.w. XIV-XIII ss. daTariRda.
armazisxevi. namosaxlarebi da samarovnebi. armazisxevi
mdebareobs armaziswylis SesarTavTan, mtkvris marjvena napirze - terasaze,
mcxeTis rkinigzis sadguridan 2 km-ze. armazisxevSi faqtobrivad Camoy-
alibda mcxeTis arqeologiuri eqspedicia da daiwyo stacionaluri gaTx-
rebi 1937-41, 1943-46 wlebSi (savele samuSaos xelmZRvanelebi: a. kalandaZe,
g. gobejiSvili, a. afaqiZe, g. lomTaTiZe). aRmoCnda mcxeTis dedaqalaqobis
xanis ubrwyinvalesi Zeglebi, rogorc gairkva II-III ss. qarTlis erisTav-
Ta, anu pitiaxSTa rezidenciis naSTebi (sasaxle, taZari, abano, marani) da
maTive gansasvenebeli, agreTve, adrerkinis xanisa da IV-IX ss. samarovnebi.
samarx-sakrZalavebSi aRmoCnda oqromWedlobis, gli ptikis, numizmatikis,
xelosnoba-xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargebis SesaniSnavi nimuSebi (erisTav-
Ta insigniebi, sartyeli, diadema, satevrebi, sabeWdavebi). maT Soris aR-
saniSnavia orenovani warwera, romelic qarTlis erisTavis - javaxosis
asulis serafitas samarxze aRmarTul stelaze yofila amokveTili. warw-
eraSi faqtobrivad asaxulia qarTlis (iberiis) samefo karis ierarqiuli
struqtura - mefe, ezosmoZRvari, pitiaxSi.
Zeglze aRmoCenilia SedarebiT kargad daculi romauli ti pis abano -
msgavsi da sinqronuli armazcixis amave ti pis abanoebisa. abanosTan aris
dakavSirebuli e.w. „zRurbliani nageboba~, romelic didi zomis ori nage-
bobisgan Sedgeba. igi daungreviaT da gadauwvavT mtris Semosevisas, ma-
gram SemorCenili arqiteqturuli detalebi (karis morTuloba, karnizis
nawili, svetisZiri da svetisTavi) gvavaraudebinebs pitiaxSis sasaxlis
arsebobas. iqve aRmoCnda amave periodis orsenakiani (akldama?) da erT-
867
 senakiani nagebobis naSTebi da marani, romelSic 55 qvevria Cadgmuli.
ax. w. II-IV ss-Si iq qarTlis samefos pitiaxSebi - erisTavebi da maTi ojax-
is wevrebi saxlobdnen da ikrZalebodnen. amaze mogviTxroben epitafiebi
da calkeul nivTebze amokveTili warwerebi.
XXI s-Si kvlav gagrZelda arqeologiuri kvlevebi armazisxevis komple-
qsze (xelmZR. v. nikolaiSvili, g. narimaniSvili).
kaciTavana. XX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi, armazisxevis samxreTiT, arma-
zisxevis kanionis marjvena napirze, pitiaxSTa rezidenciis Tavze mdebare
zegan-borcvze (farTobi 15 ha), romelsac „kaciTavana~ ewodeba, aRmoCnda
qvaTlilebis safuZvelze aRmarTuli aliziT nagebi koSkisa da sasimagro
sistemis nawilebi (xelmZRvaneli a. afaqiZe, v. nikolaiSvili, g. giunaSvi-
li). „kaciTavanaze~ dadasturda wiTlad moxatuli Tixis WurWeli - e.w
samadlos ti pisa. igi adreelinisturi xaniT - farnavazis epoqiT TariRd-
eba. xelovnurad ganmxoloebuli qedis nawili daculi Cans zRude-gala-
vniT (23 m-is sigrZeze gamoikveTa). dadasturda 6 urTierTmonacvle fena
- adre Suasaukuneebidan adreelinisturi xanis CaTvliT. aRmoCnda qvis
safuZvelze aliziT nagebi koSki (6.20-6.60 m). gamovlenilia samadlos ti-
pis keramika - Zv. w. III s.
armazis cixe. cixe aRmarTulia armazisxevis saTavesTan, maRal kldo-
van mTaze. Sedgeba galavnisa da koSkisagan. nagebia qvatexiliT. galavani
gegmaSi trapeciismagvaria. koSki wiboebmomrgvalebul samkuTxa prizmas
warmoadgens (gverdebis sigrZe 13,5 m.). igi galavnis samxreT nawilSi dgas.
Sesasvleli CrdiloeTis mxridan meore sarTulzea. cixe samsarTuliani
unda yofiliyo, dazianebulia, TariRdeba XIII-XV ss-iT (cixe Seiswavla p.
zaqaraiam).
axali armazis samarovani. mdebareobs rkinigzis baqanTan, misgan
samxreTiT. armazisa da martazis xevebs Soris. 1976 wels igi Seiswavla
mcxeTis mudmivmoqmedma arqeologiurma eqspediciam (eqspediciis xelmZR-
vaneli a. afaqiZe, razmis ufrosi - a. abuTiZe). samarovani Sedgeba qviSaqvis
filebiT nagebi qvasamarxebisagan. bevr samarxze dadasturda saniSne qvebi.
micvalebulebi gulaRma gaSotili daukrZalavT qristianuli wesiT. sa-
marxebSi aRmoCda: oqros, vercxlisa da rkinis beWdebi, samajurebi, sakinZe-
bi, Tixisa da minis sanelsacxeblebi, sxvadasxva masalis da formis mZivebi.
samarovani TariRdeba III-V ss-iT.
samarovnis maxloblad gamovlinda sinqronuli namosaxlaris naSTebi.
sarkine. naqalaqari (Zv.w. II-ax.w. II ss.) Crdilo-aRmosavleTidan Semo-
farglulia jojoxeTis xeviT, dasavleTidan mcxeTa-SiomRvimis samanqano
gziT da zangeliebis xeviT, samxreTidan ki mdinare mtkvarze Camavali ci-
cabo kldeebiT.
dasavleTi mxridan gamovlenilia saparado Sesasvleli-karibWe (XX s-is
70-iani wlebis dasawyisi, xelmZRvaneli a. boxoCaZe). kedlebi nagebia riy-
is qvis safuZvelze aliziT (55-40-10 sm.) da mopirkeTebulia qviSaqvis pi-
ronebiani qvaTlilebiT (45-20-10 sm.). kari SeWedili Cans xis safuZvelze
868
rkinis farflebiT. Crdilo-dasavleTidan sarkines icavda zRude, rome-
lic aseve qvis safuZvelze aliziT yofila nagebi. sarkines central-
ur nawilSi aRmoCnda terasulad ganlagebuli qviTa da aliziT nagebi
sakulto (Teatri?) da sacxovrebeli nagebobani, romlebic gadaxuruli
yofila kramitiT (56-50 sm.). iataze aRmoCnda terakotis niRbebi (Zv.w. II-I
ss.) dionises da ariadnes qandakebebi.
sarkines naqalaqari miSvnelovani Zeglia qarTlis saqalaqo cxovrebis
SeswavlisaTvis. igi istoriuli didi mcxeTis Tavdacvis sistemis nawils
warmoadgens.
grZeli mindori (10,5 ha.) sarkines naqalaqaris nawilia. CrdiloeT
nawilSi koSki (dakonservebulia) da galavnis naSTi aRmoCnda. central-
ur nawilSi ki saxelosnoebi gaumarTavT rkinis, tyviis da spilenZis gamo-
sadnobad. aRmoCnda rkinis quris naSTebi, agreTve saoqromWedlo tvifri
da xelsawyo. es faqti adasturebs saoqromWedlos arsebobas (1954-56 da
1979-80 wlebSi grZel mindorze kvlevebs awarmoebda arqeologiuri eqs-
pedicia a. afaqiZis xelmZRvanelobiT).
grZel mindorze dadasturda sruli metalurgiuli ciklis arseboba -
madnis dawurvidan gamoWedva-wrTobamde.
qvabebi. SiomRvimis monastris midamoebSi, sxaltbis qedis ferdobebSi
nakveTi gamoqvabulebis Seswavla daiwyo 1948 wlidan. kvlevebi gagrZel-
da Semdgom periodSic (xelmZRvanelebi g. yifiani; n. baxtaZe). qvabebidan
uZravi kulturuli fenebi xuT maTganSi dadasturda. kulturuli fen-
ebis Seswavlisas sami sxvadasxva epoqis naSTebi gamovlinda: pirvel, zeda
fenaSi Sua saukuneebis sxvadasxva periodis uxeSi, sqelkedliani Tixis
WurWlis natexebi aRmoCnda. N7 qvabis siRrmeSi Calisferkeciani, wiTlad
naprialebi jamis natexebi elinisturi xanisa Cans. Semdeg gamovlinda gvi-
anbribnjao-adrerkinis xanis Savad gamomwvari qoTnebis pir-gverdisa da
yurebis nawilebi.
martazisxevis samarovani. arqeologiuri Zegli mdebareobs mar-
tazisxevis anu sangrisxevis marcxena napirze, borcvze, rkinigzis xidis
CrdiloeTiT. martazisxevis samarovnis uZvelesi fena gviandeli brin-
jaos xanisaa, Semdegi fena - elinisturi xanis, zeda fena ki ax. w. IV-VII
saukuneebiT TariRdeba.
1951 wels mcxeTa-Zegvis samanqano gzis gafarToebis dros aRmoCnda ori
brtyeli qviT gadaxuruli samarxi. Sig esvena qristianuli wesiT da-
krZaluli sami micvalebuli. samarxi, masSi aRmoCenili masalis mixedviT
(minis ori sanelsacxeble Semkuli minisave ZafebiT, minis beWdebi da mZive-
bi, brinjaos mSvildsakinZi), ax. w. IV s-iT daTariRda.
1967 da 1969 wlebis arqeologiurma eqspediciam (eqspediciis xelmZRv. n.
ugreliZe) gaTxara borcvis samxreT-aRmosavleT da Sua nawili. aRmoCnda
sam-sami didi filaqviT gadaxuruli qvayuTebi. umetesoba saojaxo samarx-
ebia da micvalebulebi dakrZaluli arian qristianuli wesiT. samarxTa
ti pisa da iq aRmoCenili nivTebis (minis sanelsacxeblebi, minis mZivebi,
brinjaos sakinZebi) mixedviT, TariRdeba IV-VII saukuneebiT. gviandeli
samarxebis gverdiT imave siRrmeze gaiTxara erTi qvevrsamarxi, romel-
869
 ic samarxis ti pisa da inventaris (ramdenime mooqrovili mZivi) mixedviT,
TariRdeba Zv. w. II-I saukuneebiT. borcvis aRmosavleT nawilSi aRmoCnda,
agreTve, Txeli filaqviT nagebi, CrdiloeTidan samxreTisken damxrobi-
li qvayuTebi. TiToeulSi erTi bavSvis xelfexmokecili ConCxi esvena.
erT-erTSi aRmoCnda Savpriala Tixis yel-Zabriani Zir-wvetiani WurWeli
da minis mZivebi. WurWeli Zv. w. IV-III saukuneebs ganekuTvneba. amave xani-
saa meore qvayuTi, romelSic aRmoCnda oqros mocvaruli sayureebi, minis
egvi pturi skarabeiodi, minis mZivebi, brinjaos zanzalakebi da Zvlis nivTi,
romelzedac faskunjia amokawruli.
zemoaRweril samarxTa qveS aRmoCnda Senobis riyis qviT mogebuli iataki
(3,0X1,5 m.), romelic dauzianebiaT gviandeli samarxebis CaWris dros. iat-
akze egdo gviandeli brinjaos xanisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli brinjaos ori
sakinZis Tavi.
1974 wels, martazisxevis marcxena napirze aRmoCnda qvevrsamarxi. kargad
ganleqili, movardisfrod gamomwvari qvevri horizontalurad CaudgamT.
pirgadaSlili, maRalyeliani, kvercxiseburtaniani da brtyelZira qvevri
ti piuria am periodis qvevrsamarxebisaTvis. micvalebuli CausvenebiaT
marcxena gverdze, xelfexmokecili, TaviT aRmosavleTiT. samarxSi aRmoCn-
da: TeTri angobiT Semkuli xelada, wiTlad SeRebili qusliani jami, rome-
lic palmetebiTaa Semkuli. brinjaos da rkinis samajurebi da sxvadasxva
masalisa da formis mZivebi. samarxi Zv.w. I saukuniT TariRdeba (samarxi
Seiswavles: g. narimaniSvilma, g. manjgalaZem). iqve, ferdze mcxeTis mud-
mivmoqmedma arqeologiurma eqspediciam gaTxara da Seiswavla adre Sua-
saukuneebis samarovani.
saTovle-nabaRrebi. mdebareobs xekorZulas xevSi, md. xekorZulas
saTaveebSi. aRniSnul adgilas pirveli dasaxleba jer kidev Zveli qvis
xanidan Cndeba. aqedan moyolebuli am adgilebSi adamianis cxovrebis
uwyveti kvali Cans (mciredi xarvezebiT) gviani Sua saukuneebis bolomde.
aq Tavmoyrilia arqeologiuri Zeglebi romlebic TariRdeba eneoliTuri
xaniT (Zv.w. V-IV aTaswleulebi), gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xaniT (Zv.w. XII-
VII ss.) da sxva.
saTovle nabaRrebze gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanis samarovani Seiswavla
arqeologiurma eqspediciam 1978-81 wlebSi (eqspediciis xelmZR. a. afaqiZe,
razmis ufrosi - S. iremaSvili).
RarTiskari. RarTiskarze arqeologiuri samuSaoebi 1979-86 wleb-
Si mimdinareobda (xelmZR. a. afaqiZe, v. nikolaiSvili; razmis ufrosi m.
ZnelaZe, g. narimaniSvili). igi Tanamedrove mcxeTis CrdiloeT nawilSi
mdebareobs. Rrma, amJamad mSrali xevi md. aragvs marjvena mxridan erT-
vis. CrdiloeTiT, paralelurad meore xevi uerTdeba, mas brinjiReles
uwodeben. maT Soris mdebare teritoria (30 ha farTobi) ukavia sasimagro
sistemas, romelic dedaqalaqobisdroindeli mcxeTis CrdiloeTi karibWe
unda yofiliyo.
RarTiskari mtkvris da aragvis xerTvisis yvelaze viwro yels warmoad-
gens da strategiulad marjve adgilia - muxranis velidan momxdurTagan
Tavis dasacavad. swored am mizniT Cans agebuli qvis safuZvelze aRmar-
Tuli 3 m-mde siganis aliziT nagebi koSkebiani zRude-galavani, romelic
870
brinjiReles marjvena napirs gasdevs RarTiskaris zeda Txemidan aragvam-
de. galavani gamovlenilia aragvis marcxena napirzec. igi aragvis napiri-
dan iwyeba da saguramos qeds ebjineba.
RarTiskaris safortifikacio sistema warmoqmnili Cans Zv.w. IV-III ss.,
rodesac qarTlis samefo yalibdeboda. amaze metyvelebs iq aRmoCenili
arqeologiuri masalebi da werilobiTi wyaroebi.
aragvis marjvena napirze–RarTiskaris Sida teritoriaze, safortifikacio
sistemis sinqronuli ramdenime sayuradRebo Zegli aRmoCnda (taZari, wis-
qvili, xuroTmoZRvruli kompleqsi). RarTiskaris zemoaRwerili saforti-
fikacio sistema da dasaxleba qarTlis dedaqalaqis CrdiloeT karibWes
warmoadgens. swored iq miegeba nadirobidan dabrunebul gaqristianebul
mirian mefes „nana dedofali da yoveli igi qalaqi~.
narekvavi. 70-90-ian wlebSi gaiTxara (xelmZR. a. afaqiZe, v. nikolaiSvi-
li; sxvadasxva wlebSi razmis xelmZR. v. sadraZe, r. davlianiZe, e. gavaSe-
li) Zv. w. I aTaswleulis pirveli naxevris goranamosaxlarebze ganlage-
buli sacxovrebeli saxlebi da maT Tanadrouli samarovani. swored am
periodSi, mtkvrisa da aragvis xerTvisSi da mis SemogarenSi yalibdeba
pirobebi qalaqis warmoSobisaTvis, rasac narekvavze Catarebuli gaTxre-
bis Sedegebic adasturebs.
narekvavis gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis periodis arqeologiur Zeglze kv-
levebi gagrZelda XXI s-is dasawyisSic (xelmZRvaneli v. nikolaiSvili).
werovani. sxaltbis qedis CrdiloeTi kalTis qveda terasaze, Tbili-
si-goris samxedro gzis 31-e km-ze, kalandaZis gorebis Tavze mdebareobs
werovnis samarovani. is adrebrinjaos xanidan Cans aTvisebuli. samaro-
vanze, gasuli saukunis 70-ian 80-ian wlebSi gaiTxara gvianbrinjaos xanis
64 samarxi (eqspediciis xelmZRv. a. afaqiZe, razmis xelmZR. v. sadraZe),
gvianbrinjaos xanis samarovanze Seswavlil iqna qvayriliani, miwayril-
iani ormosamarxebi da katakomburi ti pis samarxebi. gvxvdeba rogorc
individualuri, ise koleqtiuri samarxebi. gvxvdeba kenotafebic. micvale-
buli daukrZalavT marjvena an marcxena gverdze, xelfexmokecili, TaviT
CrdiloeTiT damxrobili. samarovanze arsebobda cxovelebis Sewirvis
tradicia (aRapi).
samarxebSi aRmoCnda: iaraRi - brinjaos Sedgeniltariani satevari (uqu-
do, dafanjruli tariT, romelic welSi gamoyvanilia da TeTri pastiTaa
inkrustirebuli); brinjaos danismagvari iaraRi, rkinis dana; samkauli -
brinjaos sada da grexilReroiani kisris rkalebi, samajurebi, sakidebi,
Tavxvia sakinZi, sasafeTqle rgolebi da sxv. mZivebi (brinjaos, sardionis,
pastisa da sxv.); Tixis WurWeli — dergebi, qilebi, sadRveblebi, sasmisebi,
jamebi, langrebi. samarxebi Zv. w. XIV-XIII ss-iT daTariRda.
wilkani. 1979 wels Seswavlil iqna gvianantikur-adre Suasaukuneebis
xanis Zeglebi: namosaxlaris, samarovnis da eklesiis naSTebi (xelmZR.
a. afaqiZe; v. nikolaiSvili). maT Soris gamoirCeva qvaTlilebiT nagebi
miwisqveSa akldama. akldamis dasavleT kedelze wiTeli da Savi saRe-
bavebiT berZnuli samSeneblo warweraa gamosaxuli. is iq dakrZalulTa
vinaobaze mogviTxrobs.
871
 wiwamuri. naqalaqari mdebareobs sof. wiwamuris Tavze, misgan Crdiloe-
TiT ganlagebul goraze-serze. moxseniebuli aqvs I s-is berZen swavluls
- strabons Tavis „geografiaSi~, rogorc qalaqi-armazcixesTan erTad.
1924 wels giorgi Citaiam straboniseuli sisamura-wiwamuris siaxloves
miakvlia mxedris ormosamarxs, romelic Tavis cxenTan erTad iyo da-
krZaluli. cxens pirSi rkinis lagami hqonda SerCenili. samarxSi aRmoCn-
da iaraRi (isriswverebi da rkinis grZeli maxvili) da samkauli (brinjaos
cxovelsaxovani samajuri da Zewkviani sakinZebi). agreTve, Tixis gofrire-
buli, ormagsaxeluriani xelada.
1953 wels mcire masStabis samuSaoebi Caatara mcxeTis arqeologiurma eqs-
pediciam (eqspediciis xelmZR. a. afaqiZe). wiwamurze aRmoCnda Tlili qviT
nagebi mrgvali nageboba (dm-16 m.). qvaTlilebi erTmaneTTan xis solebis
„uwyvetebiT~ Cans gadabmuli. dadasturda mSeneblobis ori fena. erTi
adreuli mSralad nawyobi, romelic elinisturi xaniT TariRdeba (wiwamu-
ri I), meore ki duRabze nagebi (wiwamuri II). igi gvianromauli xaniT unda
daTariRdes. mrgvali nageboba mkvlevarTa nawils (k. meliTauri) warmar-
Tuli taZris naSTad miaCnia.
wiwamuris seris ZirTan, gazsadenis trasis gayvanisas Seqmnil WrilSi
Cans kedlis nawili, romlis sigane 3 m-de aRwevs da qvatexiliT aris nage-
bi. igi dasavleTiT bebriscixisken miemarTeba. bebriscixeze Catarebuli
gaTxrebisas aRmoCnda msgavsi da Tanadrouli - qvis safuZvelze aliziT
nagebi kedlis naSTebi. kedeli, rogorc Cans, dedaqalaqobisdroindeli
mcxeTis Tavdacvis zRudis meore rigs warmoadgenda RarTiskaris Semdeg
da im damcavi sistemis nawili unda iyos, romelic antikuri xanis mcxeTas
CrdiloeTidan icavda.
1986 wels mcxeTis mudmivmoqmedma arqeologiurma eqspediciam (xelmZR. a.
afaqiZe, v. nikolaiSvili; razmis xelmZRvanelebi: a. abuTiZe, T. jRarkava)
sof. wiwamuris samxreTiT, saavtomobilo gzis gafarToebiTi samuSaoebi-
sas Seiswavla gvianromauli xanis (ax w. II-III ss-is) namosaxlaris naSTebi
da sakulto moedani (3X2 m.).
moedanze aRmoCnda: oqros sayureebi, romauli vercxlis moneta, vercxlis-
ave kovzi, minis sanelsacxeble, brinjaos oinoxoias saxeluri sirinozis
skulpturuli gamosaxulebiT da brinjaos batilumi - aqandazis moyvani-
lobis sakulto sagani (sigrZe - 24 sm.), romelzedac cecxls anTebdnen
kultmsaxurebisas. es ori nivTi aSkarad romaul imports warmoadgens.
antikuri xanis werilobiTi wyaros,straboniseuli „sevsamoras~ = wiwamuris
midamoebSi,aragvis marcxena sanapiroze,xidis yureSi,1986 wels mcxeTis mud-
vivmoqmedma arqeologiurma eqspediciam (xelmZR. a. afaqiZe, v. nikolaiSvili.
razmis ufrosi g. narimaniSvili) gaTxara mravalfeniani arqeologiuri
Zegli (wiwamuri III). 1500 m2 farTobze dadasturda Semdegi stratigrafia: I
fena -adrebrinjaos xanis (Zv.w. III aTaswleuli) ormoebiT aris warmodgeni-
li (dm - 0,3 m.), romlebic, SesaZloa, xis ximinjebisTvis iyo gankuTvnili; II
fenas ekuTvnis Suabrinjaos xanis (Zv.w. II aTaswleuli) gorasamarxi (N13);
III fena wamoadgenda Zv. w. I saukunis marans; IV fena ax.w. I saukunis or-
moebs Seicavda; V fena ax.w. pirveli saukuneebis samarovniT iyo warmodge-
nili; VI fena - yvelaze gviani - ax.w. II-III saukuneebis marnis naSTebs ekava.
872
1993 wels gamovlinda wiwamuris velis koSkura saxli. igi gegmaSi rva-
kuTxa koSkia, romelic qvis safuZvelze aliziT yofila nagebi da dasav-
leTidan ebmis trapeciis formis minaSeni. dauxuravT antikuri xanis mcx-
eTuri brtyeli da Rariani kramitiT.
qvayuTebi mcxeTis arqeologiuri gaTxrebis aRwerisas g. lomTaTiZe
aRniSnavs: „axali welTaRricxvis I-III saukuneebSi mcxeTis mosaxleoba
mkveTrad cvlis micvalebulTa dakrZalvis wess: samarx qvevrebs veRar
vxedavT, maT enacvleba mogrZo-sworkuTxovani gadaxuruli da zogjer
agreTve iatak-dagebuli „yuTebi~. am yuTebis saSen masalad gamoyenebulia
brtyeli da Rarisebri kramitebi, didroni kvadratuli agurebi, xolo
ramdenadme mogvianebiT qviSaqvis Tlili fiqalebic. kramityuTebi da agu-
ryuTebi III saukunis Semdeg aRar gvxvdeba, xolo qvayuTebi ki didxans
ganagrZoben arsebobas aqac da saerTod mTel saqarTveloSi~.
calke gamoyofen 1941 wels gzis gafarToebisas aRmoCenil qvayuTs, igi
mdinare aragvis marcxena napirze im mTis ZirSi mdebareobda, romelzec
mcxeTis jvris taZaria aRmarTuli. samarxSi aRmoCnda: Ria mwvane gam-
Wvirvale minis Txelkedliani WurWeli, romlis sam gverdze gamosaxulia
tolmklavebiani jvari, erTze samtota xis sqematuri gamosaxulebaa. sa-
marxSi iyo agreTve rgolovanReroiani oqros sayureebi, vercxlis sayuris
mrgvalganivkveTiani ori Reros natexi, rkinis beWedi, brinjaos naxevars-
feruli ori zaraki. aRniSnuli eqsponatebi inaxeba saqarTvelos saxelm-
wifo muzeumSi.
namosaxlari (saTxiebis namosaxlari). arqeologiuri Zegli
mdebareobs mcxeTis Crdilo-dasavleTiT, buCqnariT dafaruli saTxiebis
qedis ferdze. kulturuli fena alag-alag gadarecxilia. SemorCenilia
kiris xsnarze natexi qviT nageb SenobaTa naSTebi. keramikuli masalis
mixedviT, namosaxlari III-IV saukuneebiT TariRdeba (xelmZR. a. boxoCaZe).
kamaraxevis samarovani. 1976-78 ww. kamaraxevis napirTan, 432 m2 far-
Tobze mcxeTis mudmivmoqmedma arqeologiurma eqspediciam (eqspediciis
xelmZR. a. afaqiZe, razmis ufrosi T. jRarkava) Seiwavla 176 samarxeuli
kopleqsi, romelic Zv. w. IV-III ss-iT daTariRda. adreelinisturi xanis
(Zv.w. IV-III ss.) Zeglebis kvlevisaTvis mniSvnelovania kamaraxevis ti pis
Zeglebis aRmoCena muxaTgverdze, cixedidisxevSi, nataxtarze, wiwamurTan.
zemoaRniSnuli masalebis analizis safuZvelze, WeSmaritebasTan axlos
unda iyos qarTul istoriul gadmocemebSi Semonaxuli cnobebi SiomRvi-
mis monastris gamoqvabulis kompleqsebis uZveles xanaSi Seqmnis Sesaxeb.
amrigad, axali arqeologiuri aRmoCenebisa da Zveli monacemebis safuZ-
velze, gamoikveTa „didi mcxeTis~ gamagrebuli sistemiT SemosazRvruli
teritoria: RarTiskari, savaneTis qedi, grZeli mindori - sarkine, cixedi-
disxevi, kaciTavana-armazisxevi, armazcixe, devis namuxli, avWaliskari, wi-
wamuri, romelic Caewera didi mcxeTis cnobil geografiul sazRvrebSi.
didi mcxeTis sasimagro sistemis farglebSi arsebuli sxvadasxva funqci-
is mqone dasaxlebebis politikuri gaerTianeba-sinoikizmi xdeba qarTlis
samefos (iberiis) warmoSobisa da mcxeTis gadedaqalaqebis procesSi.
873
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vespasianes xanisa, Tb., 1958
49. wereTeli k., mcxeTis arameuli amuleti,
kreb. mcxeTa XI, Tb., 1996
50. jRarkava T., kamaraxevis samarovani, mcx-
eTa VI, arqeologiuri kvleva-Ziebis Se-
degebi, Tb., 1982
51. Apakidze A., Nikolaishvili V., An Aristocratic Tomb
of the Roman period from Mtskheta, Georgia, The
Antiquaries journal, volume LXXIV, London, 1994
52. Apakidze A., Kipiani G., Nikolaishvili V., A rich
from Mtskheta (Caucasian Iberia) Ancient West and
East, volume 3, #1, Brill, Leiden-Boston, 2001
53. Baiern Fr., Die ausgrabungen der alten Gräber bie
Mzchet. Zeitschrift fur Ethnologie, Berlin, 1872
54. Муравьев С.Н., Заметки по исторической
географии Закавказья. Плиний о населении
Кавказа, Вестник древней истории,1, 1988
55. Николаишвили В., Историчекая топография
стольного города Картли (Иберии)
“Мцхета Великой” в свете новых открытий,
Международная научная конференция,
Археология (5) этнология (4), фольклористика
Кавказа – Сборник кратких содержании
докладов, Ереван, 2003
56. Страбон, География в 17 книгах, изд. “Наука”,
Л., P, 1964
57. Plinius Secundus, Naturalis Historiae, Libri 37,
v.1_6, §.29-3O, Lipsiae - 1870-98 [wignSi],
Катон, Варон,Колумелла,Плиний, О сельском
хозяйстве, Москва, 1957
58. Баиерн Ф., Исследование древних горбниц близ
мцхета летом 1871 г. Газ. “Кавказ”, 1872
59. Xвольсон Д.А., надгробная надпись из Мцхета,
СПБ, 1884
60. Такаишвили Е., Краткий ответ о раскопках,
произведенных по поручению Имп. Арх.
Комисии летом 1902 г. Близ ст. Мцхет. Изв.
Кавказ. Отд. Моск. Арх. Общ. Вып. I. 1904; ОАК
за 1902
61. Куфтин Б., Археологические раскопки в
Триалети, I. Тб.,1941
62. Лемлеин Г.Л., Остатки стеклодувного
производства в Карсани близ Мсхета. Сообщения
АН Грузинской ССР, т. IV, 1945
63. Пчелинна Е., Отчет о раскопках близ деревни
Сагурамо., moambe, III, 1927
64. Уваровы А.С. и П.С., Взгляд на мцхетский
могильник, “Древности”, Труды имрераторского
Московского Археологического Обшества. т.ч.
1885
65. Уварова П.С., (“Археология”) Каталог
коллекций Кавказского музея (“Museum Cauca-
sicum”) Тф., т. V. 1902
875
 Vakhtang Nikolaishvili
Great Mtskheta Archaeological
State Museum-Reserve, Curator,
National Museum of Georgia,
Scientific Consultant, Doctor of History
Nikoloz Maisurashvili
Great Mtskheta Archaeological
State Museum-Reserve,
Director, Archaeologist

HISTORY OF
ARCHAEOLOGICAL
INVESTIGATIONS
OF MTSKHETA
Georgian, as well as foreign written sources
(Strabo – I c. B.C. - 1 c. A.D.; Dio Cassius – II-
III c. A.D.; Claudius Ptolemy – I-II c.c. A.D.;
Movses Khorenatsi – V c.; etc.) and other ar-
chaeological monuments narrate about the
Kingdom of Kartli.
The “Great Mtskheta” of the period of its being
the capital is mentioned by Georgian historian
of the XI c. Leonti Mroveli: “the city of Great
Mtskheta and its districts, Sarkine, Tsikhe Didi
and Zanavi, district of Jews...”. Great city of
Mtskheta is also mentioned in the chronicle
“Conversion of Kartli”, which is included in
Shatberdi Collection of the X c.
In Georgia study of archaeological monuments
started, actually, in Mtskheta in 70-ies of the
XIX c., when about 600 burials were excavated
in Samtavro Valley. And in 1890, archaeologi-
cal investigations started in Armaztsikhe under
Ekvtime Takaishvili’s leadership.
Large scale field research started on the territo-
ry of Great Mtskheta in 1937, when archaeolo-
gical expedition, headed by Ivane Javakhishvili
and then Simon Janashia, started to work and
continues to date with certain intensity.
During the above-mentioned period, many dis-
tricts of Mtskheta were studied archaeologi-
cally: Armaztsikhe (Bagineti); Armaziskhevi;
Samtavro Valley; Pikrisgora necropolis; Kars-
niskhevi, Mtskheta (Mogvtakari) tomb; Ghar-
tiskari; Tsitsamuri; Sarkine; Grdzeli Mindori;
Avchaliskari – Devis Namukhli (Koshigora);
Mtskhetis Gira; Tuiakochora, Martaziskhevi;
Kamarakhevi; Kodmani; Karibche; Katstava-
na; Svetitskhoveli courtyard; Narekvavi, etc.
Chronological frame of the above-mentioned
monuments, mainly, varies in the range of the
XV c. B.C. – VIII c. A.D.; nevertheless, cul-
tural layers of Mtkvari-Araks (Early Bronze
Age) and Middle Bronze Age is also discove-
red on the territory of Great Mtskheta.

As a result of archaeological studies, the boun-

daries of the territory of Great Mtskheta are as
follows: in the east – railway station Zahesi,
in the west – Dzegvi, Khekordzula gorge and
Nastakisi, in the north – Mukhrani outskirts, in
the south – Satskepela- Didgori ridge.

876 877
 vaxtang liCeli grakliani gora
iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti,
profesori grakliani gora (tab. 1 a-b) aris mravalfeniani Zegli, romelzec dadastu-
rebulia 11 kulturuli fena paleoliTidan (daaxloebiT 1 800 000 weli)
vidre adreqristianul xanamde (ax. w. IV-V saukuneebi). Zegli ori nawilis-
gan Sedgeba: samarovani da namosaxlari.
sabeWdavebi,
samarovani _GgaTxrilia 325 samarxi da moicavs periods adre brinjaos
sawonebi xanidan (Zv.w. IV aTaswleuli) vidre ax.w. IV-V saukuneebamde.
da namosaxlari _ arqiteqturuli naSTebi, romlebic funqciurad sxvadas-
warwerebi xvagvaria (sacxovrebeli, sameurneo, sakulto, sawarmoo), ZiriTadad, gane-
kuTvneba Zv.w. II-I aTaswleulebs. gacilebiT adreuli Senobebi ganadgure-
grakliani bulia swored am xanis nagebobebis mSeneblobis dros. (tab. 2 a)
goradan
saqarTvelos arqeologiis istoriaSi mravali Zeg-
lia gamorCeuli, magram maT Soris mcxeTas gansa-
kuTrebuli adgili ukavia, rac ori faqtiT aris
ganpirobebuli: pirveli gaxlavT is, rom mcxeTa
aris arqeologiuri Zegli, sadac jer kidev XIX
saukuneSi farTomasStabiani da rac mTavaria, im
droisaTvis kvalificiuri gaTxrebi daiwyo (d.
meRvineTxucesiSvilis mier ufliscixeSi Catare-
buli gamokvlevebi, samwuxarod, ar iyo ase masSta-
buri); meorec - mcxeTis teritoriaze da mis are-
alSi araCveulebrivi erovnuli da saerTaSoriso
mniSvnelobis da farTo qronologiuri diapazo-
nis mqone Zeglebia Tavmoyrili, rac mcxeTis deda-
qalaqobis drois naSTebiT aris dagvirgvinebuli.
amdenad, moulodneli ar aris is, rom `didi mcxe-
Tis~ miwam arqeologiur mecnierebas SesZina ara-
erTi pirvelxarisxovani Zegli, romelTa Sorisaa
gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanis namosaxlarebi da
samarovnebi (davlianiZe r., sadraZe v., 1973, gv. 4).
gadauWarbeblad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mcxeTis Se- ixileT bmuli 2. a
mogarenisa da gansakuTrebiT, samTavros samarovnis
kvlevam da qronologiis SemuSavebam Tavis droze
safuZveli Cauyara gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanis Zv. w. II aTaswleulis miwurulisa da I aTaswleulis dasawyisis Senobebi
Zeglebisadmi axlebur midgomas (dawv. ix: sadraZe v., gansakuTrebul interess iwvevs am xanis taZarSi aRmoCenili warwerebis
xoxobaSvili T., RliRviSvili e., 2018, gv. 6-59). konteqstSi. Tumca, mogviano xanis (Zv.w. V-IV saukuneebis) nagebobebic spe-
cialuri interesis sferoa, radgan grakliani gora jer-jerobiT erTa-
bunebrivia, rom Sida qarTlis am xanis Zeglebis derTi Zeglia, romelzec aqemeniduri xanis Zeglebi farTo masStabiTa da
kvleva dResac mcxeTis Zeglebis upiratesi gaTva- didi mravalferovnebiTaa warmodgenili (liCeli v., 2016 a. liCeli v., 2016
liswinebiT mimdinareobs da ar aris gasakviri, rom b. Licheli V., 2015. Licheli V., 2019, p. 92)
grakliani goris qronologiis SemuSavebaSi `didi
mcxeTis~ monacemebs gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia. amjerad, yuradReba aris gamaxvilebuli graklian gorasa da mis sate-
litur Zegl _ mrgval Walaze (wina gora) gamovlenili sami kategoriis
artefaqtebze: sabeWdavebi, sawonebi da warwerebi.

878 879
 sabeWdavebi

graklian goraze aRmoCenilia rogorc adgilobrivi, ise importuli sa-

beWdavebi.

importuli sabeWdavebi ar gamoirCeva didi mravalferovnebiT: aRmosav-

leT saqarTveloSi mopovebuli calebis mixedviT isini qmnian ramdenime
jgufs: cilindruli, konusuri da sabeWdavi-tvifari.

cilindruli sabeWdavebi, romelic mesopotamiaSi Camoyalibda da ganvi-

Tarda Zv.w. IV aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi, gavrcelda proto-dinastiur
da adre-dinastiur egvi pteSi, Tumca igi _ mogvianebiT _ iq skarabeoidma
Caanacvla (Lapp Nancy L., 1989, pp. 1-15). sabeWdavebis gavrceleba sxvadasxva
regionSi sxvadasxva qronologiur monakveTSi xdeboda. Crdilo mesopota- 2. g
miaSi sabeWdavebi dRevandeli siriis teritoriaze gavrcelda da agreTve,
daiwyo maTi adgilobrivi warmoebac. magaliTad, palestinaSi arcerTi Zv.w.
III aTaswleulis mesopotamiuri sabeWdavi ar aris jer-jerobiT mikvleu- es aris Tevzebis gamosaxuleba an wy-
li, magram aris egvi ptidan da siriidan Semotanili nimuSebi. am periodis lisaTvis gankuTvnili ori WurWeli,
saqarTveloSi ki gavrcelebulia cilindruli da konusuri sabeWdavebi, rac adrebrinjaos xanis samxreT me-
romlebic adrebrinjaos xanis kompleqsebSi gvxvdeba (magaliTad, gudaber- sopotamiuri sabeWdavebisaTvis miRe-
tya. ix. z. SerazadiSvili, 2014, gv. 168-182). Aamave qronologiur jgufSi eqce- buli simboloa (v. liCeli n. samso-
va graklian goraze aRmoCenili importuli maryuJiani sabeWdavi tvifari. nia. dasax. naSr., gv. 184). ramdenadac
CemTvis cnobilia, es aris am saxis
nimuSad ganvixilav or gansxvavebul adreuli tvifar-sabeWdavis aRmoCenis
sabeWdavs: erTaderTi SemTxveva saqarTveloSi
(SesaZloa, kavkasiaSic). aqve aRvniSnav,
importuli sabeWdavebis arqeologiu- rom cilindruli (`sagoravi~) sabeW-
ri konteqstis magaliTisaTvis dava- davebis paralelurad gamoiyenebo-
saxeleb erTs: II terasaze gaTxril da `brtyeli~ sabeWdavebic (tvifari),
tab. 2 a monumentur sakurTxevlian taZarSi, romlebic xmarebidan gamovida Zv. w.
CrdiloeTi kedlis gaswvriv agebul III aTaswleulSi, Tumca misi gamoye- 2. d
merxze, sxvadasxva saxis kermikul na- neba kvlav daiwyes Zv.w. IX saukunidan
warmTan erTad, aRmoCnda Ria feris (Albenda P., 1978, pp. 17-22).
gamomwvari Tixisagan damzadebuli
tab. 2 b
cilindruli sabeWdavi (tab. 2 a). igi adgilobrivi sabeWdavebi: termin
Sua nawilSi gaxvretilia da Semku- `sabeWadvis~ gamoyeneba adgilobrivi
lia zigzagiseburi ornamentiT (H = warmoebis nimuSebisaTvis, romlebic
5,2 sm.). sabeWdavTan erTad ido saxeluriani kaTxa, romelic k. ficxelau- Zv.w. II-I aTaswleulebs ganekuTvneba,
ris qronologiis mixedviT TariRdeba Zv.w. 1100-900 wlebiT (k. ficxelau- SesaZloa, arc aris marTebuli, radgan
ri. 1973, tab. LXIX; Licheli V. 2011; Licheli V. 2011; Tumca aqve minda aRvniSno, rom yvela maTgani aris saxeluriani
calsaxeluriani kaTxebis didi nawili aRmoCenilia SedarebiT gviandel tvifari.Aadgilobrivi warmoebis
kompleqsebSic - Zv.w VIII - VII saukuneebi). am ti pis sabeWdavebi kargad `sabeWdavebi~ iberiis teritoriaze,Cemi
aris cnobili mesopotamiidan da ganekuTvneba adreuli mesopotamiuri sa- azriT,Cndeba Zv.w. XII-XI saukuneebidan.
beWdavebis meoTxe, e.w. `Sevronebiani~ sabeWdavebis jgufs (v. liCeli, n. sam- Ees TariRi emyareba grakliani goris
sonia. 2010, gv. 183-184. rusul enaze). am sabeWdavis damzadebis TariRi Zv.w. III terasaze gaTxrili N III-4 Senobis 2. e
IV-III aTaswleulebia, xolo damzadebis adgili ki _ samxreTi mesopotamia (tab. 2 g) TariRs. Mmisi arqeologiuri
(uruki?). gansxvavebulia maryuJian saxeluriani sabeWdavi, romelic Calis- konteqsti aseTia:Aam Senobis
feri qvisagan aris damzadebuli.Mmis sasuraTe sibrtyeze amokveTilia oT- Crdilo-dasavleT kuTxeSi agebuli
xkuTxedi, romelsac sam mxares, gverdebze da zemoT, gareT (radialurad) Rumelis garSemo Semowyobili iyo
mimarTuli xazebi amkobs da `RvTis saxlis~ anu gasxivosnebuli taZris WurWeli (tab. 2 d, e), romlis erTi
imitacias warmoadgens (tab. 2 b). taZarSi ori gamosaxuleba Cans. SesaZloa,

880 881
 nawili analogiuria xovles VIII
horizontSi mopovebuli calebisa.
aqve ido sabeWdavi-tvifaric, xovles
es horizonti Tavis droze Zv.w. XV
saukuniT daTariRda da maSin es
sruliad logikuri da marTebuli
3. a TariRi iyo (d. musxeliSvili. xovles
namosaxlaris arqeologiuri masala,
Tbilisi, 1978, gv. 7 da Semdgom).Mmagram,
ukanasknel xanebSi xovlegoraze
Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegad (C14-
is TariRebi) uCvena, rom yvelaze
adreuli fenebi aq ganekuTvneba
periods ara uadres Zv.w. XIII-XII
saukunisa (Heinch S., 2017). Sesabamisad,
grakliani goris III-4 Senobac da aq
mopovebuli `sabeWdavic~ aseve _ Zv.w.
3. b XII-XI saukuneebi _ unda daTariRdes.
Tumca, es TariRi, SesaZloa, ufro
gaaxalgazrdavdes erTi mizezis
gamo: am Rumels aqvs iseTive bafTiseburi ornamenti, rogoric warweriani
taZris dasavleT kedelze midgmul Rumel-sakurTxevels. es konstruqcia
ki moqceulia im SenobaSi, romelic sam sxvadasxva laboratoriaSi
gagzavnili sinjebis mixedviT, ganekuTvneba periods ara uadres Zv. w XI
saukunis miwurulisa da X saukunisa (dawvr. ix. warweraze msjelobisas).
amave qronologiur monakveTSi eqceva kidev erTi adgilobrivi war-
moebis tvifari, romelic gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs. misi
wriuli sasuraTe sibrtye (d=4,6 sm.) burRiT gakeTebuli wertilebiT
aris Sevsebuli (tab. 3 a, b). saxeluri unagirisebri gantotviT mTavrd-
eba. sasuraTe sibrtyis centraluri adgili ukavia oTx wres, romle-
bic erTmaneTisagan Tanabari manZiliT aris daSorebuli. wreebi erTi
zomisaa da maT Soris wertilebia mimofantuli. TiToeul wreSi geg-
mazomierad, erTmaneTisagan Tanabari daSorebiT, dasmuli da gadanawi-
lebulia wertilebi Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT: I wre _ oTxi wertili;
mis sapirispirod, II wre _ xuTi wertili; I wris marcxniv, III wre _ eqvsi
wertili. III wris sapirispirod (I wris marjvniv), IV wre _ Svidi wertili.
cxadia, wertilebis es sistema ar aris SemTxveviTi da arc dekoratiuli
daniSnulebis. Cemi azriT, es astraluri simbolikaa, sadac yvela cifrs
Tavisi konkretuli ricxobrivi mniSvneloba da semantika aqvs. iseTi STa-
beWdileba rCeba, rom aq mTeli kosmiuri samyaroa warmodgenili, romlis
sawyisi samyaros oTxi mimarTulebaa (oTxi wertili _ aRmosavleTi, da-
savleTi, CrdiloeTi, samxreTi) da mis sapirispirod, xuT wertilSi moqceu-
lia mikrokosmosi.
artefaqtebis garkveuli saxeobebi,
romlebic sxvadasxva saxis inovacia-
ze msjelobis saSualebas iZleva. maT
Soris aris sawonebi.
3. g 3. d
Zveli ekonomikis sazogadod da am
SemTxvevaSi, saqarTvelos ekonomikuri
da kulturuli potencialis mdgoma-
reobis kvlevis Sesaxeb Zv.w II-I aTasw-
leulebis sawonebis mniSvnelobis
gadaWarbebiT Sefaseba Znelia. aRia- 3. e 3. v
rebulia, rom metrologiuri codna
(romlis erT nawilsac sawonebi da
awonvis idea warmoadgens) aris sazo-
gadoebis inteleqtualuri ganviTare-
bis kvlevis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani
safuZveli.Mmas SeuZlia uCvenos azro-
3. z 3. T
vnebis/fiqris SesaZlebloba abstra-
qtuli ricxvebisa da kompleqsuri
maTematikuri urTierTobebis Tval-
sazrisiT; amasTan, is xels uwyobs
mecnierebis warmoSobis Canasaxebis
warmoCenas (Pare C. F.E.., 1999, p.477). kon-
3. i 3. k
kretuli metrologiuri sistemis ga-
moyeneba uCvenebs agreTve, kulturu-
li kontaqtebis mimarTulebebsa da urTierTgacvlis SesaZleblobas.Ees
gansakuTrebiT iTqmis awonvis sistemasTan mimarTebaSi, rasac vaWrobaSi
gadamwyveti roli aqvs.amitom, arqeologiasa da istoriaSi metrologi-
is kvlevas princi puli mniSvneloba aqvs. awonvis sistemebis warmoSo-
ba-ganviTareba mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli metalurgiasTan. magaliTad,
iTvleba, rom sawonebis gamoCena troaSi (II periodi), agreTve polioxnsa
da kastriSi, emTxveva kaliani brinjaos gamoCenas (Rahmstorf L., 2016, p. 81-8;
Bobokhian A., 2009, p. 40). izotopurma analizma uCvena, rom brinjao, romelic
gamoyenebuli iyo troaSi, kastriSi, polioxniSi, TermiSi da Tel-abraqSi
miRebuli iyo erTi wyarodan, avRaneTidan an centraluri aziidan (Weeks,
1999). didi albaTobiT unda vivaraudoT, rom kaliani brinjaosa da sawo-
nebis urTierTmimarTebis TvalsazrisiT, daaxloebiT igive situacia aris
kavkasiaSi, sadac sawonebis gamoyeneba swored kaliani brinjaos warmoebis
dasawyiss mosdevs.
am konkretuli Tanxvedridan gamomdinare, sawonebis aRmoCena graklian
goraze sruliad logikuri Cans, radgan warmoebis procesSi aucilebeli
iyo nedli Tu sxva saxis masalis awonva. graklianze mikvleulia swored
sxvadasxva saxis _ spilenZis, rkinisa da keramikis _ warmoebis naSTebi,
rac zemoxsenebul varauds ucilobels xdis.

es unikaluri artefaqtebi, romlebic ekonomikuri da savaWro urTier-

sawonebi (metrologia)
ukanasknel wlebSi graklian goraze da misi satelitur Zegl wina go-
raze (sof. mrgvali Wala) Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegad mikvleulia
Tobebis intensiur xasiaTze miuTiTeben, aris yvelaze naTeli dasturi
ara mxolod vaWrobis Zalian maRali donisa, aramed sazogadoebis inte-
leqtualuri ganviTarebisa saerTod, radgan sawonebis arseboba niSnavs
standartizebuli metrologiuri sistemis arsebobas, rac, SesaZlebelia,
kontrolirebad vaWrobaze migvaniSnebdes. amasTan, vaWrobis aseTi maRa-

882 883
 lorganizebuli sistema, cxadia, vaWarTa Camoyalibebul klass anu, sa- 3 unda iyo mkvrivi, ar unda tyde- X X
zogadoebis socialur stratifikaciaSi ukve kargad fesvgadgmul, myar bodes advilad.
erTeuls gulisxmobs.
4 qvisagan damzadebuli calebi a) b-X b-X
Tu Ggraklianisa da wina goris sawonebis parametrebs erTmaneTs Seva- gaprialebuli unda iyos da b)
unda hqondes erTi an ramdenime
darebT da SevajerebT, miviRebT maTi jeradobis naTel suraTs. am saxis brtyeli mxare.
gamokvlevebma daadastura, rom Zv.w. XI-IX saukuneebis qarTlSi gamoiyene-
boda adgilobrivi wonis erTeuli (mas SeiZleba vuwodoT `iberiuli an 5 saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi maT unda 0 0
graklianuri mina~), romlis wona 363 gr. iyo ( Licheli V. 2017 p. 83 - 88). hqondeT amokveTili xazebi an
warwerebi.
TavisTavad, 363 gramiani erTeulis arsebobas (romelic trapeciis formis
sawonis analizs emyareba. (tab 3 g) qarTlSi aqvs realuri safuZveli, ra- 6 unda iyos im arqeologiuri kon- X X
dgan sawonebis (tab. 3 d -k) identificirebis erT-erTi mTavari parametri teqstis nawili, romelic maT ga-
maTi jeradobaa, rac graklianze kargad Cans. l. rahmstorfi (Rahmstorf L., moyenebaze miuTiTebs.
2016, p. 9-47) sawonebis identifikaciis princi pebs ase ayalibebs: 7 sxvadasxva wonisa unda iyos. X X
1. maT unda hqondeT regularuli, advilad aRsaqmeli forma. 8 aRmoCenili unda iyos ara samar- X X
xebSi, aramed namosaxlarebze da
2. maT dasamzadeblad gamoyenebuli unda iyos erTgvarovani masala (ume- miuTiTebdnen maTi praqtikuli
tes SemTxvevaSi mainc). gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas.
3. masala unda iyo mkvrivi, ar unda tydebodes advilad.
9 sasworebi an maTi gamosaxulebe- 0 0
4. qvisagan damzadebuli calebi gaprialebuli unda iyos da unda hqondes bi sadme axlos unda iyos aRmo-
erTi an ramdenime brtyeli mxare. Cenili.
5. saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi maT unda hqondeT amokveTili xazebi an warwe- 10 awonvis sistema _ standartuli X X
rebi. erTeulis jeradi _ unda iyos
6. isini unda iyos im arqeologiuri konteqstis nawili, romelic maT ga- Tanmimdevruli da qmnides lo-
gikur Tanmimdevrobas.
moyenebaze miuTiTebs.
7. isini sxvadasxva wonisa unda iyos.
8. isini aRmoCenili unda iyos ara samarxebSi, aramed namosaxlarebze da
miuTiTebdnen maTi praqtikuli gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas. amdenad, sakmaod didi albaTobiT SegviZlia davadasturoT, rom Zv.w. XI-IX
9. sasworebi an maTi gamosaxulebebi sadme axlos unda iyos aRmoCenili. saukuneebSi qarTlSi ukve hqondaT wonis sakuTari erTeuli (363 gr.), ro-
melic, SesaZloa, e.w. `hibriduli minisagan~ (564 gr.) iRebs saTaves.
10. awonvis sistema _ standartuli erTeulis jeradi _ unda iyos Tanmim-
devruli da qmnides logikur Tanmimdevrobas.
warwerebi
aSkaraa, rom sawonebis identifikacia sakmaod rTuli sakiTxia. miuxedavad
amisa, Cems xelT arsebuli masala iZleva garkveuli varaudebis gamoTqmis
saSualebas. Ppirvel rigSi, cxadia, gasarkvevia is, Tu ramdenad akmayofi- graklianze aRmoCenil warwerebs gansakuTrebuli samecniero da erovnu-
lebs am moTxovnebs graklianisa da wina goris arqeologiuri konteqsti. li mniSvneloba aqvs.
graklianisa da wina goras monapovrebis am kriteriumebis mixedviT Cata-
rebuli analizi Semdeg suraTs iZleva: graklianma goram am TvalsazrisiT sruliad gansakuTrebuli masala mog-
vca, romelmac mTlianad daangria yvela istoriuli stereoti pi da axali
realobis kvlevis aucilebloba warmoaCina. miuxedavad imisa, rom genia-
lurma qarTvelma istorikosma iv. javaxiSvilma saqarTveloSi damwer-
N daxasiaTeba grakliani wina gora
lobis sawyis etapad im droisaTvis sruliad warmoudgenlad adreuli
1 regularuli, advilad aRsaqme- X X TariRi ivarauda (rac asaxuli iyo, agreTve, „matiane SemecnebisaSi“), xolo
li forma; Tanamedrove mkvlevarebma (magaliTad, r. patariZe, T. gamyreliZe, T. Cxenke-
li, e. maWavariani, l. WilaSvili da mravali sxva) brwyinvale gamokvlevebi
2 gamoyenebuli unda iyos erTgva- X X
rovani masala miuZRvnes qarTuli damwerlobis warmoSobis sakiTxs, warmodgenac ki ar
SeeZlo vinmes imisa, rac graklianze aRmoCnda _ Zv.w. XI-X saukuneebis ori,

884 885
 erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli warwe-
ra! es imdenad mniSvnelovani faqtia,
rom graklianze mcxovrebi sazoga-
doebis kulturul sistemaze sauba-
ri aqve SeiZleba davasruloT, radgan
sazogadoeba, romelic graklianze
cxovrobda am dros, eziara civili-
zaciis umaRles mwvervals _ damwer-
lobas! am aRmoCenam radikalurad
4. a Secvala Cveni codna Zveli saqarTve-
los istoriisa da kulturis Sesaxeb.
Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom arc Tu
ise bevr brwyinvale aRmoCenas (rome-
lic aqamdec bevri gvqonda qarTul
arqeologiaSi!) ar gamouwvevia imde-
ni pozitiuri cvlileba Cveni qveynis,
saqarTvelos warsulis kvlevaSi da
ise naTlad ar warmouCenia Cveni wina-
prebis mier dapyrobili umaRlesi in-
teleqtualuri mwvervalebi, rogorc
es graklianis warwerebma gaakeTa da
SemdgomSi kidev ufro mets gaakeTebs.
4. b
is SekiTxva, rac pirvel rigSi uCnde-
ba adamians, romelic ecnoba am warwe-
rebs aris _ SeiZleba Tu ara, rom ase-
Ti formis, aseTi moxazulobis niSnebi
sazogadod warmoadgendes warweras?
am SekiTxvas pasuxi SedarebiT advilad SeiZleba gaeces da es pasuxi da-
mokidebulia warwerebis grafikul analizze. am etapze me swored warwe-
rebis grafikuli analizis Sedegebze saubari mimaCnia SesaZleblad da am
martivi gziT vecdebi vaCveno, rom damwerlobis ganviTarebis Tvalsazri-
siT aq sruliad Cveulebriv movlenasTan gvaqvs saqme.
daviwyoT „A„ warweriT (tab. 4 a) rogorc aRvniSne, igi SemorCenilia sami
aso-niSnis saxiT. isini miZerwilia taZris dasavleT kedelze midgmu-
li Rumel-sakurTxevlis Crdilo kuTxeSi, iatakTan axlos. es aso-niSnebi
samxreTuli tendenciis matarebelia: maxlobeli aRmosavleTis terito-
riaze, sadac uZvelesi civilizaciebi ganviTarda da sadac sxvadasxva
eTnikuri jgufebi mosaxleobdnen aTaswleulebis manZilze, SemorCenilia
aseulobiT arqeologiuri Zegli da epigrafikuli naSTi. maT Soris aris
Zv.w. II-I aTaswleulebis araerTi Zegli, romlebic graklianis warwerebis
grafikuli analizisaTvis SeiZleba gamodges. am mxriv upirveles yura-
dRebas imsaxurebs e.w. Crdilo-dasavleT semituri arealis damwerlobis
nimuSebi. magaliTisaTvis aRvniSnav, rom grakliani `A-I~ grafemas pirda-
piri analogiebi aqvs el-hadris asoebTan. warwera „A~-s samive grafema
sruliad aSkarad iseTive moxazulobisaa, rogorc im drois sxvadasxva
damwerlobis asoebi maxlobeli aRmosavleTis teritoriaze. Sesabamisad,
warwera „A~-s Sesaxeb pasuxi SekiTxvaze - SeiZleba Tu ara amgvari moxa-
zulobis niSnebi warmoadgendnen asoebs - erTniSnadia da dadebiTi. gan-
sxvaveba mxolod isaa, rom graklianis warwera gakeTebulia sarkiseburad,
886
rac saidumlo damwerlobis erTgvar
saxes warmoadgenda saukuneTa man-
Zilze. Tu riTi aris es gamowveuli,
jer-jerobiT rTuli saTqmelia. aqve
minda aRvniSno, rom, rogorc Cans, es
warwera iwyeboda CrdiloeTis kedel-
ze da miemarTeboda dasavleTisaken
(anu ikiTxeboda marjvnidan marcxniv,
rogorc im drois yvela sxva damwer-
loba), rasac mowmobs CrdiloeTi ke-
dlis nangrevebSi aRmoCenili asoebis
fragmentebi ( tab. 4 b). samwuxarod, am
4. g
warweridan SemorCa mxolod sami aso.
rac Seexeba meore warweras (warwe-
ra „B~) romelic taZris centralur
nawilSi aRmoCnda, aseve sakurTxevel- 4. d
ze, igi gakeTebulia gansxvavebuli
teqnikiT (tab. 4 g-e). pirvel rigSi
sainteresoa TviTon sakurTxeveli.
igi warmoadgens Tixis konstruqcias,
romelic zemoT gafarToebuli niJa-
riseburi sadgamiT dadgmulia Tixis
postamentze da gegmaSi kideebmomrg-
valebuli oTxkuTxedis forma aqvs.
masSi Cadgmulia aseTive formis, ma-
gram, mcire zomis sanacre „fiala“,
romlis Crdilo nawilSi Tixisagan
damzadebuli verZebis ormagproto-
miani qandakebaa gamoyvanili. sakur-
Txeveli Crdilo kedelze iyo midg- 4. e
muli. xolo warwera amokveTilia
postamentze, esec iatakTan axlos.Aaq,
albaT, umalve iCens Tavs kidev erTi
SekiTxva _ ratom aris orive warwe-
ra iatakTan axlos? pasuxi martivia
_ siriuli taZrebis gamokvlevebis
mixedviT dadgenilia, rom umetes Sem-
TxvevaSi taZarSi gakeTebuli warwe-
rebi magiuri xasiaTisaa da isini ar
aris gankuTvnili yvelasaTvis sana- 4. v
xavad, miT ufro, rom wera-kiTxva ma-
Sin mxolod sazogadoebis dawinau-
rebulma wevrebma, qurumebma icodnen.
aseTi xasiaTis warwerebi xSirad ga-
keTebulia mofarebul adgilas _ ka-
ris ukan, kibis qveS da a.S. amdenad,
cxadia, rom graklianze sakulto da-
niSnulebis warwerebis gakeTebis ana-
logiuri tradiciaa SenarCunebuli.
5. a 5. b
887
 warwera „B~-s amokveTilia Tixis postamentze (tab. 4 g-v). rogorc tra-
sologiurma analizma uCvena, warweris bloki, romlis sigrZe aRmosav-
leTidan dasavleTisaken 80 sm., sigane 14 sm., xolo simaRle ki- 8-10 sm-ia,
calke aris damzadebuli, amokveTilia warwera da Semdeg aris igi midg-
mul/milesili sakurTxevelze. rogorc sakurTxevlis, ise postamentisa da
warweriani blokis Tixa uxeSia, msxvilminarevebiani, cudad ganleqili, ma-
gram, zemodan Tixis Txeli, sufTa feniT SesaniSnavad aris gadalesili da
moprialebuli.Aam bolo teqnologiuri proceduris gamo mTlianad aris
waSlili Tixis damuSavebis wina teqnologiuri etapebi, Tumca mainc Cans,
rom postamentis Tixa ukeTesi xarisxisaa, romelSic SeiniSneba Calisa da
bzis Zalze didi yuradRebiT da saguldagulod daWrili didi da mcire
zomis CanarTebi.Ppostamentis dasavleTi nawili ukeT aris Semonaxuli
imis gamo, rom igi xanZarSia moxvedrili da gamomwvaria, xolo aRmosavle-
Ti nawili dazianebulia masze midgmuli Sewiruli WurWliT. postamentis
frontalur nawilze aris amokveTili warwera, romelic 10 aso-niSnisagan
Sedgeba. isini amokveTilia erTi, momrgvalebulTaviani xelsawyoTi, rome-
lic postamentis zedapirTan mimarTebaSi sxvadasxva kuTxiT, sxvadasxva
daxrilobiT Cans gamoyenebuli. aso-niSnebis siRrme saSualod 10 mm-ia,
maTi Sida piri da kideebi momrgvalebul-gadalesilia.
am aso-niSnebis SedarebiTi analizi gacilebiT farTo kvlevas moiTxovs,
vidre warwera ,,A~. rac am etapze dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, aris is,
rom warwera „B~-s pirdapiri grafikuli analogiebi aqvs maxlobeli aR-
mosavleTis qveynebis Zveli civilizaciebis arealSi aRmoCenil sinqro-
nul arameul warwerebTan (H. Donner, W. Sead.MmagaliTad: S.Gitin, T. Dothan, J.
Naveh. 1997). magram, xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos erTi mniSvnelovani faqti:
sakmaod maRali albaTobiT unda vivaraudoT, rom aq saqme gvaqvs Zvel
samyaroSi kargad cnobil tendenciasTan: martivi arameuli damwerlobis
sistema modificirebulia adgilobrivi, qarTuli fonetikuri moTxovni-
lebis Sesabamisad da Seqmnilia adgilobrivi damwerlobis sistema.Aam
tendenciis saukeTeso nimuSia darios I-is mier iranSi ganxorcielebuli
reforma, rodesac man lursmnuli damwerlobis magier sakuTari imperi-
is dasavleTi administraciisaTvis SemoiRo arameulis modificirebuli,
e.w. `imperiuli arameuli damwerloba~. e. li pinski miuTiTebda (Lipinski
E..,1997, p. 89), rom Zveli arameuli moicavs periods Zv.w. 900 wlidan vidre
Zv.w. 600 wlamde, praqtikulad neo-asuruli imperiis dasasrulamde. Tumca,
k. beieri Tvlida, rom Zveli arameuli werilobiTi formiT gvxvdeba Zv.w.
XI saukunidan rogorc pirveli arameuli saxelmwifos ena. igi miiCnevda,
rom uadresi nimuSebi cnobilia Crdilo siriidan (Zv.w. X-VIII saukunee-
bi) da es qronologia, zogadad, miesadageba asurul-arameul urTierTo-
bebs. k. baieris mixedviT, imperiuli anu `oficialuri~ arameuli moicavs
qronologiur monakveTs daaxloebiT Zv.w. 600-dan daaxloebiT Zv.w. 150
wlebs Soris da faravs neo-babilonur, aqemenidur da adreelinistur pe-
riods. Sua arameuli SeiZleba moeqces Zv.w 150 da ax.w. 300 wlebs Soris.
magram am dayofam SeiZleba SecdomaSi Segviyvanos, radgan standartuli
literaturuli arameuli sxvadasxva variaciebiT Tanadroulad gamoiye-
neboda mTel aqemenidur da berZnul-romaul xanaSic, magram mTavari is
gaxlavT, rom am mcire mimoxilvaSic ki kargad Cans arameulis rogorc
lingua franca-s mniSvneloba. klaus beieri aRniSnavda (Beyer K.,. 1986, p. 8), rom
Zv.w. XII saukunidan arameelebi, roca isini xelsayreli garemoebebis gamo
gamravldnen, gavrceldnen farTo teritoriaze siriaSi, mesopotamiaSi da
babiloniaSi (saintereso damTxvevaa - arameelebi pirvelad moixseniebian
888
maSin da imave mefis warwerebSi, romelSic pirveli qarTuli saxelmwifo
warmonaqmnebi - asureTis mefis tiglaT-fileser I warweraSi Zv.w. 1112
wels! Tumca, rogorc pirovnebis, iseve rogorc adgilis saxeli `aram~
ukve Zv.w. III aTasweleulSia cnobili). Zv.w. XI saukunidan maT Camoaya-
libes saxelmwifoebi (samali, arpadi, hamaTi dasavleT siriaSi da go-
zani Crdilo-aRmosavleT siriaSi). miiRes ra finikielebisagan anbanuri
damwerloba, gaaumjobeses is xmovani asoebis damatebiT da daaxloebiT
Zv.w 1000 wels gauziares momijnave regionebSi mcxovreb tomebsa da sa-
xelmwifoebs. Zv.w. VIII saukunidan arameulma Tavisi simartivisa da moqni-
lobis wyalobiT Caanacvla aqaduri da qanaanuri. iesos xanaSi arameulad
metyvelebdnen mTels semitur samyaroSi, garda im adgilebisa, sadac pu-
nikuri da arabuli gamoiyeneboda. gansakuTrebiT yuradsaRebia k. beieris
mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom adreuli arameuli Sedgeboda ori kargad
gamijnuli da standartizebuli damwerlobisagan, kerZod, originaluri
dasavleT siriuli, orTografiulad dakavSirebuli finikiurTan da erTi,
romelic Semdgom ganviTarda aRmosavleTiT, SesaZloa, iseT adreul xana-
Si, rogoric Zv.w. XI saukunea. grakliani goris warweris warmoSobisa da
istoriuli konteqstis gaazrebis TvalsazrisiT, k. baieris es mosazreba
uaRresad mniSvnelovania. miT ufro, rom graklianis aRmoCenamde yvelaze
CrdiloeTiT mdebare yvelaze adreulad iTvleboda bukanis (dasavleTi
irani, urmiis tbis samxreTiT) arameuli warwera, romelic mxolod Zv.w.
VIII saukuniT TariRdeba (Sead. Sokoloff M., 1999, pp. 105-115). Tumca, vimeoreb,
rom graklianis warwera `B~ mxolod grafikulad waagavs arameuls da am
etapze sxva saxis interpretaciisagan Tavs vikaveb.
ra SeiZleba iTqvas am warweris Sinaarsisa da daniSnulebis Sesaxeb:
1. imis gamo, rom igi sakurTxevlis postamentze, taZarSia dadgmuli, mas,
cxadia, sakulto daniSnuleba unda hqondes.
2. SesaZloa, es aris magiuri Sinaarsis mqone warwera, romelic nayofie-
rebis/uxvi mosavlis RvTaebasTan aris dakavSirebuli.Aam mosazrebis
safuZvelia ori faqti: I. swored am sakurTxevels hqonda Semowyobili
fetviT savse (Sewiruli) WurWeli. II. sakurTxeveli Semkuli iyo verZis
ormagprotomiani qandakebiT. verZi ki yovelTvis siuxvisa da nayofiere-
bis kults ganasaxierebda. am varauds amyarebs kidev erTi faqti - swo-
red am warweris samxreT-aRmosavleT kuTxesTan iyo aRmarTuli verZis
Tavis skulpturuli gamosaxulebiT dagvirgvinebuli stela, romelzec
garkveuli informacia aris amokveTili. Zalze mniSvnelovania is, rom -
rogorc trasologiuri analizis Sedegad dadginda _ warwera `B~ da
stela erTi da igive pirovnebis mier aris Sesrulebuli, cxadia, erTi
da igive dros _ Zv.w. X saukuneSi. amave konteqstSi gansakuTrebul
yuradRebas imsaxurebs amave samlocveloSi, dasavleT Rumel-sakurT-
xevelze dadgmuli Tixis „orqonguriani“ qandakeba-kerpi. misi erTi na-
wili mdedrobiTi bunebisaa - ganaxlebisa da nayofierebis simboloa,
xolo meore nawilis Sinaarsis dadgena am etapze Wirs (orbunebovani
RvTaeba?) (sur. 5a-b).
3. warwerebi stacionaluria, anu adgilze, Sida qarTlSi, graklian gora-
zea Sesrulebuli, rac mis adgilobrivobaze miuTiTebs.
4. warwerebis TariRi dadgenilia evropisa da amerikis laboratoriebSi
889
 (grioningenis univertsitetis radiokarbonuli laboratoria, ciurixis
laboratoria da maiamis beta laboratoria). yvela SemTxvevaSi erTi da
igive TariRi _ Zv.w. X saukunea miRebuli.

am epoqidan anu Zv.w. X saukunidan dawyebuli saqarTvelos teritoriaze

TiTqmis uwyvetad arsebobs da gamoiyeneba damwerloba, romelic bunebrivi
ganviTarebisa da daxvewis gziT viTardeboda. erTaderTi qronologiuri
monakveTi, sadac jer-jerobiT arqeologiurad anu dokumenturad dada-
sturebuli adgilobrivi damwerlobis nimuSebi ar Cans, aris Zv.w. IX_V
saukuneebi, radgan Zv.w. IV-ax.w. IV saukuneebis adgilobrivi (protoqarTu-
li) damwerlobis nimuSebi (tab. 5) karga xania, rac aRmoCenilia kolxeTsa
da iberiaSi da klasificirebulia Cems mier jer kidev 1989 wels (liCeli
v., dablagomuri aso-niSnebi. `macne~ istoriis, arqeologiis, eTnografiisa
da xelovnebis istoriis seria,~ Tbilisi, 1989, gv. 30-43; liCeli v., kolxe-
Tisa da iberiis kulturis sakiTxebi, Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 5-29). Cemi mosazreba
am xanis anu Zv.w. IV - ax.w. IV saukuneebis adgilobrivi (`protoqarTu-
li~) damwerlobis Sesaxeb ZiriTadad, gaziarebulia specialistebis mier
(Sead. Fähnrich, H., 2013, p. 221. kvaSilava g., 2017, gv. 50-67 ). aqve aRvniSnav, rom
sayuradRebo Cans sruliad garkveuli grafikuli msgavseba dablagomis
doqis protoqarTuli warweris (tab. 6) marcxnidan meore da graklianis
`B~ warweris pirvel niSansa, agreTve, dablagomis doqi warweris marcxni-
dan meoTxe da graklianis „B~ warweris marcxnidan mecxre niSnebs Soris.
meores mxriv, aseve mniSvnelovania isic, rom protoqarTuli damwerlobis
niSnebi gamoyenebulia asomTavrulSic.

5 6

890 891
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18. Licheli V., New evidences of Achaemenid _ Geor-
gian relations. Abstracts. First International Con-
gress of the Eurasian Association of Iranian Studies,
St.-Petersburg, 2019
Grakliani Hill (Kaspi Municipality) is a 1. Local (XII-X c.c. B.C.) as well as imported
19. Licheli V. Cultural Relations in Central Transcau-
multi-layer monument, where the II cultural (IV-III c.c. B.C.) stamps were discovered
casus.The Caucasus: Georgia on the Crossroads.
layer is proven. Ruins of a settlement draws on Grakliani Hill;
Cultural exchange across the Europe and Beyond.
special interest. Revealed architectural re- 2. As a result of researches conducted on
Proceedings. 2nd International Symposium of Geor-
mains, having different functions (residential, Grakliani Hill and its satellite monument
gian Culture, November 2-9, 2009, Florence, Italy.
economic, cult, manufacturing), mainly belong – front hill (village Mrgvali Chala), diffe-
Tbilisi, 2011
to II-I Millennia B.C. Much earlier buildings rent types of scale weights were discove-
20. Licheli V., Urban Development in Central Trans-
were destroyed during the construction of red; according to their analysis, it could be
caucasia in Anatolian Context: New Data - Ancient
buildings of this very period. established that the local measurement of
Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia. Brill, Nether-
weight (Grakliani mina, 363 g.) was used
lands. Volume 17, Number 1, 2011
The buildings of the end of II Millennium B.C. there;
21. Licheli V., Intellectual Innovations in Georgia (11th
and I Millennium B.C. are the subject of special 3. According to the analysis of the “b” inscrip-
_ 9 th cc BC) In: CONTACT ZONES OF EUROPE
investigation, in the context of inscription, dis- tions of Grakliani Hill, we could suppose
from the 3rd mill. BC to the 1st mill. AD Interna-
covered in the temple of that period (X c. B.C.). with high probability, that here we have to
tional Scientific Conference Humboldt Colleague
Nevertheless, the structures of the later period deal with quite well known trend of the old
Moscow, 29 September _ 2 October, 2017 PRE-
(V-IV c.c. B.C.) also represent the sphere of world: simple Aramean system of writing
LIMINARY PUBLICATION OF CONFERENCE
great interest, as Grakliani Hill, so far, is the is modified in compliance with local, Geor-
PROCEEDINGS, p. 83 _ 88)
only monument, where the monuments of Ach- gian phonetical requirements and local wri-
22. Lipinski E., Semitic Lingustics in Historical per-
aemenid period are presented in wide scale and ting system (Paleo-Georgian) is created.
spective, Peeters, 1997
great diversity.
23. Pare Ch. F. E., Weights and Weigning in Bronze Age
Central Europe. In: Eliten in Der Bronzezeit Ergeb-
Monuments of three categories are considered
nisse Zweier Kolloquien in Mainz und Athen, Teil
in the paper: stamps, weights and inscriptions.
2, Mainz, Verelag des Romisch-Germanischen Zen-
tralmuseums in Kommission bei Dr. Rudolf Habelt
GMBH Bonn, 1999
24. Rahmstorf L., In search of the earliest balance wei-
ghts, scales and weighing systems from the east Me-
diterranean, the Near and Middle East. In. Weihgts
in context.Proceedings of the international collo-
quium, Roma, 2016
25. Sokoloff M., The Old Aramaic Inscription from Bu-
kan: A Revised Interpretation. Israel Exploration
Journal, Vol. 49, No. ½, 1999
893
 zurab giorgaZe
saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis
dacvis erovnuli saagento,
arqeologiis samsaxuri, ufrosi specialisti
Tamar niniaSvili
saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis
dacvis erovnuli saagento,
arqeologiis samsaxuri, specialisti

mcxeTis
municipaliteti
sof. werovnis
teritoriaze 1

mdebare
adre Suasaukuneebis
samarovnis
gadarCeniTi
arqeologiuri
samuSaoebi
2019 wlis ianvris TveSi mcxeTis munici palite-
tis sof. werovnis teritoriaze miwis samuSaoebis
dros dazianda adre Sua saukuneebis samarovani.
teritoria daTvalierda, samuSaoebi daigegma da ga-
darCeniTi arqeologiuri samuSaoebi ganxorcielda
arqeolog konstantine (kiazo) ficxelauris xelm-
ZRvanelobiT.
teritoria, romelzec arqeologiuri samuSaoe-
bi Catarda, mdebareobs mcxeTis munici palitetSi,
soflebis werovnis, gorovnisa da Cardaxs Soris
(Cardaxidan Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT 850 m., dasaxle-
ba werovnidan dasavleTiT 300 m., xolo gorovni-
dan CrdiloeTiT 1 km. manZilze) da vake adgils
warmoadgens (sakadastro kodi 72.08.17.145, terito-
riis farTobi 40635 kv/m, GPS koordinatebi: 1). 472024.25
m E, 4638143.26 m N; 2). 472012.38 m E, 4638260.05 m N; 3).
472224.07 m E, 4638284.63 m N; 4). 472222.00 m E, 4638092.00
m N, simaRle zRvis donidan 500-501 m.) (sur. 1).
Sps. teq.servisis saproeqto teritoriis dasavleT
tab. 1
nawilSi dazianda adre Sua saukuneebis samarovani - Tixis sarkofagebi.
samarovani, nawilobriv Sedis miwis nakveTis dasavleT kideSi, Crdilo-sam-
xreTis mimarTulebiT gamavali samanqano gzis qveS. aRniSnul gzas sof-
lebis, werovnisa da gorovnis mosaxleoba iyenebs saxnav-saTes nakveTebSi
misasvlelad.
samarxTa erT-erTi saxeoba _ Tixis sakrofagi adreqristianuli xanis sa-
qarTveloSi farTodaa gavrcelebuli (tab. #1). misi aRmoCenis calkeuli
da masStaburi SemTxvevebi cnobilia Sida qarTlidan _ TxoTi, Zalisa,
qsovrisi, wilkani, axalgori, qsani, saguramo, aRaiani, skra, axalxiza, ateni,
urbnisi, duSeTi; qvemo qarTli _ lilo, rusTavi, kazreTi; kaxeTi _ Telavi,
kisisxevi; samegrelo _ lia, darCeli, samegrelo - darCeli (zugdidi), lia
(walenjixa); guria - ureki, vaSnari, ozurgeTi (eqadiis ubani), meria, samcxe-
javaxeTi _ borjomi. aRsaniSnavia, rom dasavleT saqarTvelos sarkofa-
gebi ufro „sigariseburi~ formiT xasiaTdebian, gansxvavebiT aRmosavleT
saqarTveloSi mikvleuli sarkofagebisgan, romelTac „abazanis~ moyvani-
loba aqvT.

894 895
 (savaraudod, mindvris Tagvi) ConCxs areul mdgomareobaSi.

rogorc aRiniSna, samarxi warmoadgenda adreSua saukuneebis saqarTve-

loSi farTod gavrcelebul Tixis sarkofags - mozrdil abazanisebur,
ovaluri formis WurWels, romelic gadaxuruli iyo Tixisave saxuraviT,
Zirze ki hqonda naxvretebi (8 naxvreti, diametri 1.5-1.8 sm.), raTa Tavisu-
2 flad gaetarebina droTa ganmavlobaSi sarkofagSi Camdinare gruntis, an
saxuravis dazianebis gamo Casuli wyali (sur. 6). garda amisa, miCneulia,
rom msgavsi naxvretebi emsaxureboda micvalebulis organizmis gaxrwni-
sas warmoqmnili gazebisgan samarxi WurWlis gaTavisuflebas.

samarxSi iwva erTmaneTTan mWidrod mikruli, qristianuli wesiT dakrZa-

luli ori micvalebuli, gulaRma, TaviT dasavleTiT, xelebi welis areSi
(sur. 7). Tavis qalis da menjis Zvlis

3. samarxi #1-is saxuravze dafarebu- tab. #2 mixedviT, sarkofagSi samxreTiT Casvenebuli micvalebuli mamakaci, xolo
li xis Zelebi CrdiloeTiT - qali unda yofiliyo (sur. 7).
samarovanze, romelic Tixis sarko-
#1 sarkofagis samarxeuli inventari: samarxSi, CrdiloeTiT dafiqsire-
fagebiT iyo warmodgenili, gaiTxara
buli micvalebulis Tavisa da welis (marcxena zeda kiduris mtevanTan)
sul 6 samarxi, maTgan dafiqsirda 4
areSi dadasturda Semdegi masala:
samarxis aRmosavleT da dasavleT
kuTxeebis da xis morebis kvali (tab.
#1. sakinZi. spilenZis Senadnobiani, mrgvalganivkveTiani, mTlianadsxmuli
#2) tranSeis WrilSi.
sakinZi, bolovdeba burTuliT, sakinZs amSvenebs sferuli formis muqi
4. samarxi #1-is Wrili
feris mZivi, romlis Tavic Semkulia pastis TeTri burTuliT. sakinZi, sa-
samarovnis mikvleuli nawili Sua-
varaudod gadatexilia, SemorCenili fragmentis zomaa 5 sm., mZivis Tavis
Si iyo gadaWrili 60 m-de sigrZis,
diametri - 9 mm.;
3.5 m-mde siganisa da 2 m-mde siRrmis
tranSeiT (sur. 2), sadac dagegmilia
#2. analogiuri #1 sakinZisa;
betonis sqeli da maRali kedlisT-
vis armaturis konstruqciis mowyoba.
#3. spilenZis Senadnobiani, mrgvalganivkveTiani, mTlianadsxmuli sakinZi,
swored aRniSnuli tranSeis gaWrisas
bolovdeba burTuliT, Semkulia pastis cilindruli formis dabalxaris-
dazianda da dafiqsirda samarovani.
5. samarxi #1 gadaxurvis Zelebis xiani mZiviT, maTgan ori, rogorc #1 da #2 sakinZeebis SemTxvevaSi, Semku-
aRebis Semdeg lia pastis TeTri burTuliT. 3c.;
samarxi #1 gamovlinda samarovnis
ukidures Crdilo-aRmosavleT na-
#4. spilenZis Senadnobiani, mrgvalganivkveTiani, mTlianadsxmuli sakinZi,
wilSi, C1-D1 kvadratebSi. samarxs ze-
Zlier dazianebuli. bolovdeba burTuliT, Semkulia 4 TeTri da 1 cis-
modan efara 15-25 sm. sisqis, 30-40 sm.
feri pastis mZiviT. sferuli formis burTebi ganlagebiT jvris formas
siganis Suaze gapobili xis morebi
qmnian. 5X7 mm.;
(Zelebi), romlebic uSualod ebjine-
boda sarkofagis gadaxurvis filas
#5. spilenZis Senadnobiani, mrgvalganivkveTiani, mTlianadsxmuli sakinZi,
(sur. 3). nayari miwis fenis simZimis
6. samarxi #1-is sarkofagi Zvlovani bolovdeba burTuliT. sakinZi Semkulia ovaluri formis, ori mxridan
gamo (1-1.1 m.), xis morebis Suaweli
masalisa da inventaris alagebis profildabrtyelebuli mZiviT, romelzec mirCilviT aris damagrebuli
droTa ganmavlobaSi qvemoT izniqe-
Semdeg spilenZisSenadnobiani burTula. 6mmX10 mm. 2c.;
boda. Sesabamisad, gaTxrisas ovaluri
forma hqondaT miRebuli (sur. 4). ga-
#6. spilenZis Senadnobiani, mrgvalganivkveTiani, mTlianadsxmuli sakinZi,
daxurvis fila Camtvreuli dafiqsir-
bolovdeba burTuliT. sakinZi Semkulia ovaluri formis, prizmiseburad
da da Sesabamisad, sarkofagi TiTqmis
damuSavebuli mZiviT. mZivis zomebi 6X7mm.;
mTlianad Zelebis, gadaxurvis filis
natexebiTa da miwiT iyo amovsebuli
#7. savaraudod, tansacmlis Sesamkobeli (Rili?). masala - liToni (?). ur-
(sur. 5). miwis amowmendis procesSi
mis borblis formis, fragmentebad daSlili. diametri 7 mm. masTan erTad
wavawydiT mcire zomis mRrRnelis
7. samarxi #1 aRmoCnda amave liTonis rkalebi, mcire zomis;

896 897
 #8. mZivis burTulebi - 23 c. maTgan
22 pasta, 1 qarva (?). pastis mZivebi uxa-
risxod aris damuSvebuli, Ria cisfe-
ri, ZiriTadad sada, ovaluri formisaa.
zomebi meryeobs 5X5 mm-dan 5X9 mm-mde.
pastis burTulebSi yvelaze didi
zomisaa 1.5 sm. diametris, simaRle 1.01
sm. igi erTi mxridan dawaxnagebulia.
masze SesaZloa gamosaxuli iyos ma-
radiuli brunvis simbolo (SeimCneva
erT wertilze gamavali, urTierTga-
8 damkveTi xazebi).
zemoxsenebuli mZivebidan aRsaniSna-
via kidev erTi, moyavisfro feris mZi-
vis burTula, masala - qarva(?), romlis
erTi gverdi aseve dawaxnagebulia.
wriuli formis waxnagis sibrtyes ar-
Siad Semouyveba dakeWnil-Wdovani or-
namenti, romlis SuagulSic SesaZloa,
gamosaxuli iyos mistiuri frTosani
cxoveli - grifoni (?) an frinveli,
9. samarxi #2-is Wrili datotvili frTebiT. nivTis zomebi
10 mmX9 mm-ze, simaRle 7 mm. gamosaxu-
lebis CarCos zomebi 7X6 mm.
samarxi #2 gamovlinda samarovnis
centralur nawilSi, C6-D6 kvadrateb-
Si. samarxs zemodan efara 15-25 sm. sis-
qis, 30-40 sm. siganis Suaze gapobili
xis morebi, romelic uSualod ebji-
10. samarxi #2 gadaxurvis Zelebis neboda sarkofagis gadaxurvis filas
aRebis Semdeg (sur. 8). nayari miwis fenis simZimis
gamo (0.7-0.9 m.), xis morebis Suaweli
droTa ganmavlobaSi qvemoT izniqe-
boda. Sesabamisad, gaTxrisas ovaluri
forma hqondaT miRebuli (sur. 9). ga-
daxurvis fila Camtvreuli dafiqsir-
da da Sesabamisad, sarkofagi TiTqmis
mTlianad Zelebis, gadaxurvis filis
natexebiTa da miwiT iyo amovsebuli
11. samarxi #2 (sur. 10).
samarxi dazianebuli dagvxvda, mZime
teqnikis mier momtvreuli hqonda Ta-
vis garkveuli nawili (dasavleTi mxa-
re). fragmentebi Camoyrili iyo, xolo
micvalebuli - welis aremde, araana-
tomiur SesaxsrebaSi, isic Zvlovani
masalis mcire nawiliT (sur. 11).
12. samarxi #4
samarxSi, rogorc Cans, erTi individi
898
iyo dakrZaluli. dafiqsirda erTi
individis Zvlovani masala wels qve-
moT. micvalebuli gulaRma iwva, qvemo
kidurebi muxlebSi odnav moxrili da
marjvniv (samxreTisken) gadaxrili.
samarxeuli inventari ar dadasturda.
samarxi #3 gamovlinda samarovnis
TiTqmis centralur nawilSi, mcired
dasavleTiT, F6 kvadratSi. imis gamo,
rom adgilobrivi samanqano gzis mo-
wyobisas sakmaod sqlad (20-40 sm.)
moewyo gza (moixreSa), xolo manamde
13. samarxi #3
Tbilisi-senaki-leseliZis avtobanis
mowyobis dros aRniSnul teritoria-
ze moiWra sakmaod mZlavri miwis fena
(50-70 sm.), #3 da #4 samarxebi TiTqmis
mTlianad ganadgurebulebi dafiqsir-
da. SemorCenili iyo micvalebulTa we-
lisa da mkerdis Zvlebis nawili, Tavi
da qvemo kidurebi ar dafiqsirebula.
mTlianad mongreuli dadasturda sa-
marxis kidisa da gadaxurvis filebi,
xis Zelebis mcire fragmentebiRa iyo
SemorCenili (sur. 12).
samarxi #4 gamovlinda samarovnis
TiTqmis centralur nawilSi, mcired 14. samarxi #5-is saxuravze dafarebu-
dasavleTiT, F10 kvadratSi. 3 samarxis li xis Zelebi
msgavsad, aqac analogiuri situacia
iyo. SemorCenili iyo micvalebulTa
welisa da mkerdis Zvlebis nawili,
Tavi da qvemo kidurebi ar dafiqsire-
bula. mTlianad mongreuli dagvxvda
samarxis kidisa da gadaxurvis file-
bi, xis Zelebis mcire fragmentebiRa
iyo SemorCenili (sur. 13).
samarxi #5 gamovlinda samarovnis
ukidures Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi,
1 kvadratSi. samarxs zemodan efara
15-25 sm. sisqis, 30-40 sm. siganis Suaze 15. samarxi #5-is Wrili
gapobili xis morebi, romelic uSua-
lod ebjineboda sarkofagis gadaxur-
vis filas (sur. 14). nayari miwis fe-
nis simZimis gamo (1-1.1 m.), xis morebis
Suaweli droTa ganmavlobaSi qvemoT
izniqeboda. Sesabamisad, gaTxrisas
ovaluri forma hqondaT miRebuli
(sur. 15). garda nayari fenisa, rogorc
aRvniSneT, samarovnis es mxare eqceva 16. samarxi #5-is Wrili
da sanaxevrod Sedis kidec samanqano
899
 gzis qveS. Sesabamisad, am mxares sama-
rovani kidev ufro dazianebuli da
gadaxurvis Zelebic ufro Cazneqil-
CaSlili dagvxvda. gadaxurvis fila
Camtvreuli dafiqsirda da Sesabami-
sad, sarkofagi TiTqmis mTlianad Ze-
lebis, gadaxurvis filis natexebiTa
da miwiT iyo amovsebuli.
samarxSi iwva erTmaneTTan mWidrod
17. samarxi #6-is saxuravze dafarebu-
mikruli, qristianuli wesiT dakrZa-
li xis Zelebi
luli ori micvalebuli, gulaRma, Ta-
viT dasavleTiT, xelebi welis areSi.
Tavis qalis da menjis Zvlis mixed-
viT, sarkofagSi samxreTiT Casvenebu-
li micvalebuli mamakaci, xolo Crdi-
loeTiT - qali unda yofiliyo (sur.
16).
samarxeuli inventari: #9. spilen-
ZisSenadnobiani wyvili sayure, sada,
wriuli, naxevarmTvarisebri formis.
sayureebi gamovlinda sarkofagis
samxreTiT dasvenebuli micvalebu-
lis TavTan.
18. samarxi #6
samarxi #6 gamovlinda samarovnis
Crdilo-aRmosavleT nawilSi, A4-B4
kvadratebSi. samarovanze gaTxrili
yvela sxva samarxisgan gansxvavebiT, 6
samarxi ara sarkofags, aramed ormo-
samarxs warmoadgenda. sxvaTa msgav-
sad, xis ZelebiT Tu morebiT gada-
xuruli iyo uSualod samarxi ormo
(sur. 17), romelSic qristianuli po-
ziT, TaviT dasavleTiT dakrZaluli
19. teritoriis Semowmeba Surfebis erTi zrdasruli individi dafiqsir-
saSualebiT da (sur. 18). samarxeuli inventari ar
dafiqsirebula.
erTmaneTTan mWidrod miwyobili xis morebi efara.
vinaidan samarxebis gadaxurvis Zelebis siRrme zustad iyo cnobili, sama-
rovnis gavrcelebis mizniT, teritoria daiSurfa traqtoris daxmarebiT,
romelsac cxadia, arqeologi meTvalyureobda (sur. 19-20).
sarkofagebis TariRis dasadgenad Zalzed mniSvnelovania aRaianSi gaT-
xrili sarkofagi, romelSic dadasturebuli oqros nivTebi da monete-
bi IV-VI ss. TariRdeba. specialistebis azriT, saqarTveloSi aRmoCeni-
li sarkofagebi adreqristianuli periodis sawyis etaps ganekuTvneba da
qristianobis religiis gavrcelebasTan aris dakavSirebuli. maT qrono-
logiur sazRvrad IV-VII ss. da VIII s-is dasawyisia miCneuli.
Tixis sarkofagebis gavrcelebasTan dakavSirebiT saintereso mosazreba
aqvs vaxtang nikolaiSvils, igi am ti pis samarxebs ebraelTa Temis didi
mcxeTis teritoriaze gansaxlebas ukavSirebs, aRniSnuli faqti, dastur-
deba arqeologiuri monacemebiTac. Tixis sarkofagebi farTod iyo gavrc-
elebuli wina aziaSi. mesopotamiaSi, babilonis samefos yofil terito-
riaze sadac semituri modgmis tomebi saxlobdnen, Tixis sarkofagebi
gansakuTrebiT parTul epoqaSi yofila gavrcelebuli (Zv.w. III - ax.w III
ss.). niSandoblivia is faqti, rom sarkofagebis arseboba saqarTveloSi da
kerZod, didi mcxeTis teritoriaze, ebraelTa ierusalimidan intensiur
amosvlas da wminda ninos misioneruli moRvaweobis periods ukavSirdeba.
swored am faqtebze dayrdnobiT fiqrobs batoni vaxtang nikolaiSvili,
rom Tixis sarkofagebSi Tavdapirvelad swored ebraelebi ikrZalebod-
nen, jer warmarTni, mogvianebiT gaqristianebulni. Semdeg igi adgilobriv
mcxovrebTa sakrZalavi gaxda. aRniSnuli mosazreba yuradsaRebia, Tumca
im masalaze dayrdnobiT, rac Cvens xelTaa rTulia mas daeTanxmo an ra-
dikalurad gaemijno.
werovnis samarovnidan momdinare masala zust analogs avlens aRaianSi,
atensa da urbnisSi gaTxril, IV-VI ss. daTariRebul sarkofagebTan, ro-
gorc msgavsi formebiT, aseve samarxeuli masaliT (brinjaos sakinZebi).

Cvens mier Seswavlili xuTive samar-

xis Tixa erTgvarovnad msxvilmarc-
vlovania, muqvardisfer-mowiTalod
araTanabrad gamomwvari, nacrisferi
sarCuliT. sarkofagis forma - wagrZe-
lebuli ovali, sqeli, brtyeli ZiriT
da Sveuli kedlebiT (kedlebisa da samarxebSi gamovlenili artefaqtebi
Ziris sisqe, iseve rogorc saxuravis
- 3-4 sm.). samarxi gadaxuruli iyo Ti-
xisve didi filiT (SemorCa mxolod
20. teritoriis Semowmeba Surfebis
#3-e samarxs, rogorc zemoT aRiniS-
saSualebiT
na). Tixis gadaxurvis filas zemodan,

900 901
 bibliografia
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istoriuli geografiis narkvevebi, Tb.,
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2. nikolaiSvili v., istoriuli didi mcxe-
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nografiuli muzeumis Sromebi, t. IV, Tb.,
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3. oqropiriZe n., muxranis velis arqeolo-
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giisaTvis“, t. IV, Tb., 1965
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ZeglTa aRweriloba“, t. II, Tb., 2004
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Zurab Giorgadze
National Agency for Cultural Heritage Preservation of Georgia,
Archaeological Unit, Senior specialist
Tamar Niniashvili
National Agency for Cultural Heritage Preservation of Georgia,
Archaeological Unit, Specialist
RESCUE
ARCHAEOLOGICAL
WORKS ON EARLY
MEDIEVAL
GRAVEYARD
LOCATED ON THE
TERRITORY OF
VILLAGE
TSEROVANI,
IN MTSKHETA
MUNICIPALITY
The archaeological site is located in Mtskheta order to give a free passage to groundwater, or
Municipality, between the villages of Tserovni, water leaked from damaged roof. Besides, the
Gorovni and Chardakhi. holes might have served to free the tomb from
the gases generated as a result of the decay of
On the cemetery, represented with clay sar- the corpse.
cophagus, 6 tombs were excavated and traces
of the eastern and western corners of 4 tombs Tserovni cemetery material found an analogue
and wooden logs were found in the trench sec- in IV-VI century sarcophagus excavated in
tion. Aghayan, Ateni and Urbnisi, similar in forms
and buried material (bronze fasteners).
The discovered tombs are clay sarcophagus,
which were widespread in early medieval
Georgia – a big bath-type oval vessel, which
was covered with a clay roof and had holes in
the bottom (8 holes, diameter 1.5-1.8 cm) in
903
 samuzeumo koleqciebi

904 905
 nino CxartiSvili
saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi,
simon janaSias saxelobis muzeumi,
ZiriTadi fondis ufrosi asistenti,
arqeologiis magistri
mcxeTis
masalebi
uvarovas
katalogis
mixedviT
saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis daarseba bevrad
ufro Rrma warsulidan iwyeba, rodesac Tbilis-
Si 1852 wels ruseTis saimperatoro geografiuli
sazogadoebis kavkasiis departamenti Seiqmna. Tumca,
misi SenarCuneba ZviradRirebuli iyo geografiuli
sazogadoebisTvis da 1864 wlis agvistoSi pirveli
qarTuli muzeumi daixura (2:30).
sul male, eTnografma da bunebismetyvelma gustav
radem daaarsa kavkasiis muzeumi (2:30). man Tavi mou-
yara sakuTar da aseve muzeumis sxva koleqciebsac,
romelTa safuZvelzedac Seiqmna muzeumis fondebi.
muzeumSi Sedioda zoologiis, geologiis, botani-
kis, eTnografiisa da istoria-arqeologiis ganyo-
filebebi. 1865 wels gustav rades proeqti damt-
kicda da igi gaxda muzeumis ucvleli direqtori
gardacvalebamde, 1903 wlamde (sur. 1).
kavkasiis muzeumma didi roli iTamaSa saqarTvelo-
Si samuzeumo cxovrebis aRdgenasa da ganaxlebaSi.
is iyo pirveli samecniero-saganmanaTleblo dawe-
sebuleba da moicavda, rogorc samxreT, aseve Crdi-
lo kavkasiasac. fondebis Sevsebis mizniT, TiTqmis
yovel wels imarTeboda samecniero eqspedicie-
bi da mivlinebebi. muzeumi moiazreboda, rogorc
qarTveli xalxis materialuri kulturis umniS-
vnelovanes nimuSTa Tavmoyrisa da dacvis centri.
kavkasiis muzeumis bazaze erovnuli dawesebulebis
Seqmnis survili gaCnda. 1919 wels mTavrobam ka-
vkasiis muzeumi gaauqma da mis bazaze 1927 wels
saqarTvelos muzeumi Camoyalibda. mas Semdeg, 1947
wels simon janaSias saxelobis muzeumi daerqva,
xolo saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi 2004 wlis
dekemberSi daarsda da misi mTavari Semadgeneli
906
nawili simon janaSias saxelobis
muzeumi darCa.
gaerTianebis mizani koleqciebis Se-
naxvis, marTvisa da usafrTxoebis
pirobebis gaumjobeseba iyo.
saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis si-
mon janaSias saxelobis muzeumis
ZiriTad fonSi daculia pirveli ar-
qeologiuri koleqciebi, romlebic ka-
vkasiis muzeumSi SemTxveviT mopovebu-
li, Sesyiduli Tu SemowirulobebiT
iyo SeZenili. muzeumis mimarT mkle-
varTa interesi da yuradReba kidev
ufro gaizarda XIX saukunis 70-iani
wlebidan, rodesac kavkasiaSi sensaci-
ur aRmoCenebs hqonda adgili, esenia:
samTavro, yazbegi, yobani, TuSeTi, Rari 1
da a.S. muzeumis fondebis gasacnobad
da samuSaod TbilisSi xSirad Camodi-
odnen cnobili mecnierebi, romlebic
aqveynebdnen da popularizacias uwe-
vdnen arsebul koleqciebs.
arqeologiuri fondebis gamdidre-
baSi didi wvlili miuZRvis rus ar-
qeologs praskovia uvarovas (sur. 2).
igi kavkasiaSi muSaobda 1879 wlidan.
Tavdapirvelad, Tavis meuRlesTan,
graf aleqsei uvarovTan erTad (5:14-
15), iyo gaTxrebis monawile Savi zRvi-
sa da kavkasiis eqspediciebSi, Semdeg
ki gaTxrebis xelmZRvaneli Crdilo
kavkasiis mTianeTSi, Cr. oseTSi, ra-
Wa-leCxumSi, xevsureTSi, svaneTsa da
yazbegSi. man Tavi mouyara da Seiswav- 2
la aq mopovebuli masalebi. uvarovam
aRniSnuli koleqciebi geografiuli
punqtebis mixedviT daalaga. Semdeg aRmoCenis pirobebisa da masalis mok-
le aRwerilobebiT, rusul da germanul enaze gamoaqveyna ,,kavkasiis muze-
umis arqeologiuri koleqciebis’’ pirveli katalogi (sur. 3). aRniSnuli
katalogis redaqtori gustav raddea, romlis redaqtorobiTac gamoce-
mulia tomebi: botanikaSi, zoologiasa da geologiaSi.
erovnuli muzeumis ZiriTad fondSi daculia gustav raddes gardacvalebis
Semdeg, misadmi miZRvnili ,,kavkasiis muzeumis arqeologiuri koleqciebis’’
VI tomi (3:2),romelic moicavs avtobiografiasa da biografias (sur. 4). wigni
gamocemulia 1912 wels ruseTis saimperatoro komisiis kancelariis mier.
aq Sesulia saintereso cnobebi raddes cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis Sesaxeb.
aseve katalogSia mis mier akvareliT Sesrulebuli unikaluri Canaxati,
907
 sadac warmodgenilia kavkasiis pirve- Tixis sasmisebi da doqebi iyo ganlagebuli. erT-erTi didi zomis Wur-
li muzeumis proeqti da ezo (sur. 5). Weli micvalebulis sayrdensac warmoadgenda. cnobilia, rom mamakacebi
marjvena gverdze iyvnen dasvenebulni, dedakacebi _ marcxenaze. samarxebSi
praskovia uvarovas TavmjdomareobiT ConCxTa didi umravlesoba moTavsebuli iyo oTx riyis qvas Soris, ro-
imarTeboda sazogadoebis yovelTviu- melTagan ori TavTan iyo aqeT-iqiT, xolo danarCeni ori ki _ mokecili
ri da yovelwliuri Sekrebebi, sadac qveda kidurebis areSi. mamakacTa samarxebs yovelTvis axlda iaraR-saWur-
ganixileboda samecniero-istoriuli veli da Tixis WurWeli, zogjer samkauli, qalebisas _ Tixis WurWeli da
sazogadoebis mier Catarebuli gaTx- samkauli. keramika gamovlinda TiTqmis yvela samarxSi da yvela maTgani
rebisa da gamokvlevis Sedegebi. misi moSavo-monacrisfro ferisaa (1:259).
moRvaweobis periodSi Catarda cxra
arqeologiuri yriloba. amaTgan ar- gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanis samarxebSi didi raodenobiT gvxvdeba
qeologiis ganviTarebas gansakuTre- 3 4 iaraR-saWurveli. adreul etapze gvxvdeba mokle, foTliseburi da uta-
biT Seuwyo xeli 1881 wels TbilisSi ro satevari, masragaxsnili Subisa da xelSubis wveri. momdevno xanebSi
sruliad ruseTis arqeologTa V yri- Cndeba: brinjaos mTlianadasxmuli satevari, brinjaos wvermaxvili da
lobis mowvevam, romelic mTlianad bolokveTili maxvilebi, rgolebi, sartylebi da aRmosavlur-amierkavkasi-
mieZRvna kavkasiis siZveleTa Seswav- uri, kolxuri culebi da sxva.
las.
muzeumis ZiriTad fondSi inaxeba baiernis mier Seswavlili samarovnis,
ZiriTad fondSi daculi ,,kavkasiis rogorc brinjaos masala: satevari, Subispiri, culi, irmis figurebi, Zvli-
muzeumis arqeologiuri koleqciebis’’ sa da brinjaos sxvadasxva ti pis qinZisTavebi (sur. 6-13), aseve mZivebi:
V tomis katalogi dResac moqmedi da sardionis, giSris, Zowisa da brolis (sur. 14-15). sainteresoa rkinis iara-
Zalzed mniSvnelovania, radgan igi mo- Ri, romelic xasiaTdeba warmoebis ufro maRali xarisxiT. Cndeba rkinis
icavs yvela Tavdapirvel arqeologi- sakmaod grZeli, brinjaos an Zvlistariani maxvilebi da satevrebi, aseve
ur koleqcias, romelic daculi iyo grZeli Subiswverebi, rkinis satevrebi da mokle danebi. Warbobs sufrisa
kavkasiis muzeumSi da memkvidreobiT da samzareulo daniSnulebis Tixis WurWeli: doqi, xelada, qoTani, sasmisi.
gadmoeca saqarTvelos saxelmwifo 5 garegnuli niSnebis mixedviT umetesi nawili Carxzea amoyvanili. fiqsird-
muzeumis arqeologiis ganyofilebis eba sxvadasxvanairi moyvanilobisa da sididis, Savpriala da ruxi, moSavo
ZiriTad fonds. da nacrisferkeciani, reliefurad naZerwi, naWdevi da natvifri saxeebiT
uxeSad Semkuli WurWeli. feodaluri xanis samarxebidan aRsaniSnavia min-
arqeologiuri koleqciebis V tomSi Tavmoyrilia masalebi, rogorc saqa- is WurWeli (sur. 16-21).
rTvelos teritoriidan, aseve samxreT da Crdilo kavkasiidanac. maTgan
erT-erT arqeologiur punqts mcxeTa warmoadgens (4:62). aq aRwerilia sama- dResdReobiT, ZiriTad fondSi daculia 80 sainventaro davTari, mimdinare-
rovnis masala, romelic 1872 wels saqarTvelos samxedro gzis mSeneblo- obs masalis Sejereba, davTrebis eleqtronuli versiis Seqmna da foto-
bisas aragvispiras aRmoaCines. gaiTxara didi samarovani, sadac 1876 wels fiqsacia. aRniSnuli saqmianoba masalasTan xelmisawvdomobas aadvilebs,
muSaobda avstrieli bunebismetyveli da moyvaruli arqeologi fridrix fondSi dainteresebul pirebs swrafad da martivad SeuZliaT maTTvis
baierni. man 600-mde samarxi gaTxara. aq gamovlinda gviandeli brinjaos saintereso artefaqtebis moZieba.
(100-mde samarxi), brinjaos rkinaze gardamavali periodis (200-mde samarxi)
da adreuli rkinis xanis (300-mde) samarxi (1:258).

samarovnis arseboba TiTqmis sami aTasi wliT ganisazRvreba. samarxebi

metnaklebad sworkuTxa ormoebia, isini xis ZelebiT iyo gadaxuruli da
miwayriliT mozvinuli. aseve, damaxasiaTebelia qvis filebiT nagebi swor-
kuTxa qvayuTebi, riyis qviT SemosazRvruli samarxebi, damwvari agurebi-
sgan naSeni samarxebi, mogrZo da gverdebSi moRunuli kramit samarxebi,
sigrZiT - 50 sm. siganiT - 35 sm., romlebic aseve kramitiT iyo gadaxuru-
li (4:62). uZveles samarxebad baierns miaCnda riyis qviT SemosazRvru-
li samarxebi, romlebSic aRmoCenili iyo brinjao da rkina. danarCen
samarxebSi Warbobda fufunebis sagnebi, rogoricaa qinZisTavebi, sakisre
rgolebi, beWdebi, sarkis fragmentebi, aseve monetebi. ormosamarxTa didi
nawili inhumaciuri da individualuria. dadasturda kenotafebi, meoradi
dakrZalvis wesi da wyvilTa dakrZalvis faqtic. fexebmoxrili micvale-
buli dakrZaluli iyo samarxis centralur nawilSi, romlis irgvlivac
bibliografia
1. saqarTvelos istoriisa da kulturis
ZeglTa aRweriloba, tomi 5, qarTuli en-
ciklopedia mTavari samecniero redaq-
cia, Tb., 1990
2. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis mo-
ambe, #44, Tb., 2002
3. Ганомь К. Ф., Коллекции Кавказского Музея,
Автобиография Г. И. Радде. Томь VI. 1912
4. Уварова П.С., _ Коллекции Кавказского Музея
обработанные совместно с учеными специали-
стами и издание Г.И. Радде (Археология). Томь
V. 1902
5. Труды Государстенного Исторического музея.
Выпуск 144. Воспоминания Графини Прасковьи
Сергеевны Уваровойю. Москва 2005

908 909
 7

11

13 12

9 10 14 15

910 911
 Nino Chkhartishvili
Georgian National Museum, S. Janashia Museum of Georgia,
Senior Assistant of the Main Fund, Master of Archeology

MTSKHETA
MATERIALS
ACCORDING TO
16
UVAROVA’S
CATALOGUE OF
ARCHAEOLOGICAL
17 18
MUSEUM
The article gives information about condition The catalogue of vol. V of the „Archeological
and state of materials from Mtskheta, preserved Collections of Caucasian Museum“, preserved
in the Main Funds of Simon Janashia Museum in the Main Fund is still valid and very import-
of the Georgian National Museum. ant, as it includes all initial archeological col-
lections, which were preserved in Caucasian
First, I review brief history of the Museum Museum and were handed over, as an inheri-
and its development stages, that conditioned tance, to the Main Fund of the Department of
formation of the Archeological Department, Archeology of the Georgian National Museum.
existence of diverse materials in funds and
collections. The Museum was intended to be Uvarova’s Catalogue unifies materials from the
19 the center of collection and preservation of the territory of Georgia, as well as, from South and
most important samples of tangible culture of North Caucasus. One of the archeological sites
Georgian nation. is Mtskheta. Burial ground materials, discov-
ered near Aragvi, in the process of construction
Since ancient times the artifacts, found in Cau- of the Military Road of Georgia in 1872, are
casus were the sphere of interest for numbers described there. Big burial ground, where Aus-
of scientists. Russian archeologist Praskovia trian natural scientists and amateur archeolo-
Uvarova made great contribution to enrich- gist Friedrich Bayern worked in 1876, was ex-
ment of archeological funds. She collected, cavated. Bronze, iron, clay and bone artifacts,
studied initial collections and arranged them as well as, beads and glassware of various
according to geographic locations. Then, with types, studied by Bayern, are preserved in the
brief description of the conditions of discovery Main Fund. The above-mentioned collection is
and material, she published the first catalogue unpublished and is suitable for exhibition.
20 „Archeological Collections of Caucasian Mu-
seum“ in Russian and German languages.

21

912 913
 qristine SavlayaZe
saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi,
simon janaSias saxelobis saqarTvelos muzeumi,
laboranti, arqeologiis doqtori
samTavros
samarovnis
kramitsamarxebis
inventari
gvianantikur xanaSi saqarTvelos teritoriaze
mravalricxovani dakrZalvis wesia gavrcelebuli.
maT Soris erT-erTi saintereso da dRemde nakle-
bad Seswavlilia kramitsamarxebSi1 micvalebulTa
dakrZalvis wesi, romelic drois mokle monakveTSi
_ ax.w. I-IV saukuneebSi vrceldeba, ZiriTadad, saqa-
rTvelos aRmosavleT nawilSi, umTavresad mcxeTis
SemogarenSi.
kramitsamarxebi gansakuTebiT didi raodenobiTaa
gaTxrili samTavros samarovanze2 (tab. I), romelic
welTaRricxvaTa mijnidan ax.w. VII-VIII saukuneebam-
de mcxeTis yvelaze didi saqalaqo samarovani iyo3
(11: 47).
samTavros samarovanze gvxvdeba rogorc mxolod
kramitiT, aseve aguriT, qvis filebiT, xis dafebiTa
da kramitiT nagebi samarxebi (tab. II). maT asagebad
gamoyenebulia minimum ori da maqsimum 50 rogorc
brtyeli, aseve Rariani kramiti. kramitsamarxebSi
dakrZalulia umetesad erTi, zogjer ori individi,
TaviT, ZiriTadad, aRmosavleTiT, zurgze gaSotil,
an moxril mdgomareobaSi. xSiria kramitsamarxeb-
Si axalSobilTa dakrZalvis SemTxvevebi. samarxebi
damxrobilia aRmosavleTidan dasavleTisaken (11:
16-17).
1 kramitebiT Sedgenili samarxi
2 mcxeTis CrdiloeTiT
3 samTavros samarovanze dReisaTvis 3000-ze meti sxvadasxva ti pis (ormosamarxebi,
qvevrsamarxebi, kramitsamarxebi, qvis samarxebi, agurkramitsamarxebi) samarxia gaTxrili,
romlebic gavrcelebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad mcxeTaSi mcxovreb, sxvadasxva eTnosis
warmomadgenlebs ekuTvnoda
914
saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis si-
mon janaSias saxelobis saqarTvelos
muzeumis samTavro-TrialeTis fond-
Si daculia samTavros samarovanze
1938-1958 wlebSi gaTxrili 66 kramit-
samarxis inventari _ sul 571 sainven-
taro nomeri da daaxloebiT 2000-mde
nivTi. maTi Seswavlis aucilebloba
da gansakuTrebuli interesi gamo-
iwvia im faqtma, rom es eqsponatebi tab. I
dRemde arasdros yofila xelmisaw-
vdomi farTo samecniero sazogadoe-
bisaTvis4.
kramitsamarxebis inventari ti polo-
giisa da gamoyenebis xasiaTis mixedviT,
SesaZloa ramdenime jgufad davyoT I.
WurWeli (I. 1. sufris; I. 2. sameurneo;
I. 3. samzareulo; I. 4. figuruli; I. 5.
sapirfareSo); II. iaraRi (sameurneo);
III. sayofacxovrebo daniSnulebis niv-
Tebi; IV. samkauli (IV. 1. piradi; IV. 2. tab. II
tansacmlis); V. ritualuri daniSnu-
lebis nivTebi; VI. sabeWdavi-beWdebi;
VII. monetebi.
inventaris dajgufebis ZiriTad prin-
ci pad nivTebis daniSnuleba miviCnieT,
xolo TiToeul jgufSi qvejgufebi
masalis mixedviT gamovyaviT. ase, rom
aRvwereT jer Tixis, Semdeg minis da
liTonis WurWeli TiToeuli samar-
xis mixedviT. iaraRi da samkauli Sem- tab. III
degi TanmimdevrobiT aRvwereT: oqro,
vercxli, brinjao, rkina. mZivebi ki
Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT: 1. qvis; 2. mi-
nis; 3. pastis; 4. liTonis; 5. sadafis
da Zvlis mZivebi.
Tixis WurWeli. samTavros samarovanze 1938-1958 wlebSi gaTxril, samoc-
daeqvs kramitsamarxSi jamSi 94 Tixis WurWeli aRmoCnda. maTi umetesoba
mTliania, mxolod pir-yeli aqvs Camotexili (69 WurWeli), zogi ki mxolod
TiTo fragmentiTaa warmodgenili (25 sainventaro nomeri).
doqebi formidan gamomdinare sam ti pad iyofa: yelwiboiani, burcobebiani
4 samTavros samarovanze aRmoCenili kramitsamarxebi da maTi inventari ukve TiTqmis
40 welia ar gamxdara specialuri Seswavlis sagani. erTaderTi publikacia, romelic
samTavros samarovnis kramitsamarxebs exeba aris М. М. Иващенко-s naSromi: Самтаврские
погребения первых Трех веков Н. Э. Мцхета. Результаты археологических исследовании. Том III.
Тб.,1980, romelSic mocemulia samarxeuli inventaris ti pologiuri jgufebi, naSromi
angariSis ti pisaa
915
 da samtuCapiriani doqebi (tab. III). isini movardisfro-mowiTalodaa gamom- yuris qveS, yuris perpendikularulad
wvari. zogierTis zedapiri sadaa, zogierTi wiTeli saRebaviTaa SeRebili. da gaformebulia sami kopiT7.
tans aqvs msxliseburi an sferoseburi forma. piri gadaSlilia, piris
diametri odnav aRemateba yelisas. yeli farTo da dabalia, swori an wi- sasmisebi, savaraudod, berZnuli asko-
boiani, tanisgan ar aris mkveTrad gamoyofili5. Ziri brtyelia da pirze sis mibaZviT, adgilobrivaa damzade-
gacilebiT farTo. WurWlebi calyura an oryuraa. yuri, ZiriTadad, ova- buli da ax.w. II s-iT TariRdeba8.
lurganivkveTiania, yvela SemTxvevaSi miZerwilia yelze da tanis udides
diametrze. umetes maTgans yurze zemodan kopi aqvs daZerwili, romlis minis WurWeli. ax.w. I saukuneSi sabe-
tab. V
diametri 0,4-0,8 sm-s ar aRemateba. ravi milis gamogonebis Sedegad minis
warmoeba bevrma qveyanam aiTvisa da
pirveli ti pis doqebi uornamentoa, meore da mesame ti pis doqebs tanze minis WurWeli yoveldRiuri moxmare-
burcobebis ramdenime rigi Semouyveba. isini adgilobrivi nawarmi unda bis sagani gaxda9.
iyos. maTi paralelebi mogvepoveba aRmosavleT saqarTvelos sinqronuli
periodis namosaxlarebsa da samarovnebze6. dasavleT saqarTveloSi msgav- minis WurWeli iberiaSi ax.w. I sau-
si doqebi ar gvxvdeba, rac imas miuTiTebs, rom isini iberiaSi, adgilo- kunidan ukve samarxeuli inventaris
briv iwarmoeboda. saxelosnos zusti adgilmdebareoba CvenTvis ucnobia. aucilebel Semadgenel nawils war-
Tumca, mcxeTaSi, karsnisxevis namosaxlarze gaTxrilia elinisturi xanis moadgens da dakrZalvis ritualTan
sameTuneo ubani, sadac Tixis WurWlis warmoebis sruli cikli dadastur- mWidrod Cans dakavSirebuli. gansaku-
da. ase rom, rogorc Cans, mcxeTaSi Tixis WurWlis warmoeba gvianantikur TrebiT es SeiZleba iTqvas sanelsac- tab. VI
xanaSic grZeldeboda. xebleebze (tab. V).

saqarTvelos sazRvrebs gareT zustad analogiuri, meore ti pis doqi
gvxvdeba mxolod somxeTSi, garnis samarovanze, romelic inventaris mixed-
viT ax.w. I-II ss-iT TariRdeba da savaraudod samTavruli unda iyos (10: 51).
Tixis doqebis samive ti pi Tanadrou-
lia da samarxeuli inventaris gaT-
valiswinebiT ax.w. I s-is meore na-
xevridan ax.w. III s-is meore naxevris
CaTvliT gansazRvruli monakveTiT
TariRdeba.
Tixis WurWlidan aRsaniSnavia, agreT-
ve Tixis ori figuruli askosi, rom-
lebic doqebis msgavsad movardis-
fro-mowiTalodaa gamomwvari (tab.
IV). zedapiri da Sidapiri gluvia, sam-
tuCa, Ziri brtyeli. ovalurganivkve-
Tiani yuri miZerwilia pirze da tanis
zeda nawilze. yurze zemodan datani-
lia ori kopi. yuris tanTan SeerTe-
tab. IV bis adgilas zemodan datanilia sami,
erTmaneTis paraleluri Rari. mxars
irgvliv Semouyveba iribi naWdevebis
erTi rigi. aseTive rigi datanilia
sul 66 kramitsamarxidan minis WurWlis Cataneba 23 samarxSi dadasturda.
isini jamSi 44 WurWels ekuTvnis. minis WurWeli samarxis sxvadasxva na-
wilSi gvxvdeba: ConCxis Tavis qalasTan, marjvena xelSi, fexTan. maTi didi
nawili uTuod importulia, xolo nawilis warmomavloba gaurkvevelia (11:
147). damzadebis teqnikis TvalsazrisiT minis WurWeli sam jgufad iyofa:
Tavisuflad naberi, mozaikuri da formaSi gamoberili WurWeli.
importuli minis WurWeli sufris, aseve sapirfareSo saxeobebiT aris war-
modgenili. gvxvdeba sasmisebi, surebi da sanelsacxebleebi.
sanelsacxebleebi warmodgenilia miniaturuli sacremleebiT, romlebic
yvelaze adreulia da ax.w. I s-is pirveli naxevriT TariRdeba; konusur-
taniani sanelsacxebleebiT, isini ax.w. I-II ss-is mijniT TariRdeba, kolbi-
seburi sanelsacxebleebiT, isini ax.w. I-II ss-iT TariRdeba da figuruli
sanelsacxebleebiT.
figuruli sanelsacxebleebi feradi minisgan damzadebul, reliefurorna-
mentian WurWels warmoadgens. kramitsamarxebSi am ti pis sul sami sanel-
sacxeblea aRmoCenili. mina ar aris irizebuli, maRali xarisxisaa, WurW-
lebi Txelkedliania. erT-erTi maTganis piri gadaSlilia, yeli dabali,
Ziri mcire zomis, marTkuTxa qusliT mTavrdeba. WurWlis orive mxares
datanilia ori, erTmaneTSi Casmuli, reliefuri, koncentruli wre, romel-
Ta centrSi gamosaxulia mcenareuli ornamenti (yvavili). figuruli yuri

5 WurWlebis saSualo zomebi: simaRle: 14,2 sm.; pir-yelis simaRle erTad: 2,5 sm.; tanis
maqsimaluri diametric: 15 sm.; piris diametric: 8,2 sm.; yelis diametric: 7,8 sm.; Ziris
diametric: 11 sm.
6 karsnisxevis samarovani, sveticxoveli I, Jinvalis samarovani, Treligorebi da arma-
zisxevis samarovani
7 WurWlis simaRle yuris gareSe: 11,7 sm.; tanis diametri: 10-10,8 sm.; Ziris diametri: 6-7,4
sm.; yelis diametri: 3,2 sm.
8 maTi paralelebi mogvepoveba baiaTxevis da Jinvalis samarovnebze, sadac maT samarxeu-
li inventaris gaTvaliswinebiT ax.w. II-III ss-iT aTariReben
9 amis damadasturebelia ara mxolod iberiis, aramed CrdiloSavizRvispireTis da ro-
mis imperiis provinciebis gvianantikuri xanis samarovnebze gaTxrili samarxebi, sadac
saSualo fenis warmoadgenlebsac ki uxvad atandnen minis WurWels

916 917
 miZerwilia mxarze da yelze. simaRle; 7,5 sm. piri Camotexilia, qusli: samTavros samarovnis ax.w. I-III ss-is samarxebSi jamSi 5 sarkea aRmoCeni-
1,5X0,9 sm. (sainv. #12-54: 11928) (tab. VI). li. isini or an met nawiladaa gatexili. sarkeebi warmoadgenen mrgval,
brinjaos firfitas, 10 sm-is diametriT. rogorc Cans, maTi CarCoebi xisgan
figuruli sanelsacxebleebi sidonSi, enionis saxelosnoSi10 unda iyos mzaddeboda, radgan erT-erT qvissamarxSi aRmoCenil sarkis namtvrevebTan
damzadebuli. WurWeli vertikalurad orad iyo gayofili da Ziri calke erTad xis fragmentebic iyo. maTi TariRi samarxeuli inventaris mixedviT
mzaddeboda. enionis WurWlebi didi odenobiT iyideboda siriidan ita- ax.w. II s-iT ganisazRvreba (2: 96).
liamde da kvi prosidan CrdiloSavizRvispireTamde da Cans, rom iberia-
Sic11 popularuli iyo (12: 140; 14: 24; 13: 220-226). samkauli. samTavros samarovnis ax.w.
I-III ss-is samarxebSi Zlier gavrce-
ax.w. I-III saukuneebSi adgilobrivi minis warmoeba saqarTvelos terito- lebulia samkaulis Cataneba. kramit-
riaze arqeologiurad ar dasturdeba, Tumca sainteresoa samTavros #84 samarxebSi aRmoCenilia rogorc pira-
ormosamarxSi wundebuli sanelsacxeblis da urbnisis naqalaqaris gvia- di, ise tansacmlis oqros, vercxlis,
nantikur fenaSi minis ori uformo zodis aRmoCenis faqti, rac TiTqos am brinjaos da rkinis samkauli. pirad
periodSi iberiaSi minis warmoebas unda ukavSirdebodes (5: 269-278). Sesa- samkaulSi Sedis: sayure rgolebi,
Zloa ax.w. I saukuneSi, iseve rogorc es samxreT kavkasiis da CrdiloSavi- sakidebi, mZivebi, samajurebi, beWdebi
zRvispireTis mraval Zeglzea dadasturebuli minis WurWeli siriidan da da balTebi. samkaulis mravlobiTi
romis provinciebidan Semodioda da Semdeg iberiis mosaxleoba maT mina- aRmoCenebi dasturdeba ara mxolod tab. VIII
baZebs amzadebda, Tumca amisaTvis ar arsebobs sakmarisi mtkicebulebebi. samTavros, aramed armazisxevis, kars-
nisxevis, baiaTxevis, Jinvalis, kldee-
liTonis WurWeli. liTonis WurWli- Tis da boris gvianantikuri xanis sa-
dan kramitsamarxebSi gvxvdeba mxo- marovnebze.
lod brinjaos WurWeli, kerZod, pate-
ra da sura (#12-54: 10697, #12-54: 10698) kramitsamarxebSi oqros sayureebis
(tab. VII). isini mxolod erT krami- ramdenime ti pia aRmoCenili; yvelaze
tsamarxSi dafiqsirda, romelic ax.w. martivi formaa brinjaos da oqros
II s-iT unda daTariRdes. pateris su- rkalgaxsnili rgolebi (tab. VIII).
rasTan erTad, erT samarxSi aRmoCena isini ax.w. II s-es ganekuTvneba, xolo
SemTxveviTi araa, mas ritualuri da- yvelaze rTuli formaa samnawiledi
niSnuleba hqonda da xelsabans war- da oTxnawiledi sayureebi, romelTa
moadgenda12. pateris aRmoCena piradi zeda nawili warmoadgens ovalur,
higienis kultTan aris dakavSirebu- farTonapirebian Tvalbudes, romel- tab. IX
tab. VII li, rac aseve saberZneTidan unda iyos Sic amoburculi almandinis Tvali
Semosuli. zis. qveda nawili warmoadgens nuSis-
gulisebr Tvalbudes. zemoaRwerili
sayofacxovrebo da sameurneo daniSnulebis nivTebi warmodgenilia Zvlis nawilebi erTmaneTs ukavSirdeba mci-
ori stilosiT, brinjaos ori sarkiTa da Tixis WraqiT. Wraqis Cataneba sa- re rgolebis (yunwis) meSveobiT. qveda nawilze damagrebulia daxveuli
marxSi saiqioSi gzis ganaTebas unda gulisxmobdes. rac Seexeba stiloss, mavTulis Reraki, romelic margalitis mZiviT bolovdeba. isini ax.w. III
dReisaTvis mcxeTis samarxeul ZeglebSi ukve xuTi aseTi nivTi gamoiyofa. s-iT TariRdeba. msgavsi sayureebi aRmoCenilia aRmosavleT saqarTvelos
saweri mowyobilobebis aRmoCenebi sveticxovlis ubanze da samTavros sa- sinqronuli periodis samarovnebze. samTavros samarovnis kramitsamarxe-
marovanze mowmobs wignierebis gavrcelebas Zvel mcxeTaSi (3: 73-74). bSi dadasturebuli ax.w. I-II ss-is sayureebi ax.w. VII s-is kompleqsebSic
gvxvdeba ase, rom es magaliTebi sayuris formis adreul da mogviano xana-
Si damzadebis Sesaxeb adasturebs maT adgilobriv warmoebas adgilobriv
10 enionis saxelosno mdebareobda siriaSi, kerZod sidonSi da ax.w. I s-is dasawyisidan saxelosnoebSi (10).
Sua xanebamde amzadebda formaSi gamoberil WurWlebs
11 figuruli sanelsacxebleebi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze aRmoCenilia: samTavros samarovnis kramitsamarxebSi yvelaze mravalricxovan inven-
samTavros samarovnis #460 samarxSi, urbnisis samarovanze, dedoflis goraze, mogv-
tars piradi samkaulis erT-erTi saxeoba _ mZivebi warmoadgens. sul jam-
Takaris samarovanze; xolo saqarTvelos sazRvrebs gareT msgavsi sanelsacxebleebi
gvxvdeba: pantikapeionis, garnis, mingeCauris, samoTrakes samarovnebze, daculia minis Si 66 samarxidan mZivebi 41-Si dadasturda: qvis mZivebSi gvxvdeba sxvadasx-
WurWlis kerZo koleqciebSi, agreTve ermitaJis, bostonisa da kiolnis muzeumebSi va formis giSris, sardionis13, qarvis, granatis, qalcedonis, aqatis, brolis,
12 samTavros samarovnis garda paterisa da suris erTad aRmoCenis SemTxvevebi dadastu-
rebulia armazisxevis, borisa da kldeeTis samarovnebze da zruderis ganZSi. zRuder-
Si, kldeeTsa da armazisxevSi vercxlis, xolo samTaroze da borSi brinjaos patere-
bia aRmoCenili. saqarTvelos sazRvrebs gareT msgavsi SemTxvevebi dadasturebulia 13 giSris da sardionis gamosavlebi saqarTvelos teritoriazec aris, ase rom isini Sei-
qerCSi, olbiaSi, anapaSi, tanaisSi, yubanSi, pompeis gaTxrebis dros Zleba adgilobrivad miviCnioT

918 919
 iaspis, sarderis, kvarcisgan damzadebuli mZivebi (tab. IX).
pastis mZivebi Zlier mravalricxovania. gvaqvs feradi, umetesad egvi ptu-
ri pastis mZivebi da sxvadasxva gamosaxulebebiani sakidebi14, Tvaladi, mo-
zaikuri, eqvswaxnaga, momwvano, molurjo da Savi feris mZivebi. formis mi-
xedviT pastis mZivebi yvelaze mravalferovania. isini cnobilia kldeeTis
da brilis samarovnebis ax.w. I-III ss-is samarxebidan. cnobilia, agreTve
yirimSi da garnis samarovanze da ax.w. I-II ss-iT TariRdeba.
minis mZivebic mravalricxovani da mravalferovania. gvxvdeba sferuli,
cilindruli, milakiseburi, bikonusuri, cremliseburi, koWiseburi, pirami-
dis formis, Sindis kurkis formis mZivebi. cisferi minis mravalwaxnaga
mZivebi ax.w. II s-is dasawyisidan III s-is Sua xanebamde periodiT TariR-
deba. isini didi odenobiTaa aRmoCenili CrdiloSavizRvispireTis gvianan-
tikuri xanis samarovnebze: qersonesSi, qerCSi, pantikapeionSi.
samkaulidan agreTve aRsaniSnavia balTa ,,herakles kvanZi~15. igi ramde-
nime nawilisgan Sedgeba. TiToeuli nawili warmoadgens oqros CarCos,
romelSic Casmulia didi zomis, kargad damuSavebuli almandinis Tvali.
sakuTriv CarCo Sedgenilia ori, sqeli oqros mavTulisgan, romlebic mo-
xrili da erTmaneTze TavebiT gadadebulia. es rkalebi erTi meorezea
dadebuli da ovalur figuras qmnis. balTa or kramitsamarxSi dadas-
turda (sainv. #12-54: 9105; #12-54: 10638)16 (tab. X). balTis TariRi samarxeu-
li kompleqsis gaTvaliswinebiT, SesaZloa ax.w. I-II ss-iT ganisazRvros.
tab. X
ritualuri daniSnulebis nivTebi warmodgenilia dasakrZalavi gvirgvi-
nis furclebiT, bagissafariTa da zarakebiT.
dasakrZalavi gvirgvinis furclebs niaxuris foTlis forma aqvT. maTi
sigrZe daaxloebiT 3 sm-ia da 1 grams iwonis. aRmoCenilia armazisxevis
samarovanze, agreTve qersonesisa da pantikapeionis samarovnebis ax.w. I-III
14 ax.w. I-II ss-dan egvi pturi pastisgan damzadebuli mZivebi da sakidebi gavrcelda mTel
romis imperiaSi da mis ganapira provinciebSi
15 saiuveliro xelovnebis erT-erTi specifikuri motivi _ e.w. herakles kvanZi, romelic
farTod vrceldeba elinistur xanaSi da Semdgom arsebobas ganagrZobs ax.w. pir-
vel saukuneebSi, saTanado gamoZaxils hpovebs Zveli kolxeTisa da iberiis arqeolo-
giur monapovarSi. elinisturi xaniT daTariRebuli herakles kvanZis gamosaxulebiani
oqros poliqromuli balTebi (2 c.) aRmoCenilia vanSi
16 msgavsi balTa cnobilia sof. boridan da ax.w. I s-iT TariRdeba
920
ss-is samarxebis aucilebel atribu-
ts warmoadgens.
bagissafari mxolod erT samarxSi
aRmoCnda da ax.w. III s-iT TariRdeba17.
bagissafaric xoirebTan erTad mic-
valebulis kultTan dakavSirebuli
atributebia da miiCneven, rom kreta- tab. XI tab. XII
-mikenis samyaros ukavSirdeba. isini
gvianantikuri xanis saqarTveloSi
farTod iyo gavrcelebuli, rac ber-
Znul-romaul samyarosTan mWidro
kontaqtebiT SeiZleba aixsnas (4: 29).
zarakebs ritualuri daniSnuleba
hqonda, maT, ZiriTadad, bavSvis samarxe-
bSi aTavsebdnen18. isini ax.w. I-III ss-iT
TariRdeba.
sabeWdavi-beWdebi. mxolod eqvsi nimuSiTaa warmodgenili. yvela maTgani
romaul gemebs ganekuTvneba da gamosaxulebaTa stilis, beWdis formisa
da samarxSi aRmoCenili sxvadasxva nivTebis gaTvaliswinebiT ax.w. I-II
ss-iT TariRdeba. gvxvdeba masobrivi warmoebis nimuSebi, umetesad adamia-
nis piradi qonebisa da keTildReobis mfarveli RvTaebebi da maTi sim-
boloebi. beWdebze Semdegi gamosaxulebebia datanili: mwevari, nemesida,
asklepioni, nikolosi, nika da a.S. gvxvdeba rogorc kargi _ plastikuri da
moculobiTi namuSevrebi, ise daudevari _ uxeSad Sesrulebuli, sqematuri
gamosaxulebani (tab. XI-XII). yvela gema intalios warmoadgens da beWdis
Tvlebadaa gamoyenebuli (1: 87-88).
monetebi. monetebi savaWro-ekonomikuri urTierTobebis arsebobis utyua-
ri mowmobaa, radgan saqonlis gacvla-gamocvla monetebis meSveobiT xde-
boda. kramitsamarxebSi, ZiriTadad, vxvdebiT gotarzes parTul draqmebsa
da augustusis romaul denarebs. monetebi, marTalia, TviTon kargad Ta-
riRdeba, magram, magaliTad, augustusis denarebi elinisturi xanidan ax.w.
III s-mde mimoiqceoda da Sesabamisad, xvdeboda samarxebSi, amitom mxolod
monetaze dayrdnobiT samarxis TariRis gansazRvra aramarTebulia.
amrigad, Seswavlili artefaqtebis safuZvelze dgindeba, rom kramitsamar-
xebi saSualo fenis mosaxleobas ekuTvnis, romelTac atandnen didi ode-
nobiT Tixis da minis WurWels, pirad samkauls da monetebs. am viTarebiT
samTavros samarovnis kramitsamarxebi sakmaod gansxvavdeba CrdiloSavi-
zRvispireTis, pantikapeionis da qersonesis samarovnebze dadasturebuli
situaciisgan, sadac saSualo fenis mosaxleoba ufro Raribia. es gansxva-
veba igrZnoba monetebis CatanebaSic. Tuki samTavros samarovanze vxvdebiT
spilenZis, vercxlisa da oqros monetebsac ki, pantikapeionis da qersonesis
sinqronul samarovnebze monetebi mxolod brinjaosi da spilenZisaa da,
samagierod, minis WurWeli ufro metia, TiTqmis yvela samarxSi gvxvdeba.
17 samTavros samarovnis garda aRmoCenilia urbnissa da kldeeTSi
18 msgavsi zarakebi aRmoCenilia kldeeTis da Treligorebis ax.w. I-III ss-is samarxebSi
921
 kramiti iberiaSic iwarmoeboda da bibliografia
werilobiTi wyaroebis da arqeolo-
giuri monacemebis mixedviT mcxeTaSi
sacxovrebeli nagebobebis saxurave-
bi kramitebiT iyo gadaxuruli. bu- 1. anTiZe n. (red)., qarTuli oqromWedlo- 7. Tolordava v., arqeologiuri gaTxrebi
bis nimuSebi samTavros samarovnidan. dablagomSi 1973-1974 wlebSi. vani III.
nebrivia kramiti xelmisawvdomi iyo
saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis kole- arqeologiuri gaTxrebi. Tb., 1977
mosaxleobis saSualo fenisaTvis da qciebi (interdisci plinaruli kvleva) 8. lomTaTiZe g., saqarTvelos mosaxleo-
samarxebis asagebad xmarebidan ga- Tb., 2019 bis kultura da yofa I-XIII ss. (arqeo-
tab. XIII mosul kramitebs iyenebdnen. aseTive 2. afaqiZe a., gobejiSvili g., kalandaZe al., logiuri masalebis mixedviT). Tb., 1977
situacia dadasturebulia Crdilo- lomTaTiZe g., II-IV saukuneTa samarovani. 9. lorTqifaniZe oT., antikur xanaSi in-
SavizRvispireTis _ pantikapeionis da mcxeTa, armazisxevis arqeologiuri Ze- doeTidan Savi zRvisaken mimavali sa-
glebi. tomi I. Tb., 1955 tranzito-savaWro gzis Sesaxeb. saqar-
qersonesis samarovnebze.
3. afaqiZe a., kalandaZe al., nikolaiSvili Tvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe
v., mcxeTis mudmivmoqmedi arqeologiuri XIX, #3. Tb., 1957
samTavros samarovnis garda aRmosavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze kra- eqspediciis 1975 wlis muSaobis angari- 10. Аракелян В., Гарни I., Результаты раскопок 1949-
mitsamarxebi, ZiriTadad, mcxeTis SemogarenSia dafiqsirebuli19. dasavleT Si. mcxeTa, arqeologiuri kvleva-Ziebis 1950. Ереван, 1951
saqarTvelos teritoriaze isini ar gvxvdeba. aris mxolod erTi elinis- Sedegebi. tomi II. Tb., 1978 11. Иващенко М. М., Самтаврские погребения
turi xanis kramitiT gadaxuruli samarxi dablagomidan (tab. XIII) (7: 71). 4. afaqiZe a., nikolaiSvili v., mcxeTis первых трех веков. Мцхета, Результаты
warCinebulTa gansasvenebeli. ax.w. III археологических исследований. Том III. 1980
saukunisa _ akldama 905. mcxeTa, arqeo- 12. Кунина Н., Сирийские выдутые в форме
kramitsamarxebSi dakrZalvis Cveuleba saberZneTidan Semovida, sadac es logiuri kvleva-Ziebis Sedegebi. tomi сосуды из некрополя Пантикапеа. Памятники
wesi jer kidev elinisturi xaniT daTariRebul olinTos samarovanzea XI. Tb., 1996 Тантичного Анчичного прикладного исскусства.
dadasturebuli (15). 5. baxtaZe r., samTavros samarovanze mopo- Ленинград, 1973
vebuli minis WurWlis qimiuri Seswa- 13. Кунина Н., Стеклянные стаканы с греческими
importuli saqoneli qarTlSi upiratesad samxreTis savaWro magistraliT vla. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis надписями в собрании Эрмитажа Античная
moambe XVIII-Ƃ, Tb., 1954 история, культура средиземноморья и
ikvlevda gzas mcxeTaSi, xolo Semdeg mtkvris gayolebiT vrceldeboda 6. gabunia a., gli ptikis nimuSebi saqar- причерноморья. Ленинград, 1968
qarTlis samefos sxvadasxva centrebSi da xvdeboda, agreTve dasavleT da Tvelos erovnuli muzeumis koleq- 14. Grossman R. A., Ancient Glass. A guide to the Yale
samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSic. amis damadasturebeli masalebi mogve- ciidan. iberia-kolxeTi. saqarTvelos collection. New Haven, 2002
poveba boridan, kldeeTidan, quTaisidan, aWaridan. klasikuri da adremedievuri periodis 15. Robinson D. M., Excavations at Olynthus. Part V.
arqeologiur-istoriuli kvlevani 13. London, 1933
ax.w. I-II saukuneebSi romisa da qarTlis samefos urTierToba ZiriTadad Tb., 2017
mSvidobiani da keTilmezobluri iyo, rasac ormxrivi ekonomikuri inte-
resebi ganapirobebda: romaelebi amierkavkasiis qveynebiT interesdebodnen,
rogorc maTi strategiuli mniSvnelobis, ise CrdiloSavizRvispireTTan
siaxlovis gamo, romelic monaTa uSret wyaros warmoadgenda; romaelTa
ekonomikur interesTa sferoSi eqceoda, agreTve is didi savaWro magis-
trali, romelic aRmosavleTis qveynebs amierkavkasiis gavliT dasavleT
samyarosTan akavSirebda; xolo qarTlis samefos mesveurebs aintereseb-
daT is saqoneli, romelic dasavleTidan Semodioda iberiaSi (9; 8: 32-33).

19 karsnisxevis samarovani, sveticxovlis ubani, armazisxevis samarovani, mogvTakaris sa-

marovani, Jinvalis samarovani, Treligorebis samarovani, aRaianis samarovani

922 923

Georgian National Museum, S. Janashia Museum of Georgia
Doctor of Archaeology
IMPLEMENTS
OF THE ROOF
TILE GRAVES
FROM
SAMTAVRO
GRAVEYARD
Tile graves from Samtavro cemetery have been
attracting scientists’ attention since as early as
the past century. Out of the numerous graves,
excavated on Samtavro cemetery, tile graves
make one of the most important and, in Late
Antique period (I-IV c.c. A.D.), the most nu-
merous group. Tile graves were used for bu-
rial of the middle class population, as proven
by the implements, accompanying the dead:
crockery are in almost all graves, their number
varies from 1 to 12, in most cases, two or three
dishes; glassware is already widely spread and
represents every-day, non-expensive goods,
which is proven by the cases of their discovery
in looted tile graves. Battle weapon does not
occur in graves, only utility knives have been
discovered. Household and utility items are re-
presented in the form of oil lamps, mirrors and
styli. The facts of discovery of bone styli in the
graves of middle class graves indicate to the
wide spreading of literacy and writing in the
capital of Iberia. Particularly remarkable are
adornments, almost completely made of gold.
It is demonstrated by the facts of discovery of
924
Kristine Shavlakadze
the earrings of similar type in the graves of the
III-IV c.c. A.D. and later, VII c. Ritual items
are represented by funeral wreathes, lip covers
and small bells. The most numerous items out
of those discovered in tile graves are beads –
made of stone, glass, paste, metal, mother of
pearl and bone. Ritual items are represented by
funeral wreath leaves, small bells and lip co-
vers. These implements, related to the cult of
the dead, occur in the graves of not only Ibe-
ria, but those of Late Antique period of north
Black Sea shore. Stamp-rings are represented
by cameos of Roman period, and the coins – by
Roman denarii and Parthian drachmes. Accor-
ding to grave inventory, tile graves are dated
back to I-III c.c. A.D. and hold the first place
among the graves of this period according to
the number. The custom of burying in tile gra-
ves should have been introduced in Iberia from
Greece, where this way of burial was known as
early as in Hellenistic period.
925
 Tina kaxeliSvili
saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi,
simon janaSias saxelobis muzeumi,
samTavro-TrialeTis fondis
kurator-asistenti
samTavros
fondSi
daculi
artefaqtebi
mcxeTaSi da mis teritoriaze aRmoCenilma masalam,
romelic saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis s. jana-
Sias saxelobis saqarTvelos muzeumis samTavros
fondSi inaxeba, mecnierebs saSualeba misca mniS-
vnelovani Zeglebis gamovlenis saSualebiT Sees-
wavla aRmosavlur-qarTuli samefos istoria. es
didZali da mravalferovani masala saSualebas gva-
Zlevs warmodgena viqonioT qarTvel tomebSi saxel-
mwifoebriobis Casaxva-ganviTarebis Sesaxeb, ufro
mkafiod warmovadginoT maTi socialur-ekonomiku-
ri, politikuri Tu kulturuli mdgomareoba, Tva-
li gavadevnoT aq dasaxlebul adamianTa cxovrebas
Zv.w XVI-XV saukuneebidan.
mecnierTa mxriv, samTavros fondSi daculi arte-
faqtebis mimarT interesi yovelTvis didi iyo. es
artefaqtebi qarTveli eris adrindeli istoriis
mravali bundovani problemis gaSuqebis saSuale-
bas iZleva.
1938-1962 wlebSi Catarebuli samuSaoebis Sedegad
gaiTxara 3000-ze meti sxvadasxva epoqisa da aRnago-
bis dasakrZalavi nageboba, romelTagan 660-ze meti
brinjao-adrerkinis xanas miekuTvneba (1: 33-173, 2: 72-
1050).
1975 wels kvlav ganaxlda savele arqeologiuri
samuSaoebi, romelic met-naklebi intensivobiT dRe-
sac mimdinareobs.
samTavros fondSi daculi masala dasturia imi-
sa, rom mcxeTis teritoriaze gaTxrilia sxvadasx-
va droisa da aRnagobis samarxebi da namosaxlari
fenebi. maTi qronologiuri CarCo moicavs periods
adreuli brinjaodan ganviTarebuli feodaluri
926
xanis CaTvliT (Zv. w. III aTaswleuli _ ax.w. IV-VIII ss.). mcxeTaSi aRmo-
Cenili arqeologiuri masala moiTxovda mis damuSavebas da samecniero
mimoqcevaSi Sesvlas. saamisod saWiro iyo misTvis mudmivi adgilsamyofe-
lis gamonaxva.
1895 wels gazeTi `iveria~ werda: `didad sasurvelia rom me-19 s-is damlev-
Si mainc moifiqros Cvenma ganaTlebulma sazogadoebam, rom saerTo sax-
lis, muzeumis ageba saWiro aris da miT ufro gauCinon bina mas, rac kidev
darCenilia Cvens qveyanaSi Zveli nivTi da naSTi da yvela erTad moawyos
Cven winaparTa sasaxelod da sadideblad~. asrulda didi ilias natvra.
mopovebuli masala inaxeba muzeumis fondsacavebSi, romelTa Soris erT-
erT mniSvnelovans `samTavros~ fondi warmoadgens.
dRes-dReobiT `samTavros~fondSi inaxeba 14000-mde nivTi. nivTebi gatare-
bulia 17 samuzeumo davTarSi. masala, imisda mixedviT Tu rogor mdgo-
mareobaSia nivTi, Calagebulia specialurad misTvis gankuTvnil yuTSi
da ganTavsebulia Taroebze. Zvirfasi liTonisagan (oqro-vercxli) damza-
debuli nivTebi inaxeba muzeumis e.w. oqros fondSi, numizmatikuri masala
numizmatikis fondSi, gli ptika-gli ptikis fondSi da a.S.
dResdReobiT dacvis pirobebi samTavros fondSi Seesabameba Tanamedrove
standarts, xolo rac Seexeba aRricxvianobas, garda samuzeumo davTrebisa,
mzaddeba eleqtronuli versia, romelic iTvaliswinebs mocemuli nivTis
Sesaxeb arsebul srul informacias, rac Tavis mxriv gulisxmobs inven-
taris nomers, nivTis dasaxelebas, masalas, zomebs, Zvel sainventaro nomers,
mokle aRwerilobas, raodenobas, fotos, SeniSvnasa da adgilmdebareobas.
yvela es monacemi srul warmodgenas gviqmnis nivTis Sesaxeb. eleqtro-
nuli versiis arseboba, nivTis Sesaxeb srul informacias dainteresebul
pirTaTvis xelmisawvdoms xdis.
samTavros fondSi daculia mravalferovani masala: brinjaos nivTebi,
samkauli, minisa da Tixis WurWeli. sailustraciod warmovadgenT samkau-
lis, brinjaos, minisa da Tixis eqsponatebis nimuSebs.
brinjaos nivTebi
12-54:10697 _ azarfeSa brinjaosi, pir-
farTe da zolebSemovlebuli, Rrma,
mTavrdeba dabali qusliT, brtye-
li yuri nawilobriv dafanjrulia
da mTavrdeba ovaluri burTuliT.
quslis qveda mxare Sedrekilia da
irgvliv movlebulia reliefuri
koncentruli zolebi. erT adgil-
ze nivTi Camotexili da aRdgenilia.
azarfeSa importulia. misi simaRlea 1
4.5 sm. piris d17.7 sm. taris sigrZe
13.5 sm. quslis d7 sm. gaiTxara 1939
w. kramitsamarxi #159, samxreT-aRmo-
927
 12-54:3464 mZivi aqatisa, grZeli, bikonusuri formis, Ria yavisferi TeTri
zolebiT, romlis sigrZea 4 sm. gaiTxara 1939 w. qvis samarxi #136, qvayu-
Tis samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilSi. Zveli # 923, ganekuTvneba antikur xanas
(sur. 4).

12-54:3929 mZivi granatisa, sferuli formis 37 cali, gaiTxara 1939 w. qvis

2
samarxi #303, Zveli #2351, mZivi antikuri xanisaa (sur. 4).

12-54:5946 mZivi giSrisa, oTxkuTxa formis, zigzagurad gamokveTili priz-

savleT kuTxeSi ConCxis fexTiT,
Zveli #1536. am ti pis WurWeli
zogadad damaxasiaTebelia anti-
kuri periodisTvis (sur. 1).
aRsaniSnavia kaxuri ti pis satevari.
mebi, gaiTxara 1940 w. qvis samarxi #532, Zveli #4427 (sur. 4). aseTi mZivebi
ganekuTvneba rkinis aTvisebis periods da antikur xanas.
3
minis WurWeli

12-54:2036 satevari brinjaosi, mTlianadsxmuli, gaaCnia dabali ququdo, ro-

melsac datanebuli aqvs samkuTxa gamWoli fanjrebi, ququdos centrSi
gavlebulia viwro xidi, am ukanasknelis erT mxares Camagrebulia sami
mrgvalTaviani manWvali. Camosxmis dros orive mxares datanebuli aqvs
ramdenime kamariseburi Rari. satevris sigrZe 32 sm. ud. sigrZe vadasTan
6.4 sm-ia. gaiTxara 1939 w. ormosamarxi #87, marcxena idayvTan, menjis Zvlam-
de, Zveli #1732 (sur. 2). ganekuTvneba XIV-XIII ss.

samTavros fondSi mravlad aris daculi sakinZebi.

5 6 7
12-54:3736 sakinZi brinjaosi, mrgvalganivkveTiani ReroTi da gamwvetebuli,
Tavi granatisa, romelsac Tavze azis margalitis mZivi. misi sigrZe 6 sm-ia,
gaTxrilia 1939 w. qvis samarxi #237, Zveli #1894 (sur. 3). Sedgenili sakin- samTavros fondSi didi raodenobiTaa daculi antikuri periodis minis
Zebi damaxasiaTebelia gvianantikuri xanisTvis. WurWeli.

12-54:3734 sakinZi brinjaosi, mrgvalganivkveTiani wvrili ReroTi, granatis
mrgvali TaviT. gaTxrilia 1939 w. qvis samarxi #237, Zveli #1894 (sur. 3).
12-54:5870 sakinZi brinjaosi, sardionis mrgvali TaviT, romelsac Tavze
azis margalitis mZivi, Rero mrgvalganivkveTiani da wvrilia, gamwvetebu-
lia. sigrZe sakinZisa aris 7 sm. gaiTxara 1940 w. qvis samarxi #490, samar-
xisO0 mxareSi. Zveli #3956. am ti pis sakinZebi TariRdeba gvianantikuri
xaniT da Sua saukuneebiT.
samkauli
adamiani samkauls uxsovari droidan,
kerZod, qvis xanidan iyenebs. samTav-
ros fondSi mravlad aris sxvadasxva
saxeobis mZivi, rogorc adgilobrivi
aseve importuli warmoebis, gansaku-
TrebiT mravalia sxvadasxva formisa
da feris sardionis mZivebi (sur. 4).
4
12-54:10648 sanelsacxeble minisa, pirgaSlili, yelmaRali, dakuTxuli taniT,
SuaSi wibo gadavlebuli, orive mopirdapire mxare Semkulia reliefuri
koncentruli wre-xazebiT. lurji feris figuruli yurebi SeerTebulia
erTi TaviT yelis Sua nawilze, meore ki mxarTan, gverdi nawilobriv Ca-
motexili, SemdegSi aRdgenili. simaRle 7 sm. piris diam: 2 sm. gaTxrilia
1939, kramitsamarxi #148, ConCxis fexebTan, Zveli #1968, nivTi ganekuTvneba
antikur xanas (sur. 5).
12-54:10819 WurWeli cisferi minisa, masiuri, pirgaSlili, yelmaRali, oTxkuT-
xa, tani mTavrdeba oTxkuTxa Sedrekili ZiriT, figuruli yuri SeerTebu-
lia erTi TaviT yelis Sua nawilTan, meoreTi _ mxarTan. Ziris zedapirze
Semovlebulia koncentruli wre-xazebi, centrSi gamosaxulia yvavilovani
ornamenti. simaRle 29.5 sm. piris diam: 2.5 sm. Ziris diam: 8 sm. gaiTxara 1939
w. samarxi “A”. WurWeli antikuri periodisaa (sur. 6).
12-54:12498 sanelsacxeble minisa, momwvano feris, sqelkedliani, pirgaSlili,
yelmaRali, konusuri tani mTavrdeba brtyeli ZiriT. nivTis simaRle 8.2
sm. piris diam: 5.5 sm. Ziris diam: 6 sm. kramitsamarxi #1, S-kedelTan muxlis
gaswvriv, mkerdis marcxena nawilSi, qveda neknTan. Zveli #51. nivTi TariR-
deba antikuri periodiT (sur. 7).

928 929
 Tixis WurWeli
samTavros fondi mdidaria
WurWlis mravalferovnebiT.
Tina Kakhelishvili
Georgian National Museum, S. Janashia Museum of Georgia,
Curator - Assistant of Samtavro-Trialeti Fund
Tixis

12-54:1633 qila Tixisa, Savi feris, oryu- ARTIFACTS

ra, gaprialebuli, ori sartyliT, WurW-
lis Sida mxare dafanjrulia, xolo
8 9 gareTa piri gadaSlilia. brtyelga-
nivkveTiani yurebi SeerTebulia tan-
Tan. aRdgenilia. Sevsebulia TabaSi-
riT. qilis simaRlea 28 sm. piris d.26
sm. Ziris d.11 sm. gaiTxara 1939 w. or-
mosamarxi #56, piris win samarxis N-T
nawilSi. savaraudod, WurWeli gamoi-
yeneboda saritualo daniSnulebisT-
vis. Zveli #1203. TariRdeba XIV-XII
ss. (sur. 8).
10 11
12-54:2218 maTara Tixisa, nacrisferi, pirgadaSlili, yelmaRali da gamoyva-
nili, tani ovaluria, brtyelganivkveTiani yurebi SeerTebulia tanTan, ze-
dapirze centrSi Semovlebulia amoRaruli wre, mTeli zedapiri dafaru-
lia iribi paraleluri zolebiT, ukana mxareze centri Zabriseburia, yeli
irgvliv daRarulia, alag-alag amovsebulia. simaRle 30 sm., piris d.6.7 sm.,
tanis d.17.5 sm. gaTxrilia 1939 w. ormosamarxi #104, wvivis Zvlebze, Zveli
#2077. nivTi TariRdeba XIV-X ss. (sur. 9).
PRESERVED
IN THE
SAMTAVRO
FUND
Materials, discovered in Mtskheta and on its As a result of activities conducted in 1938-
territory, which are preserved in Samtavro 1962, over 3000 burial sites of different periods
Funds of S. Janashia Museum of Georgia, have and structures were excavated, out of which,
provided the scientists with the opportunity to over 660 belong to Bronze - Early Iron Age.
uncover important monuments and the history
of East Georgian Kingdom. This huge and di- Inventory, preserved in Samtavro Fund of S.
verse material gives us the opportunity to have Janashia Museum of Georgia of Georgian Na-
an idea about conception-development of sta- tional Museum, with its scientific value and di-
tehood in Georgian tribes, imagine their social- versity, would adorn exposition of any museum
economic, cultural and political situation more of the world.
clearly; trace the life of people, settled there
since XVI-XV c.c. B.C.

12-54:1097 koTxo Tixisa, moSavo feris, farTo gadaSlili piriT, welSi ga- The scientists’ interest towards the artifacts,
moyvanili, TandaTan Zirisken farTovdeba, brtyeli ZiriT, WurWlis zedapi- preserved in Samtavro Fund has always been
ri Semkulia rTuli ornamentiT. simaRle 17.8 sm. piris d.14.7 sm. Ziris d.9.2 great; it was caused by the circumstance that
sm. gaiTxara 1939 w. ormosamarxi #18, Crdilo-aRmosavleT nawilSi, kefis they bring light to many vague problems of
gaswvriv, Zveli #456. nivTi TariRdeba XIV-XII ss-iT (sur. 10). early history of Georgian nation.

12-54:994 WurWeli Tixisa, Savi feris, kargad naprialebi, pirgadaSlili,

mucelgamoberili, zoomorfuli ori yuriT. swored am periodSi Cndeba
zoomorfuli yuri. Ziri brtyeli, zedapiri sakmaod lamazi ornamentiT
aris dafaruli. simaRle 32.5 sm. piris d.18.7 sm. Ziris d.10.5, ormosamarxi
#5, saflavis Crdilo nawilSi. Zveli #193. WurWeli TariRdeba XIV-XII
saukuneebiT (sur. 11).

bibliografia

1. kalandaZe al., mcxeTa, arqeologiuri 2. kalandaZe al., mcxeTa, arqeologiuri

kvleva-Ziebis Sedegebi, tomi IV. samTav- kvleva-Ziebis Sedegebi, tomi V. samTav-
ro winareantikuri xanis arqeologiuri ros samarovnis winaantikuri xanis ar-
Zeglebi. Tb., 1980 qeologiuri Zeglebi. Tb., 1981

930 931
 mindia jalabaZe
saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi,
simon janaSias saxelobis muzeumi,
mTavari kuratori, istoriis doqtori

qarTuli
oqromWedlobis
nimuSebi
samTavros
samarovnidan
saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis koleqciebi
(interdisciplinuri kvleva)

2018 wels saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreo-

bis dacvis erovnuli saagentos mier dafinansebul
proeqtTa Soris, saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis
mier wardgenili sakonkurso Tema `interdisci pli-
nuri kvleva - qarTuli oqromWedlobis nimuSebi
samTavros samarovnidan“ (saqarTvelos erovnuli
muzeumis koleqciebi) moxvda. proeqtis mizans mcxe-
Tis, rogorc UNESCO-s Zeglis, istoriis kvleva da
popularizacia warmoadgenda (2018 wlis 15 martis
#3/115t xelSekruleba).

proeqtSi monawileoba miiRes saqarTvelos erovnu-

li muzeumis TanamSromlebma: m. jalabaZem, q. java-
xiSvilma, c. davlianiZem, m. kublaSvilma, n. qobaliam,
a. saxvaZem. oqros nivTebis qimiur-teqnologiuri
analizi da samecniero kvleva Caatares n. qebula-
Zem da n. kalandaZem, xolo mineralogiuri kvleva _
teqnikuri universitetis profesorma n. foforaZem.

samTavros samarovani mravalfeniani Zeglia, sadac

1871-1878 wlebSi avstrielma bunebismetyvelma da
moyvarulma arqeologma, fridrix baiernma, pirveli
arqeologiuri gaTxrebi Caatara. Zeglis Seswavla
1937 wlidan ganaxlda da dRemde mimdinareobs.

saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis Zvirfasi liTon-

ebis fondSi amJamad daculia samTavros samarovan-
ze sxvadasxva wlebSi aRmoCenili oqros nivTebis
didi nawili, romelTa raodenoba 250-mde erTeuls
iTvlis. maTi umetesoba specialistebisTvis da far-
To sazogadoebisTvis naklebad cnobili, an sruli-
ad ucnobia. aRsaniSnavia, rom f. baiernis aRmoCenili

932 933
 nivTebis Sesaxeb informacia mxolod p. uvarovas mier 1902 wels gamoq-
veynebul katalogSi moi poveba (Уварова П.С. Коллекции Кавказского Музея.
Археология. Т. V. Тифлис. 1902). dRes es naSromi bibliografiul iSviaTobas
warmoadgens, masSi arsebuli fotoebi arasrulia, uxarisxo da rTulia ama
Tu im nivTis Sesaxeb zusti informaciis moZieba. saqarTvelos erovnul
muzeumSi qarTuli oqromWedlobis istoriis gamofenaze eqsponirebulia
samTavros samarovanze aRmoCenili oqros nivTebis mcire nawili, xolo
danarCeni eqsponatebi specialur sacavSi aris daculi da farTo sazoga-
doebisTvis xelmiuwvdomelia.

samTavros samarovani farTo qronologiur areals moicavs. aq aRmoCenili

oqros nivTebis Sesaxeb specialuri mecnieruli kvleva ar Catarebula da
qarTuli oqromWedlobis istoriis mniSvnelovani etapi dazustebas saWi-
roebs. muzeumis fondebSi daculi oqros nivTebi, ZiriTadad, ax. w. I-VIII
s-ebiT TariRdeba da emTxveva qarTuli mxatvruli xelosnobis istoriis
erT-erT umniSvnelovanes periods. proeqtze muSaobis dros miTiTebuli
qronologiuri CarCos qveda zRvarma mniSvnelovnad daiwia. magaliTad,
1939 wels, samTavros velze gaTxril #51 ormosamarxSi, eleqtrumis or-
namentirebuli garsakravis fragmentebTan erTad aRmoCnda brinjaosa da
rkinis nivTebi, romlebic, r. abramiSvilis qronologiuri cxrilis mixed-
viT, Zv. w. XI-X ss-ebiT TariRdeba.

samecniero kvleva warmoudgenelia Tanamedrove interdisci plinuri

meTodebis gamoyenebis gareSe.

saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis qimiur-sarestavracio laboratoriaSi

speqtruli da teqnologiuri analizi Cautarda 65 eqsponats, romelTa
Soris, samTavroSi aRmoCenilis garda, moxvda ramdenime analogiuri nivTi
sxva arqeologiuri Zeglebidan (kldeeTi, Jinvali, armazisxevi da sxv.). aR-
saniSnavia, rom bevr nivTze, maTi Semadgeneli nawilebis mixedviT, saWiro
gaxda ramdenime analizis Catareba (n. qebulaZe).

samTavros oqros nivTebis erTi nawili sufTa liTonisgan aris damza-

debuli, meore jgufi ki Zvirfasi da naxevradZvirfasi qvebiT aris Semku-
li. mineralogis mier speqtrometris saSualebiT xelaxla gadamowmda da
ganisazRvra oqros samkaulSi gamoyenebuli mineralebis saxeobebi (maT
Soris minis, gaumWirvale minis). miRebuli analizis Sedegebi katalogSi
Sesworebuli saxiT aris warmodgenili (n. foforaZe).

naSromi orenovania (qarTul-inglisuri) da Tan erTvis katalogi, sad-

ac samTavros samarovanze aRmoCenili nivTebi dawyobilia sagnobrivi
TanmimdevrobiT (Tavsamkauli, samajuri, beWedi, sayure da a.S. TiToeuli
dasaxelebis sagani klasificirebulia formisa da qronologiis gaTval-
iswinebiT. mocemulia nivTis aRweriloba, miTiTebulia masala, zoma, wona,
inventaris nomeri, samarxis nomeri, aRmoCenis weli da savaraudo Tari-
Ri. momzadda maRali xarisxis fotosuraTebi, romelTagan umetes nawils
sazogadoeba pirvelad ixilavs.

imedi gvaqvs, rom warmodgenili naSromi mkiTxvels erTian warmodgenas

Seuqmnis qalaq mcxeTis istoriis da mxatvruli xelosnobis erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani monakveTis Sesaxeb.

934 935
 Dr. Mindia Jalabadze
Georgian National Museum, S. Janashia Museum of Georgia
Chief Curator, Doctor of history

THE SAMPLES
OF GEORGIAN
GOLDMITHERY
FROM
SAMTAVRO
GRAVEYARD
GOLLECTIONS OF GEORGIAN
NATIONAL MUSEUM (INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDY)

Fund of Precious Metals of Georgian Natio-
nal Museum presently preserved major part
of goldware – about 250 units, discovered in
Samtavro burial in different years. Majority of
them is not well known, or totally unknown to
specialists and public society.
The present scientific article will provide rea-
der with certain understanding about one of the
most important periods of history of Mtskheta
and artistic artisanship.

936 937
 restavracia

938 939
 nino qebulaZe
saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi,
arqeologiuri da eTnografiuli masalis
sarestavracio-kvleviTi laboratoriis xelmZRvaneli,
istoriis doqtori
nino kalandaZe
saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi,
1
restavracia-konservaciis samecniero
institutis xelmZRvaneli,
istoriis doqtori

uZvelesi
dekoratiul-gamoyenebiTi
xelovnebis nimuSebi
mcxeTis muzeumidan
2

saqarTveloSi, kulturuli memkvidreobis dacva-

Si monawile or udides institucias, saqarTvelos
erovnul muzeumsa da kulturuli memkvidreobis
dacvis erovnul saagentos Soris TanamSromloba,
bolo wlebSi sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT farTovde-
ba. erT-erTi mimarTuleba moZravi obieqtebis kvle-
vas da restavracia-konservacias moicavs.
didi mcxeTis arqeologiuri saxelmwifo muzeum-
nakrZalis fondebi umdidresia sxvadasxva perio-
dis arqeologiuri liTonis eqsponatebiT. am sag-
anZuridan, dasamuSaveblad, spilenZis Senadnobisgan
damzadebuli, dekoratiul-gamoyenebiTi xelovne-
bis niSnebiT gaerTianebuli oTxi eqsponati SeirCa
(sur. 1). es artefaqtebi, mniSvnelobidan gamomdina-
re, axali muzeumis saeqspozicio sivrceSi, erT-erT
centralur adgils daikavebs.
SerCeul nivTebs, ori satevari (#7232, #7226) da ori
umboni (#10299, #10226) warmoadgens, romlebic wero-
vanSi, 1977 wels, brinjaos xanis samarovanze iqna
aRmoCenili.
werovani II samarovani 1977-1979 wlebSi,akademikos an-
dria afaqiZis xelmZRvanelobiT, mcxeTis mudmivmoq-
medma arqeologiurma eqspediciam Seiswavla. samarov-
nis centraluri nawili, am teritoriaze mSenebare
sacxovrebeli saxlebisaTvis qvabulebis amoRebis
dros dauzianebiaT, Sedegad samarxis
miwayrilebi da mcire zomis qvayri-
lebi ganadgurebula (2. gv. 77).
samarovanze miwayriliani da qvayri-
liani ormosamarxebi dafiqsirda, sa-
dac micvalebulebi ikrZalebodnen
individualurad, wyvilad da koleq-
tiuradac, marcxena an marjvena gverd-
ze, xelfexmokecili TaviT Crdiloe- 3
Tisken. oTxive sakvlevi nivTi gviani
brinjaos periodiT daTariRebuli
samarxebidan modis.
umboni #10299 werovanis samarovnis, #41 samarxSi, sadac xelfexmokecili
sami micvalebuli iyo dakrZaluli, meore micvalebulis Tavis qalasTanaa
gamovlenili. daTariRebulia Zv.w. XIV-XIII ss-iT (sur. 2).
naxevradsferuli zedapiri Semkulia dugmiseburi saxiT, yunwi brtyeli
(h-1,7 sm.; d-5,5 sm.). samarxSi, umbonTan erTad, aRmoCnda Tixis Svidi WurWe-
li, brinjaos xatisuReli, Rilebi, brinjaos da pastis mZivebi (2. gv. 101-103,
foto 685-700).
umboni Camosxmulia cvilis modeliT. Sida moculoba amovsebulia mona-
crisfro masiT (sur. 3). Cvenis azriT, es masa e.w ,,samsxmelo silas“ war-
moadgens. samsxmelo silas sayalibe qviSasac uwodeben, romelSic Sedis
5-dan 20%-mde Tixa.

940 941
 cnobili faqtia, rom martivi sagnebis
Camosxmis pirobebSi Tixis raodenoba
sayalibe qviSaSi ufro naklebi unda
iyos. sayalibe qviSaSi Tixis Sere-
vis raodenoba damokidebulia nivTis
zedapiris sirTuleze. rTulprofi-
liani nivTebis SemTxvevaSi sayali-
be Tixa plastiuri unda iyos. misi
4 plastiuroba da simagre ki damokide-
bulia qviSaSi Sereuli Tixis raode-
nobaze. rogorc wesi, samsxmelo qvi-
Sad iyenebdnen da dResac warmatebiT
iyeneben kvarcis qviSas. kvarci metad
gavrcelebuli mineralia. kvarcis
qviSa moi poveba suramis, WiaTuris, xa-
ragaulis midamoebSi.
5 umbonis paralelad, TviT werovanis
samarovanze #60 samarxSi aRmoCenili
umboni gvevlineba. naxevradsferuli
umboni patinirebulia. #10299 umbonis
msgavsad, am umbonis zurgic, zustad
analogiuri, dugmiseburi reliefuri
saxeebiTaa Semkuli (sur. 4). Sida na-
wili, iseve rogorc wina umboni, Sev-
6 sebulia samsxmelo TixiT. yunwi ga-
nivkveTSi oTkuTxaa. zomebic TiTqmis
igivea: d-5,5 sm., h-1,5 sm. (2. gv. 122, foto
842).
umboni #10226 werovanis samarovanze, #27 samarxSi, xel-fexmokecil for-
maSi dakrZalul or micvalebuls Sorisaa aRmoCenili. daTariRebulia
Zv.w. XIV-XIII
ss-iT (h-1,2 sm., d-4,2 sm.) (sur. 5). samarxSi, umbonTan erTad, gamovlinda sami
xatisuReli, sasafeTqle rgoli, oTxi samajuri, xvia, umboni, brinjaos ga-
litebi, konusuri moyvanilobis brinjaos nivTi, sakidi, Tixis sabeWdavi
mZivebi - pastis, niJaris, sardionisa da mTis brolis, obsidianis anatkeci
(2. gv. 93-95, foto 619-639).
umboni naxevradsferuli formisaa, Zirze Semouyveba 2 farTo Rari. zurg-
ze gamosaxulia jvriseburi reliefuri saxe. umbonis zedapiri gaforme-
bulia oTxi samkuTxa ornamentiT. samkuTxa nakveTebi Wvirulia (sur. 6).
vfiqrobT, es umbonic, #10299 umbonis msgavsad, amovsebuli iyo samsxmelo
qviSiT (msgavsi forma, tenqologia).
gansxvaveba am umbonebs Soris gamosaxulebis Sesrulebis teqnikaSia. Tu
Cvens varauds gaviTvaliswinebT, SesaZloa am SemTxvevaSi samsxmelo qviSa
ori funqciiT yofiliyo gamoyenebuli, pirveli teqnologiuri, xolo meo-
re funqcia - sainkrustacio masalad gamoyeneba. samsxmelo qviSis gadmoy-
ra, gadmocvena Wviruli nakveTebidan SeuZlebeli iqneboda, radgan samsxme-
lo qviSa, rogorc wesi svel mdgomareobaSi ixmareba, gaSrobis Semdeg ki
942
mkvriv masas qmnis, rac gvafiqrebinebs,
rom saqme gvaqvs liTonis Tixis masa-
liT inkrustaciasTan.
statiaze muSaobis procesSi, werova-
nis umbonis ori paraleli moviZieT.
erTi maTgani Tanamedrove aRmoCenaa
(sur. 7). igi somxeTSi, karaSambas gaT- 7
xrebzea aRmoCenili da Zv.w. XIV-XIII
ss-iT TariRdeba.
meore umbonis moZiebaSi, qarTveli
restavratorebis mier mudmivad war-
moebuli, individualuri sarestavra-
cio Jurnali dagvexmara.
umboni (#64-05/XX-11), 1996 wels, nino
qebulaZis mieraa restavrirebuli da 8
daculia s. janaSias saxelobis sa-
qarTvelos muzeumis ZiriTad fondSi
(sur. 8).
miuxedavad 30 wlis win Catarebuli
restavraciisa, mas recidivis kvali ar
aRmoaCnda. umboni, erevnis guberniis
Crdilo-aRmosavleT nawilSi mdebare,
novobaiazeTis mazris teritoriazea
aRmoCenili ervand lalaiancis mier
da gviani brinjaos periodiTaa da-
TariRebuli. am nimuSma, Cveni varaudi,
rom #10299 umbonis msgavsad, #10226 9
umbonic samsxmelo qviSiT iqneboda
amovsebuli, romelic Tavis mxriv or
funqcias asrulebda, daadastura.
satevrebi, maTi warmoSobidan dawyebuli dRemde, mxatvrulobis elferis
misacemad Camosxmis dros gakeTebuli dekoriT, Tu maTze mogvianebiT ga-
Cenili inkrustaciiT, romelic xSirad aucilebel atributad gvevlineba,
SeiZleba mxatvruli xelovnebis pirvel nimuSebad CaiTvalos. arqeolo-
giuri gaTxrebisas aRmoCenil uZvelesi satevrebis tarebs Camosxmis dros
micemul morTulobasTan erTad, xSirad vercxlis, oqros, da Zvirfasi
qvebisgan Seqmnili mdidari inkrustaciac alamazebs. im droSi metalur-
gebi ukve cdilobdnen, sxvadasxva gziT miecaT iaraRisTvis mxatvruli
da mimzidveli ieri. Zvirfasi liTonis da qvebis gverdiT, mina, xe da sxva
masalac gamoiyeneboda, Sedegad, Seudarebeli ornamentika iqmneboda.
satevari - #7226, werovanis #22 samarxSia gamovlenili. marjvena gverd-
ze xel-fexmokecil formaSi dakrZaluli ori micvalebulidan, pirveli
micvalebuli win mdebareobda. daTariRebulia Zv.w. XIV-XIII ss-iT (h-1,2 sm.,
d-4,2 sm.) (sur. 9).
samarxSi satevarTan erTad Tixis Svidi WurWeli da Tavxvia sakinZi aRm-
943
 oCnda (2. gv. 89-90, foto 589-596). satev-
ris sigrZe 31 sm,. taris sigrZe 2,5 sm,.
sigane vadasTan 6,5 sm.
satevris Sedgenili tari, ori furc-
lovani liTonisganaa damzadebuli
orive mxares nakeriT. dabali ququdo
dafanjrulia da tixarze xis sole-
biT magrdeboda. piri-samkuTxa, daba-
li qedi Semkulia sami kamariseburi,
10
e.w. sisxlis RariT (sur. 10).
satevari inkrustirebuli unda yo-
filiyo. vadaze SigniT xis naSTi
fiqsirdeba. am konkretuli satevris
magaliTze naTlad Cans, rom aq, sili-
katuri masis magier, xis masalaa ga-
moyenebuli. savaraudod, aseve xiT iyo
amovsebuli taris dafanjruli Tavic,
11 sxva sityvebiT, am SemTxvevaSi saxezea
liTonis xiT inkrustaciis faqti.
am ti pis inkrustaciiT damzadebuli
satevrebi,kvlav 1996 wels restavrire-
bul nivTebs Soris moviZieT da Zali-
an saintereso paralelebs mivageniT.
satevari #50-06/XIII-1 erevnis guber-
12 niis Crdilo-aRmosavleT nawilSi
mdebare, novobaiazeTis mazris teri-
toriazea aRmoCenili ervand lalai-
ancis mier.
satevarTan erTad 30 wlis win konservacia xis naSTebsac gaukeTda. sa-
tevaric da xis mosarTavic Semdgomi dazianebis gareSea Semonaxuli. sa-
tevarSi, iseve rogorc werovanis nimuSis tarSi, fiqsirdeba xis naSTi. sa-
tevris Tavi dakargulia, Tumca xis CanarTs aSkarad etyoba naWdevebi, rac
satevris Tavis dafanjvris da xis fragmentis sainkrustaciod gamoyenebis
dasturia (sur. 11). aqve gvinda gaCvenoT xis sainkrustaciod Semavseblad
gamoyenebis sxva magaliTi, satevarze (#64-05/XIX-5), romelic lalaiancis
mier mdinare gogCis (axlandeli -debedi) napirasaa aRmoCenili (sur. 11).
satevari #7232, werovanis samarovnis #55 samarxSia gamovlenili. ConCxi
dakrZaluli iyo individualurad, marjvena gverdze, xelfexmokecili. sa-
tevari ido micvalebulis gulmkerdTan, wveriT samxreTisken (Zv.w. XIV-XIII
ss.) (sur. 12). satevarTan erTad samarxSi mxolod ori nivTi, Zvlisgan dam-
zadebuli kverTxis Tavi da rgoli dadasturda (2. gv. sur. 810-813). satev-
ris sigrZe 33 sm,. taris sigrZe 12 sm., sigane vadasTan 6,5 sm.
werovanSi gamovlenili #7232 satevari, ornamentebis Sesrulebis teqniki-
dan gamomdinare unikalur nimuSs warmoadgens. igi uxvad inkrustirebu-
lia (sur. 13).
944
satevari Sedgenilia _ welSi gamoy-
vanili vada pirzea gadmosuli. satev-
ris piris vadasTan SeerTebis adgili
orive mxidan ovaluri formis Rrmu-
liTaa gaformebuli.
piri-foTlisebri, rombisebri qedi
gravirebiT Sesrulebuli badisebri
ornamentiTaa Semkuli. gravirebisas,
liTonis zedapiris amoWra an CaWra
yovelTvis keTdeba saWreli instru-
mentebiT-saWrisebiT (sur. 14). gra-
virebisaTvis, ZiriTadad iyenebdnen 13
instrumentebs basri profiliani Ta-
vebiT, romelTa ZiriTadi princi pia
masalis amoReba originali zedapi-
ridan, romlis drosac saWrisis Tavi
kuTxiT zemoqmedebs liTonze (1. gv. 58
nax.1).
satevari adre restavrirebuli aRm-
oCnda da zedapiri da formebi Sec-
vlilia (sur. 15). es dadasturda 14
rodesac is SevadareT, batoni vaJa
sadraZis statiis - ,,brinjao-rkinis
xanis samarovani“ tabulebSi gamoye-
nebul satevris Tavdapirvel fotos
(2. sur. 811).
informacia imis Sesaxeb, Tu sad da
rodis iyo eqsponati restavrirebuli,
ver moviZieT.
saqarTveloSi, meoce saukuneSi, spi-
lenZis Senadnobebisgan damzadebuli 15
eqsponatebis restavraciisaTvis, Ziri-
Tadad qimiuri meTodebi gamoiyenebo-
da. nivTi mTlianad ideboda xsnarSi,
an adgilobrivad, reaqtivSi dasvele-
buli tamponebiT xdeboda nadebis
moSoreba. satevarze gamoyenebuli
wmendis meTodi ufro gviandels an
dasavleT evropaSi im droisaTvis 16
ukve danergil meTods hgavs. gamoyene- 17
bulia ZiriTadad meqanikuri wmendis
meTodi (Tumca ar gamovricxavT lo-
kalurad, tamponebis gamoyenebasac).
satevris erTi mxare isea gadaxexili, rom oqsidaciis mxolod qveda fen-
ebia SemorCenili (sur. 16). rogorc wesi, am fenas spilenZis wiTeli kupri-
ti (Cu2O) warmoadgens (3. gv. 433).
945
 satevris meore mxares, romelzec gra-
virebuli ornamentia, kupritTan er-
Tad, nadebis saxiT, fiqsirdeba spilen-
Zis da sxva liTonebis gardaqmnis
produqtebi, rogoricaa: spilenZis
karbonatebi (spilenZis karbonat hi-
droqsidi - malaqiti (Cu2CO3(OH)2) da
qloridebi (CuCl, Cu2Cl), kalis oqside-
bi (kasiteriti SnO2 ) da sxva (sur. 17).
Cvens mier moZiebul iqna satevris sami
paraleli (sur. 18). pirveli maTgani,
romelic Tlias samarovanzea aRmoCe-
18 nili, Cveni nimuSis Zalian axlo ana-
logs warmoadgens Zv.w. XIII-XII sauku-
neebiT TariRdeba (7, gv. 106, nax. 894).
meore paralelad CavTvaleT brinjaos satevari, romelic zemo ruTxas
(Crdilo kavkasiis centraluri nawili, digoros xeoba) samarovanzea aR-
moCenili da Zv.w.aR. XIV-XIII ss-iT aTariReben. samwuxarod, am satevris
aRweriloba jer ver moviZieT (5. gv. 177. nax. 216).
mesame paralels, yobanis samarovanze (CrdiloeT oseTi) aRmoCenili sat-
evari warmoadgens, romelic ermitaJis muzeumSia daculi (1360/32, 22,5 sm.).
is Zv.w. II - ax.w. I aTaswleulebis zRurbliTaa daTariRebuli (4. gv. 52.
sur. 24, 26).
analizebma cxadhyo, rom oTxive artefaqti, gviani brinjaos periodisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli, kaliani brinjaosganaa damzadebuli (cxrili)
satevari #7232, istoriuli ganviTarebis yvela niSniT (teqnologia, gamosa-
xulebis Sesrulebis xerxi, ornamentaluri motivebi) miekuTvneba kolxur-
yobanur brinjaos da qronologiuri sazRvrebic am kulturis Sesatyvi-
sia. rac imas mianiSnebs, rom abzindebis paralelurad, miniT damzadebul
saintereso inkrustacias kavkasiur iaraRzec vxvdebiT.
Cvens mier Seswavlili satevari miniT inkrustaciis teqnikiT morTul
iaraRs Soris, jerjerobiT, uZvelesia da amasTanave unikaluria dekori-
rebis teqnologiis TvalsazrisiT. satevari moiTxovs sxvadasxva mimar-
TulebiT kvlevebs, rac Cvens mier ukve mimdinareobs da Sedegebs uaxloes
momavalSi warmovadgenT.
rogorc statiaSi moyvanili nimuSebidan vxedavT, gviani brinjaos period-
Si xelosnebma ukve Zalian kargad ician nivTis funqciuri daniSnulebidan
gamomdinare Senadnobis qimiuri SedgenilobiT varireba, mravalferovani
saCamosxmo meTodebis gamoyeneba da amasTanave saukeTesod floben nivTis
vizualuri gaformebis xelovnebas, rasac Cvens mier ganxiluli, Tundac
mxolod es oTxi artefaqti mowmobs. werovanis samarovnis artefaqtebis
da maTi paralelebis saxiT, dekoratiul-gamoyenebiTi xelovnebis nimuSeb-
ze sxvadasxva masaliT damzadebuli inkrustaciis saukeTeso magaliTebs
gavecaniT, sadac sainkrustacio masalad xe, sayalibe qviSa da minisebri
masa mogvevlina.

werovanis samarovanze gamovlenil TiToeuli eqsponatis liTonsa da na-

debs Cautarda kvleva aradestruqciuli rentgenofluorescentuli ELVA
X speqtrometriT. analizebi Catarda 45 kilo-eleqtronvoltiT (keV). yvela
nimuSis analizi Catarda 100 wami cocxali droiT. koncentraciis xarisxi
(wonis %-Si) ganisazRvra regresis kvadratuli modelis saSualebiT Ser-
Ceuli masalis Sesabamisi standartebis analizis safuZvelze.
samwuxarod, speqtruli xelsawyos saanalizo kameris zomebSi SezRudvis
gamo, satevari #7232 kameraSi ver moTavsda. mikroskopis qveS daTvaliere-
bis Semdeg saanalizod SeirCa ramdenime nimuSi. satevris piridan (cxrili
1, an. 1) da taridan (cxrili 1, an. 2) mogrovili Jangis sinjebis analizma bibliografia
didi raodenobiT spilenZi aCvena, rac kanonzomieria. moxerxda im elemen-
tebis daWera, romelic Tavdapirvel SenadnobSia. es elementebia: kala (Sn),
tyvia (Pb) da dariSxani (As). Senadnobi kalian brinjaos warmoadgens, rac 1. kalandaZe n., kolxeTis gvianbrin- Zis Senadnobebis kvleva da restavra-
cxad informacias iZleva originali Senadnobis Sedgenilobaze. jao-adrerkinis xanis gravirebuli cia-konservaciis meTodebis SedarebiTi
da inkrustirebuli brinjaos nawarmi analizi. saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeu-
N (ti pologiur-teqnologiuri gamokv- mis moambe VII (52-B), Tb., 2016
dasaxeleba nivTis N samarxis N Cu Sn Pb Ag As Zn
leva). istoriis mecnierebaTa kandida- 4. Доманский Я.В., Древняя художественная
1 umboni 10299 41 85.557 12.881 1.119 0.443 tis samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad бронза Кавказа (в собрании Государственного
2 umboni 10226 27 83.497 13.002 2.680 0.442 0.379 warmodgenili disertacia (xelnaweris Эрмитажа. Москва,1984
uflebiT), 2006 5. Крупнов Е.И., Древняя история Северного
3 satevari 7226 55 77.536 21.514 0.103 0.45 0.397
2. sadraZe v., brinjao-rkinis xanis samaro- Кавказа. 1960
4 Jangi-satevris
piridan
7232 55 94.841 4.236 0.224 0.429 0.270 vani. mcxeTa, arqeologiuri kvleva-Zie- 6. Техов Б.В., Центральный Кавказ в XVI-X вв. до
5 Jangi-satevris
7232 55 90.162 8.579 0.413 0.478 0.368 bis Sedegebi, tomi IX, Tb., 1989 н.э. Москв, 1977
taridan 3. qebulaZe n., Zigua n., goginaSvili n., ar-
qeologiuri da eTnografiuli spilen-

946 947
 Nino Kebuladze
Georgian National Museum,
Chief of the Restoration-Research Laboratory
of Archaeological and Ethnographic Objects Restoration,
Doctor of History
Nino Kalandadze
Georgian National Museum,
Chief of the Restoration and Conservation Scientific Institution,
Doctor of History

THE SAMPLES
OF ANCIENT
DECORATIVE-APPLIED
ART FROM
MTSKHETA
MUSEUM
The funds of Great Mtskheta Archaeological Dagger #7226 should have been encrusted. On
Museum-Reserve are extremely rich with met- the handle, inside of it, there are remains of
al archaeological relics of different periods. wood. On the example of this specific dagger, it
From this treasure, four metal exhibits, unified is clearly seen that instead of silicate material,
by signs of decorative-applied art, were select- wood material is used. Assumedly, the honey-
ed for study. combed head of the handle was also filled with
wood, i.e., the fact of encrustation of metal
The selected artifacts are two daggers (#7232, with wood is obvious.
#7226) and two shield cores (#10299, #10226),
excavated in 1977. All the four studied artifacts Dagger #7232, according to all signs of his-
come from burials, dated back to Bronze Age – torical development, belongs to Colchis-Ko-
XIV-XIII c.c. B.C. ban bronze and, according to chronological
boundaries, also corresponds to this culture. It
Both of the shield cores have the form of semi- indicates to the fact that in parallel to buckles,
sphere. They are moulded using wax method. interesting encrusting, made of glass occurs on
Internal area of the shield core #10299 is filled Caucasian arms.
with grey mass. In shield core #10226 this mass
occurs only in the fissures of open-cast orna-
ment. Assumedly, they were also filled with
moulding sand. The difference between these
two shield cores is only in techniques of manu-
facturing. In the case of the second shield core,
moulding sand is used with two functions, the
first – technological, and the second – using it
as the encrustation material.

948 949
 ani Serozia
saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis
dacvis erovnuli saagento,
muzeumebisa da muzeum-nakrZalebis
samsaxuris TanamSromeli,
xelovnebis mcire nimuSebis
restavracia-konservaciis magistri
ana dvali
saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi,
s. janaSias saxelobis saqarTvelos muzeumi,
arqeologiur-eTnografiuli masalis
sarestavracio kvleviTi laboratoriis konservatori,
qimiis fakultetis bakalavri
didi
mcxeTis
arqeologiuri
muzeum-nakrZalis
eqsponatebis
restavracia-konservacia
artefaqti materialur masalas warmoadgens, ro-
melsac samecniero istoriuli, kulturuli da/an
religiuri mniSvneloba gaaCnia. konservacia koleq-
ciebis dacvis garda, mniSvnelovan adgils ikavebs
maTi Seswavlis procesebSi. dRes ukve naTelia, rom
sakonservacio samuSaoebi arqeologiuri kvlevebis
mniSvnelovani nawilia.
Tanamedrove konservacia interdisci plinarul
codnasa da gamocdilebaze dgas. konservatorisT-
vis mniSvnelovania, rogorc maRali xarisxis ost-
atoba, ise sxvadasxva mecnierebebSi gaTviTcnobier-
eba (qimia, fizika Tu sxva). konservatori muSaobis
procesSi iTvaliswinebs nivTis asaks, masalis bu-
nebas, gamZleobas, dazianebis xarisxs, mis esTetikur
da samecniero mniSvnelobas.
artefaqti atmosferoSi moxvedramde, niadagSi sau-
kuneebisa da aTaswleulebis manZilze imyofeba.
miwaSi yofnisas is sxvadasxva saxis dazianebas
950
(msxvreva, deformacia, daSla da sxv.) ganicdis. miwidan amoRebiT gamowveu-
li garemos mkveTri cvla ki didi stresia nivTisTvis.
sarestavracio-sakonservacio samuSaoebis swori warmarTva nivTis zust
Seswavlazea damokidebuli. arqeologiuri konteqstis codna, garda masa-
lisa da arsebuli mdgomareobis Seswavlisa, aranakleb mniSvnelovania.
`arqeologiuri konteqsti nivTebis urTierTganlagebaSi, raobasa da fun-
qciaSi gamoixateba. ...konteqstis arasworma wakiTxvam da naCqarevma da-
skvnebma SeiZleba seriozul Secdomebamde migviyvanos: SeiZleba Tixis
WurWlis gamoyenebis droindeli, ganzrax gakeTebuli naxvreti SemTxveviT
dazianebad miviRoT da amovavsoT, saritualod ganzrax gaRunuli iaraRi
gavasworoT, ...daumTavrebeli nakeToba dazianebulad CavTvaloT da a.S.~1
konservaciis mTavari mizani nivTis damazianebeli procesebis stabiliza-
ciaa. liTonisTvis umTavres safrTxes koroziuli produqtebi warmoad-
gens, romelic Tavis mxriv sxvadasxva garegnuli saxis, bunebisa da Sedge-
nilobisaa. spilenZis Senadnobebis SemTxvevaSi gvxvdeba rogorc aqtiuri,
ise pasiuri koroziis produqtebi.
spilenZis SenadnobebisTvis yvelaze did safrTxes qlorovani spilenZi
(CuCl) warmoadgens. `is qimiurad aramdgradi da higroskopiulia. haer-
ze iJangeba, hidrolizdeba da gardaiqmneba ZiriTad qloris spilenZad
(CuCl2∙3Cu(OH)2). tenian haerze qlorovani spilenZi iolad moqmedebs li-
Tonur spilenZTan da Slis mas. arqeologiur nivTebze, muzeumSi ganvi-
Tarebul am process, brinjaos muzeumis daavadebas uwodeben.2 koroziis
produqtis zogierTi ti pi garemosa da nivTs Soris damcav fenas qmnis.
am ti pis fenas misi stabiluri bunebis gaTvaliswinebiT, keTilSobil pa-
tinad movixseniebT. is mWidrod ekvris liTonis zedapirs, erTgvarovania
da nivTis formas zedmiwevniT imeorebs. garkveul SemTxvevaSi, koroziis
produqtebi warmodgenilia rogorc nivTis zedapirze, aseve mis siRmeSi,
napralebSi. gvxvdeba iseTi SemTxvevebic, rodesac erT nivTze erTdrou-
lad sxvadasxva saxis koroziis fenebia.
zogadad, koroziis bunebas, erTi mxriv, niadagSi arsebuli garemo, Tavad
Senadnobis masala, misi avTentikuri damuSavebis teqnologia/ebi, xolo
meore mxriv, gaTxrebis Semdgomi (eqsponatebis ganTavsebis adgili - gamo-
fena, fondi an sxv.) garemopirobebis zemoqmedeba gansazRvravs.
Cven ar SegviZlia gavlena viqonioT niadagSi mimdinare movlenebsa da niv-
Tebis dazianebis procesebze,Tumca SegviZlia vakontroloT gaTxrebisa da
misi Semdgomi etapebi. Sesabamisad, sagamofeno sivrcesa Tu sacavSi nivTe-
bisTvis xelsayreli pirobebi unda iyos Seqmnili. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi,
Seusabamo pirobebi safrTxes uqmnis eqsponatebs, xels uwyobs maTze koro-
ziis gaCenas. ukve korodirebul nivTebze mis ganviTarebasa da gavrcelebas,
xolo drouli reagirebis ararsebobisas artefaqtebis mTlianad daSlas.
1 berduku mari-klod, konservacia arqeologiaSi, Tb., 2016, gv. 41
2 qebulaZe n., kalandaZe n., borjomis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumis arqeologiuri liTo-
nis arefaqtebis restavracia da kvleva, muzeumi da kulturuli memkvidreoba, Tb., 2018,
gv. 114
951
 saWiro garemo pirobebis Sesaqmnelad gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos Seno-
bis gare da Sida faqtorebi. gare faqtorebi: regionaluri klimati; Seno-
basTan arsebuli klimati; haeris dabinZurebis xarisxi; ,,wylis SeRwevam
an nestis gazrdam SesaZloa gamoiwvios tenianobis gazrda, Tu Senoba cu-
dad kondicirdeba an cudad aris agebuli; amindis uecarma cvlilebebma
SesaZloa dramatuli cvlileba gamoiwvios, Tu Senoba izolirebuli ar
aris; pirdapirma mzis sxivebma liTonis da minis saxuravebze SesaZloa
gamoiwvios siTbos dagroveba da dReRamuri meryeoba SenobaSi. Sida faq-
torebi: Senobis Sida klimati; mikroklimati... sustma haeris cirkulaciam
an ventilaciam SesaZloa gavlena moaxdinos SenobaSi arsebul pirobebze
(mikroklimati), romelic gansxvavebulia garemomcveli pirobebisgan; gaT-
bobis sistemebi, romlebic mxolod adamianebis komfortisTvisaa CarTuli,
SesaZloa gamoiwvios dRiuri cvalebadoba; damTvalierebeli matebs tens,
gansakuTrebiT wvimis dros (sveli labadebi da qolgebi); garemo pirobeb-
ze gavlenas axdens mravalricxovani damTvalierebeli, damTvalierebel-
Ta asaki _ skolis jgufebi, potenciurad ufro rTulad kontrolireba-
dia garemosTvis, vidre mozardTa turistuli jgufebi an individualuri
damTvalierebeli; „ganaTebam, romelic mimarTulia pirdapir nivTebze, Se-
saZloa warmoqmnas adgilobrivi ubnebi maRali temperaturiT da dabali
tenianobiT; radiatorebi da gamaTbobeli agregatebi, muzeumis nivTebis
siaxloves warmoqmnian dabali fardobiTi tenianobis dones konkretulad
am nivTebisTvis; sagamofeno karadebma, romlebic ZiriTadad gamoyenebulia
ufro xelsayreli garemos Sesaqmnelad, SesaZloa moaxdinon sapirispiro
gavlena: ganviTardes mavne mikro-klimati (sagamofeno karadebis masali-
dan gamomdinare).“ 3
muzeumis sacavebSi temperaturis normas warmoadgens 15-18°C zamTarSi, da
20-25°C zafxulSi. xolo, fardobiTi tenianobis normas 40-55%. temperatu-
ris sadReRamiso ryeva ≤ 2-5°C. tenianobis sadReRamiso ryeva≤≤ 3-5%. tempe-
raturis dasaSvebi sxvaoba zamTarsa da zafxuls Soris aris 10-15°C, xolo
fardobiTi tenianobis SemTxvevaSi 10-15%.
statiaSi ganxilulia, didi mcxeTis arqeologiuri muzeum-nakrZalis li-
Tonis artefaqtebze, saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis arqeologiur-eTno-
grafiuli masalis sarestavracio-kvleviT laboratoriaSi, ganxorciele-
buli sarestavracio-sakonservacio samuSaoebi.4
aRniSnuli artefaqtebi, didi mcxeTis arqeologiur muzeum-nakrZalis
sxva koleqciebTan erTad, 2012 wlidan, axali Senobis reabilitaciis das-
rulebamde, ganTavsebulia mcxeTis qonebis marTvis Senobis nulovan sar-
Tulze.5 miuxedavad imisa, rom nulovan sarTulze fardobiTi tenianobis
3 qebulaZe n.`rogor davicvaT samuzeumo koleqciebi SesaZlo safrTxeebisgan~, 2017, gv. 25
4 2018 wels saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis arqeologiur-eTnografiuli masalis
sarestavracio-kvleviT laboratorias, kvleva-konservaciis mizniT, saqarTvelos
kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis erovnuli saagentos didi mcxeTis arqeologiuri
saxelmwifo muzeum-nakrZalidan 19 nivTi gadaeca. laboratoriaSi Sesul artefaqtebze
muSaobdnen, rogorc erovnuli muzeumis, ise saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis
dacvis erovnuli saagentos restavratorebi. samuSaoebi arqeologiur-eTnografiuli
masalis sarestavracio-kvleviTi laboratoriis xelmZRvanelis q-n nino qebulaZis
xelmZRvanelobiT mimdinareobda
5 didi mcxeTis arqeologiur muzeum-nakrZalis koleqciis mcire nawili s. janaSias
952
maregulirebeli xelsawyoa moTavsebuli, arsebuli monacemebiT, fardobiT
tenianoba 57-65%-ia (wvimian amindSi 72%-mde izrdeba), rac dadgenil nor-
maze (liTonisTvis) gacilebiT maRalia da amasTanave meryevi. Sesabamisad,
temperaturuli normis zRvrebic darRveulia.
didi mcxeTis arqeologiuri muzeum-nakrZalis sxva danarCeni nimuSebidan
statiaSi warmosadgenad SeirCa TerTmeti artefaqti.
1. beWedi - martazisxevi, ax.w. V-VII ss. brinjao, dm – 2,2 sm. sainv. #19024
2. beWedi - martazisxevi, ax.w. V-VII ss. brinjao, sainv. #19065
3. beWedi - martazisxevi, ax.w. V-VII ss. brinjao, sainv. #19029
4. sakinZi - martazisxevi, ax.w. V-VII ss. brinjao, pasta, mina, sigrZe – 6,3 sm.
sainv. #19012
5. samajuri - navdaraanTkari, SemTxveviTi monapovari, elinisturi xana,
rkina, sainv. #26353
6. samajuri - martazisxevi, ax.w. V-VII ss. brinjao, dm – 6 sm. sainv. #19060
7. varduli - (01/10 kulturuli fena), brinjao, dm. 3,4 sm. Zv.w. VIII-VI ss.
sainv. #9282
8. satevari - #16191
9. satevari - (werovnis samarovani, samarxi N#55) - brinjao; sigrZe- 33sm;
taris sigrZe 12sm; piris sigane vadas 6,5 sm; Zv.w. XIV-XIII ss. sainv. #7232
10. satevari - (werovnis samarovani, samarxi N#22) - brinjao; sigrZe-31 sm;
piris sigane vadasTan-2,5 sm; Zv.w. XIV-XIII ss-ebiT. sainv. #7226
11. satevari - (nataxtris samarovani, samarxi N#7) - brinjao; sigrZe-15,5 sm;
udidesi sigane-4sm. Zv.w. III aTaswleulis II naxevari - I aTaswleulis
I naxevari. sainv. #12496. 6
zogadad, yvela nivTi dazianebis ti pis, xarisxis, Tvisebebisa da struqtu-
ris gaTvaliswinebiT, individualur midgomasa da mkurnalobis gansaku-
Trebul meTods saWiroebs.
sarestavracio-sakonservacio samuSaoebis dawyebamde, TiToeul nivTs de-
talurad SeviswavliT. es procesi sxvadasxva RonisZiebas aerTianebs da
umTavres rols asrulebs Semdgomi etapis _ restavracia-konservaciis,
marTebulad ganxorcielebaSi.
pirvelyovlisa, aucilebelia arte-
faqtebis arsebuli mdgomareobis am-
saxveli detaluri fotofiqsacia.
restavratoris mier, sarestavracio
rveulSi keTdeba nivTis zusti gra-
fikuli Canaxati, magaliTad: sur. 1.
misi vizualuri Seswavlis safuZvel-
ze (rogorc SeuiaraRebeli TvaliT,
ise stereoskopuli mikroskopis qveS)
iwereba informacia artefaqtis mdgo-
1
mareobis - dazianebis xarisxisa da
saxelobis saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumSia droebiT sagamofenod warmodgenili
6 artefaqtebis monacemebi warmodgenilia didi mcxeTis arqeologiuri muzeum-
nakrZalis saaRricxvo dokumentaciebis Sesabamisad
953
 gavrcelebis arealis Sesaxeb. amis satevris - #7232 (sur. 7, 8), taris Tav-
Semdeg, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, masze ze, kideebSi mdebare, gansakuTrebiT
tardeba speqtraluri kvleva. lurji feris inkrustaciis garSemo,
SeiniSneba ruxi feris Txeli fena,
restavraciis dawyebamde, laborato- xolo recidivi mcire wertilebis 7 8
riaSi Semosuli nivTebi, maTze mavne saxiT mTlian zedapirzea gavrcele-
2 3 4 qloridebis arsebobis dasadgenad, buli (sur. 9). satevris erT mxares
droebiT movaTavseT tenian kamera- SemorCenilia nivTis pirvandeli saxe
Si. mavne qloridebis arsebobis SemT- da ikiTxeba satevris pirze datanili
xvevaSi, nivTis zedapirze moyviTalo ornamentebi. araerTgvarovan zedapir- 9 10
Seferilobis wveTebi unda warmoq- ze lokalurad gvxvdeba recidivi -
mniliyo, Tumca ukanaskneli arcerT momwvano-mocisfro feris fxvnilise-
5 6 nimuSze ar dafiqsirda. bri nadebi, romelic ornamentirebul
teriotoriaze Warbobs, ris gamoc
Semdgom, nivTebi mikroskopis qveS vizualurad SeviswavleT. nivTis koro- didi nawili dazianebuli da waSli-
lia (sur. 10). meore mxares, satevris 11 12
ziul nawilSi skalpelis wveris msubuqi daWeriT vxvdebiT Jangis fenis
simkvrives, Tu ramdenad mWidro SeWiduloba aqvs mas artefaqtis zedapir- piri, savaraudod wina restavraciis
Tan. aRmoCnda, rom zemoTCamoTvlil nivTebze ganviTarebuli koroziuli procesSi, mTlianad dazianebuli-ga-
produqtebi da niadagovani nadebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli struqtu- daxexili da mosworebulia, ornamen-
risa da simkvrivis iyo. tebi ki mxolod mcire monakveTze
ikiTxeba. aRniSnul ubanze, mTel si-
nivTebis dazianebis xarisxis, koroziis struqturisa da Tvisebebis Ses- grZeze, vrceldeba Savi feris nadebi. 13
wavlis Semdgom, artefaqtebi, Casatarebeli sarestavracio-sakonservacio nivTis tarze, orive mxares, zedapiri
meTodebis mixedviT, davyaviT or jgufad: araerTgvarovania da masze momwvano,
ruxi fxvieri masa gvxvdeba. ornamenti-
I jgufi – meqanikuri wmendis meTodi rebuli piris mxares, taris marcxena
zolSi SeiniSneba lurji feris Txe-
varduli (#9282); rkinis samajuri (#26353); satevari (#16191); (#7232); li fena (sur. 11). miwiT aris amovse-
(#7226); (#12496). buli satevris orive mxares, centrSi
arsebuli, farTo ovaluri Rrmulebi
vardulze warmodgenili nadebi araerTgvarovani iyo, alag-alag fxvieri (sur. 12, 13).
masis, romlis qveSac advilad ikiTxeboda nivTis Tavdapirveli zedapiri.
garkveul wertilebSi koroziis produqtebi SedarebiT mWidrod ekvroda SesaZlebelia vivaraudoT satevarze aRniSnuli nadebebis Semadgenloba,
patinirebul zedapirs, Tumca, meqanikuri (skalpelis meSveobiT) damuSave- maTi vizualisa da imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom satevari spilenZis Senad-
biT nivTidan nadebi srulad moixsna (sur. 2, 3, 4). nobs warmoadgens. kerZod, Savi feris nadebi didi varaudiT aris teno-
riti - CuO; qalkociti - Cu2S; Sindisferi nadebi-kupriti- Cu2O; cisferi
rkinis samajuris struqtura sakmaod myife iyo, erT wertilSi ki sama- nadebi- spertiniti- Cu(OH)2; Ria ruxi nadebi-nantokiti- CuCl; mwvane nadebi
juris rkali erTmaneTs dacilebuli. Tumca nivTis pirveladi burco- – malaqiti - Cu2CO3(OH)2 da a.S. cuocu2o
bebiani forma mkafiod ikiTxeboda. liToni Zlier korozias ganicdida.
zedapirze warmodgenili iyo kirovani nadebi da marilebi. nivTis susti feri Mmineralis dasaxeleba Qqimiuri formula
struqturidan da misi nadebis simkvrividan gamomdinare gadavwyviteT misi
mikroWavluri xelsawyoTi gawmenda, vinaidan am teqnikiT nivTze zewola Savi tenoriti CuOCu2O
sakmaod msubuqia da ar iwvevs Sida vibracias. skalpelis gamoyeneba am qalkociti
SemTxvevaSi aramarTebulad miviCnieT, nadebis mosacileblad Zlieri ze- Sindisferi kupriti Cu2O
wolis saWiroebis gamo. mikroWavluri xelsawyos meSveobiT moixsna kiro- cisferi spertiniti Cu(OH)2
vani nadebis fena da marilebi (sur. 5, 6). georgiti Cu2CO3(OH)2
azuriti Cu2(CO3)2(OH)2
zemoT ganxiluli araxelsayreli garemo pirobebis artefaqtebze cudi Ria ruxi nantokiti CuCl
zemoqmedebis naTel magaliTs warmoadgens oTxi satevari sainventaro mwvane malaqiti Cu2CO3(OH)2
nomrebiT: #7232, #7226, #12496, #16191. dakvirvebis Sedegad dadginda, rom atakamiti Cu2Cl(OH)3
oTxive maTgani adre restavrirebulia, Tumca maTze erTmaneTis msgavsi momwvano-mocisfro eriokalciti CuCl2.2H2O
dazianebebia (wertilovani saxiT gavrcelebuli recidivi) gaCenili. koveliti CuS

954 955
 miuxedavad imisa, rom satevris zeda-
pirze recidivi SeiniSneba, misi res-
tavracia meqanikuri gziT Catarda,
radgan qimiuri gziT wmenda nivTis
zedapirs kidev ufro daazianebda, moa-
Sorebda xis fragmentebs da waSlida
inkrustaciasa da satevarze Semor-
Cenil ornamentebs. meqanikuri gziT
restavraciisas, lancetis saSualebiT,
frTxilad gavwmindeT mxolod reci-
divis wertilebi, miwa, Jangi da sxva
rbili nadebi. miwisgan gavwmindeT
orive mxares tarze arsebuli farTo
ovaluri Rrmulebi (sur. 14, 15). spir-
tiani bamba gamoviyeneT nadebis da-
salbobad an ukve mocilebuli nade-
bis satevris zedapiridan mTlianad
mosaSoreblad. xelSeuxebeli davto-
veT SedarebiT myari zedapiris mqone
nadebebi, inkrustaciis adgilebi da
ornamentebis areali, maTi dazianebis
da saWiro informaciis waSlis Tavi-
dan asarideblad (sur. 16, 17).
satevari, sainv. #7226 (sur. 18), ori na-
wilisgan Sedgeba (ornamentirebuli
Tavis fragmenti da satevari). dak-
virvebis Sedegad dadginda, rom nivTi
qimiuri gziT aris restavrirebuli.
ornamentirebuli Tavis fragmentze
dafiqsirda bambis narCenebi. arsebul
fragmentze gvxvdeba mowiTalo feris
nadebi, romlis qveS recidivi SeiniS-
neba (sur. 19). satevris (# 7226) erT-
erT mxares, taris brtyel nawilze,
aRiniSneba erTi gamWoli naxvreti da
erTi Rrmuli, msgavsi Rrmuli gvxvde-
19
ba imave mxares, satevris piris dasawy-
isSi (sur. 20, 21). aragamWoli Rrmuli
aseve dafiqsirda satevarebze sainv.
#12496 (sur. 22, 23) da #16191 (sur. 24,
25) cal mxares. nivTebs dazianebe-
bic erTmaneTis msgavsi gaaCniaT, ker-
Zod, maT zedapirze lokalurad aris
gavrcelebuli recidivis wertilebi.
samive satevars da satevris frag-
ments erTnairad - meqanikuri gziT
restavracia-konservacia Cautarda
(sur. 26, 27, 28, 29).
II jgufi - kompleqsuri wmendis meTo-
956
di (kompleqsuri wmendisas nivTebi
damuSavda rogorc meqanikuri, ise qi-
miuri wmendis meTodiT).
beWedi - #19024; beWedi - #19065; beWedi -
26 27
#19029; sakinZi - #19012; samajuri - #19060.
pirvel rigSi, gvinda gamovyoT gemiani
beWedi - #19024 (sur. 30). misi masala
saaRricxvo baraTSi aRniSnuli iyo,
28 29 rogorc brinjao. vizualuri Seswav-
lisas beWdis budis Seferilobam da
14 15 faqturam dagvaeWva masalis sisworeSi,
rac dagvidastura X-Ray fluorescen-
tuli analizis Sedegmac. analizis
pasuxma aCvena (analizebis Sedegebi
30 31 32 ix. cxrilSi)7, rom beWdis bude damza-
debuli iyo vercxlisgan da ara spi-
lenZis Senadnobisgan. amavdroulad,
vcdilobdiT beWdis rkalis Tavda-
16 17
pirveli zedapiris gamovlenas, rome-
33 34 35 lic dafaruli iyo mkvrivi JangeuliT,
is mWidrod ekvroda beWdis zedapirs.
Tavdapirvelad vcadeT meqanikurad,
skalpelis meSveobiT gawmenda. maleve
davrwmundiT, rom am meTods SeeZlo
rkalis Tavdapirveli zedapiris da-
36 37 zianeba, dakawvra.
sabolood, misi qimiuri meTodiT da-
18 muSavebis gadawyvetileba miviReT.
beWedi movaTavseT 40 °C-ze gamTbar
titri pleqsisa gamoxdili wylis da
38 39 titri pleqsisa 4%-ian xsnarSi. wmen-
dis procesis Semowmeba permanentu-
lad xorcieldeboda – artefaqti amogvqonda xsnaridan, vwmenddiT rbili
jagrisiT da vakvirdebodiT. Semdgom, isev vabrunebdiT xsnarSi. wmendis
20 21
dros, bude da rkali dascilda erTmaneTs, ris Semdgomac ganvagrZeT mxo-
los rkalis damuSaveba, vinaidan budis zedapiri SedarebiT nakleb iyo
koroziis produqtebiT dafaruli. qimiuri damuSavebisas mniSvnelovania
procesis swor dros Sewyveta. maSin, roca gamoCndeba nivTis Tavdapir-
veli zedapiri. qimiuri wmendis dasrulebis Semdgom, nivTi movaTavseT
gamoxdil wyalSi, romelsac periodulad vcvlidiT neitralur reaqci-
22 23
amde. Semdgom, beWdis zedapiri davamuSaveT meqanikurad, foladis bambis
meSveobiT. beWdis acetoniT gaucximovnebis Semdeg daviwyeT restavraciis
procesi – bude da rkali SevawebeT orkomponentiani epoqsidis, araldi-
24 25 7 analizSi naCvenebi vercxlis (g) maRali maCvenebeli ar niSnavs, rom beWedi
Tavdapirveladve aseTi maRali sinjis vercxliT iyo damzadebuli. am SemTxvevaSi,
spilenZi (Cu), rogorc ufro aqtiuri elementi, zedapirze moeqca da Senadnobis
zedapiri spilenZisgan gaRaribda
957
 tis meSveobiT (sur. 31).
qimiuri wmendis procesebi gaiara danarCenma oTxma artefaqtmac (ori be-
Wedi (sur. 32, 33, 34, 35); sakinZi (sur. 36, 37); samajuri (sur. 38, 39).
TiToeuli nivTi, restavraciis saboloo etapze, deli pidaciis mizniT da-
muSavda acetoniT da konsolidaciisTvis daifara Paraloid B72-is 4%-iani
acetonxsnariT.
yvela nivTi sagangebod ifuTeba da sarestavracio baraTis aslebTan er-
Tad xdeba maTi laboratoriidan gatana.
warmodgenili restavracia-konservaciis magaliTebidan Cans, rom artefaq-
tis gadarCena damokidebulia araerT faqtorze, rogoricaa Tavad nivTis
arsebuli mdgomareoba, swori diagnostika, mkurnalobis meTodebis zusti
gansazRvra da ganxorcieleba.

aqve gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom samuzeumo standartebis Sesabamisad, zemoT aR-

werili restavracia-konservaciisas gamoyenebuli yvela masala Seqcevadia.

zemoT CamoTvlil TiToeul nivTze Catarda X-Ray fluorescentuli ana-

lizi. analizis Sedegebma aCvena, rom satevrebi, nomriT #7232, 7226, da 12496,
brinjaosganaa damzadebuli. rac Seexeba artefaqtebs - beWdebi #19065;
#19029; sakinZi #19012; samajuri #19060, isini ara brinjaos, aramed TiT-
brisganaa damzadebuli. brinjaos SemTxvevaSi spilenZis ZiriTadi malegi-
rebeli elementebia kala (Sn) da dariSxani (As), xolo TiTbris SemTxveva-
Si TuTia (Zn) (ix. cxrili).

dasaxeleba sainv. # Cu Zn Pb Sn As Fe Ag Au

beWedi #19024 9,405% - 0,304% - - - 89,073% 1,218%

beWedi #19065 83,273% 15,885 2,736% 3,169% - 1,613% 0,842% -

beWedi #19029 82,643% 16,117% - 0,828% - - 0,572% -
sakinZi #19012 89,503% 8,614% 0,091% 0,457% 0,632% 0,162% 0,482% -
samajuri #19060 78,701% 18,166% 2,463% - - - 0,670% -
satevari #7232 94.841% 0.224% 4.236% 0.270% 0.429%
(satevris
piri) - - -

satevari #7232 90.162% 0.413% 8.579% 0.368% 0.478%

(satevris
tari) - - -

satevari #7226 77.72% 0.157% 21.41% 0.319% 0.38%

(satevris
Tavi) - - -

satevari #7226 77.265% 0.045% 21.6% 0.47% 0.527%

(satevris
piri) - - -

satevari #12496 78.598% 20.954% 0.448%

- - - - -
40 41
sarestavracio samuSaoebis dasrulebis Semdeg xdeba restavrirebuli ar-
tefaqtebis fotofiqsacia da TiToeuli maTganisTvis sarestavracio bar-
aTis momzadeba. sarestavracio baraTSi iwereba: nivTis laboratoriaSi
Semosvlis TariRi; maTi mdgomareoba; zoma, wona; Catarebuli sarestavra-
cio samuSaoebi; restavraciisTvis gamoyenebuli masala da emateba, restav-
raciamde da Semdgom, artefaqtebis foto-masala (sur. 40, 41).

958 959
 Ani Sherozia
National Agency for Cultural Heritage Preservation Georgia,
Museums and Museum-Reserves Unit, Employee
Master of Fine Arts in Restoration/Conservation
of Small-Size Art Pieces
Ana Dvali
Georgian National Museum,
S. Janashia Museum of Georgia,
Restoration-Research Laboratory
of Archaeological and Ethnographic Objects,
Conservator, Bachelor of Sciences in Chemistry

RESTORATION
AND CONSERVATION
OF EXHIBITS
OF THE
GREAT MTSKHETA
ARCHAEOLOGICAL
MUSEUM-RESERVE
Archaeological Museum-Reserve of Great them in improper environmental conditions.
Mtskheta is remarkable for its diverse and in-
teresting materials. Restoration methods were selected with con-
sideration of condition, level of damage and
Collections of Mtskheta Museum include va- nature of each item. The artifacts were studied
riety of metal, as well as other (ceramic, glass, visually (with unarmed eye and using binocu-
etc.) artifacts, having extremely high histori- lar) and based on the results of spectral X-Ray
cal-cultural significance. Consequently, stor- fluorescent analysis.
age of the exhibits in proper conditions, their
timely restoration-conservation and study is According to results of analyses, it was estab-
necessary for their preservation and retention. lished that the components of several artifacts
hadn’t been entered correctly in the passports.
The article presents restoration-conservation Rings #19065, #19029; brooch #19012;
works, performed on metal (iron, copper alloys) bracelet #19060 were not made of bronze but
artefacts of the Great Mtskheta Archaeological brass, and ring #19024 – of silver. As for dag-
Museum-Reserve, in Restoration-Research gers, their bronze structure was confirmed.
Laboratory of Archaeological-Ethnographic
Materials of the Georgian National Museum, In addition to restoration-conservation works,
using various methods (mechanical, complex). which, in their turn, ensure long-term preser-
vation of artifacts and termination of the on-
Certain part of the items, which were received going damage processes, in our opinion, the
in the laboratory (daggers #16191, #7232, conducted researches clearly demonstrate the
#7226, #12496) and restored earlier, had sim- importance of restoration-conservation role in
ilar damages – locally spread points of relapse, the studying of museum collections.
which, obviously, were conditioned by keeping

960 961
 nino qebulaZe konservaciis oTxi done arsebobs: 1. pasiuri konservacia; 2. nawilobrivi
konservacia; 3. sruli konservacia; 4. gamofenis standarti – es done gan-
saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi, xorcielda Semosul masalaze [8:3-4].
arqeologiuri da eTnografiuli
masalis sarestavracio-kvleviTi Tavdapirvelad, laboratoriaSi Semusul yvela (500 erTeuli) artefaqts
laboratoriis xelmZRvaneli, Cautarda fotofiqsacia da moxda maTi vizualuri daTvalireba (binoku-
istoriis doqtori lari).
nino kalandaZe
saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi, masalis mixedviT nivTebi 9 jgufad daiyo: 1. oqro; 2. oqro + vercxli/rki-
restavracia-konservaciis samecniero na/qva/mina/Zvali; 3. vercxli; 4. vercxli + qva/mina; 5. spilenZis Senadnobi;
6. mina/pasta; 7. qva (Zvirfasi, naxevradZvirfasi); 8. Zvali; 9. sadafi.
institutis xelmZRvaneli,
istoriis doqtori
yvela eqsponati saWiroebda gawmendas, nawili - restavracias.

vizualurma daTvalierebam cxadyo, rom nawili eqsponatebis masala (li-

"saganZuri Toni, qva, mina) arasworad iyo gansazRvruli da Semdgom, oficialur doku-
mentebSi dafiqsirebuli!!! amitom, aucilebeli gaxda damatebiTi RonisZie-
mcxeTis bebis gatareba: 1. speqtruli analizi /liToni/; 2. Sesabamisi specialistis
mowveva /qva, mina/; 3. miRebul Sedegebze dayrdnobiT oqmis gaformeba; 4.
muzeumidan" - dokumentaciaSi Sesworebis Setana.

eqspoziciis qvis da minis zusti identificirebisTvis, Cveni rekomendaciiT, saqarTve-

los kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis erovnulma saagentom moiwvia teq-
momzadeba nikuri universitetis mineralogi, profesori n. foforaZe.

da Semdgomi liTonis qimiuri Sedgenilobis analizebi, laboratoriaSi arsebuli ara-

destruqciuli rentgenofluorescentuli ElvaX-speqtrometriT ganisazRv-
ra.
rekomendaciebi1
analizi Cautarda saeWvo 4 eqsponats: 1. sarke (#22130); 2. sarke (#22119); 3.
abzinda (#22124); 4. abzinda (#4612).
saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis
erovnuli saagentos didi mcxeTis arqeologiuri es nivTebi gatarebuli iyo rogorc Zvirfasi liToni–vercxli (cxrili 1)
muzeum-nakrZalis koleqciis, s. janaSias saqarTve- kvlevebma Cveni eWvebi daadastura. artefaqtebi spilenZis Senadnobisgan
los muzeumis saganZurSi droebiTi eqsponirebisT- damzadebuli aRmoCnda.
vis, 2016 wlis 3 marts, muzeumis arqeologiuri da
eTnografiuli masalis sarestavracio-kvleviT la- cxrili 1. arqeologis mier Catarebuli analizi (TvaliT)
boratoriaSi 500 eqsponati Semovida.
inv.# dasaxeleba masala warmomavloba maxasiaTeblebi periodi
muzeumis laboratoria 1932 wlidan funqcioni-
4612 abzinda vercxli samTavro, samarxi #173 8,88gr III-IVss
rebs. igi erTaderTi centria saqarTveloSi, sadac
wlebis ganmavlobaSi kompleqsurad warmoebs ar- 22119 sarke vercxli samTavro, samarxi #981 2,91gr d-7,5x8,5sm IIIs
qeologiuri da eTnografiuli masalis kvleva da 22130 sarke vercxli samTavro, samarxi #984 d-12,2sm II-IIIss
Tanamedrove msoflio sarestavracio praqtikaSi 22124 abzinda vercxli samTavro, samarxi #982 2,18gr; d-1,4sm; III-IVss
danergili meTodebiT restavracia-konservacia.
rogorc analizebma aCvena, nivTebi spilenZis sxvadasxva Senadnobisganaa
damzadebuli: #22130-kaliani brinjao (Cu-Sn), #22119-kaliani brinjao (Cu-
Sn-Pb), #22124 - TiTberi (Cu-Zn-Sn), #4612 -kaliani brinjao (Cu-Zn-Sn-As)
(cxrili 2).
1 naSromi pirvelad gamoqveynda saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis er-
ovnuli saagentos sakonferencio masalebis krebulSi `muzeumi da kulturuli memkv-
idreoba“ 2017, gv. 289-300

962 963
 cxrili 2. speqtruli analizis Sedegebi restavracia-konservacia
analizis Z n P b spilenZis Senadnobi
№ dasaxeleba warmomavloba inv.№ Cu % As % Sn %
№ % %

samTavro,
1 sarke 16-144 22130 71.82 27.42 0.77 spilenZis Senadnobisagan damzadebu-
samarxi #984
li nivTebze nadebis fenebs #22130
sarkis magaliTze ganvixilavT.
samTavro,
2 sarke 16-148 22119 53.84 42.12 4.05 sarkeze, nawilobrivi koroziis fena, sarkis koroziuli fenebi
samarxi #981 romelic Senadnobis arakorodire-
buli narCenebis koroziis produ-
samTavro, qtebTan rTuli gadaxlarTvaa, Savi
3 abzinda 16-147 22124 89.91 2.1 6.93 ferisaa. fenis Savi Seferva spilen-
samarxi #982 Zis [II] oqsidis CuO-s (1) arsebobiTaa
ganpirobebuli. zogadad, myarsa da
korodirebul liTons Soris mkafio
samTavro, sazRvari ar arsebobs.
4 abzinda 16-145 4612 73.97 2.03% 16.06 7.91
samarxi #173
niadagovani koroziis Sedegad nadebs sarkeebi da abzindebi restavraciis
rTuli qimiuri Sedgeniloba aqvs. Semdeg
speqtrulma analizma aCvena, sarkeze
msgavsi da sxva gaugebrobebis Tavidan asacileblad, aucilebelia arqeo- ZiriTadi masa spilenZisa da kalis
logi iyenebdes termins-spilenZis Senadnobi. restavratori da arqeologi SenaerTebia. tenian kameraSi testma
unda muSaobdnen SeTanxmebulad. arqeologma unda icodes ra SeiZleba qloris ionebis arseboba daadastura.
gaukeTdes nivTebs velze, ra unda damuSavdes sarestavracio laborato- es, nawilobriv koroziis fenaSi gan-
riaSi. rogorc wesi: lagebuli moTeTro-momwvano feris
qlorovani spilenZi CuCl-minerali
1. dauSvebelia, araspecialisti (arqeologi, fondis mcveli, sxv.) TviTne- nantokitia (2). is qimiurad aramdgra-
burad atarebdes restavracias!!! di da higroskopulia. haerze wylis
orTqlis arsebobisas igi iJangeba da abzinda restavraciamde da restavraci-
2. dauSvebelia, araspecialisti (arqeologi, fondis mcveli, sxv.) sazRvrav- hidrolizdeba, gardaiqmneba ZiriTa- is Semdeg
des liTonisgan an qvisgan damzadebuli artefaqtebis Semadgenlobas. di spilenZis mwvane qloridad - Cu-
SecdomiT dadgenilma masalam SesaZloa momavalSi didi gaugebroba Cl2·3Cu(OH)2-mineral atakamitad (3).
gamoiwvios!!!
sarkis zedapiruli nadebis Sua da gare fena, romlebic nawilobrivi ko-
3. rogorc wesi: ar SeiZleba mecnierebis sxva dargebis (qimia, mineralo- roziis fenaSia ganTavsebuli, im SenaerTebisgan Sedgeba, romlebic krista-
gia da a.S.) gverdis avla da miTumetes, araspecialistebis mier mecnie- luri struqturiTa da SemadgenlobiT spilenZis bunebrivi mineralebis
ruli daskvnebis gakeTeba!!!! identuria. sarkis koroziis Sua fenis fuZea minerali kupriti (spilenZis
[I] oqsidi Cu2O) (4), romelic Sindisferia. kupritis masaSi, rogorc wesi,
SnO2–is fenebi gvxvdeba, romlebic SedgenilobiT mineral kasiterits Se-
esabameba [1:498].

arqeologiuri liTonisTvis yvelaze damRupvels, qloris ioni warmoda-

gens. Tu eqsponatze spilenZis qloridi fiqsirdeba aucilebelia misi
moSoreba, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi droTa ganmavlobaSi SesaZloa nivTi
mTlianad daiSalos.

sarkeebi (#22130; #22119) da abzindebi (#22124; #4612), qloris ionebis aRmo-

saCenad, 24 saaTiT movaTavseT rozenbergis kameraSi. sarkeebze dafiqsirda
Seferili wveTebi, rac qloris arsebobis damadasturebelia. აbzindebze
wveTebi ar dafiqsirebula.

964 965
 Catarebul analizebsa da kvlevebze dayrdnobiT, SeirCa wmendis kompleq- vaSoreT almasis borebiT. procedu-
suri (qimiuri+meqanikuri) meTodi. yvela nivTi individualurad moTavsda ra ramdenjerme gavimeoreT. gawmendis
40°-mde SemTbar xsnarSi: Titriplex + H2O (gamoxdili) (40g+1l). dasrulebis Semdeg Rero daifara Pa-
raloid B72-is 4%-iani acetonxsnariT.
periodulad, eqsponatebi, gamdinare wylis qveS jagrisiT iwmindeboda da
ideboda axal xsnarSi. Gawmendis dasrulebis Semdeg nivTebi moTavsda
gamoxdil wyalSi. oqro
wylis ganaxleba neitralur reaqciamde warmoebda. Semdgom, TermostatSi
gamSrali ori abzinda, kvlav gaiwminda jagrisiT da daifara Paraloid B72– №4492 yelsabami iyo daSlili. yvela
is 4%-iani acetonxsnariT: 400gr Paraloid B72+1,5l acetoni. nawili Tavdapirvelad meqanikurad yelsabami restavraciis Semdeg
spirtiani tamponebiT gaiwminda. Sem-
sarkeebi saWiroebda restavracias. SemakavSireblad gamoviyeneT orkompo- dgom moxda yelsabamis restavracia.
nentiani epoqsidi: Araldite AY2020+ Hardener HY2020 (3:1). Araldite AY2020 daedo Tvliani oqros budis jaWvTan gadab-
did sarkes sarCuladac. restavrirebuli sarkeebi konservirda Paraloid ma moxda Tavisive-oqros (1) da axa-
B72-is 4%-iani acetonxsnariT. li-TiTberis (2) Reroebis daxmarebiT,
romlis boloebzec polieTilenis
milakebi (3) iqna wamocmuli da mima-
vercxli grebuli. jaWvis gawyvetili nawilebi
erTmaneTs ZuiT (4) gadaeba.

vercxlis abzinda #22124 spilenZis

JangeulebiT da karbonatebiT iyo da-
faruli, spilenZis Senadnobis sarkee-
bis msgavsad, isic kompleqsonis xsna-
riT gaiwminda da analogiuri gziT
moxda misi gawmenda-konservaciac.
vercxlis nivTebis meore jgufi, da-
moneta restavraciamde da restavraci- faruli vercxlis qloridebiT da
is Semdeg
sulfidebiT (mag. moneta #2343) mo-
Tavsda amoniumis rodanidis (NH4CNS)
10%-ian xsnarSi. periodulad, gamdinare wylis qveS jagrisiT iwmindeboda.
gawmendis dasrulebis Semdgom moxda NH4CNS-is gamoxdili wyliT ganei-
traleba. gawmendili nivTebi TermostatSi gaSra. zedapiri gaiwminda me-
qankurad da acetoniT gaucximovnda. bolos nivTebi Paraloid B72-is 4%-iani
acetonxsnariT daifara.
rkina
ZvlisTaviani sakinZis (#4641) rkinis
Rero, sruliad daJanguli da oTx na-
wilad iyo gatexili. Reros damuSave-
ba Tavdapirvelad abraziuli WavliT
moxda. abrazivad gamoviyeneT korun-
dis qviSa (Al2O3). Semdeg fragmentebi
gavJRinTeT aralditis, gamamyareblis
sakinZi restavraciamde da restavraci-
is Semdeg da acetonis (5:1:0,5) nareviT. saSrob
karadaSi (TermostatSi) 50°C–ze gaS-
robis Semdeg koroziuli nadebi mo-
№4823 sakidebi, Tavdapirvelad spir- saeqspoziciod momza-debuli yelsa-
bami
tiT gaiwminda. eqspoziciisTvis sa-
surveli formis misacemad, sakidebi
aewyo specialur mavTulze (2) da bo-
loebi damagrda samagriT (1). mavTuls
da samagrs Cautarda speqtruli ana-
lizi. orive maTgani melxiorisganaa
damzadebuli: 80,41%- Cu; 19,59% -Ni.
mina, qva, Zvali
minis, qvis da Zvlisgan damzadebuli
eqsponatebi meqanikurad gaiwminda
eTilis spirtSi (C2H5OH) CaZirviT, ja-
grisis da saWiroebisamebr, lancetis Tasi restavraciamde da restavraciis
Semdeg
gamoyenebiT. kargad gamSral nivTebs
(qvis garda), Cautarda paraloid B72-
is 4%-iani acetonxsnariT konserva-
cia.
minis Tasi №6159 laboratoriaSi Se-
mosvlisas iyo ukve Sewebebuli, na-
kluli da dafaruli irizaciis da
WuWyis nadebiT. Tasi Tavdapirvelad
kargad gaiwminda meqanikurad, spirtis
da acetonis gamoyenebiT. Semdeg mox- firfita restavra-ciamde da restavra-
da nakluli adgilebis Sevseba, risT- ciis Semdeg

966 967

beWedi #6725
visac, arsebuli mTeli zedapiridan xdeboda silikoniT formis aReba,
Sesavseb adgilze morgeba da damagreba. nakluli sivrcis Sevsebas vax-
dendiT silikonSi Araldit2020-is SeSvebiT, saineqcio nemsis gamoyenebiT. 24
saaTis Semdeg vxsnidiT silikons. dasrulebuli WurWeli kvlav gaiwminda
da konservirda Paraloid B72-is 4%-iani acetonxsnariT.
Zvlisgan damzadebuli (#21450) eqsponati iyo damtvreuli da saWiroebda
restavracias. Tavdapirvelad fragmentebi spirtiT gaiwminda. moZiebuli
nawilebi Sewebda Paraloid B72-is 20%-iani acetonxsnariT. nivTi Paraloid B72-is
4%-iani acetonxsnariT konservirda da damagrda gamWvirvale plastikat-
ze, romelic Semdeg eqsponatis napirebis formaze zustad SemoiWra.
yvela eqsponatze samuSaoebis dasrulebis Semdeg Sedga individualuri
da krebsiTi sarestavracio baraTebi.
TiToeul individualuri sarestavracio baraTs aqvs nomeri. baraTis erT
mxares ganTavsebulia eqsponatis saxeli, inventaris nomeri, informacia ma-
salis, damuSavebis Semdeg Senaxvis adgilis, nivTis zomis, wonis, gaTxrebis
procesSi fiqsaciis, miRebisas mdgomareobis, nadebi/depozotis, dazianebis
gavrcelebis, pirveladi restavraciis, aslis/yalibis arsebobis, fotoebis
saerTo raodenobis/firis #-is Sesaxeb. aqvea zogadi SeniSvnebi da eqspo-
natis fotoebi restavraciamde da restavraciis Semdeg.
baraTis meore mxares mocemulia damuSavebis dawyebis da dasrulebis
TariRi, restavratoris xelmowera, nivTze Catarebuli samuSaoebis aRwera,
romelic moicavs informacias: pirveladi gamagrebis (nivTiereba), wmendis
meTodis (meqanikuri, qimiuri da a.S), gamagrebis, inhibitoriT damuSavebis,
deli pidaciis, konservaciis dros gamoyenebuli nivTierebebis, gamoyenebu-
li weboebis, Semavseblebis da saRebavebis Sesaxeb. aqvea zogadi SeniSvnebi.
krebsiT sarestavracio baraTSi gaerTianda oqrosgan (103 erTeuli) da
qvisgan (20 erTeuli) damzadebuli eqsponati. maTze erTi ti pis, am SemTx-
vevaSi, mxolod gawmendiTi samuSaoebi Catarda.
eqspoziciamde momzadda yvela gemis grafikuli gamosaxuleba (mag. #6725).
968
instalaciamde TiToeul eqsponatze, or calad Sedga daculobis aqti.
sul 968 aqti momzadda.
daculobis aqtis erT mxares aris: nivTis dasaxeleba,inventaris nomeri,zoma,
wona, erTeulis raodenoba. mocemulia informacia: nivTis mudmivi Senaxvis
adgilis,damzadebis TariRis,warmomavlobis,mopovebis adgilis,restavraci-
is, zogadi mdgomareobis, dazianebis ti pis (struqturuli, zedapiruli, bi-
ologiuri) Sesaxeb. aqvea baraTis Sevsebis TariRi, Semavseblis saxeli da
gvari, adgili damatebiTi SeniSvnebisTvis baraTis meore mxares fiqsirdeba
Cambareblis da gamofenaze mimRebis xelmowerebi da TariRi. baraTs erT-
vis nivTis fotoebi, sadac dawvrilebiT aris aRniSnuli yvela dazianeba.
gamofenaze instalaciisas da moxsnisas nivTi mowmdeba, raime cvlilebis
SemTxvevaSi, emateba SeniSvna da xelmowerebiT xdeba gadabareba.
Semdgomi rekomendaciebi
eqspoziciaze warmodgenili eqsponatebi sxvadasxva masalisganaa (liToni,
mina, Tixa, Zvali, sadafi da qva) damzadebuli. isini Senaxvisa da movlis
gansxvavebul pirobebs moiTxovs.
samuzeumo eqsponatebze uaryofiTi gavlenis mqone mTavari faqtorebia:
fardobiTi tenianoba, temperatura, sinaTle, mikroorganizmebi, haeris dama-
binZureblebi.
dRes-dReobiT, msoflios yvela muzeumi aqcentirebulia dazianebis pre-
venciaze. myari konstruqciis, kargad dagegmarebul-agebuli Senobas xSi-
rad koleqciebisTvis srulad misaRebi garemo aqvs, Tundac iq ar iyos
haeris maregulirebeli danadgarebi. Senoba, romelic sqeli qvis kedlebi-
Taa nagebi an forovani aguris konstruqciiT da aqvs maRali Weri uzrun-
velyofs karg izolacias klimaturi cvlilebebis winaRmdeg.
pirobebis gamokeTeba sacavisaTvis da koleqciebis gamofenisaTvis Se-
saZloa TviTon SenobaSi Sesaferisi sacavis da sagamofeno sivrceebis
gamonaxviT da Senobis maxasiaTeblebis gamoyenebiT pirobebis gansazR-
vrisaTvis.
didi mcxeTis arqeologiur saxelmwifo muzeum-nakrZalSi daculia kul-
turuli memkvidreobis moZravi Zeglebi, romelTa dacva samuzeumo saqmia-
nobis mniSvnelovani da prioritetuli aspeqtia. reabilitirebuli mcxe-
Tis muzeumis saerTo strategiis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani nawili, SesaZlo
riskisTvis mzadyofna unda iyos. riskis analizi da misi zemoqmedebis
Serbileba uzrunvelyofs mwiri resursebis ukeTes gamoyenebas da mcxe-
Tis muzeumis koleqciebis sicocxlis gaxangrZlivebisTvis optimaluri
pirobebis Seqmnas.
axali samuzeumo sivrcis zonirebas, win unda uswrebdes Senobis klimatis
grZelvadiani monitrongi, raTa dadgindes uzrunvelyofs Tu ara Senoba
karg izolacias. Mmsgavsi monitoringi saSualebas mogvcems zustad ganv-
969
 sazRvroT koleqciebis sacavebis mdebaroeba, masalis specifikidan gamom- aramgrZnobiare masala araorganuli masala liToni, qva, keramika,
dinare.Mkargad dagegmili da organizebuli sacavis sivrce uzrunvelyofs mina L
nivTebis dacvas da xelmisawvdomobas. kargi sacavi mTavari komponentia dabali mgrZnobelobis ma- Tanamedrove plsatmasi, rezini, saRebavebi,
prevenciuli konservaciis praqtikaSi. kargad dagegmili da organizebu- sala romlebic Seicavs gamosxivebis stabiliza-
li sacavi amcirebs nivTis dazianebis safrTxes [4:155-156]. Dkoleqciebis torebs
dazianeba minimumamde iqneba dayvanili, Tu iqneba: saSualo mgrZnobelobis xe, ferwera, spilos Zvali, Zvali, Sali, bam-
masala ba, abreSumi
• sacavis Sesabamisi aRWurviloba
• mopyrobis kargi praqtika; maRali mgrZnobelobis ma- zeTis ferwera fotosensitiuri pigmentebiT
sala (TuTiis TeTri, titaniumis TeTri). foto, qa-
• efeqturi usafrTxoeba da saxanZro usafrTxoeba; Raldi.
• Sesaferisi garemo pirobebi; Zalian maRali mgrZnobe- zogierTi dabali xarisxis qaRaldi, rogo-
• mavneblebisgan Tavisufali garemo da IPM-integrirebuli mavneblebis lobis ricaa gazeTi
menejmenti [5:1-8]. masala

axali muzeumebisTvis sacavis sivrcis dagegmarebis problema, Zvel mu-

zeumebSi ki maTi gafarToebis problema SeiZleba sxvadasxvagvarad ga-
daiWras. momavali gafarToebis mizniT, SeiZleba Tavidanve ufro didi
farTi dagegmardes. meore gza aris damatebiTi sivrcis mopoveba maRali
Weris dagegmarebiT da momavalSi antresolis CaSenebiT.

mcxeTis rebilitirebuli muzeumisTvis sagamofeno karadebis dasamza-

deblad unda gamoviyenoT saeqspozicio nivTisaTvis ,,usafrTxo” masala
[2:164-170]. sakmarisi dro unda iyos gamoyofili imisaTvis rom, karadis
asagebad gamoyenebuli webo, Semkvreli, saRebavi Tu sxva mosapirkeTebeli
masala kargad gaSres. mxolod amis Semdeg SeiZleba sagamofeno eqspona-
tis karadaSi ganTavseba da germetulad daxurva.

sagamofeno karadebisTvis gamosayenebeli masalis kvlevaSi dagvexmareba bibliografia

e.w. odi testi [7:138-153]. minis cecxlgamZle WurWelSi vaTavsebT sakvlev
masalas (mag. mdf) da aqve tenis misaRebad Tavsdeba mcire zomis wyliani
konteineri. amave WurWelSi unda moTavsdes liTonis nimuSi (Cu, Al, Ag, Pb
da sxva). WurWeli unda gaxurdes 60°C–mde. 28 dRis Semdeg xdeba nimuSebis
Semowmeba. Tu liTonis nivTebma ar ganicada cvlileba, maSin saqme gvaqvs
usafrTxo masalasTan. xolo, Tu liTonma saxe icvala (korozia, gamuqeba),
es imis maniSnebelia, rom garkveuli drois gavlis Semdgom, nivTis Senax-
visaTvis gamoyenebulma masalam, SeiZleba safrTxe Seuqmnas artefaqtebs.
nebismieri muzeumis srulyofili funqcionirebisaTvis aucilebelia ga-
naTebis swori marTva. unda gvaxsovdes, rom gamofenisTvis arsebobs gana-
Tebis oTxi safexuri:
• 15 luqsi mxolod usafrTxoebisTvis, rodesac gamofena daketilia
• 50 luqsi mgrZnobiare nivTebisTvis
• 200 luqsi naklebad mgrZnobiare nivTebisTvis
• 250-300 luqsi gamofenis instalaciisa da deinstalaciis dros [3; 6:
3-16].
1. qebulaZe n., Zigua n., goginaSvili n., ar-
qeologiuri da eTnografiuli spilen-
Zis Senadnobebis kvleva da restvra-
cia-konservaciis meTodebis SedarebiTi
analizi. saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeu-
mis moambe. sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa
seria VIIL(52-B). Tb., 2016
2. Cecily M., Grzywacz & Norman H., Tennent. Pol-
lution Monitoring in Storage and Display Cabinets:
Carbonyl Pollutant Levels in Relation to Artifact
Deterioration.” In IIC Ottawa Congress: Preventive
Conservation Practice, Theory and Research, Edit-
ed by Roy Ashok and Perry Smith. London: Inter-
national Institute for Conservation of Historic and
Artistic Works, 1994
3. Christopher C., “Damage to Museum Objects Due
to Light Exposure.” CIBSE National Lighting Con-
ference, 1996
4. Hillberry J.D., Weinburg. S.K. Museum Collec-
tion Storage in Care of Collections. (edited by S.J.
Knell). New York 1994
5. Jessup, W.C., Integrated pest management into op-
eration. Collect. Caretaker 1998
6. Michalski, S., “Damage to Museum Objects by
Visible Radiation (Light) and Ultraviolet Radia-
tion (UV)”. In, Lighting in Museums, Galleries and
Historic Houses. London: Museums Association,
UKIC, and Group of Designers and Interpreters for
Museums, 1987
7. Sheng W., Lingdong K., Zhisheng A., Jianmin C.,
Laimin W., Xinguang Z., An Improved Oddy Test
Using Metal Films. Studies in Conservation. Volu-
me 56. Issue 2. 2011
8. Watkinson D., Virginia N., First Aid For Finds.
Published by RESCUE-The British Archaeological
Trust and Archaeology Section of the United King-
dom Institute for Conservation with The Museum of
London. 2001

970 971
 Nino Kebuladze
Georgian National Museum,
Chief of the Restoration-Research Laboratory
of Archaeological and Ethnographic Objects Restoration,
Doctor of History
Nino Kalandadze
Georgian National Museum,
Chief of the Restoration and Conservation Scientific Institution,
Doctor of History

“TREASURY
FROM MTSKHETA
MUSEUM” – PREPARATION
OF EXHIBITION
AND FURTHER
RECOMMENDATIONS
About 500 exhibits of the collection of the Great
Mtskheta Archaeological Museum-Reserve
of the National Agency for Cultural Heritage
Preservation of Georgia was delivered to Res-
toration-Research Laboratory of Archaeologi-
cal and Ethnographic Materials of S. Janashia
Museum of Georgia of Georgian National Mu-
seum for temporary exhibition in the Georgian
National Museum, in early 2016. The Muse-
um’s laboratory, which operates since 1932, is
the only center in Georgia, where the complex
study of archaeological and ethnographic ma-
terials and their restoration is implemented,
based on the methods, introduced in modern
global restoration practice.
misunderstandings, it is necessary for the ar-
chaeologist/fund keeper to use the term – cop-
per alloy.
According to the materials, the items were di-
vided in 9 groups. The composition of deposi-
tion was studied for each item and individual
method of restoration-conservation was cho-
sen.
Upon completion of works on all exhibits, 333
individual and one cumulative (for 123 exhib-
its, cleaned by one method) restoration cards
(each card was prepared in two copies) were
made.

During eight months, all the artifacts step-by-
step underwent: photo-fixation, study, clean-
ing, restoration, conservation. Materials of part
of the exhibits had been incorrectly defined
and entered in official documents, that were
delivered in Museum!!! The materials were
identified by relevant specialists, on the basis
of analyses.
Before exposition, sketches of all images, ex-
isting on gemma, were made and preservation
acts were made for each exhibit.
The exhibits, presented on the exposition are
made of different materials. Consequently, fur-
ther recommendations for preservation of the
exhibits are provided in the article.

The analyses showed, that part of the items, Attention shall be focused on damaging factors
registered as silver, were made of different cop- and prevention of the damage.
per alloys. In order to avoid similar and other

972 973
974 975
 saqarTvelo - Rvinis
samSoblo

976 977
 iulon gagoSiZe
saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi,
mecnier-konsultanti,
istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori

mevenaxeoba - meRvineobis
rvaaTasi weli
saqarTveloSi
saeqspozicio koncefcia

saqarTvelos tyeebSi dRemde SemorCenilia veluri

vazi (Vitis sylvestris), rac safuZvels iZleva vamtkicoT,
rom vazis domestikacia SeiZleboda adgilobriv
momxdariyo. arqeobotanikuri monacemebi gviCvenebs,
rom es marTlac aq moxda: saqarTveloSi aRmoCe-
nilia ukve kulturuli vazis (Vitis Vinifera) wi pwebi,
romlebic yvelaze Zvelia msoflioSi da miekuTvne-
ba neoliTis xanas. am periodis agrikulturis sa-
fuZvelia saqarTvelos teritoriaze botanikurad
ukve diferencirebul kulturul mcenareTa far-
ToO asortimenti: maRalganviTarebuli xorblis,
qeris, parkosani kulturebis arseboba mwarmoeblu-
ri meurneobis xangrZliv winaistorias adasturebs
(radiokarbonuli TariRebi: 7662-7868 cal BP; 7690-
7775 cal BP). vazis wi pwebi aRmoCenilia saqarTvelos
brinjaos xanis Zeglebzec q.w. IV-II aTaswleulebSi.
q.w. II aTaswleulidan paleobotanikur monacemebSi
gvxvdeba vazis sasufre jiSebic, rac kulturuli
vazis evoluciis Semdgom etaps gulisxmobs.

saqarTvelo gamoirCeva kulturuli vazis jiSebis

mravalferovnebiT (saqarTveloSi 500-mde saRvine
da sufris jiSia cnobili), maT Soris SemorCenil-
ia orsaxliani jiSebic, rac Sualeduri rgolia
evoluciis procesSi velursa da kulturul vazs
Soris: kulturuli vazis jiSebis absoluturi um-
ravlesoba, veluri vazisgan gansxvavebiT, erTsax-
liania. vazis qarTuli jiSebis saxelwodebebi, ro-
gorc wesi, im mikrozonasTan aris dakavSirebuli,
sadac esa Tu is jiSia gavrcelebuli, rac mis adg-
ilobriv warmoSobaze metyvelebs.

mevenaxeobisa da meRvineobis istoriam asaxva hpova

qarTul enaSi da saqarTvelos materialur da suli-
er kulturaSi (arqeologia, eTnografia, miTologia,
kulti,xelovneba,folklori). qarTul enaSi warmod-
genilia mevenaxeoba-meRvineobasTan dakavSirebuli

978 979
 mdidari originaluri terminologia. sityva `Rvino~ mraval sxva enaSi
qarTulidan aris nasesxebi.
saqarTvelo erTaderTi qveyanaa, romelSic Semoinaxa Rvinis dawurvis, Se-
naxvisa da moxmarebis arqauli wesebi, rac meRvineobis sxva centrebSi
dakargulia. aq warmodgenilia mevenaxeoba-meRvineobasTan dakavSirebuli
sameurneo iaraRi (bari, Toxi, sasxlavi, sarcxi, orSimo); yurZnis sawuri da
Rvinis Sesanaxi WurWeli (sawnaxeli, saqajavi, TaRari, Wuri, qvevri, qoco),
sufris saRvine WurWeli da sasmisebi (xelada, fiala, Tasi, jami, WinWila,
kula, marani, yanwi da sxv.). TiToeul xsenebul artefaqts xangrZlivi da
uwyveti tradicia aqvs saqarTveloSi.
vazi da Rvino saqarTveloSi uZvelesi droidan mWidrod aris Serwymuli
kultTan da sakulto ritualebTan. ase iyo rogorc warmarTobis droin-
del (sakurTxeveli maranSi, sazedaSe qvevrebi, saweso Rvinis sma, warmar-
Tuli saritualo teqstebi da qmedebebi), ise qristianul saqarTveloSi.
yurZens, yurZnis wvens da mis nawarms (Rvino, koniaki, WaWis arayi, CamiCi,
badagi, TaTara-felamuSi, CurCxela, tkbiliskveri, Zmari) mniSvnelovani adg-
ili uWiravs qarTvelebis kvebis racionSi.
neoliTis xana
msoflioSi jerjerobiT uZvelesi kulturuli vazis namarxi wi pwebi aR-
moCenilia saqarTveloSi, neoliTuri xanis namosaxlarebze xramisa da ma-
Saveris ormdinareTSi. namosaxlarebi Qqristes Sobamde VI-V aTaswleuls
ganekuTvneba.
qvis xanis bolo safexuri - neoliTi kacobriobis istoriis erT-erTi
umniSvnelovanesi epoqaTagania, romelic aRiniSneba Zireuli ZvrebiT pir-
velyofili sazogadoebis ekonomikaSi: adamiani iwyebs mwarmoeblur meur-
neobas – mesaqonleobas da miwaTmoqmedebas, amzadebs teqnikurad ufro
srulyofil Sromis iaraRs, isaxeba da viTardeba meTuneoba - Tixis Wur-
Wlis warmoeba.
saqarTveloSi Seswavlil neoliTuri xanis nasaxlarebze (dangreuli
gora, gadaWrili gora, xramis didi gora, aruxlo, imiris gora, Sulavris
gora da sxv.) domesticirebuli vazis wi pwebTan erTad aRmoCenilia kul-
turul mcenareTa farTo asortimenti _ xorblisa da qeris ramdenime
saxeoba da parkosnebi (ospi, barda, ugrexeli), rac imaze metyvelebs, rom
mevenaxeoba-meRvineobis ganviTareba ar aris SemTxveviTi. sameurneo saqmia-
nobis maRal dones Sromis iaraRebis (Toxi, bari, culi, namgali, sasxlavi)
mravalgvarobac adasturebs.
yurZnis mtevnebis reliefuri gamosaxulebiT Semkuli Tixis qvevri, rome-
lic xramis did goraze aRmoCnda, viwro Ziriani qvevrebis winamorbedia da,
SesaZlebelia, msoflioSi uZvelesi saRvine WurWeli iyos. iqve fiala-sas-
misebic aris napovni.
980
brinjaos xana
adreuli brinjaos xanis mtkvar-araqsis kultura moicavs QqristeSobamde
IV aTaswleulis II naxevarsa da III aTaswleulis I naxevars. mtkvar-araq-
selTa meurneobaSi miwaTmoqmedebis did mniSvnelobaze miuTiTebs sami-
waTmoqmedo iaraRebis gansakuTrebuli simravle da mravalferovneba.
mTavari samiwaTmoqmedo kultura marcvleuli iyo. mohyavdaT xorbali
(maT Soris iseTi jiSic, rogoricaa dika, romelic saqarTvelos endemia),
qeri, fetvi da Svria, aseve parkosnebic. saxnavad ukve iyenebdnen gamwev
Zalas – msxvilfexa saqonels, kaJis namglis paralelurad spilenZ-brin-
jaos namglebsac xmarobdnen. farTovdeba kulturuli vazis areali: va-
zis wi pwebi TianeTis maxloblad, badaanis mtkvar-araqsuli xanis namosax-
larzec aris napovni.
mtkvar-araqsul SenobebSi aRmoCenili Tixis sxvadasxva zomisa da formis
WurWeli (sasmisebi, xeladebi, badiebi, dergebi da sxv.) meRvineobasTan unda
yofiliyo dakavSirebuli.
Rvino da Rvinis moxmareba adreuli brinjaos xanaSi ukve mWidrod uka-
vSirdeba kults da RvTismsaxurebas: qristesSobamde 3000 wliT daTari-
Rebul taZarSi, romelic dedoflis goraze gaiTxara, marcvleuliT savse
dergTan erTad aRmoCnda wylis frinvelis formis ori keramikuli sasmi-
si, romlebSic, rogorc gairkva, maRalxarisxovani Rvino esxa. es sasmisebi
jerjerobiT msoflioSi uZvelesi ritonebia (ase ewodeba saRvine sas-
miss, romlis forma romelime cxovelis garegnobiT aris nakarnaxevi da
romelic farTod vrceldeba Zvel samyaroSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSic
adreuli rkinis xanasa da, gansakuTrebiT, antikur xanaSi).
Sua da gviani brinjaos xanaSi (qristeSobamde III aTaswleulis meore
naxevari da II aTaswleuli) vazis saRvine jiSebTan erTad sufris jiSe-
bic Cndeba, rac mevenaxeobis Semdgom ganviTarebasa da kulturuli vazis
evoluciis axal etaps gulisxmobs. am periodisTvis izrdeba mevenaxeo-
ba-meRvineobis wili soflis meurneobaSi, rasac qvevrebis simravle da
maTi gazrdili tevadoba adasturebs.
sufris saRvine WurWeli Tixis garda ukve brinjaos, vercxlisa da oqros-
ganac mzaddeba. Rvinis saweso sma sapatio adgils ikavebs sazogadoebis
sazeimo-sakulto ritualebSi. TrialeTSi aRmoCenil vercxlis Tasze, ro-
melic qristeSobamde XVIII saukuniT TariRdeba, gamoqandakebulia mamak-
acTa sazeimo msvleloba sasmisebiT xelSi.
adreuli rkinis xana
adreuli rkinis xana (qristeSobamde II aTaswleulis bolo saukuneebi
da I aTaswleulis pirveli naxevari) saqarTveloSi aRiniSneba mevenaxeo-
ba-meRvineobis Semdgomi winsvliT. inergeba miwaSi Caflul qvevrSi Rvinis
dayenebisa da daZvelebis im droisaTvis axali, progresuli wesi, romel-
981
 ic aq, saqarTveloSi dRemde Semoinaxa. Sesabamisad, yalibdeba viwroZiri-
ani saRvine qvevris Tanamedrove ti pi. kidev ufro mravalferovani xdeba
saRvine sasmisebis formebi, farTod vrceldeba Rvinis saweso smisaTvis
gankuTvnili iseTi WurWeli, rogoricaa omfalosiani fiala da zoomor-
fuli ritonebi, romelTa SesaniSnavi nimuSebia aRmoCenili diRomSi gaTx-
ril qristeSobamde VIII saukunis mdidrul samarxSi.
Rvinis smis sazeimo scenebi gamosaxulia qristeSobamde VIII-VII saukunis
brinjaos gravirebul sartylebze, romlebic mravladaa aRmoCenili saqa-
rTveloSi. Rvinis saweso-saritualo mniSvnelobas adasturebs imave xanis
brinjaos qandakebebi, romlebic gamosaxaven mamakacs sasmisiT xelSi.
antikuri xana
qristeSobamde VI saukuneSi saqarTvelos teritoriaze yalibdeba kolxe-
Tis saxelmwifo, romelsac q.w. IV saukunis dasasruls Caenacvla qarTlis
samefo, anu iberia, saxelmwifo, romlis samarTalmemkvidrea dRevandeli
saqarTvelo. pirveli qarTuli saxelmwifoebis arsebobis pirvel aTas-
wleuls pirobiTad antikur xanas vuwodebT. vazis movlisa da Rvinis
dayenebis, Senaxvisa da moxmarebis tradiciam, romelic memkvidreobiT ga-
daecemoda Taobidan Taobas saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi, sabolood swored
antikur xanaSi Camoyalibda.
Sua saukuneebi
mevenaxeoba-meRvineoba Sua saukuneTa saqarTveloSic soflis meurneobis
wamyvan dargad darCa da sagulisxmoa, rom venaxi glexis socialur sta-
tuss gansazRvravda: uvenaxo glexs, romelsac bogano ewodeboda ekava
feodaluri ierarqiuli kibis umdablesi safexuri.
qristianobam, romelic Cveni welTaRricxvis IV saukunis Semdeg qarT-
velTa erovnul religiad gadaiqca, Rvinosa da Rvinis tradiciul, mra-
valsaukunovan kults axali, ufro maRali Sinaarsi SesZina: wminda ninom,
qarvelTa ganmanaTlebelma qristes rjuli vazis jvriT Semoitana. vazi
yovladwminda RvTismSoblis simboloa da saqarTveloc xom RvTismS-
oblis wilxvedri qveyanaa. vazis (venaxis) gamosaxulebam, rogorc sicoc-
xlis xis gansaxierebam adgili daimkvidra qarTuli qristianuli taZre-
bis kedlebze, vazis lerwiTa da foTlebiT aris STagonebuli qarTuli
xuroTmoZRvruli da saoqromWedlo ornamentuli dekoris wamyvani mo-
tivi. qristianobam xeli Seuwyo saqarTveloSi vazis mravalricxovani,
xalxuri seleqciiT aTaswleulebis ganmavlobaSi gamoyvanili jiSebisa
da meRvineobis SenarCunebas; xolo tradiciul qarTul sufraze dRemde
saeklesio sagaloblebi - mravalJamieri ismis.1

arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi aRm-

oCenilia uamravi saRvine qvevri, romelTa tevadoba 100-dan 1500 litram-
dea. sasaxleebTan da taZrebTan (samadlo, cixia-gora, ufliscixe, awyuri
da sxv.) gaiTxara marnebi, romlebSic aTeulobiT tona Rvinis Senaxva iyo
SesaZlebeli. yurZnic, rogorc wesi, maranSi mdgar sawnaxelSi iwureboda.
sawnaxlidan tkbili Caedineboda Tixis didi zomis sagangebo WurWelSi
(TaRari, isarna), saidanac is ukve qvevrebSi gadahqondaT.

qarTuli Rvino antikur xanaSive, rogorc Cans, sazRvargareTac gahqondaT.

kolxeTidan Rvinis eqsportis mauwyebeli unda iyos qristeSobamde IV
saukunis kolxuri qvevrebisa da amforebis aRmoCena CrdiloeT SavizRv-
ispireTSi, antikuri xanis qalaqebis gaTxrebis dros.

magram, saqarTveloSi dayenebuli Rvinis udidesi wili adgilzeve, saqarT-

veloSi moixmareboda. gaocebas iwvevs saqarTveloSi antikuri xanis arqeo-
logiuri Zeglebis gaTxrebis dros aRmoCenili sufris saRvine WurWlis
(doqebi, kraterebi, fialebi, ritonebi da sxv.) raodenoba da nairsaxeoba.
sufris saRvine WurWeli mzaddeboda Tixisagan, minisgan, liTonebisgan
(oqro, vercxli, spilenZi, brinjao) da qvisagan.

saqarTveloSi Rvinis moxmarebis tradiciuli kavSiri warmarTul kul-

tebTan da ritualebTan is nayofieri niadagi gamodga, romelzec iolad
gavrcelda da gansakuTrebiT popularuli gaxda Zveli berZnebisagan na-
sesxebi Rvinisa da meRvineobis RvTaeba, dionise da masTan dakavSirebuli
personaJebi da rituali.
1 gamoyenebulia ilustraciebi wignidan `saqarTvelos ampelografia~, avt. kecxoveli n.,
ramiSvili m., tabiZe d., Tb., 1960, xelmeore gamocema, Tb., 2012

982 983
 TaTia TevdoraSvili
saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis
dacvis erovnuli saagento,
muzeumebisa da muzeum-nakrZalebis
samsaxuris TanamSromeli,
xelovnebaTmcodne

Rvinis
Tematika
qarTul
xelovnebaSi
qarTuli kulturis ganviTarebis istoriaSi Rvinis
Tematika saxesxvaobiTa da mniSvnelobiT gamoirCe-
va.

sazogadoebis yofiTi cxovrebis, sakulto-religiu-

ri msoflxedvisa Tu SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis
mravalferovnebaSi Rvino da masTan dakavSirebuli
atributebi gansakuTrebuli aqcentebiTaa warmoCe-
nili.

preistoriuli xanis mravalferovani arqeologiu-

ri masala, antikuri xanis adgilobrivi, Tu import-
uli nawarmi, qristianobis damkvidrebasTan dakav-
Sirebuli Zeglebi, Sua saukuneebis qristianuli
xelovnebis nawarmoebebi, literaturis Zeglebi, mra-
valferovani eTnografiuli masala, gviani Sua sau-
kuneebis gamoyenebiTi xelovnebis nimuSebi - Rvinis
Tematikis mravalSrian gaazrebasa da interpreti-
rebas gvTavazobs.

qarTuli kulturisaTvis Rvinis gamorCeul mniS-

vnelobas pirvel rigSi, arqeologiuri monacemebi
adasturebs. jer kidev XX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi
ganxorcielebuli eqspediciebis farglebSi iqna
aRmoCenili neoliTuri xanis saRvine WurWeli, ra-
mac saqarTvelos teritoriaze uZvelesi Rvinis
arsebobis Sesaxeb pirveli mosazrebebis Camoyali-
bebis saSualeba Seqmna. XXI saukuneSi ganxorcie-
lebulma multidisci plinarulma kvlevebma (bio-
molekuluri, paleobotanikuri, klimatologiuri)
saqarTvelos teritoriaze, neoliTis xanis namo-
saxlarebze (`dangreuli gora~, `gadaWrili gora~,
`xramis didi gora~, `aruxlo~, `imiris gora~, `Sula-
veris gora~) msoflioSi uZvelesi Rvinis naSTebis

984 985

1. posteri gamofenisTvis `saqarTve-
lo meRvineobis akvani~, bordo, sa-
frangeTi; wyaro: https://institutfrancais.
ge/fr/about-us/photo-gallery/
2. braziliis fostis safosto marka;
wyaro: https://www.georgianjournal.ge
3. posteri gamofenisTvis `saqarTve-
lo - Rvinis samSoblo~, tokio, ia-
ponia; wyaro: https://agenda.ge
2 https://www.nationalgeographic.ge/wm.php?page=magazine2&fotocat=553&id=619
i. gagoSiZe, mevenaxeoba meRvineobis rvaaTasi weli saqarTveloSi, winamdebare publikacia
3 https://www.nationalgeographic.ge/wm.php?page=magazine2&fotocat=553&id=619
l. gaCeCilaZe, T. kandelaki, `venaxi, Rvino da qarTvelebi~, Tb., 2004
4 https://www.nationalgeographic.ge/wm.php?page=magazine2&fotocat=553&id=619
5 https://agenda.ge/en/news/2019/656
986
arseboba daadastura.2 Sesabamisad, sa-
qarTvelos `Rvinis samSoblod~ mox-
senieba absoluturad legitimuri da
dasabuTebuli gaxda.
am aRmoCenaTa paralelurad, msof-
lioSi qarTuli Rvinis popularoba
da misdami interesi sul ufro izrd-
eba. 1999 wels qarTuli Rvinis pavi-
lioni londonis Rvinis gamofenaze
- `vinopolisi~ iqna wardgenili. qar-
Tul kuTxes aq `saqarTvelo Rvinis
samSoblo~ ewoda.3 2017 wels safran-
geTSi, qalaq bordoSi moewyo gamofe-
na `saqarTvelo meRvineobis akvani~
(sur. 1).4 2018 wels, qarTuli saxelm-
wifoebrivobis 100 wlis iubilesTan
dakavSirebiT, braziliis fostam axa-
li safosto marka gamosca (sur. 2),
romelzec saqarTvelos teritoriaze
aRmoCenili uZvelesi qvevria gamosa-
xuli. 2019 wels iaponiis dedaqalaq
tokioSi moewyo gamofena saxelwode-
biT `saqarTvelo - Rvinis samSoblo~
(sur. 3).5 am yovelives gaTvaliswine-
biT, vfiqrobT, metad mniSvnelovania,
rom TviTon `Rvinis samSobloSic~
arsebobdes qarTuli meRvineobis
kulturisa da istoriis amsaxveli
muzeumi. amdenad, migvaCnia, rom qveynis
erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi samuzeumo
sivrcis - mcxeTis muzeumis koncef-
ciis SemuSavebis procesSi mniSvne-
lovani iqneba Rvinis Tematikis pre-
zentirebis gaTvaliswinebac.
sazogadoebis sulieri da yofiTi
cxovrebis elementebis Tu Semoqme-
debiTi moRvaweobis nimuSebis erTi-
an konteqstSi Tavmoyra saSualebas
mogvcems Rvinis istoria, misi sakul-
to-religiuri maxasiaTeblebi, mas-
Tan dakavSirebuli gamomsaxvelobiTi
elementebi muzeumis damTvaliere-
bels gavacnoT da amiT qarTuli kul-
turis erTi, metad mniSvnelovani nawili warmovaCinoT.
viTvaliswinebT ra samuzeumo sivrcis mokrZalebul zomebs, masalis si-
uxvesa da mravalgvarobas, vfiqrobT, rom Txroba cifrul formatSi unda
ganxorcieldes.
****
Rvinis istoriis Txrobisas, upirveles yovlisa, mniSvnelovania qristeSo-
bamdeli periodis arqeologiuri masalis damowmeba. uZvelesi adamianis
mier Seqmnili mravalferovani keramikuli WurWlidan gansakuTrebul yu-
radRebas imsaxurebs xramis did goraze aRmoCenili, neoliTis xanis, Zv.w.
VI aTaswleulis Tixis dergi (sur. 4), romlis zedapiric yurZnis mtevne-
bis reliefuri gamosaxulebebiTaa Semkuli.
uZvelesi dergis zedapirs kargad
SerCenia ovalisebr moyvanilobaSi
Casmuli marcvlebis reliefuri for-
mebi - yurZnis mtevnebis gamosaxule-
bebi. mniSvnelovania, rom WurWlis
zedapiris am ti pis dekoriT Semkoba
mxolod mis daniSnulebaze mimaniS-
nebeli ar unda iyos. am SemTxvevaSi,
ukve Rvinis, rogorc kultis obieq-
tis gaazrebasTan unda gvqondes saq-
me. amavdroulad ki garkveuli esTe-
tikuri damokidebulebis arsebobac
SeigrZnoba. saRvine WurWlis damza-
debisas, avtori mis saTanado Semko-
4. Tixis dergi, xramis didi gora, neo-
bas, vazisa da yurZnis mtevnis gansaku-
liTi; wyaro: saqarTvelos erovnu-
Trebuli mniSvnelobis aqcentirebas li muzeumi
cdilobs.
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxu-
rebs Zv.w. II aTaswleulis dasawyi-
sis TrialeTis vercxlis Tasi (sur.
5), romelic damzadebis maRalteqno-
logiuri meTodis, Semamkobeli kom-
poziciebis mxatvrul Tu semantikur
mniSvnelobaTa gaTvaliswinebiT, am pe-
riodis erT-erT saukeTeso namuSevra-
daa miCneuli.
Tasi vercxlis mTliani furclisga-
naa damzadebuli, zedapiri ki relie-
furi kompoziciebiT Semkul oTx fri-
zadaa danawevrebuli. ganapira ori
5. TrialeTis vercxlis Tasi, Zv.w.
frizi ornamentuli dekoriT ifare- XVIII s. wyaro: saqarTvelos er-
ba, centrSi ki figuratiuli scenebi, ovnuli muzeumi
zemoT fexze mdgom figuraTa ritua-
luri msvleloba, qvemoT ki irmebis
rigia warmodgenili. am SemTxvevaSi,
987
 gansakuTrebul yuradRebas
es kompoziciebi i pyrobs.
mkvlevarTaTvis bolomde gamourk-
vevelia aq warmodgenil figuraTa
realuri vinaoba-raoba. vinaidan, maT
adamianis sxeuli aqvT, magram aqve ga-
moisaxeba mglis kudebi da, saxeebic,
win gamoweuli cxviriT maT cxovels
miugavT. xelSi am figurebs sasmise-
bi uWiravT da centraluri, taxtze
mjdomi figurisaken miemarTebian, ro-
melsac Tavis mxriv, aseve sasmisi upy-
ria xelSi. sayuradRebo detalebia
centraluri figuris or mxares gamo-
saxuli sicocxlis xe da ori Tasi.6
7. mamakacis figura yanwiT. brinjao,
Zv. w. VIII_VII ss., melaani, kaxeTi;
wyaro: saqarTvelos erovnuli
muzeumi
6 kldiaSvili a., izoria m., saqarTvelo uZvelesi gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanamde, Tb.,
2001, gv. 34-35
7 iqve, gv. 37-38
988
swored
6. TrialeTis oqros Tasi, Zv.w. XVI-
II-XVII ss. wyaro: saqarTvelos er-
ovnuli muzeumi
ikvreba metad saintereso da rTuli
Sinaarsis gamosaxuleba. dazustebiT
rTulia iTqvas aq adamianebi arian
warmodgenilni cxovelTa niRbebiT,
Tu garkveuli fantasmagoriuli arse-
bebi, romlebic erTdroulad, adamia-
nur da cxovelur sawyiss aerTianeben.
Tumca, Sinaarsis bundovanebis miuxe-
davad, calsaxaa, rom aq garkveuli ri-
tualuri msvlelobaa warmodgenili,
romlis mTavari elementi garkveuli
wminda sasmeli - savaraudod, swored
Rvinoa.
qristeSobamdeli periodis sasmiseb-
ze saubrisas, aucileblad unda mo-
vixsenioT Zv.w. II aTaswleulis dasa-
wyisis TrialeTis oqros Tasic (sur.
6), romelic damzadebis rTuli teq-
nologiuri meTodiTa da gaformebis
saocrad daxvewili midgomiT gamoir-
Ceva. 7,3 sm. simaRlisa da 7,8 maqsimal-
uri diamteris Tass oqros mTliani
furclebisgan damzadebuli ormagi
kedeli aqvs, romelTa Soris sivrce
daaxloebiT 2 mm. - ia. mxolod Ta-
sis sadgamia ZiriTad moculobasTan
mirCiluli.7 oqros zedapirs araCveu-
lebriv, sadResaswaulo iers hmatebs
Txeli grexilebiT Semowerili xuTi
spiralis monacvleoba da maTSi Cawerili, rigebad ganawilebuli inkrus-
tirebuli Zvirfasi feradovani qvebi.
arqeologiur masalaze saubrisas mniSvnelovania mcire plastikis nimu-
Sebis erTi jgufi - mcire zomis mamakacTa iTifaluri figurebi. am ti pis
gamsaxulebaTa erT-erTi nimuSia kaxeTSi, melaanis teritoriaze aRmoCeni-
li Zv.w. I aTaswleulis mcire skulptura (sur. 7). mamakacs mxarze sateva-
ri aqvs gadakidebuli, marjvena xelSi ki sasmisi - yanwi uWiravs.
iTifalurobidan gamomdinare, cxadia, skulptura nayofierebis kultTan
dakavSirebul gamosaxulebad ganixileba. aqve mniSvnelovania misi mxarze
gadakidebuli satevaric, romelic sabrZolo sawyiss aZlierebs. CvenTvis
sayuradRebo ki isaa, rom marjvena xelSi warmodgenili yanwis mixedviT
figuras Rvinis kultTan akavSireben.
naSromSi `Rvino da Rvinis RvTaeba badagoni~ melaanis teritoriaze aRm-
oCenili es figura swored badagonis RvTaebasTan kavSirSi ganixileba.8
wignSi moyvanilia eqvTime mTawmindelis (955-1028) cnoba uZvelesi warmar-
Tuli RvTaebebis Sesaxeb, sadac armazis, gacis, gaimisa da boCis gverdiT
eqvTime mTawmindeli badageonze saubrobs da mas ase axasiaTebs - `bada-
geon, romeli igi yurZensa wnexdes, bilwisa mis dionises saxelsa ityvian
da sicilsa aRazrzenen ...~.9
swored am RvTaebasTan akavSirebs av-
tori melaanis mcire qandakebasa da
mis xelSi aRmarTul Rvinis sasmiss.
Rvinis, misi kultTan kavSirisa da ri-
tualurobis TvalsazrisiT SesaZle-
belia Zv.w. IX-VII saukuneebSi gavrc-
elebuli brinjaos gravirebuli
sartylebis dasaxelebac. figuratiu- 8. brinjaos gravirebuli sartye-
li kompoziciebiT Semkuli zogierTi li samTvaros samarovnidan, sqema,
sartylis gamosaxuleba rTul siuJe- detali; manana xidaSelis sqemis
tebs warmogvidgens, romelTa Soris mixedviT
ritualuri purobis gamosaxulebebic
gvxvdeba. magaliTad, sartyeli sam-
Tavros samarovnidan, romelzec kom-
poziciis centralur nawilSi erT-
maneTis pirispir ori figura xelSi
sasmisebiT gamoisaxeba (sur. 8). kidev
erTi saintereso scena ki Tliis sa-
marovanze aRmoCenili sartylis kom-
poziciaSia CarTuli. aq ara mxolod
sasmisebi, aramed sufris sxva atribu-
tebic aisaxeba - sxvadasxva formisa
da moyvanilobis sagnebi, savaraudod, 9. brinjaos gravirebuli sartyeli
Tliis samarovnidan, sqema, detali;
manana xidaSelis sqemis mixedviT
8 qoqraSvili z., qarTuli fenomeni - Rvino
da Rvinis RvTaeba badagoni, Tb., 2004, gv. 15-23
9 qoqraSvili z., dasax. naSromi, gv. 18
989
 sufraze ganlagebul sakvebs unda aR-
niSnavdes; gansakuTrebiT mkafiod ki
sasmelis WurWeli, savaraudod, doqi
ikiTxeba (sur. 9).

sainteresoa, rom kompoziciebSi Car-

Tuli figurebi bolomde adamianTa
msgavsi araa, maT niskartisebri da-
bolovebis cxvirebi aqvT, samTavros
scenis figurebze ki kargad irCeva
maTi kudebic. Sesabamisad, kvlavac
saqme gvaqvs erTgvari fantasmagoriu- 11. qalis niRabi yurZnis mtevnebiTurT, 12. dionise, terakota, Zv.w. II-I s.s. sarkine
li arsebebis asaxvasTan. es ki scenis terakota Zv.w. II s. nastakisi, mcxeTa; (mcxeTa); wyaro: saqarTvelos erovnuli
sakulto, ritualur xasiaTs kidev wyaro: saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi muzeumi
ufro aZlierebs da am ritualSi Car-
Tuli sasmelis mniSvnelobasac gansa-
kuTrebuli saxiT warmoaCens. dakavSirebul inventars warmogvidgens - keramikuli nawarmi, Tixis amfo-
rebi, brinjaos surebi, doqebi, maTarebi, aramed, aRmoCenili masalis mixed-
preistoriul epoqaSi Rvinis kul- viT, aq Rvinis RvTaeba dionises kultis arsebobac ivaraudeba.11
tis erT-erT mniSvnelovan simbolod
SeiZleba miviCnioT vanis naqalaqaris aRmoCenilia mevenaxeoba-meRvineobis RmerTTan dakavSirebul, mis Tanam-
teritoriaze aRmoCenili. e.w. `Tama- gzavr RvTaebaTa gamosaxulebebiT Semkuli saritualo WurWeli, terako-
10. brinjaos qandakeba `Tamada~, Zv.w.
VII s. vanis naqalaqari; wyaro: das~ qandakeba (sur. 10). mcire zomis tuli niRbebi da qandakebebi (sur. 11, 12).12 berZnuli daxvewili mxatvruli
www.facebook.com - Georgia Homeland of brinjaos skulptura Zv.w. VII sauku- metyvelebis es araCveulebrivi nimuSebi Rvinisadmi uZvelesi sazogadoe-
Wine - https://www.facebook.com/georgia- niT TariRdeba. axalgazrda mamakaci bis gansakuTrebul damokidebulebas kidev erTxel aTvalsaCinoebs.
cradleofwine1/posts/1375363202519641/ jdomis pozaSia warmodgenili, mar-
jvena aweul xelSi ki sasmisi, sava- dionises kultTan mimarTebiT gansaku-
raudod, yanwi uWiravs. TrebiT sainteresoa mcxeTis munici-
palitetis sofel ZalisSi aRmoCeni-
berZnuli kolonizaciis dawyebasTan erTad, berZnul samyarosTan gaZlie- li antikuri naqalaqaris moxseniebac
rebul kavSirebsa da kulturuli informaciis mimocvlaze, pirvel rigSi, (Zv.w. II - ax.w. VIII ss.). naqalaqaris
mravlad SemorCenili mxatvruli nawarmoebebi metyvelebs. CvenTvis sain- kompleqsSi Semaval darbazs iata-
teresoa, rom am nawarmoebTa Soris Rvinis Tematika da meRvineobis RvTae- kis mozaika amkobs, romlis siuJetu-
bebTan dakavSirebuli motivebic sakmaod aqtiurad gaiJRerebs. ri gamosaxulebani swored dionises
kults ukavSirdeba. Cvenamde moRweul
antikur periodSi saqarTvelos teritoriaze mevenaxeobis maRalganviTa- 13. iatakis mozaika, detali, ax.w. II s. gamosaxulebaTa Soris am mxriv gan-
rebulobis aRsaniSnad, gavixsenoT apolonios rodoselis `argonavtika~ Zalisis naqalaqari, wyaro: https:// sakuTrebulia kompozicia, romelic
da kolxeTis mefe aietis sasaxlis aRweriloba: ka.wikipedia.org dionisesa da ariadnes figurebs war-
mogvidges, maT win xviara vazi iSle-
`...iazonma da misma mxleblebma daubrkolebliv gadaabijes fexi sasax- ba, aqvea saRvine WurWeli, larnakebi.
lis WiSkris zRurbls, romelTanac maRla amarTuli, mwvane foTlebiT yurZnis mtevnebisa da vazis ylorte-
Semosili vazebi gaSliliyvnen. vazebis qveS oTxi dauSreteli Sadrevani bis monacvleoba erTi mxriv, scenis
moCuxCuxebda. es wyaroebi hefestom amoaCqefa miwis gulidan. erTi rZis mniSvnelovani siuJeturi komponentia,
Sadrevani iyo, meore Rvinisa...~10 amavdroulad ki kompoziciis gamana-
wilebel dekoratiul elementadac
teqstSi metaforulad aRwerili meRvineobis maRalganviTarebuloba mra- gvevlineba (sur. 13).
valferovani arqeologiuri masaliTac dasturdeba. dasavleT saqarT-
veloSi vanis naqalaqarisa Tu aRmosavleTiT, sisamura//sevsamoras, sar-
kineTis teritoriis arqeologiuri monapovari ara mxolod RvinosTan
11 lorTqifaniZe o., Zveli qarTuli civilizaciis saTaveebTan, Tb., 2002, gv. 224-226, 256-257.
gaCeCilaZe l., kandelaki T., `venaxi, Rvino da qarTvelebi~, Tb., 2004, gv. 91-102
10 http://dspace.gela.org.ge/bitstream/123456789/5214/4/Argonavtika.pdf 12 lorTqifaniZe o., iqve

990 991
 amdenad, Cvenamde moRweuli masala naTels xdis uZvelesi adamianis yo-
fierebaSi Rvinis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas. garda imisa, rom Rvino
mniSvnelovani sasmeli produqti iyo da did adgils ikavebda adamianTa
yofiT cxovrebaSi, gansakuTrebiT didi iyo misi, rogorc kultis obieqtis
mniSvneloba da ritualur ceremoniebTan kavSiri. mTeli es SemorCenili
masala da aq warmodgenili gamosaxulebani Rvinos erTgvar mistikur
saburvelSi xvevs da mis sakulto mniSvnelobas araCveulebrivad warmoa-
Cens.
****
14. sveticxoveli, samxreTi fasadi, XV- gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa istoriu-
XVII, XVIII-XIX ss. li gardatexebis Semdgom Rvinis mniS-
vnelobis SenarCuneba da misi axal
kulturul sivrceSi transformire-
ba. welTaRricxvaTa gasayarze qris-
tianuli religia axali ideologiiT,
msoflxedviTa da azrovnebis wesiT
imkvidrebs adgils. icvleba Tayvani-
scemis obieqtis, kultis, ritualisad-
mi damokidebuleba. myardeba axali
dogmebi da dgindeba axali kanonebi.
Tumcaki, am cvlilebebisa da siax-
15. atenis sioni, aRmosavleTi fasadi, leebis fonze, narCundeba da metic,
detali
SeiZleba iTqvas, kidev ufro Zlier-
deba Rvinis mniSvneloba. Rvino qris-
tianul religiaSi sarwmunoebis
umniSvnelovanes saidumlos – evqa-
ristias ukavSirdeba. macxovris gaRe-
buli msxverplisa da misi daRvrili
sisxlis simbolod gvevlineba da am-
16. martvilis taZari, aRmosavleTi fa- denad, kvlavac ritualis ganuyofel
sadi, detali, VII s. elementad iqceva.
992
saqarTveloSi qristianobisTvis va-
zis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobas
Tavis mxriv, aZlierebs is faqtic rom
IV saukuneSi wm. nino swored vazisgan
Sekruli jvriT qadagebs. amasTan, ro-
gorc zemoTac iTqva, zogadadac, vazi,
yurZeni da Rvino rTuli Teologiu-
ri Sinaarsis matarebeli xdeba da Ta-
vad macxovris, mis mier kacbriobisT-
vis gaRebuli msxverplis simbolod 17. ananuris eklesia, samxreTi fasadi,
gvevlineba. XVII s.
18. ubisis eklesia, aRmosavleTi afsidi, `uflis seroba~, XIV s.
Sesabamisad ki Rvinis Tematika, vazis ylortebisa Tu yurZnis mtevnebis
gamosaxulebani Sua saukunovani qristianuli kulturis erT-erT umniS-
vnelovanes elementad iqceva.13
qarTul qristianul xelovnebaSi vazisa da yurZnis mtevnebis gamosaxule-
bani gansakuTrebuli mravalferovnebiT gamoisaxeba. mcenaris bunebrivi
maxasiaTeblebi, misi xviara xasiaTi da ylortebisa da mtevnebis ritmuli
monacvleoba, garda simbolur-alegoriuli mniSvnelobebisa, ornamentul-
dekoratiuli TvalsazrisiTac, Sua saukunovani xelovnebis nimuSebis erT-
erTi aqtiuri Semamkobeli elementi xdeba.14
qarTul qristianul xelovnebaSi adreuli etapebidanve vazisa da yurZ-
nis motivebi gansakuTrebiT aqtiurad reliefur qandakebebSi gamoisaxeba.
taZarTa Semkobisas, yurZnis mtevnebisa da vazis foTlebis monacvleoba
zogjer evqaristiaze pirdapir mimaniSnebeli ikonografiuli datvirTvis
matarebelia, xan ki mcenareuli motivi sarkmelTa Tu sxva arqiteqturuli
13 oqropiriZe asmaT, vazi - sicocxlis xe, krebuli, Tb., 2010, gv. 7-31
14 oqropiriZe asmaT, dasax. naSromi
993
 elementebis Semamkobel uxv ornamentul saxeebSi CarTuli, cxovelxatu-
li dekoris saxiTaa warmodgenili.
vazis ylortebi da yurZnis mtevnebi mniSvnelovani motivia Suasaukunovani
Weduri xelovnebis Zeglebze, naqargobaze; kedlis moxatulobaSi Rvinis
Tematika, dekoratiulobaze metad, scenaTa ikonografiuli mniSvnelobebis
mixedviT gvxvdeba. taZarTa moxatulobis programaSi xSirad CarTuli mo-
ciqulTa ziarebis scenebis, Tu `uflis serobis~ amsaxveli kompoziciebis
erT-erTi mTavari Sinaarsobrivi elementi xom swored Rvino, macxovris
daRvril sisxlsa da gaRebul msxverplze mimaniSnebeli wminda sasmelia.
Tumca, dekoratiulobis Tvalsaz-
risiT SeiZleba gelaTis RmrTismS-
oblis saxelobis taZris moxatulo-
baSi CarTuli daviT aRmaSeneblis
gamosaxulebis dasaxeleba. samefo sa-
mosi aq swored yurZnis mtevnebisa da
vazis foTlebis stilizebuli for-
mebis monacvleobiTaa gaformebuli
(sur. 19).
amdenad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Sua sau-
kuneebis qarTuli qristianuli xe-
lovnebisaTvis vazisa da yurZnis Tema
erT-erTi yvelaze farTod gavrcele-
buli motivia, romelic Tavs iCens
xelovnebis TiTqmis yvela dargSi,
19. gelaTis RmrTismSoblis Sobis
adreuli etapebidan, vidre gvian Sua
saxelobis eklesia, CrdiloeTi saukuneebamde.
mklavi, daviT aRmaSeneblis ga-
mosaxuleba, detali, XVI s. Sua saukuneebis epoqaze saubrisas, au-
cileblad unda gavixsenoT qarTuli
saero literaturis umniSvnelova-
nesi Zegli - `vefxistyaosani~, sadac
mravalferovani nadimebisa, Tu perso-
naJTa SedarebiT intimuri, sasiyvaru-
lo Sexvedrebisas Rvinis sma erT-er-
Ti Tanmdevi elementia. striqonebis
kiTxvisas, mkiTxvelis Tvalwin pirda-
pir cocxldeba Zvirfas feradnovan
WurWelSi Camosxmuli am jadosnuri
sasmelis cxovelxatuli elvareba.
`mutribni modges yovelgniT, ismodis
xma winwilisa;
SeyriT Zes gori oqrosa da badaxSisa
Tlilisa;
msmelTaTvis wyaro Rvinisa asgan dis,
20. vefxistyaosnis miniatura, XVIII s. msgavsi milisa,
wereTliseuli nusxa; wyaro: saga-
bindiT ciskramdis sma iyo, gardaxda
momcemlo proeqti `ganZi rCeuli~
Jami dilisa~.
- `vefxistyaosani~, Tb., 2010
994
...
`Seiqmna sma da puroba, msgavsi maTisa
Zalisa;
sxva gaxareba aseTi ars unaxavi Tval-
isa!
jami da Wiqa - yvelai ferozisa da
lalisa.
arvisi brZana mefeman arca gaSveba
mTrvalisa.~ 21. XIX s-is saRvine WurWeli; wyaro:
https://allwine.ge
****
Sua saukuneebis xangrZlivi epoqis
dasrulebis Semdgom, XIX saukune sa-
qarTvelos istoriisaTvis, SeiZleba
iTqvas, Tanamedroveobamde erTgvari
gardamavali etapia. amasTan, am gar-
damavlobas ara mxolod bunebrivi,
droiTi mocemuloba qmnis, aramed, is
mniSvnelovani istoriul-kultur-
uli gardatexebic, romlebmac, saerTo
jamSi, XX saukunis dasawyisis, Taname- 22. niko firosmanaSvili, `malaknebis
drove qarTuli kulturis ZiriTadi qeifi~
msoflxedva da mimarTulebebi gan-
sazRvra.
mTeli am kulturul-istoriuli
Zvrebis paralelurad ki Rvinis mniS-
vneloba kvlavac aqtualuri rCeba
qarTuli kulturisaTvis. rad Rirs
Tundac, XIX saukunis mravalferovani
vercxlis saRvine WurWlis - surebis,
Tasebis, azarfeSebis, yaryarebis dasa-
xeleba. es nakeTobani ara mxolod yo-
fiTi daniSnulebis TvalsazrisiTaa
sayuradRebo. maTSi araCveulebrivad
23. lado gudiaSvili, `sadRegrZelo
vlindeba qarTuli liTonmqandake- gariJraJze~; wyaro: www.burusi.word-
blobis teqnologiis istoriuli mex- press.com
siereba. amavdroulad ki sasmisebis
zedapirebis mxatvruli damuSaveba,
maTze warmodgenili kompoziciebi Tu
calkeuli figurebi istoriul pirTa
da movlenaTa Zalian saintereso asax-
vaa.15 Rvino da masTan dakavSirebuli
15 sasmisebis gamosaxulebaTa Taviseburebebis, maTi farTo kulturul konteqstSi gan-
xilvisTvis, ixileT a. SanSiaSvili, niko firosmanaSvilis Semoqmedeba da qarTuli sax-
viTi xelovnebis tradiciebi, disertacia, Tb., 2015. http://press.tsu.ge/data/image_db_innova/
Disertaciebi/ana_shanshiashvili.pdf
995
 Tematika mniSvnelovania XX saukunis qarTuli kulturisTvisac. calkeul Tatia Tevdorashvili
SemoqmedTa nawarmoebebSi, Rvinis, masTan dakavSirebuli nadimebis, natur-
mortebis, Janruli scenebis kompoziciebi mravalferovani konteqstebiTaa National Agency for Cultural Heritage Preservation of Georgia,
datvirTuli. aq unda aRiniSnos, rom TiToeuli avtoris SemoqmedebaSi, Specialist at Museums and Museum-Reserves Unit,
es Temebi ukve individualuri mxatvruli midgomebisa da Tanadrouli Art Historian
kulturuli msoflxedvis Sesabamisad, sxvadasxva, mravalferovan aspeqtSi
iSleba. amdenad, avtorebica da maTi nawarmoebebic damoukidebel, siRrmi-
seul ganxilvas saWiroebs. WINE
am etapisTvis, am ti pis midgoma gascdeba mocemuli naSromis farglebs. RELATED
amitomac, aq mxolod nawarmoebTa ilustrirebiT SemovifarglebiT, raTa TOPICS IN
GEORGIAN
pirvel rigSi, Rvinisa da masTan dakavSirebuli Tematikis aqtualobis aR-
niSvna gaxdes SesaZlebeli.

****
ART
saerTo jamSi, zemoganxiluli mravalferovani masalis meSveobiT, vfiq-
During the history of its development, Geor- Georgian culture. There is a focus on the cultic
robT, kargad warmoCindeba qarTuli kulturisTvis Rvinisa da masTan
gian culture represents diversity of topics re- significance of wine and its transformation and
dakavSirebuli Tematikis mniSvnelovneba. amasTan, gansakuTrebiT sainte-
lated to wine. preservation in parallel with cultural and ideo-
resoa, rom am Tematikis aqtualoba kulturuli ganviTarebis TiTqmis
logical changes.
yvela etapze vlindeba, qristeSobamdeli, uZvelesi periodidan, vidre Ta-
The earliest evidence of grape wine-making in
namedroveobamde. mravalgvaria mxatvruli nawarmoebebi, maTi daniSnuleba
Georgia has been revealed. Wine is of special Subject to the above, by preparing the expo-
da funqciebi. Tumca, am mravalferovan masalas Rvinisadmi gansakuTrebu-
importance in various aspects of everyday life, sition in digital format and using appropriate
li damokidebuleba aerTianebs - yofiTobis paralelurad, misi, rogorc
cult-religious beliefs or artistic activity. The technical equipment, it could be expedient to
wminda sasmelis gaazrebis, misTvis sakulto mniSvnelobis miniWebisa da
themes related to wine can be met both in the present the wine theme in one of the most im-
ritualurobis konteqstSi ayvanis elementebi.
ancient pre-Christian period, as well as, in the portant museum spaces of the country - the
medieval Christian epoch and also, in the mod- Mtskheta Museum.
amdenad, qarTuli kulturis mravalferovan ZeglebSi Rvinis Tematikis
ern artistic activities.
aseTi aqtiuri gaJRereba, misi saTanado eqsponirebis araCveulebriv SesaZ-
leblobas iZleva. samuzeumo sivrceSi, masalis cifrul formatSi gamo-
The article focuses on the existence and diver-
safenad, sasurveli iqneba zemoganxiluli nawarmoebebis Tavmoyra. damate-
sity of wine related topics in the works of art
biT, SesaZloa am ti pis sxva masalis moZieba da damuSavebac.
created at different stages of development of
masalis warmoCenis maqsimaluri efeqtiurobisa da yvela asakobriv ka-
tegoriaze morgebisTvis, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, SesaZlebeli unda iyos
audio masalis gamoyenebac. SesaZloa calkeul kompoziciebSi CarTul
gamosaxulebaTa da scenaTa gacocxleba. preistoriuli xanis arqeolo-
giur masalaze warmodgenili sakulto-ritualur gamosaxulebaTa warmo-
sadgenad aseve SesaZlebelia am ritualebis savaraudo rekonstruireba,
scenaTa Sesabamisad, figurebis moZraobaSi CarTva da amiT kompoziciebis
gacocxleba da ametyveleba. magaliTisaTvis, am ti pis rekonstruqcia, vfiq-
robT, kargad moergeba qristeSobamdeli epoqis brinjaos gravirebuli
sartylebis purobis scenaTa gamosaxulebebs. uCveulo figurebisa da sce-
nebis gacocxleba namdvilad saintereso da TvalismomWreli sanaxaoba
gaxdeba muzeumSi misuli mcirewlovani damTvaliereblebisaTvis.

saerTo jamSi ki unda iTqvas, rom saqarTveloSi uZvelesi Rvinis naSTe-

bis arseboba, qveynis `Rvinis samSoblod~ saxeldeba, qarTul kulturaSi
Rvinis, vazisa da yurZnis Tematikis gansakuTrebuli mravalfrovneba, namd-
vilad iZleva Zalian myar mocemulobas imisaTvis, rom Rvinis istoria
da kulturisTvis misi mniSvneloba samuzeumo sivrceSi saTanadod iqnas
warmoCenili.

996 997
 vazisa da Rvinis kultura
saqarTveloSi: Rvinis
erovnuli saagentos
samecniero proeqti
d. maRraZe1, l. mexuzla1, a. koberiZe1, i. mdinaraZe1, d. lorTqifaniZe2, m. ja-
labaZe2, e. yvavaZe2, n. rusiSvili2, T. kezeli3, l. ujmajuriZe4, p. makgoverni5,
r. baCilieri6, o. faila7, g. kola7, l. mariani7, s. batiuki8, t. gilberti9, l.
bubi10, a. WeiSvili11, e. boareto12, n. uelsi13, l. daviTaSvili14.

(1) Rvinis erovnuli saagento, marSal gelovanis gamz. #6. 0159. Tbilisi,
saqarTvelo
(2) saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi, a. furcelaZis q. #3. 0105. Tbilisi, sa-
qarTvelo
(3) asociacia „qarTuli Rvino“, mTawmindis q. #12. 0108. Tbilisi, saqarTve-
lo
(4) soflis meurneobis samecniero-kvleviTi centri, marSal gelovanis
gamz. #6. 0159. Tbilisi, saqarTvelo
(5) University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. 3260 South St., Phi-
ladelphia, PA 19104, USA
(6) INRA-CIRAD-SupAgro, UMR AGAP, 1334 Montpellier, France
(7) University of Milan. Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
(8) University of Toronto, Dept. of Near & Middle Eastern Civilizations, 4 Bancroft Ave, Toron-
to, Canada
(9) University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5–7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
(10) Instutut des Sciences de l’Evolition. University of Montpellier. Place Eugene` Bataillon,
22, 34095 Montpellier, France
(11) EHESS (Ecole des hautes études en sciences sociales), Cercec/CNRS, 54 boulevard
Raspail, 75006 Paris, France
(12) Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Herzl St 234, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
(13) BioArCh, Department of Archaeology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10
5DD, UK
(14) garemos dacvisa da soflis meurneobis saministro, marSal gelo-
vanis gamz. #6. 0159. Tbilisi, saqarTvelo

1. Sesavali

saqarTveloSi mevenaxeoba-meRvineobas Rrma fesvebi aqvs. msoflioSi is

uZvelesi qveyanaa Rvinis dayenebis tradiciis 8000 wlovani istoriiT
(McGovern, 2003/2006, Batiuk, 2013, McGovern et al. 2017).

saqarTvelo ara mxolod 525 adgilobrivi vazis jiSis samSobloa, aramed

veluri - „krikina“ - vazis (Vitis vinifera ssp sylvestris Gmel.) mravali populaci-
is gavrcelebis keracaa (Maghradze et al. 2012a). kulturuli vazis (Vitis vini-
fera ssp. sativa) domestikacia veluri winaprisgan swored kavkasiis arealSi
(Zohary, 2000) ganxorcielda. Rvinis damzadebis aqamde arsebuli yvelaze

998 999
 Zveli mtkicebuleba neoliTis periods ukavSirdeba da moicavs axlo
aRmosavleTis mTian regionebSi - kavkasiaSi, aRmosavleT tavrSi (torosi)
da Crdilo-dasavleT zagrosSi - Catarebul aRmoCenebs, sadac qimiurad
dadasturda yvelaze adreuli saRvine WurWelis aRmoCena haji firuz Te-
feSi (McGovern, 2003/2006). kavkasiaSi VI-V aTaswleulebamde kultivaciis
damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi jer kidev ar iyo xelmisawvdomi, ris Semdegac
karbonizebuli wi pwebi, marcvlebi, yvavilis mtveri da xis naSTebi ufro
da ufro xSirad gvxvdeba Vitis sylvestris gavrcelebis arealebis SigniT (Ru-
sishvili, 2010, Bouby et al. 2013).
qveynisaTvis mevenaxeobisa da meRvineobis mniSvnelobis gaTvaliswinebiT,
Rvinis erovnulma saagentom, 2014 wels daiwyo „qarTuli vazisa da Rvinis
kulturis kvlevis samecniero proeqti~ (Maghradze et al. 2016, 2019). proeqti
xorcieldeba qarTuli da ucxouri institutebis TanamSromlobiT (kana-
da, dania, safrangeTi, israeli, italia, didi britaneTi, aSS). proeqtis miza-
nia sxvadasxva samecniero sferoSi kvlevis organizeba, kerZod:
neoliTuri periodis dasaxlebebis axali arqeologiuri gaTxrebi;
• saqarTvelos teritoriaze mopovebuli sxvadasxva istoriuli perio-
dis vazisa da sxva mcenareTa naSTebis sistematuri analizebi da ra-
diokarbonuli daTariReba;
• arqeologiuri artefaqtebis bioqimiuri testireba, m.S. Rvinis mJavis
identificireba - Vitis vinifera-s Rvinis markeri;
• saqarTvelos agroklimaturi parametrebis daxasiaTeba mevenaxeo-
ba-meRvineobis praqtikebTan mimarTebaSi, m.S. warsuli „holocenis~ kli-
matis rekonstruqcia da klimaturi fonis gaTvaliswineba samxreT ka-
vkasiidan mevenaxeobis sxva regionebSi gavrcelebis procesebis axsnis
mizniT;
• arqeobotanikuri wi pwidan Zveli dnm-is eqstraqcia da Seswavla vazis
Tanamedrove genofondis (jiSuri da veluri vazis) dnm-Tan Sedarebis
mizniT;
• qarTuli mevenaxeobisa da meRvineobis enologiuri da eTnografiuli
memkvidreobis warmoCena;
• mevenaxeoba-meRvineobis Tanamedrove praqtikis analizi, istoriul fon-
ze maTi Sefasebisa da argumentaciis mizniT.
warmodgenili naSromis mizania am proeqtis samuSaoebis da am droisaTvis
miRebuli ZiriTadi Sedegebis Tavmoyra, Sedegebisa, romlebic warmoaCens
vazisa da Rvinis mdidar kulturul memkvidreobas saqarTveloSi.
1000
2. masalebi da meTodebi
struqtura
proeqti organizebulia xuT samuSao jgufad: 1) arqeologia da istoria;
2) Zveli da Tanamedrove dnm; 3) bio-molekuluri arqeologia; 4) qarTuli
mevenaxeoba da meRvineoba; 5) Sedegebis gavrceleba da sazogadoebis in-
formireba.
2.1 arqeologia da istoria
2.1.1 arqeologia
2014 wlidan, „gadaWrili gorisa“ da „Sulaveris goris“ neoliTuri xanis
dasaxlebebze (marneuli, qvemo qarTlis regioni) ganaxlebuli arqeolo-
giuri gaTxrebi yovelwliurad tardeba (Hamon et al. 2016). es adgilebi e.w.
klasterebia im sasoflo-sameurneo dasaxlebebisa, sadac mosaxleobdnen
„Sulaveri-Somu Tefe~-s kulturis saxeliT cnobili adamianebi (Zv.w VI
aTaswleuli). gaTxriT samuSaoebs awarmoeben saqarTvelos erovnuli mu-
zeumisa (xelmZ. m. jalabaZe) da torontos universitetis (xelmZ. s. batiu-
ki) arqeologebi.
gaTxrebis warmoeba ramdenime mizans emsaxureba:
- neoliTuri periodis Rvinis SesaZlo warmoebasa da moxmarebasTan da-
kavSirebuli arqeologiuri nimuSebis mdidar monacemTa bazis Sedgena; -
mopovebuli masalebis dacva da konservacia;
- gaTxrebis adgilis sazogadoebisTvis wardgena;
- qarTuli da kanaduri universitetebis arqeologiis disci plinis samive
safexuris studentebisaTvis erTobliv saganmanaTleblo programaSi
monawileobis SesaZlebloba.
am etapisaTvis, gaTxrebis Sedegad, gadaWril goraze gamovlinda neoliTu-
ri soflis mosaxleobis 2 faza, Sulaveris goraze ki 6 faza.
1. „gadaWrili goris“
gaTxrebi, 2018 weli
2. „Sulaveris goris“ arqeologiuri Zegli, 2018 weli
1001
 es samuSaoebi warmatebuli aRmoCnda farTo mniSvnelobiT. SesaZlebeli
gaxda keramikuli WurWlis, qvis iaraRebis, faunis (cxovelis Zvlebi), pa-
leobotanikuri (mcenareebi/Teslebi) da geologiuri (niadagi) nimuSebis
kvleva da kacobriobis istoriis am etapisaTvis soflis meurneobisa da
mebaReobis, cxovrebis wesSi garkveva. am kvlevebis Sedegebma Cveni warmod-
genebi axlo aRmosavluri neoliTis Sesaxeb Secvala.
2.1.2 arqeobotanika da wi pwebis morfometria
momdevno arqeobotanikuri da paleobotanikuri laboratoriuli kvlevisa
da radiokarbonuli daTariRebis mizniT, flotaciis meTodi iyo gamoyene-
buli karbonizebuli mcenareuli naSTebis Sesagroveblad (n. rusiSvili,
e. yvavaZe).
sakvlevi nimuSebi Seswavlil iqna rogorc „gadaWrili gorisa~ da „Su-
laveris gori~-s gaTxrebidan, aseve sxva aqtiuri gaTxrebis teritoriebi-
danac: „Treligorebi~ (sof. diRomi, Zv.w.IV-II ss.), „kapnisTavi~ (xelvaCauris
r-ni, adr. Suasaukuneebi) da „dexviri~ (cageris r-ni, gviani Suasaukuneebi),
gldani (Sua saukuneebi), Zalisa (mcxeTis r-ni, romauli periodi), „dedof-
lis gora~ (qarelis r-ni, Zv.w. II-I ss.), quTaisi (Zv.w. I aTasw.), q. rusTavi
(sxvadasxva periodis nimuSebi).
arqeologiuri da Tanamedrove vazis wi pwebis kvlevis Sedegad, aseve,
daTariRda saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis ukanaskneli samoci wlis
manZilze aRmoCenili wi pwebis ocdaeqvsi nimuSi. daTariReba ganxorciel-
da veismanis institutis D-REAMS laboratoriaSi (israeli), e. buaretos
xelmZRvanelobiT (radiokarbonuli (C14 meTodi)).
gaTxrebis Sedegad mopovebuli wi pwebis SerCevisa da fotofiqsaciis (sur.
3) mizans, „morfogeometruli analizis~ saSualebiT (l. boubis xelmZ.),
maTi qarTul da evropul jiSebTan, aseve, veluri vazis Tanamedrove wi p-
webTan Sedareba warmoadgenda. gamoyenebuli morfogeometriuli meTodi
wi pwis dorsaluri da ventraluri mxaris elifsebis furies gardaqmnebis
(transformaciebis) analizs emyareba (Terral et al. 2010, Pagnox et al. 2015). pir-
vel rigSi, ganxorcielda arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad napovni Vitis
wi pwebis xelmisawvdomi nimuSebis inventarizacia da radiokarbonuli me-
Todis gamoyenebiT maTi umetesobis qronologiis dadgena.
3. qvevrSi aRmoCenili wi pwebis ori ti pi (joxTnixevi (gldani), Sua saukuneebi). foto
n. rusiSvili
1002
2.1.3 paleobotanika/palinologia
niadagebi da nimuSebi, standartuli procedurebis Sesabamisad, damuSavda
saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis paleobiologiis institutis palinolo-
giur laboratoriaSi (Moore et al. 2015).
proeqtis pirvel etapze, paleobotanikuri meTodis gamoyenebiT, „gadaWri-
li goris~ namosaxlaridan (Zv.w. VI aTasw.) 100-ze meti nimuSi iqna Seswav-
lili. nimuSebi aRebuli iyo 8 WurWlis, 9 ormos, 6 sakuWnao/sacavisa da 15
kulturuli Sridan. kvlevis Sedegebi aisaxa statiaSi McGovern et al. (2017).
momdevno 2017-2019 ww-Si, „gadaWrili goridan~ da „Sulaveris goridan~, da-
matebiT 63 nimuSi iqna Seswavlili.
2.1.4 radiokarbonuli daTariReba
arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad aRmoCenili wi pwebisa da mcenareuli
naSTebisaTvis SerCeuli nimuSebis radiokarbonuli daTariReba C14 meTo-
diT ganxorcielda.
proeqtis farglebSi daTariRda gasuli samoci wlis ganmavlobaSi sxva-
dasxva arqeologiuri gaTxrebis dros, aseve, amJamad mimdinare gaTxrebis
dros aRmoCenili wi pwisa da naxSiris 29 nimuSi. analizebi Sesrulda
veismanis institutis D-REAMS radiokarbonuli daTariRebis laborato-
riaSi e. boaretos xelmZRvanelobiT (Boaretto et al. 2009). kvlevis pirveli
etapis Sedegebi warmodgenilia naSromSi McGovern et al. (2017). analogiuri
samuSao gagrZeldeba da „Sulaveris kulturis“ da sxvadasxva arqeolo-
giuri Zeglebidan 24 nimuSi daTariRdeba.
2.1.5 franguli arqivebi da samuzeumo koleqciebi
safrangeTis saarqivo dawesebulebebSi, biblioTekebsa da muzeumebSi Ca-
tarebuli kvlevis Sedegad moxda qarTuli vazisa da Rvinis kulturis
Sesaxeb arsebuli XVII-XIX saukuneebis frangulenovani masalebis (sta-
tiebi, wignebi, saarqivo Canawerebi da fotoebi) moZieba da maTi sistema-
tizacia. safrangeTis muzeumebSi daculi masalebis Seswavlis Sedegad
gamovlinda dRemde ucnobi qarTuli saRvine WurWlis koleqciebi, romle-
bic frangma arqeologebma da eTnografebma saqarTvelodan XIX saukunis
manZilze da XX saukunis dasawyisSi sxvadasxva samecniero eqspediciebis
Sedegad gaitanes.
2.2 dnm-s Seswavla
2.2.1 Tanamedrove dnm
dnm teqnologiiT Seswavlili iqna qarTuli warmoSobis 60 kultivirebu-
li da 100-ze meti veluri vazis nimuSi. kvlevis Sedegebi Sedarebul iqna
safrangeTis agraruli kvlevebis erovnuli institutis (INRA) did mona-
cemTa bazasTan (Laucou et al. 2011, 2018). pirvel etapze, Cven CavatareT dnm-is
mikrosateluri (SSR) analizi EU-Vitis monacemTa bazaSi (http://www.eu-vitis.de/)
gamoyenebul cxra SSR-is bazaze genoti pebis identificirebis, SesaZlo
sinonimebis, omonimebis, mSoblebisa da araswori saxeldebis gadasamowme-
blad. mas Semdeg, rac dadasturda originaluri genoti pis nusxa, Cven ga-
1003
 moviyeneT INRA-sa da GeoGenetics-is mier SeTanxmebuli dnm-is daaxloebiT
10 000 martivi nukleotiduri variaciis (Single Nucleotide Variaton, an SNP) Se-
darebiTi analizi. Cveni nimuSebis nakrebs davamateT Vitis gvaris 12 aziuri
saxeoba da erTi Muscadinia saxeoba, rogorc gare jgufi (r. baCilieri).
2.2.2 Zveli dnm
arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad mopovebuli mcenareuli naSTebidan
dnm-is eqstraqciis meTodika SemuSavda kopenhagenis universitetis „Geo-
Genetics~-is paleogenomikis laboratoriaSi (xelmZRvaneli t. gilberti)
da Semowmda arqeologiuri eqspediciebis dros saqarTvelos erovnuli
muzeumis bazaze.
proeqtis pirvel etapze, 2017 wlamde, arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad
aRmoCenili 19 Vitis wi pwisa da 2 uZvelesi merqnis koleqcia damuSavda
kopenhagenis universitetis paleogenomikis laboratoriaSi, zemodamowme-
buli teqnikis gamoyenebiT, Tumca, miRebuli iqna uaryofi Sedegebi dnm-is
eqstraqciis SeuZleblobis gamo (n. uelsi).
Semdgom wlebSi amave laboratoriaSi damuSavda arqeologiuri Vitis wi p-
wis axali koleqciebi: Seswavlili nimuSebi Zv. w. X s-dan ax. w. XVII sau-
kunemde periods miekuTvneba da moicavs istoriul xanaSi vazis adreuli
moSenebis mniSvnelovan etapebs.
nimuSebisgan izolirebuli dnm-is bazaze Sesrulda Tanmimdevruli sekve-
nireba (shotgun sequencing). - Vitis baqteriuli da sokovani dnm-is SedarebiT
proporciebis raodenobrivi maCvenebelis dadgenisaTvis, nimuSebSi dnm-is
warmoSoba, gamoikvlies NCBI-is BLAST monacemTa bazis gamoyenebiT. nimu-
Sebi, romlebmac aCvenes vazis dnm-is maRali done, Seswavlil iqna birT-
vuli SNP saSualebiT. samuSao Seasrula n. uelsma (2019 wlidan n. uelsi
samuSaoebs agrZelebs iorkis universitetSi, didi britaneTSi).
2.2 biomolekuluri arqeologia
2014 da 2015 wlebSi, neoliTis xanis Sulaveris kulturis nasaxlaridan,
22 WurWlis natexs, maTSi SesaZlo yurZnis/Rvinis naSTebis aRmoCenis miz-
niT, Svid Sesabamis miwis nimuSTan erTad Cautarda analizi maTSi Rvinis
naSTebis SesaZlo aRmoCenis mizniT (McGovern et al. 2017).
nimuSebi miekuTvneboda „gadaWrili gori~-s, „Sulaveris gori~-sa da „arux-
lo~-s arqeologiur Zeglebs. isini gaiTxara profesorebis sved hansenisa
(germania) da guram fircxalavas xelmZRvanelobiT.
prof. patrik makgoverni pensilvaniis muzeumis universitetis biomole-
kuluri arqeologiuri proeqtidan xelmZRvanelobda am nimuSebis Seswav-
las aSS-Si Semdeg universitetebTan TanamSromlobiT: prof. greThen r.
holi pen-laboratoriidan, prof. kristian peterseni vinTerturis muzeu-
mis konservaciis laboratoriidan, prof. maikl kalahani da prof. karen
smiti nasas godardis kosmosuri frenis centridan.
proeqtis farglebSi, Rvinis yvela ZiriTadi organuli mJavis identifici-
rebisTvis, gamoyenebul iqna axali, mgrZnobiare meTodika. aseTebia: Rvinis
1004
mJava, vaSlmJava, limonmJava da qarvis mJava. Semdgomi eqstraciis analizebi
Catarda gazuri qromatografi mass speqtrometris (GC-MS), infrawiTeli
speqtrometri forie gardaqmnis (FT-IR) da Orbitrap siTxuri qromatografi-
is dakavSirebuli mass speqtrometris (LC / MS / MS) saSualebiT (Maghradze
et al. 2016, McGovern et al. 2017).
mikroskopuli Semowmebisa da fotografirebis Semdeg, SerCeuli Tixis
natexebis Sida mxridan aRebuli iqna saanalizo nimuSebi, romlebic dayo-
fili iqna FT-IR da GC-MS-is analizebisTvis LC / MS / MS-gan gancalkeve-
bulad Orbitrap siTxuri qromatografiis dakavSirebuli mass speqtrome-
trisaTvis (LC / MS / MS) (Orbitrap LC / MS / MS).
1. mopoveba/eqstraqcia: FT-IR da GC-MS analizebisaTvis Tixis natexebis
Sida zedapirebi 1-3 mm-is siRrmeze iqna gamofxekili mas Semdeg, rac
manamde distilirebuli wyliT iqna Camorecxili. fxvnilis narCene-
bi kidev ufro daqucmacda aqatis jamisa da rodinis gamoyenebiT, da
eqstraqtirda Cveni qloroformi/meTanolis proceduris dacviT - 3 sT.
minis WurWelSi duRiliT, da simSralemde aorTqlebiT.
2. FT-IR analizebi, monacemTa baza da kvleva: FT-IR monacemebi miRebul
iqna Termo-nikoletis speqtrometrze. FT-IR speqtrebis monacemebi Se-
darebuli iqna did monacemTa bazebTan, romlebSic gaerTianebulia bu-
nebrivi produqtebi, damuSavebuli organul masalebi, sinTezuri naerTe-
bi, Tanamedrove Rvinis nimuSebi da „Zveli Rvinis sacnobaro nimuSebi~.
es ukanaskneli aris uZvelesi WurWlis naSTebi, romlebic savaraudod,
Tavdapirvelad Seicavda Rvinos. es varaudi emyareba arqeologiur kon-
teqstebsa da/an WurWlis eqsterierze mocemuli warwerebis Sinaarss.
gansakuTrebuli interesis obieqtebia is nimuSebi, romlebic Sesabami-
sobas avlens Zvel da Tanamedrove Rvinis nimuSebTan, albaTobis maRal
doneze (90 an zemoT 100-ze masStabiT, Sesabamisad, Thermo Scientific-is OM-
NIC algoriTmis mixedviT).
3. GC-MS analizebi, monacemTa baza da kvleva: GC-MS analizis Catarebis
Cveni eqsperimentuli meTodologiisTvis ixileT McGovern et al. (2013a,
2013b).
4. Orbitrap LC/MS/MS-iT eqstraqcia da analizebi: LC / MS / MS analizis
Catarebis Cveni eqsperimentuli meTodologiisTvis ixileT McGovern et
al. (2013b). nimuSis eqstraqtSi Rvinis mJava, vaSlmJava, qarvis mJava da li-
monmJava identificirda (a) cnobil standartebTan, nimuSis naerTebis
Sedarebis gziT; da (b) analizuri gziT miRebuli organuli mJavebis
masebis ganazomebis SedarebiT Teoriulad gansazRvrul masebTan. pi-
kebis are miRebuli iqna an manualuri integraciiT, an ICIS pikis algo-
riTmis Xcalibur programul paketis saSualebiT.
5. bioinformatikuli Sefaseba: bioinformatikuli meTodi gadamwyveti
iyo yurZnis/Rvinis da sxva bunebrivi produqtebis identificirebisaT-
vis, romlebic SesaZloa gamoyenebuli yofiliyo adamianis mier.
2.4. qarTuli mevenaxeoba da meRvineoba
1005
 2.4.1 mevenaxeobis agroklimatologia
yvela biologiur cikls garemos pirobebis cvlilebebi ganapirobebs. am
TvalsazrisiT, Zalze mniSvnelovania garemo resursebis, vazis ganviTare-
bis, warmoebis SezRudvebis da klimatis cvalebadobis gaTvaliswinebiT
mevenaxeobis arealis analizi da daxasiaTeba.
Tuki dasavleTi evropis klimatze mkveTri gavlena moaxdina klimatis
cvlilebam me-20 saukunis 80-iani wlebis bolos (Mariani et al. 2012), msgavsi
signalebi saqarTveloSi ramdenime wlis Semdeg - 1994 wels dafiqsirda.
amis gamo, amJamindeli klimaturi fazis (1994-2013) saSualo wliuri tempe-
ratura 1.40С-iT aRemateba wina fazis (1974-1993) temperaturas.
am TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa imis Sefaseba, Tu ramdenad
didi gavlena moaxdina 1994 wlis klimaturma realobam vazis fenolo-
giaze.
vazis fenologiaze klimatis cvlilebis gavlenis Sefasebis mizniT, gaa-
nalizebulia Termuli resursebis xelmisawvdomoba or klimatur fazaSi,
xuT simaRliT sartyelSi, 0-1250 m. diapazonSi.
garda amisa, qarTuli jiSebis fenologiuri modelis kalibracia gan-
xorcielda 2012–2014 wlebSi koSkebisa da saguramos or eqsperimentul
bazebze Segrovebuli fenologiuri monacemebis gamoyenebis safuZvelze
(Rustioni et al. 2014a, 2014b). normaluri siTburi saaTebis (NHH) meTodze da-
fuZnebul models (Mariani et al. 2013) winaswar SeuZlia gansazRvros BBCH
fenologiuri etapi - 61 (yvavilobis dasawyisi), 71 (nayofis gamonaskva) da
81 (SeTvaleba), oTxi Sesabamisi qarTuli jiSisaTvis (mwvane kaxuri, rqa-
wiTeli, ojaleSi da saferavi). es modeli Semowmda goriciaSi, italiaSi
(Maghradze et al. 2012b) Sekrebil damoukidebel samwlian monacemTa bazasTan
mimarTebaSi (2004–2006).
2.4.2. uZvelesi klimatis rekonstruqcia
dasavleT saqarTveloSi Vitis vinifera-s gavrcelebis amJamindeli zRvaria
daaxloebiT 500–800 metri zRvis donidan, rac damokidebulia iseT morfo-
logiur maxasiaTeblebze, rogoricaa ferdobi da daxriloba. es zRvari
gavlenas axdens mzis radiaciasa da temperaturaze. sxvaTa Soris, es zRva-
ri Tanamimdevia sxva Termofilur taqsonebTanac, msgavsad, Zelkova carpinifolia
Pall. da Castanea sativa L.
amis gaTvaliswinebiT, Cven miviReT sami sartyeli afxazeTis regionisaT-
vis, gansazRvruli konorisa da yvavaZis mier (Connor and Kvavadze, 2008), ro-
gorc dasavleT saqarTveloSi veluri da kulturuli vazis (Vitis vinifera
L.) gavrcelebis sarwmuno zRvari zRvis donidan. amrigad, korelaciis
koeficientis gamoyenebiT 1100/-1300 metrisaTvis, Cven ganvsazRvreT holo-
cenis evolucia - vazis gavcelebis simaRliTi limitebi mTeli qveynis
teritoriisaTvis (nax. 4, 5).
Catarda gamokvleva klimatis ciklebis gavlenis Sesaxeb, evraziaSi vazis
domestikaciasa da uZveles migraciebze. kvleva moicavs teritorias, ibe-
riis naxevarkunZulidan iaponiamde. xSirad miiCneva, rom es regioni evra-
1006
ziaSi vazis gavrcelebis gzaa holocenis periodSi.
speqtruli analizi daefuZna or mTavar analitikur meTods: maqsimaluri
entropiis meTods (Childers, 1978) da Lomb-Scargle Periodogram meTods (Lomb,
1975, Scargle, 1982). da bolos, speqtralur pikebze SerCeuli droiTi perio-
debisaTvis, stiudentis t-testi iqna gamoyenebuli El Niño-s gavlenis Sesa-
faseblad.
2.4.3. eTnografia
saqarTvelos erovnulma muzeumma proeqtis Sida veb-gverdze ganaTavsa
qveynis mevenaxeobasa da meRvineobasTan dakavSirebuli arqeologiuri da
eTnografiuli monacemebi, rac „arqeologiuri katalogisa~ da „eTnogra-
fiuli katalogis~ gamoqveynebis saSualebas iZleva, maTi sistematizaciis,
kvlevisa da Semdgomi gamoyenebisTvis.
2.4.4. Wraqis mimarT gamZleoba
V. vinifera vazis qarTuli jiSi mgalobliSvilis, V. vinifera saerTaSoriso
jiSi pino Savisa da Vitis-is saxeobaTaSorisi hibriduli jiSis Bianca
orwliani mcenareebi Sediodnen sakvlev proeqtSi Sediodnen - Plasmopara
viticola-s mimarT gamZleobis Sesafaseblad, romelic iwvevs vazis Wraqis
daavadebas (Toffolatti et al. 2018). eqsperimentuli inokulacia Catarda P. viti-
cola-s sporangiumebiani xsnaris SesxurebiT, raTa sinaTlis mikroskopis
gamoyenebiT Sefasebuliyo daavadebis simZime da paTogenebis zrdis siZ-
liere foTlis qsovilebze. paralelurad, ganxorcielda sruli tran-
skri ptomuri analizi inokulirebuli da ara-inokulirebuli mcenareebis
qsovilebis analizisaTvis, raTa momxdariyo mcenareTa damuSavebis am or
meTods Soris, gansxvavebulad eqspresirebuli genebis (DEGs) moqmedebis
mniSvnelobis aqcentireba. im mizniT, rom P. viticola-s mimarT SeefasebinaT
mgalobliSvilis gamZleobis meqanizmi, Seswavlili da erTmaneTTan Se-
darebul iqna mgalobliSvilis, pino Savisa da biankas DEGs genebi.
2.4.5. ampelografia: kultivirebuli
jiSebi da veluri vazi
Tanamedrove vazis genofondis (qar-
Tuli adgilobrivi jiSebi da velu-
ri vazi) dnm - is Seswavlis mizniT,
Segrovebuli iqna vazis 60 jiSi da
4. veluri vazis koleqcia sof.
100 veluri forma. jiRauraSi, 2017 w.
kultivirebuli vazis winapris - veluri vazis Vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris mo-
ZiebisaTvis, qveynis masStabiT Catarda ramdenime eqspedicia. aRmoCenili
mcenareebi ampelografiuli da GPS meTodebiT aRiwera. kalmebi Segrovi-
li iqna dnm-is Sesaswavlad da gamravlebis mizniT:
am mcenareebisagan 2014 wels gaSenda savele koleqcia ssi p soflis meur-
neobis samecniero-kvleviTi centris solomon ColoyaSvilis saxelobis
erovnul koleqciaSi (FAO-s saerTaSoriso kodi GEO-038), sof. jiRaura,
mcxeTis munci paliteti (sur. 4).
1007
 2017 da 2018 wlebSi koleqciaSi arsebuli 28 veluri vazis genoti pis kv-
leva Catarda (da amJamadac mimdinareobs danarCen formebze), ampelografi-
is, fenologiis, enokarpologiis, enologiis, enoqimiis, eTnobotanebisa da
mcenareTa paTologiis dadgenili meTodebiT, vazisa da Rvinis saerTaSo-
riso organizaciisa (OIV, 2009) da COST ACTION FA1009 proeqtis mier Se-
moTavazebuli meTodikebis safuZvelze (Rustioni et al. 2014a,b).
2.5. Sedegebis gavrceleba da sazogadoebis informireba
specialur qvejgufs evaleba proeqtis Sedegebis gavrceleba popularul
da samecniero wreebSi.
qarTuli vazisa da Rvinis kulturis proeqtis farglebSi miRebuli Se-
degebi waredgina adgilobrivsa da saerTaSoriso farTo auditorias.
am mizniT gamoyenebuli iyo samecniero da popularuli publikaciebi,
prezentaciebi Rvinis gamofenebze evropaSi, dokumenturi filmi, Rvinis
gamofenebi bordosa (2017) da tokioSi (2019), satelevizio da radio gad-
acemebi da a.S.
3. Sedegebi da ganzogadeba
3.1. arqeologia da istoria
arqeologiuri programa moicavs gaTxrebis warmoebas „gadaWrili gori-
sa~ da „Sulaveris goris~ neoliTur namosaxlarebze. am arqeologiur
Zeglebze yovelwliurad izrdeba ganaTxari teritoriis farTobi, xdeba
namosaxlaris qveda Sreebis miRweva. specialistebma daaTariRes gaTxre-
bis sxvadasxva adgilidan Segrovebuli vazis naSTebi (wi pwa, merqani) da
biometruli meTodis gamoyenebiT Seadares Zveli wi pwebi axlebs.
meRvineobis istorikosebma gamoikvlies artefaqtebi saqarTvelos mraval-
ferovani istoriis sxvadasxva periodebidan; ganxorcielda XVII da XIX
saukuneebis franguli istoriuli arqivebSi daculi masalebis Seswavla.
saarqivo masalebSi daculia informacia saqarTvelos vazis jiSebisa da
meRvineobis Sesaxeb. qarTuli mevenaxeobisa da meRvineobis, misi istoriisa
da msoflioSi misi adgilis Sesaxeb mopovebuli saarqivo masala bevr
siaxles Seicavs.
3.1.1. arqeologia
samxreT kavkasiis „Sulaveri-Somu Tefes kulturis~ (Zv.w.VI-VaTasw.) adreu-
li neoliTuri dasaxlebebis arqeologiur Zeglebze - „gadaWrili gora~
da „Sulaveris gora~ - SesaZlebelia axali arqeologiuri gaTxrebis
Sedegad aRmoCenili artefaqtebis mevenaxeoba-meRvineobasTan dakavSireba.
aRniSnulis gamoTqmis saSualebas gansakuTrebiT Tixis nawarmi iZleva.
„Sulaveris goraze~ warmoebulma gaTxrebmac dasaxlebis qveda fenamde
miaRwia. axali gaTxrebis Sedegad, SesaZlebeli gaxda mevenaxeoba-meRvi-
neobasTan dakavSirebuli axali artefaqtebis - gansakuTrebiT Tixisa da
masTan dakavSirebuli niadagis nimuSebis mopoveba (McGovern et al. 2017).
1008
arqeologiuri dazverva neoliTis periodis landSaftis gagebis mcdelo-
bas warmoadgenda. gaTxrebis Sedegad miviReT mtkicebulebebi adreuli
Rvinis Senaxvisa da moxmarebis Sesaxeb (McGovern et al. 2017), magram misi
warmoebis adgilebi dasazustebeli darCa. axlad dawyebuli kvlevebis
samizne swored am warmoebis adgilebis moZieba iyo.
garda amisa, Taflis adreuli gamoyenebis mtkicebulebaTa aRmoCena (e.
yvavaZe, zepiri informacia) da Sinauri cxovelebis gamoyenebis mravalfe-
rovneba cxadyofs saocrad rTuli, adreuli meurneobis kulturis nimu-
Sis arsebobas am regionSi. amasTanave, axali da meoreuli produqtebis
inovaciuri gamoyenebiT es kultura afarToebs Tavis axali saxeobebis
saarsebo bazas.
aqedan gamomdinare, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba daeTmo maRalmTian adgi-
lebs, sadac SesaZlebeli iyo, Rvinis warmoebis procesSi gamoqvabulebis
gamoyeneba (rogorc arsebobs amis mowmoba somxeTSi, eneoliTis/adreuli
brinjaos periodSi) (Areshian et al. 2012).
2017-2018 wlebis sezonebze 78 aseTi adgili dafiqsirda, romelTa So-
ris aTi neoliTuri periodiT daTariRda. arcerTi neoliTuri mRvime
da borcvi ar aris gamovlenili, rac imas niSnavs, rom Rvinis warmoebis
procesi mimdinareobda an Tavad dasaxlebul adgilas, an yurZnis moyvanis
wyaros siaxloves.
proeqtis farglebSi identificirebis, Sedarebisa da gaanalizebis mizniT,
mzaddeba „arqeologiuri katalogi~, sadac Tavs moiyris am droisTvis mo-
povebuli, mevenaxeoba-meRvineobasTan dakavSirebuli arqeologiuri arte-
faqtebi. damatebiT, arqeologiuri artefaqtebisa da vazis naSTebis (wi p-
wa, merqani) sistematuri radiokarbonuli analizis saSualebiT qarTuli
mevenaxeobis istoriis qronologiuri rekonstruqcia, maTi dakavSireba
meRvineobasTan saqarTvelos istoriul periodebTan SesabamisobaSi.
„gadaWrili goris~ teritoriaze arsebul nagebobebSi, sacavis ormoebsa
da Senobebis kedlebze gamovlenilia uZvelesi vazis yvavilis mtveris
arseboba. vazis yvavilis mtveri da wi pwebi „Treligorebis~ Zeglzec aRm-
oCnda. sxva kulturebis karbonizirebuli Teslebi, rogorebicaa xorbali,
qeri, mware cercvela, ospi, barda da soflis meurneobasTan asocirebuli
sarevelebi aRmoCenil iqna „gadaWril goraze~, rac qvemo qarTlSi 8 000
wlis win soflis meurneobis arsebobas adasturebs.
3.1.2 wi pwebis morfometria
geomorfometriuli meTodebis gamoyenebiT Vitis-is wi pwis profilis ana-
lizi mniSvnelovan warmodgenas iZleva uZvelesi da kultivirebuli va-
zis mravalferovnebis da vazis domestikaciis Sesaxeb.
aseve, naSromis safuZvels warmoadgens veluri vazisa da kultivirebuli
jiSebis - Vitis-is gavrcelebis arealidan warmoSobili, Tanamedrove wi p-
webis Seswavla - esenia xmelTaSuazRvispireTi, evropa da samxreT-dasav-
leTis aziis qveynebi, saqarTvelos CaTvliT.
am droisaTvis SevZeliT saqarTvelos teritoriaze warmoebuli sxvadas-
1009
 xva arqeologiuri gaTxris Sedegad moZiebuli, Vitis gvaris 500-mde wi pwis gvxvdeba RvinoSi. es ukavSirdeba im mwerebs, romlebic yurZnisa Tu RviniT
gaanalizeba (periodi - adre brinjaos xanidan dRemde). pirveli domes- savse WurWlis garSemo yovelTvis trialeben.
ticirebuli morfoti pi gamovlenilia rkinis xanidan da is ZiriTadad,
yvela arqeologiur nimuSSi sWarbobs. am droidan moyolebuli, veluri „gadaWrili goris~ sacavebsa da sayofacxovrebo ormoebSi mopovebul
vazi kvlav gamoyenebulia, magram dominirebs kultivirebuli vazi. aRsa- WurWelSi, gansakuTrebiT ki maT fskerze napovnia yvavilis mtvris marc-
niSnavia moSinaurebuli formebis mravalferovneba. maT Soris ramdenime vlebi, saxamebeli, vazis rqis mikroskopuli ujredebi da mwerebis bususe-
morfoti pia, romelTa umetesi nawili kavkasiasa da saberZneTSi moZiebuli bi. Vitis-is gvaris yvavilis mtvris marcvlebi napovnia aseve, sacxovrebeli
Tanamedrove jiSis wi pwebTan siaxloviT gamoirCeva. saxlebis iatakze, sameurneo ormoebsa da sacavebSi. es aRmoCenebi adastu-
rebs, rom adamianebi neoliTis xanaSi vazs aSenebdnen.
3.1.3 palinologiuri /paleobotanikuri kvleva
gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa, im vazis (Vitis vinifera) yvavilis naSTebis aRm-
„gadaWrili goris~ nimuSebis Seswavlis Sedegi cxadyofs, rom maTgan 80% oCena, romlebic sacxovrebel fenebSi iqna gamovlenili. gTavazobT am
Seicavs Vitis vinifera L. da venaxTan asocirebuli sarevelebis mtvris marc- SemTxvevis asaxsnelad ramdenime arguments. SesaZlebelia, rom vazi (Vitis
vlebs. vinifera) Cven mier warmoebuli gaTxrebiT gamovlenili Senobis maxloblad
iyo darguli, an misi yvavilebi specialurad Seagroves da Seinaxes saca-
„gadaWril gorasa~ da „Sulaveris goras~ nimuSebis gamokvleva gviCvenebs, vebsa da sacxovreblis ormoebSi. cnobilia, rom vazis foTlebs, wi pwasa
rom vazis yvavilis mtveri farTod da sakmaod uxvad iyo gavrcelebuli da yurZnis wvens mravali samkurnalo Tviseba aqvs. ufro metic, adamia-
gaTxrebis orive adgilze, adreuli neoliTuri konteqstebidan, magram nebi iyenebdnen yurZens sakvebisTvis
niadagis dRevandel fenebSi maTi arseboba ar dasturdeba (McGovern et al. da, Sesabamisad, is unda yofiliyo ad-
2017). am mxareSi amJamad uaxloesi venaxi ramdenime kilometris daSore- gilobrivi kvebis racionis mniSvne-
biTaa gaSenebuli. amitomac, gaTxrebis adgilze qaris saSualebiT Taname- lovani nawili. es faqti dasturdeba
drove mtvris miRwevis albaTobis daSveba SeuZlebelia. vazis yvavilis mtvrisa (Vitis vinifera)
da ZmarmJavas aRmoCeniT WurWlis ked-
SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom neoliTuri konteqstidan gamovlenili yvavilis lebsa da fskerze (Kvavadze et al. 2010b).
mtveri ara Tanamedrove dabinZurebis Sedegi, aramed, marTlac uZvelesia.
garda amisa, aRwerili yvavilis mtvris marcvlebis aglomeraciidan gamom- am mikronaSTebze dayrdnobiT Camoya-
dinare vvaraudobT, rom vazi izrdeboda neoliTuri periodis dasaxlebe- libebuli iqna ori mniSvnelovani
bis axlos, an Tundac, imave adgilebSi. damatebiT, am daskvnebis damadas- daskvna McGovern et al. (2017) mier: vazi
turebeli mtkicebulebebia vazis saxameblisa da epidermisis ujredebis izrdeboda dasaxlebis siaxloves,
arseboba gaanalizebul nimuSebSi. imave rigisaa xilis buzis (Drosophyla anda SesaZlebelia, sakuTriv dasax-
melanogaster) naSTebis arseboba, romelsac, zogadad, izidavs Saqari da al- lebaSi da misi nayofi gamoiyeneboda
koholi. sakvebad. ramdenime Sesanaxi WurWlis
qimiuri da mikrobotanikuri mtkice-
WurWlis palinologiuri speqtris Sinaarsi mtkiced migviTiTebs maTSi bulebebis kombinirebis Sedegad, maT- 5. a) „gadaWrili gora“, kvadrati #11,
Rvinis arsebobas, rac gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa. arqeologiuri gaTxre- Si Txevadi SigTavsis mqone yurZnis kulturul fenebSi aRmoCenili
bis Sedegad aRmoCenil WurWelSi Rvinis naSTebis saidentifikaciod pa- produqtis dadasturebis Semdeg, ga- qeris (1), xorblis (2-5) da vazis
linologiuri analizis gamoyeneba warmatebiT daiwyo (Rosch, 2005, Kvavadze keTda daskvna, rom yurZnis Rvino iq mtvris marcvlebi (6-8)
et al. 2010a, 2010b). mtvris marcvlis monitoringis saerTaSoriso programam, erT-erTi yvelaze savaraudo produq-
romelic ganxorcielda inglissa da saqarTveloSi (Kvavadze et al. 2010b, Tur- ti iyo.
nen and Brown, 2004, Kvavadze and Chichinadze, 2007), mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli
kvlevis am mimarTulebas. monitoringma aCvena, rom kaxeTSi, karg klimatur palinologiurma gamokvlevebma ase-
pirobebSi (e.i. rodesac ar aris gvalva da Zalian civi zamTari yinviT) ve daadgina Sulaveris kulturis pe-
rqawiTelis mtvris marcvlebis produqtiuloba izrdeba. weliwadSi 50 riodSi sxva mebaReobis kulturebis
000-ze meti mtvris marcvali grovdeba 1sm2 niadagze vazis mcenaris qveS. arsebobac. kerZod, kakali da sxva
foTlebsa da yurZenze ileqeba mtvris mniSvnelovani raodenoba, rac da- kaklovani kulturebi izrdeboda da
wurvis Semdeg xvdeba RvinoSi. eqsperimentma aCvena, rom erT sezonze daax- inaxeboda samarago ormoebSi. Zali-
loebiT aTasi mtvris marcvali xvdeba Sinaur pirobebSi dayenebul erT an ganviTarebuli Cans xorblis war-
litr RvinoSi. moeba, risi Tqmis safuZvelsac iZleva
5. b) „gadaWrili gora“, kvadrati #11,
palinologiuri da paleobotanikuri lok. 38, sameurneo ormo, sadac na-
axali kvleva aseve cxadyofs, rom yvavilis mtvris marcvlebis garda, ase- kvlevebis Sedegad gamovlenili xor- povnia vazis mtvris marcvlebi
ve, kargi maCvenebelia Rvinis arsebobis dasadastureblad saxameblisa da blis ramdenime saxeobis arseboba
epidermisis ujredebi. aseve, mwerebis mikroskopuli bususebic yovelTvis (sur. 5 a,b). mexorbleobis ganviTare-

1010 1011
 bas miuTiTebs agreTve uamravi xorblis fitoliti. garda amisa, arsebobs
selis moyvanis mtkicebuleba, romlisganac qsovilebs amzadebdnen (Jalabad-
ze et al. 2010).
gasuli wlebis ganmavlobaSi miRebuli palinologiuri Sedegebisa da
paleoekologiuri informaciis gaTvaliswinebiT, „gadaWrili gorisa~ da
„Sulaveris goris~ masalebis safuZvelze (Kvavadze et al. 2010a, 2010b, Jalabadze
et al. 2010, Kvavadze et al. 2014), SesaZlebelia ganvsazRvroT is landSafti, ro-
melic uZveles xanaSi tyis safariT iqneboda dafaruli.
mopovebulia mtkicebulebebi sacxovreblis garSemo rcxilisa da aRm-
osavluri rcxilis tyeebis arsebobis Sesaxeb. aseve, dadasturebulia ise-
Ti mcenareebis arseboba, rogorebicaa wifeli, muxa, Tela, Zelqva, xeWreli,
tirifi, bza da Rvia. dablobis Walis tyeebSi ki mdinaris napirze izrd-
eboda muryani, tirifi da kavkasiuri lafani (Pterocarya fraxinifolia). mniSvne-
lovani raodenobiT unda yofiliyo warmodgenili tyis gvimrebi, radgan
maTi sporebi moi poveba gaanalizebuli masalebis TiTqmis, yvela palino-
logiur speqtrSi. gamovlenilia gvimris Semdegi saxeobebi - Polypodium
vulgare, Asplenium, Dryopteris, Cryptograma crispa da Ophioglosum vulgatum. napovnia
Lycopodium clavatum - is sporebi. es taqsonebi, iseve rogorc muryani da
kavkasiuri lafani, saWiroebs tenian klimatur pirobebs. mTis maRal fer-
dobebze unda yofiliyo gavrcelebuliyo fiWvis, soWisa da naZvis tyeebi.
gamovlenili mcenareebis taqsonomiuri CamonaTvali da maTi ekologia
adasturebs, rom neoliTis periodSi regionis klimati bevrad ufro no-
tio da Tbili unda yofiliyo. unda aRiniSnos, rom dRes Zelqva da kavka-
siuri lafani mxolod alaznisa da kolxeTis xeobebSi izrdeba. kaxeTSi
babaneuris tyis nakrZali is adgilia, sadac mesameuli periodis Semdeg
gadarCa Zelqvis tyis didi nawili. xolo, lafanis xe izrdeba mxolod
lagodexis nakrZalSi da mdinare alaznis napirebze. alaznis tyis gamok-
vleuli niadagisa da xavsebis palinologiuri speqtrebi cxadyofs, rom
aseve mniSvnelovania tyis gvimris sporebi, romlebic Seesabameba „gadaWri-
li goris~ kulturul fenebSi napovn mcenareTa palinologiur speqtrs.
amdenad, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom qvemo qarTlis 8000 wlis winandeli kli-
maturi pirobebi dResdReobiT, alaznis velze arsebuli pirobebis msgavsi
unda yofiliyo. aq naleqebis wliuri raodenoba 700–800 mm-ia, xolo, sa-
Sualo wliuri temperatura +14°C-15°C. qvemo qarTlSi ki, sadac Warbobs
stepuri landSafti, dResdReobiT, naleqebis wliuri jami ar aRemateba
350–400 mm-s, xolo, saSualo wliuri temperatura ufro dabalia, vidre
alaznis velze da aRwevs 12,0°C-12,5°C-s. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom Seswav-
lili regionis stepuri cenozebis Tanamedrove palinologiuri speqtri
mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebuli ti pisaa da zemoT naxsenebi tyis gvimrebi,
Zelqvisa da kavkasiuri lafanis mtvris marcvlebi saerTod ar aris na-
povni (Kvavadze and Stuchlik, 1993).
3.1.4. radiokarbonuli daTariReba
Cveni kvlevis pirvel etapze naCvenebi iyo, rom mevenaxeobis gavrcelebis
uZvelesi TariRi adreuli neoliTuri periodis saqarTveloSi, „Sulave-
ris gorasa~ da „gadaWrili goras~ gaTxrebis mixedviT, Zveli welTaRric-
xvis VI aTaswleulis I saukunea. ufro zustad, arsebobs 68.2% albaToba
1012
(± 1σ), rom es TariRi Zv.w. 5980–5900 ww. Soris, an Zv.w. 6020–5890 ww. Sorisaa
95.4% albaTobiT (± 2σ) savaraudod (McGovern et al. 2017).
„gadaWril gorisa~ da „Sulaveris goris~ nimuSebis meore nawili dadas-
turebulad miekuTvna Zv.w. VI aTaswleulis dasawyiss, xolo, erTi nimuSi
„Sulaveris goradan~ daTariRda Zv.w. 6010–5810 wlebiT 95.4% albaTobiT (±
2σ), da ixreba Zv.w. VII aTaswleulis dasasrulisaken, rogorc amas adgili
hqonda nimuSebis wina nakrebSi.
neoliTuri nasaxlarebis garda, arqeologiuri gaTxrebidan mopovebu-
li sxva nimuSebi miekuTvna xangrZliv qronologiur CarCos - Zv.w. II
aTaswleulis dasawyisidan - 1950 wlamde. es TariRebi saSualebas iZleva
arqeobotanikuri masalebis safuZvelze da zusti radiokarbonuli kv-
levis meTodis gamoyenebiT, Cveni qveynis teritoriaze moxdes vazis isto-
riis rekonstruqcia.
3.1.5. saqarTvelos mevenaxeoba da meRvineoba frangulenovan literaturaSi
kvlevis erTi mimarTuleba iyo XVII-XIX saukuneebis frang mogzaurTa da
mkvlevarTa publikaciebSi qarTuli vazisa da Rvinis Sesaxeb arsebuli
informaciis moZieba - gansakuTrebiT iseTi avtorebis, romelTa masala uc-
nobi iyo saqarTveloSi.
qarTuli vazisa da Rvinis kulturis Sesaxeb yvelaze adreuli Canawerebi
ekuTvniT Jan-batist tavernies (1605-1689), Jan Sardens (1643-1713), Jozef pit-
ton de turnefors (1656-1708), Jan-fransua gambas (1763-1833), frederik diubua
de monperes (1789-1850). Semdegi drois mogzaurebidan aRsaniSnavia pirveli
mogzauri qalis karla serenas (1820-1884) Canawerebi da graviurebi, frangi
entomologebis Teofile deirolis (1844-1923) da giiom-antuan olivies
(1756-1814) naSromebi, baron de bais (1853-1931) mier Segrovebuli koleqciebi
da parizSi gamoqveynebuli naSromebi, Jiul muries (1846-19??) naSromi same-
greloze, Jerman bapstis (1853-1921) mivlinebis angariSebi. bevrma maTganma,
naSromebis garda, fotoebi (mag., hugo kraftisa (1853-1935) da baron de bais
fotokoleqciebi) da graviurebi dagvitova.
kvlevis meore mimarTuleba iyo, qarTuli vazis jiSebis Sesaxeb safran-
geTSi XIX saukuneSi gamocemul ampelografiul naSromebSi daculi in-
formaciis mopoveba.
am mxriv Segrovda da momavali statiisaTvis damuSavda andre Julien-
is (1766-1832), viqtor pulias (1827-1896), alfons masis (1817-1875), Jozef de
rovazendas (1824-1913), Jan-mari giionis (18??-19??), pier vialasa (1859-1936) da
viqtor vermorelis (1848-1927) naSromebi - maTSi mocemulia 30-mde qarTu-
li vazis jiSis aRwera. qarTuli vazis Sesaxeb aranakleb mniSvnelovan
informacias iZleva Jiul Jierasa (1872) da ludovik portesis (1886-1889)
Sromebi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom im dros, rodesac evropaSi aqtiurad eZebdnen filoqseras
problemis gadaWris saSualebebs, ampelografTa didi nawili cdilobda
swored kavkasiaSi epovna iseTi vazis jiSi, romelic filoqserasadmi Se-
degi aRmoCndeboda. jer kidev XIX saukunis dasawyisidan samxreT kavka-
sia, kerZod saqarTvelo, evropul specialur literaturaSi mevenaxeobis
1013
 akvnad iTvleboda. swored amitom, enologebsa da ampelografebs filo-
qseras krizisisgan Tavis daRwevis saSualebad saqarTveloSi gavrcele-
buli endemuri vazis jiSebis Seswavla da maTi safrangeTSi Setana esax-
ebodaT. swored am dainteresebam ganapiroba is faqti, rom XIX saukunis
meore naxevris yvela mniSvnelovan ampelografiul gamocemaSi qarTuli
jiSebis CamonaTvalsa da aRweras vxvdebiT. frangi avtorebis gverdiT,
saintereso cnobebs gvawvdis basil tairovisa (1859-1938) da, gansakuTrebiT
ki simon qvarianis (1868-1946) publikaciebi frangul enaze.
aRniSnuli masala safuZvlad daedo ukve gamoqveynebul (WeiSvili, 2018) da
momaval publikaciebs am Temebze.
3.2 Zveli da Tanamedrove dnm
proeqtis erT-erTi mimarTulebaa Zveli da axali dnm-is analizi ar-
qeologiur masalasa da dRevandel vazis jiSebSi. es samuSao miznad
isaxavs uZvelesi jiSebis dnm-s Sedarebas Tanamedrove qarTul da evrop-
ul velur vazTan da kulturul jiSebTan, raTa gamokvleuli iqnes maTi
filogenezi, taqsonomiuri urTierTdamokidebuleba, dasabuTdes vazis do-
mestikaciis Sesaxeb arsebuli hi poTeza da misi kultivireba xmelTaSua
zRvis auzis garSemo (Maghradze et al. 2016). miRebuli genetikuri informacia
gaerTiandeba genofondis ampelografiul daxasiaTebasa da kultivire-
bis monacemebTan, raTa cnobili gaxdes maTi ganawileba da gamoyeneba
globalur konteqstSi.
Zveli da Tanamedrove masalebis genetikuri profilebis Sedareba saSuale-
bas gvaZlevs aRvadginoT evropuli vazis mravalferovnebis istoriuli
sawyisebi da avxsnaT misi kavSirebi kavkasiis regionTan (Ramos-Madrigal et al.
2019). manam, sanam arqeologiuri masalebis kvleva grZeldeba, Tanamedrove
nimuSebis dnm-s Seswavlis Sedegebi ukve gaxda xelmisawvdomi da aRmo-
vaCineT pirveli, meore da mesame donis memkvidreoba, 783 Tanamedrove vazis
jiSs Soris msoflios 44 qveynidan da maT Soris - saqarTvelodan (Laucou
et al. 2018). aRmoCnda, rom qarTul jiSebs pirveli donis naTesaoba mxolod
evropul vazis jiSebTan akavSirebT (mag.: saferavi aris ukrainuli jiSe-
bis bastardo maRaraCas da rubinovi maRaraCas mSobeli). aRmoCenilia
sxvadasxva qarTuli jiSis naTesavebic (De Lorenzis et al. 2015), magram ara
evropul jiSebTan damatebiT, ramdenime kargad cnobili qarTuli jiSi
(badagi, colikouri, usaxelouri, avasirxva) ar avlens kavSirs arcerT va-
zis evropul jiSTan (Laucou et al. 2018).
Tavis mxriv, qarTuli jiSebi ufro mravalferovania, rogorc genetikurad
(Bacilieri et al. 2013, Laucou et al. 2018), ise fenoti purad (magaliTad, Romieu et al.
2018) dasavleTis jiSebTan SedarebiT. maTi ufro maRali individualuri
heterozigotrobis done (Fis) da minarevTa (admixture) procentuli maCveneb-
lebi (Laucou et al. 2018) SeiZleba miuTiTebdes, rom saqarTvelo istoriulad
genoti pebis intensiuri seleqciis adgils warmoadgenda, jer veluri na-
Tesavidan moSinaurebis procesSi, mogvianebiT ki SeiZleba dasaxeldes
mezobeli qveynebi (Sua azia, irani, kavkasia, TurqeTi da saberZneTi).
iSviaTi pirdapiri naTesauri kavSirebi qarTul da dasavleT evropul
vazis jiSebs Soris SesaZloa niSnavdes imas, rom adgilobrivi seleqcia
Zalian aqtiurad mimdinareobda dasavleT evropaSic, ramac saerTo wina-
1014
prebis kvali geografiuli regionebis mixedviT da Taobebis siRrmeSi
bundovani gaxada. dabolos, mniSvnelovania im qarTuli jiSebis aRmoCena,
romlebic am bolo periodSi dasavleT evropaSi seleqciisaTvis ar yo-
fila gamoyenebuli. aseTi aRmoCena SesaZloa, samomavlo kvlevebisa da
aqtiuri seleqciuri sqemis Sedgenis winapiroba gaxdes. yvela SemTxvevaSi,
qarTuli jiSebis Seswavla Zalze informatiulia vazis domestikaciis
istoriisa da msoflioSi misi gavrcelebis asaxsnelad. mimdinareobs kv-
levebi, romlebSic yuradReba gamaxvilebulia balkaneTis genetikur re-
sursebze, rogorc SesaZlo xidze kavkasiaSi vazis domestikaciasa da Sem-
deg mis evropaSi gavrcelebaze.
INRA-s mier dawyebulia proeqti proantociandinebis (PA) mravalferovnebis
Sesaswavlad, Vitaceae-s did koleqciaSi, romelSic saqarTvelodan CarTu-
lia adgilobrivi jiSebi da veluri vazi (V. silvestris). kvlevis Sedegebze
dayrdobiT ikveTeba PA Semadgenlobaze seleqciis gavlena rogorc domes-
tikaciis, ise Tanamedrove seleqciis dros (Romieu et al. 2018). PA struqtur-
is mravalferovnebam aCvena aRmosavleT-dasavleTis gradienti, ufro meti
mravalferovnebiT aRmosavleT-xmelTaSua da kavkasiis regionSi.
2016 wels milanis universitetis mier, Vitis18kSNP nakrebis saSualebiT,
SNP-s markerebis gamoyenebiT daxasiaTebuli iyo qarTuli vazis (veluri
da kultivirebuli) 65 genoti pi (De Lorenzis et al. 2015).
3.3 biomolekuluri arqeologia
samecniero gundis mier Catarebulma qimiurma analizebma aRmoaCina uZve-
lesi organuli naerTebi, romlebic adreuli neoliTuri periodis Tixis
WurWlebSi iyo daleqili. aman warmoadgina Zv.w. 5900-5500 wlebiT (McGov-
ern et al. 2019) daTariRebuli Rvinisa da vazis arsebobis biomolekuluri
arqeologiuri mtkicebulebebi axlo aRmosavleTSi. qimiur aRmoCenebTan
kavSirSia klimaturi da sacxovrebeli garemos rekonstruqcia, agreTve,
vazis yvavilis mtvris, saxameblis da epidermisis arqeobotanikuri mtkice-
bulebebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia msgavsi ti pis da TariRis WurWelTan.
am regionSi Zv.w. VI aTaswleulis dasawyisiT daTariRebuli vazis Rvinis
aRmoCena umniSvnelovanesia danarCen msoflioSi Rvinis istoriis gagr-
ZelebisaTvis.
uZvelesi WurWlis SigniT Rvinis da sxva organuli mJavebis qimiuri ga-
movlena, romlebic evraziuli yurZnis (Vitis vinifera) da misi produqtebis
markerad iTvleba, Rvinis arsebobis dasadgenad gadamwyveti mniSvnelo-
bisaa. damatebiT, botanikuri naSTebisagan da xis fisisagan sxva qimiuri
naerTebis aRmoCena, rogorebicaa diterpenoidebi da triterpenoidebi, Sei-
Zleba gamoyenebuli iqnes warsulSi arsebuli meRvineobis specifikuri
praqtikis aRsadgenad.
dRemde yvelaze mniSvnelovani Sedegi proeqtisaTvis „Sulaveris gora 16a
Tixis WurWlis ufro detaluri analizia sxva neoliTuri WurWlis ana-
lizebTan erTad. es is natexia, romelsac Rvinis mJavis Semcvelobis mxriv
dadebiTad mravali wlis win asaxelebda p. makgoverni naklebad zusti
meTodebis safuZvelze (McGovern, 2003/2006). amis Semdeg media aqveynebda
„mtkicebulebas~, rom yvelaze Zveli Rvino warmoSobiT saqarTvelodanaa,
miuxedavad avtoris gafrTxilebisa, rom es iyo mxolod erTi nimuSi da
1015
 daskvnebis sizustisTvis meti ana-
lizi da ukeTesi meTodebi iyo saW-
iro. mocemulma proeqtma SesaZlebe-
li gaxada aseTi analizis Catareba,
aRmoaCina kidev erTi fragmenti (II-9)
„gadaWrili goradan, romelic aseve
perspeqtiuli aRmoCnda, da romel-
mac Rvinis mJavis testis arsebobaze
dadebiTi pasuxi aCvena Orbitrap LC / MS /
MS-ze. masSi Rvinis mJavis Semcveloba
meti iyo (10X), vidre gaTxrebis adg-
ilidan aRebul miwaSi. qarvis mJavis
garda, vaSlisa da limonis mJavebis
(Rvinis mJavasTan asocirebuli) Sem-
cvelobac ufro maRali iyo, vidre mi-
wis nimuSSi.
6. biomolekulur analizSi CarTuli
WurWlebis fragmentebi: a) SG-16a saerTo jamSi, „gadaWrili goris“
fskeri da ganivi kveTi. b) SG-782 xuTma WurWlis Zirma da „Sulaveris
fuZe da gare mxare. g) GG-IV-50 fuZe goris“ samma WurWlis Zirma dadeb-
da Sida mxare (McGovern et al. 2017)
iTi Sedegi aCvena Rvinis mJavisa da
sxva organuli mJavebis (vaSlis, qar-
vis, limonis) Semcvelobaze, romlebic
gvxvdeba yurZenSi/RvinoSi.
7. vazis kultivirebisaTvis vargisi teritoria (vardisferi) meRvineobis uZveles peri-
2016 wlis III fazis analizma sabolood daadgina, rom neoliTis periodis odSi (8000 BP) da holocenis klimaturi optimumis pikis dros (6700 BP)
saqarTveloSi (McGovern et al. 2017) yurZnis Rvinis warmoeba dayeneba xor-
cieldeboda. es faqti ki aqamde cnobil, yvelaze adreuli Rvinis warmo-
Sobis TariRs ukan swevs 800-1000 wliT axlo aRmosavleTSi: manamde haji iqonies kavkasiis regionSi vazis domestikaciis procesze da mis Semdgom
firuz tepes iranidan hqonda es prioriteti McGovern et al. (1996) statiis gavrcelebaze evraziaSi.
gamoqveynebis Semdeg.
avtorebis Kvavadze and Conor ( 2005) da Conor and Kvavadze ( 2005) mier Zelkova
3.4. qarTuli mevenaxeoba da meRvineoba carpinifolia Pall. mtvris marclis safuZvelze ganxorcielebuli kvlevebis Se-
degad gamokveTili iqna holocenis klimatis eqvsi optimumi (mTavari maT
3.4.1 agroklimatologia mevenaxeobisTvis Soris mdebareobda 6000–5500 BP, 3800–2500 BP da 1350–800 BP periodebSi). amas
garda, tbisa da tba-Waobis naleqebis analizma arxizis (Arkhyz) regionis
saqarTvelos agroklimaturi analizi fokusirebuli iyo saqarTvelos maRal mTebSi gamokveTa holocenis klimatis kidev sami optimumi (4300–
klimatis amJamindel Tbil fazaze, romelic daiwyo mkveTri klimaturi 4200 BP, 1300– 1200 BP da 400–350 BP). vanis tbis (aRmosavleT TurqeTi) fenebis
cvlilebis Semdeg 1994 wels (Cola et al. 2017, 2019). saqarTvelos mevenaxeo- analizmma aCvena ori mTavari klimaturi faza: mSrali faza (11000–8200
bis 12 regionisTvis, garemo resursebisa da SezRudvebis safuZvelze, Sed- BP), wvimebis TandaTanobiT matebis faza (8200 – 6200 BP) da Termul-plu-
genil iqna venaxebis menejmentis Tanamedrove saxelmZRvanelo. vimetruli optimumi (6000 – 4000 BP), romelic axlos iyo axlandel mSral
pirobebTan (sur. 7).
am saxelmZRvaneloSi Sedis qarTuli mevenaxeobis agroklimaturi aRwe-
riloba, misi menejmenti da praqtikuli rekomendaciebi axali klimaturi suraTebze naCvenebi monacemebis safuZvelsa da samxreT eqspoziciis gaT-
realobis gaTvaliswinebiT. informacia Tavmoyrilia orenovan (inglisu- valiswinebiT (yvelaze xelsayreli mdebareoba vazis kultivirebisaTvis),
ri, qarTuli) saxelmZRvaneloSi - „qarTuli klimatis analizi mdgradi Sedgenil iqna istoriuli rukebi vazis potenciuri Sesabamisobisobis
mevenaxeobisaTvis~. gansazRvrisaTvis da cxra klimaturi fazis gaTvaliswinebiT:

3.4.2 uZvelesi klimatis rekonstruqcia 6 - 8000 B.P. - meRvineobaSi pirveli saqmianoba saqarTveloSi

klimatis ciklebze Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegebi (Mariani et al. 2018) Seesa- 7 - 6700 B.P - holocenis klimaturi optimumis piki (HCO)
bameba im hi poTezas, rom holocenis klimatis ciklebma SesaZlo gavlena 8 - 3400 B.P. - mikenuri klimaturi optimumi (MCO)

1016 1017

8. mevenaxeobisaTvis Sesabamisi teritoria, 9 klimaturi fazis dros; procentulad ga-
moxatuli, qveynis saerTo farTobTan mimarTebaSi (Maghradze et al. 2016)
9 - 2900 B.P. - rkinis xanis klimatis gauareseba
10 - 2100 B.P. - romauli klimaturi optimi (RCO)
11 - 1800 B.P. - klimaturi gauareseba
12 - 900 B.P. - Suasaukuneebis Tbili periodi (MWP)
13 - 400 B.P. 0 - patara gamyinvarebis era (LIA)
14 - 0 B.P. - mimdinare Tbili periodi (CWP)
TiToeuli periodisTvis Sedga Sesabamisobis ruka. (sur. 8) mkafiod aCve-
nebs mevenaxeobisaTvis klimaturad Sesaferis saqarTvelos teritorias,
romelic cvalebadia mTliani teritoriis daaxloebiT 40%-dan 60%-mde
farglebSi. ufro dabali maCveneblebi iqna miRebuli civ periodebSi (fa-
zebi 1,3,4,8), xolo ufro maRali - Tbil periodebSi (fazebi 2,5,7,9). civi
fazebis dros mevenaxeoba brundeboda dablob adgilebSi da SedarebiT
dabal mTian nawilebSi, Tbil fazebSi ki ufro maRal simaRliT sartyel-
ze gadadis.
3.4.3. Wraqis mimarT gamZleoba
eqsperimentuli inokulaciebis, sinaTlis mikroskopis da am proeqtSi gan-
xorcielebuli transkri ptomikuri analizis safuZvelze naCvenebi iqna,
rom mgalobliSvils - Vitis vinifera-s adgilobriv jiSs saqarTvelodan, aRm-
oaCnda unikaluri rezistentuli Tvisebebi Wraqis agentis Plasmopara vitico-
la-s mimarT (Toffolatti et al. 2018, 2020). kerZod, mgalobliSvilma aCvena genebis
amaRlebuli regulireba DAMP-ebis (zianTan asocirebuli molekuluri
nimuSebi) mimarT. es genebi daTrgunuli iyvnen an ar moqmedebdnen pino
SavSi da/an biankaSi. Semdgomi kvlevebi mimarTulia genebis nakrebze ge-
nomis redaqtirebis (CRISPR-Cas9 sistema) sistemis gamoyenebiT, raTa miR-
1018
weuli iqnas maTi gamoxatuleba da dadasturdes maTi roli P. Viticola-s
gamZleobaSi.
3.4.4. mevenaxeobis sxvadasxva aspeqti
proeqtis farglebSi grZeldeba saqarTvelos veluri - „krikina“ - vazis
eqspediciuri gamokvleva qveynis regionebSi. Sedgenili iqna ruka „veluri
vazis gavrceleba saqarTveloSi~. eqspediciur kvlevas mosdevs kalmebis
Segroveba, mindvris koleqciis daarseba, genoti pebis aRwera molekuluri
genetikis, ampelografiis da enologiis meTodebis saSualebiT.
2014 wlidan soflis meurneobis samecniero-kvleviTi centris sofel sag-
uramos (jiRauras) nakveTSi daarsda veluri vazis mindvris koleqcia.
2017 wlidan sistematiurad xorcieldeba iq arsebuli formebis ampe-
lografiuli Seswavla da aRwera. mimdinareobs koleqciaSi arsebuli
formebis ampelografiuli baraTebis Sedgena OIV deskri ptorebis bazaze
da vazis organoebis fotomasaliT. vazis eqsperimentulma Rvinom aCvena
sakmaod kargi enologiuri maCveneblebi. dadasturebuli iqna veluri va-
zis genofondis maRali potenciali domestikaciasa da seleqciaSi Zvel
saqarTveloSi (kikilaSvili, 2018, Maghradze et al. 2019).
3.5. gavrceleba da sazogadoebis informireba
ganvlil periodSi proeqtis Sedegebis Taobaze gamoqveynebuli iqna cxra
samecniero statia inglisurenovan reitingul JurnalebSi da sami wigni
(kobaiZe, 2014, nakaSiZe, 2018, staroselski, 2019).
2014 wels National Geographic Magazine-ma gamoaqveyna amerikeli mwerlis, Jur-
nalistisa da mogzauris pol salopekis onlain statia Cveni proeqtis
Sesaxeb inglisur da qarTul enebze - “Ghost of the Vine – In Georgia, science
probes the roots of winemaking” (Maghradze et al. 2016).
mevenaxeobisaTvis da meRvineobisaTvis saqarTvelos arqeologiuri da eT-
nografiuli memkvidreobis mniSvnelobis warmoCenisa da aqcentirebisaT-
vis, aseve, arsebuli informaciis sistematizaciis mizniT, yvela Canawers
Tavi moeyara „arqeologiur katalogsa~ da „eTnografiul katalogSi~ -
sul 610 statia, interviu da foto. es monacemebi sabolood Tavmoyrili
iqneba wignSi, saxelwodebiT „vazi da Rvinoebi saqarTveloSi, arqeologi-
uri da eTnografiuli monacemebis mixedviT~.
„gadaWrili goris~ da „Sulaveris goris“ arqeologiuri gaTxrebisa da
axlad aRmoCenili arqeologiuri nivTebis Sedegebis prezentaciis mizniT,
saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi sistematurad awyobs sademonstracio
dReebs, masmediisa da adgilobrivi avtoritetebis monawileobiT (kul-
turis saministro, soflis meurneobis saministro, qvemo qarTlis region-
aluri administracia, marneulis raionis munici paliteti, Rvinis erovnu-
li saagento, Rvinis asociacia da saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi).
proeqtis mxardaWeriT 2017 wels safrangeTSi, bordoSi, Rvinis civili-
zaciis muzeumSi da 2019 wels tokioSi moewyo gamofena „saqarTvelo -
mevenaxeobis akvani~.
1019
 proeqtis Sesaxeb momzadda dokumenturi filmis - „saqarTvelo - Rvinis
akvani~ ori versia (Maghradze et al. 2019).
samecniero kvlevebis Sedegebi prezentirebuli iyo vazisa da Rvinis sa-
erTaSoriso organizaciis (OIV) or kongresze (2016, 2018 wlebi) (Maghradze
et al. 2016, 2019), italiis mevenaxeTa meSvide erovnul konferenciaze (2018
weli) (Maghradze et al. 2018) da miznobriv konferenciebze agroklimatolo-
giaSi (2015 da 2018 ww.) (Cola et al. 2018), arqeobotanikaSi (Bouby et al. 2019) da
aSS-Si „amerika-saqarTvelos biznes sabWos“ mier organizebul Rvinis or
forumze (2018 da 2019 ww.).
9. bordoSi wardgenili istoriuli Rvinis sasmisebi
4. daskvnebi
saqarTvelos mudmivi da grZelvadiani monawileobis wvlili mecnierebaSi
(mevenaxeoba, genetika, istoria, enologia da a.S.) sakmaod mniSvnelovania.
man vazis moSenebisa da Rvinis damzadebis istoriis TvalsazrisiT gav-
lena moaxdina evropul da msoflio cnobierebaze. es aris am TanamSrom-
lobis mTavari Sedegebi.
kvleviTi proeqtis mier, bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi mopovebuli Sedegebi
aCvenebs multidisci plinuri midgomis efeqturobas; agreTve, saqarTvelos
mevenaxeoba-meRvineobis mdidari mravalferovnebis da Rrma istoriuli
fesvebis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT gamokveTs Rrma samecniero kvlevis
warmoebis mniSvnelobas.
samadloblebi
Rvinis erovnuli saagentos, saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis, partniori
institutebis yvela TanamSromels, romlebmac daxmareba gauwies proeqtis
samuSaoebis ganxorcielebas;
aSS-Si proeqtis Sedegebis popularizaciisaTvis, „amerika-saqarTvelos
biznes sabWos“ prezidents - mamuka wereTels;
Tamar maRraZes, naSromis qarTuli Targmanis SesrulebisaTvis.
1020
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D. Maghradze1, L. Mekhuzla1, A. Koberidze1, I. Mdinaradze1, D. Lortkipanidze2, M. Jala-
badze2, E. Kvavadze2, N. Rusishvili2, T. Kezeli 3, L . Ujmajuridze4, P.E. McGovern5, R. Baci-
lieri,6, O. Failla7,G.Cola7, L. Mariani7, S. Batiuk8, T. Gilbert9, L. Bouby10, A. Cheishvili11, E.
Boaretto12, N. Wales3, L. Davitashvili14
(1) National Wine Agency, Marshal Gelovani Avenue # 6. 0159. Tbilisi, Georgia
(2) Georgian National Museum, A. Purtseladze Street #3. 0105. Tbilisi, Georgia
(3) Association “Georgian Wine”, Mtatsminda street #12. 0108. Tbilisi, Georgia
(4) Scientific Research Center of Agriculture,Marshal Gelovani Avenue #6. 0159. Tbilisi, Georgia
(5) University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. 3260 South St., Phi-
ladelphia, PA 19104, USA
(6) INRA-CIRAD-SupAgro, UMR AGAP, 1334 Montpellier, France
(7) University of Milan. Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
(8) University of Toronto, Dept. of Near & Middle Eastern Civilizations, 4 Bancroft Ave, Toron-
to, Canada
(9) University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5–7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
(10) Instutut des Sciences de l’Evolition. University of Montpellier. Place Eugene` Bataillon,
22, 34095 Montpellier, France
(11) EHESS (Ecole des hautes études en sciences sociales), Cercec/CNRS, 54 boulevard
Raspail, 75006 Paris, France
(12) Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Herzl St 234, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
(13) BioArCh, Department of Archaeology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10
5DD, UK
(14) The Ministry of Environmental Protection and Agriculture, Marshal Gelovani Avenue
#6. 0159. Tbilisi, Georgia
VINE AND WINE
CULTURE
IN GEORGIA:
SCIENTIFIC
PROJECT OF
NATIONAL
WINE AGENCY
This communication will provide the latest in- and viniculture and to reconstruct their devel-
formation about the progress of the “Research opment from Neolithic civilizations to the pres-
Project for the Study of Georgian Grapes and ent. The project is multidisciplinary in nature,
Wine Culture”, managed by the National Wine merging contributions from archaeology, histo-
Agency of Georgia since 2014. Local and for- ry, ethnography, molecular genetics, biomolec-
eign institutions continue to work together with ular archaeology, palaeobotany, ampelography,
the aim of stimulating multidisciplinary scien- enology, climatology and other scientific fields.
tific research activity on Georgian viticulture
1023
 iulon gagoSiZe
saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi,
mecnier-konsultanti,
istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori
eliso yvavaZe
saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi,
mTavari mecnier TanamSromeli,
palinologiis jgufis xelmZRvaneli,
saqarTvelos universiteti, sruli profesori,
geologia-mineralogiis doqtori
elena rova
veneciis universiteti Ca‘ Foscari,
axlo aRmosavleTis arqeologiis
asocirebuli profesori,
mecnierebaTa doqtori

Rvinis
uZvelesi
zoomorfuli
sasmisebi
dedoflis
goridan
qristianebisTvis, maT Soris qristiani qarTvele-
bisTvisac, vfiqrobT, zedmeti unda iyos imis mtki-
ceba, rom Rvinis gamoyenebas sakulto-religiur ri-
tualebSi mravalsaukunovani istoria aqvs. sazeimo
sufraze qarTvelebi xom ZvelTaganve sadRegrZe-
los RviniT vsvamT da Rvinosve wavuqcevT xol-
me saflavze gardacvlilTa sulis mosaxseneblad,
morwmune qristianebi ki eklesiaSi regularulad
eziarebian xolme macxovris sisxlsa da xorcs
RviniTa da puriT. ziarebis wess ki safuZveli dau-
do macxovarma roca saidumlo serobaze misca mo-
ciqulebs puri da uTxra maT: „ese ars xorci Cemi,”
Semdeg misca maT sasmeli da Tqva: „sviT amisgan
yovelTa, ese ars sisxli Cemi axali aRTqmisai (maT.
26.26-26). amrigad irkveva, rom RviniT da puriT zia-
rebis wess TiTqmis oriaTasi wlis istoria aqvs.
magram, is faqti, rom Rvino wminda sasmelia iudev-
lebisTvisac romlebic ar cnoben saxarebas, imaze
metyvelebs, rom Rvinos ukve bibliur xanaSi, e.i sul
cota, samiaTasi wlis winac iyenebdnen saweso ri-
tualebSi.

1024 1025
 dRes aRaravin davobs imaze, rom saqarTvelo Rvinis samSobloa. neoli-
Turi xanis namosaxlarebze, romlebic qvemo qarTlSi gaiTxara, aRmoCnda
msoflioSi jerjerobiT uZvelesi kulturuli yurZnis wi pwebi da Tixis
WurWeli, romelSic namdvilad Rvino idga, daaxloebiT, rvaaTasi wlis win.

qarTulma miwam Semogvinaxa Rvinis saweso-saritualo gamoyenebis dama-

dasturebeli msoflioSi jerjerobiT aseve uZvelesi faqtic.

Sida qarTlSi, qarelis munici palitetSi e.w. dedoflis mindvris samxreT

boloSi, mtkvris marcxena Senakadis, md. dasavleTi fronis (fciulas)
marcxena napiras, misi mtkvarTan SesarTavis maxloblad mdebareobs er-
ovnuli mniSvnelobis arqeologiuri Zegli - aradeTis orgora. arade-
Tis orgoris dasavleTi, ufro maRali gora dedoflis goris saxeliTaa
cnobili. dedoflis gora saqarTveloSi jerjerobiT erTaderTi cnobi-
li arqeologiuri obieqtia, sadac adamiani saxlobda TiTqmis uwyvetad
xalkoliTis epoqidan mokidebuli qristianuli welTaRricxvis VII sau-
kunemde, da, rogorc arqeologiuri gaTxrebiT gairkva, dedoflis goraze
adamiani cxovrebis TiTqmis oTxi aTasi wlis ganmavlobaSi dagrovili
kulturuli danaSrevebis simZlavre (sisqe) ToTxmet metrs aRemateba.
arqeologiuri gaTxrebi, romelic dedoflis goraze daiwyo 1985 wels s.
janaSias saxelobis saqarTvelos muzeumis (amJamad saqarTvelos erov-
nuli muzeumi) arqeologiurma eqspediciam - dRemde grZeldeba. 2013-2016
wlebSi dedoflis goraze erovnuli muzeumis eqspediciasTan erTad mu-
Saobda Cveni ucxoeli kolegebis jgufi veneciis kafoskaris universite-
tis profesoris elena rovas xelmZRvanelobiT. kulturuli danaSrevebis
stratigrafiisa da qronologiis dazustebis mizniT dedoflis goris
samxreT-dasavleT da aRmosavleT ferdobze gavavleT xuT-xuTi metris
siganis TiTo stratigrafiuli Txrili.
aRmosavleTis stratigrafiul TxrilSi gamovlenil sul qveda kultu-
rul fenaSi, romelic Seqmnilia adreuli brinjaos xanis e.w. mtkvar-
araqsis kulturis danaSrevebiT, gamoiyo eqvsi samSeneblo faza. meoTxe
fazaSi, zedapiridan TiTqmis 14 m. siRremeze gaiwminda Tixis 30 sm, sisqis
kedliani saTavsos samxreT-aRmosavleT kuTxe. miuxedavad imisa, rom na-
gebobis mTlianad gaTxra ver moxerxda, radgan statigrafiuli Txrilis
sigane - 5 m. amis SesaZleblobas ar iZleoda. mainc, darwmunebiT SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom nawilobriv gamovlenili es Senoba ara rigiTi sacxovrebeli
saxli, aramed, sazogadoebrivi daniSnulebis nageboba, savaraudod taZari
unda yofiliyo. amaze metyvelebs upirveles yovlisa am nagebobis zomebi
da struqtura. saTavsoSi sul 3 keramikuli WurWeli aRmoCnda. erTi didi
zomis dergi da ori erTnairi mtkvar-araqsisTvis sruliad uCveulo Sedar-
ebiT mcire zomis WurWeli. erTi maTgani damtvreuli iyo, Tumca moxerxda
misi sruli restavracia. meore ki faqtobrivad mTelia. am WurWlis forma
aSkarad STagonebulia wylis frinvelis - batis an gedis garegnobiT. na-
viseburi moyvanilobis Rru tani erTaderTi RiobiT iq, sadac frinvelis
bolo igulisxmeba, ori fexi da tanis mimarT vertikalurad aRmarTuli
masiuri yeli, romelic xmarebisas taris funqcias asruleda da brtyeli
Tavi, romelic frinvelis Tavs mxolod niskartis formis cxviriT Tu
waagavs; boloSi qvemodan miZerwili aqvs fexebze ufro mokle Sverili,
1. dedoflis gora. mtkvar-araqsis xanis sakurTxevelze aRmoCenili ritonebi, raSic
palinologiurma kvlevam Rvinis kvali aCvena
orive es WurWeli uTuod sasmisebi unda iyos, radganac masSi siTxis Cas-
xma im SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba mxolod, roca Riobi, e.i. figuris (frinvelis)
bolo vertikalurad zeviTaa, yel-tari ki horizontalur mdgomareobaSia,
fexebze dadgmul am WurWelSi ki Casxmuli siTxe gadmoiRvreba.
rogorc ukve iTqva, arc aseTi da arc raime mimsgavsebuli WurWeli aqam-
de aravis unaxavs mtkvar-araqsis kulturis arqeologiur kompleqsebSi,
magram teqnologiuri TvalsazrisiT orive es sasmisi ti puri mtkvar-araq-
suli nawarmia, mtkvar-araqsulia kecic da mikroskopuli bzarebis badiT
dafaruli gakrialebuli zedapiric.
am sasmisebis mtkvar-araqsis kulturisadmi kuTvnilebas maTi aRmoCenis ad-
gilic (stratigrafia), Tanxmlebi masalac (ti puri mtkvar-araqsuli dergi)
da absoluturi qronologiac eTanxmeba: dedoflis goris aRmosavleTi
ferdobis statigrafiul TxrilSi am sasmisebis aRmoCenis adgilis qve-
moT arsebuli mtkvar-araqsuli meeqvse fazidan mopovebuli radiokarbo-
nuli TariRi q.w. XXXI saukunea. aRmoCenis adgilis gadamfaravi fenidan
miRebuli radiokarbonuli TariRebi q.w. 2900 da 2880 wlebs Soris eqceva.
ase rom, sasmisebis daTariReba q.w. XXX saukuniT eWvs ar unda iwvevdes.
mevenaxeoba-meRvineobis TiTqmis rvaaTaswlian ganviTarebas Tan sdevda am
saqmianobasTan dakavSirebuli xelsawyo-iaraRisa da WurWlis ganviTare-
bac, sanam isini dasrulebul srulyofil saxes miaRwevdnen. icvleboda
Rvinis Sesanaxi, gadasazidi da mosaxmarebeli WurWlis formebic. ase, ma-
galiTad, qvevrs - Rvinis dasaduRebel, dasavargebel da Sesanax universa-
lur WurWels dasWirda oTxiaTasi weli, raTa q.w. pirveli aTaswleulis
dasawyisSi mieRo is daxvewili forma, romelic man saqarTveloSi mainc
TiTqmis ucvlelad SeinarCuna dRemde.

romelic uzrunvelyofs sibrtyeze WurWlis myarad dgomas (sur. 1). Tuki qvevri Rvinis Sesanaxi WurWlis erTaderTi saxeoba iyo meRvineobis

1026 1027
 yvela qveyanaSi xis kasriT mis Canac-
vlebamde, ufro mravalgvari iyo Rvi-
nis gadasazidi da gacilebiT ufro
mravalgvari - mosaxmari WurWeli.
saweso, sazeimo Tu samgloviaro suf-
raze gansakuTrebiT mravalgvari iyo
Rvinis sasmisebi - dawyebuli martivi
saRvine WiqiTa Tu fialiT dasrule-
buli yanwiT da miniaturuli qvevre-
biT Sedgenili ziarWurWliT, romel-
sac qarTvelebi marans vuwodebdiT,
Zveli berZnebi ki - kernoss.
qristesSobamde I aTaswleulSi, e.w.
aqemenidur da elinistur xanaSi meR-
vineobis qveynebSi gansakuTrebiT po-
pularuli gaxda ritoni sxvadasxva
masalisagan (oqro, vercxli, brinjao,
2. dedoflis gora. ritonebSi aRm- qva, spilenZi, spilos Zvali, mina, ke-
oCenili ganamarxebuli vazis (Vitis ramika) damzadebuli saRvine sasmisi,
vinifera) mtvris marcvlebi romelsac raime realurad arsebu-
li an fantastikuri cxovelis forma
hqonda. swored ritonebia dedoflis
goraze aRmoCenili zemoT naxsenebi
ori zoomorfuli WurWelic.
klasikuri xanis ritonebisgan gansxvavebiT, dedoflis goris ritons mxo-
lod erTi Riobi aqvs, saidanac is ivseboda RviniT da saidanac am Rvinos
svamdnen. klasikur ritons, rogorc wesi, ori Riobi aqvs: erTi Rvinis Ca-
saxmelad, meore ki Rvinis dasalevad.
minirebs kulturuli marcvlovanebi.
gansakuTrebiT xorbali. didi raode-
nobiT gxvdeba venaxisa da baRis, aseve
kulturuli marcvleulis naTesebis
sarevelebis mtveri, iseTebis, rogori-
caa matitela, RiRilo, Roris birka,
mJauna da vardkaWaWa.
rac Seexeba arapalinologur naSTebs,
samive nimuSi Seicavda saxamebels da
drozofilas (qinqla) bususebs (sur.
3).
arapalinologiur masalebSi yurZnis
wvenis saxameblisa da gansakuTrebiT
drozofilas naSTebis arseboba imis
utyuari mowmobaa, rom WurWlebSi Rvi-
no idga. am daskvnis Sesamowmeblad
CavatareT ori Tanamedrove Rvinis pa-
3. dedoflis gora. ritonebSi na-
linologiuri analizi. erTi Rvino
povni qinqlas (Drosophila) bususebi
damzadebulia im yurZniT, romelic
(1,2,3); kaxeTis Tanamedrove RvinoSi
xarobs aradeTis orgoris midamoebSi,
napovni qinqlas (Drosophila) bususe-
xolo meore aRebulia kaxeTis regio-
bi (4,5)
nis sofel qvemo maRarodan. Rvinis
nimuSebSi aseve aRiniSna vazis mtvris
marcvlebi (sur. 4), kaklisa da Txi-
lis mtveri. Tanamedrove Rvinis ori-
ve nimuSis arapalinologiur naSTeb-
Si dominirebs saxamebeli. cxoveluri
warmoSobis naSTebSi identificirda
drozofilas bususebi.

miuxedavad am sxvaobisa dedoflis goris es WurWeli mainc sasmisebia, aradeTis orgoraSi napovni zoomor-
sxva daniSnuleba maT SeuZlebelia hqonodaT (zemoT es ukve iTqva). sasmi- fuli WurWlis mtvris speqtri sao-
sebis Sidapirze daleqili masis palinologiurma analizma aCvena, rom am crad waagavs ara marto Tanamedrove
sasmisiT swored Rvinos svamdnen. Rvinoebis speqtrebs, aramed sxvadas-
xva periodis arqeologiur saRvine
saanalizod sul sami nimuSi aviReT. ori gatexili ritonidan (nimuSebi WurWlebSi moZiebuli namarxi Rvinoe-
#1 da #2), erTi mTelidan (nimuSi #3). bis naSTebis speqtrebsac: mtkvar-araq-
sis xanis WurWeli naWivWavebidan, q.w.
velodiT, rom #3 nimuSi gansakuTrebiT sayuradRebo unda yofiliyo, rad- pirveli aTaswleulis qvevri Treli
ganac WurWeli, saidanac es nimuSi aviReT praqtikulad dauzianebelia, Sig gorebidan, klasikuri xanis amforebi 4. kaxeTis Tanamedrove RvinoSi aRm-
miwa ar Sesula da e.i. is naklebad dabinZurdeboda miwaSi yofnis sauku- vanidan da qvevrebi abulmugis Sua oCenili vazis (Vitis vinifera) mtveri
neebis ganmavlobaSi. magram, samive nimuSis analizma praqtikulad erTnai- saukuneebis marnidan. yvela am WurW-
ri Sedegebi mogvca. rogorc Cans, pirveli ritonic axalgatexili iyo. lidan aRebul nimuSebSi warmodgeni-
li iyo vazis mtveri, saxamebeli da
#3 nimuSSi sul 13 merqniani da 19 balaxovani mcenaris yvavilis mtveri drozofilas bususebic.
aRmoCnda. xeebs Soris, garda vazis yvavilis mtverisa (sur. 2), dominanturi
pozicia ukavia kakals, rcxils da fiWvs. kargad aris warmodgenili wi- sayuradReboa, rom ritonebTan erTad, imave SenobaSi aRmoCenili mtkvar-
feli, muryani, naZvi da Txili. xolo mcire raodenobiT gvxvdeba agreTve araqsuli dergis SigTavsis palinologiurma analizma gviCvena, rom masSi
aryis, muxis, lafanis, aRmosavluri rcxilas, Telas da askilis yvavilis Tavis droze eyara xorbali. ase rom, uZveles taZarSic gverdigverd puri
mtveri. balaxovan taqsonebs Soris, iseve rogorc N1 da N2 nimuSebSi do- da Rvino aRmoCnda.

1028 1029
 zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, rom aradeTis orgoraze aRmoCenil zoomorful
WurWels pirdapiri analogi saqarTvelos mtkvar-araqsis periodis Zeg-
lebze mopovebul masalebSi jer-jerobiT ar gaaCnia. Tumca, unda iT-
qvas, rom restavrirebuli WurWlis saxis nakvTebi stilisturad msgavsia
mtkvar-araqsis kulturaSi gavrcelebuli anTropomorfuli da zoomor-
fuli figurebisa. aradeTis ritonebi, rogorc Rvinis saritualo sasmise-
bi, SeiZleba SevadaroT aseve mtkvar-araqsis kulturis Zeglebze aRmoCe-
nil uCveulo formis or sasmiss, romlebic SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc
anTropomorfuli WurWeli, radganac maT adamianis fexis (an Ceqmis) forma
aqvs. erTi aRmoCenilia arslanTefeze (TurqeTi) amtkvar-araqsis nageboba-
Si, meore ki - qvacxelaze, sul axlos dedoflis goridan.

aradeTis orgoris ritonebi SeiZleba aseve Sedardes ufro mogviano pe-

riodis zogierT zoomorful WurWels. magaliTad, kikladuri kulturis
ritonebs, romelTac agreTve frinvelis forma aqvT, magram, isini TariR-
deba q.w. III aTaswleulis Sua xanebiT, e.i. ramdenime aseuli wliT ufro
axalgazrdaa dedoflis goris sasmisebze da maT ukve or-ori Riobi aqvT,
rogorc gviandeli zoomorfuli ritonebis mTel serias.

amrigad, dedoflis goraze adreuli brinjaos xanis mtkvar-araqsis arqeo-

logiuri kulturis kuTvnil taZarSi aRmoCenili ori keramikuli sasmisi
Rvinis ueWvelad ritualuri moxmarebisaTvis gankuTvnil jer-jerobiT
uZveles WurWlad unda CaiTvalos.

1030 1031
 TbilRvino - Rvino
saqarTvelodan
mas Semdeg, rac saqarTvelos teritoriaze 8000
wlis win, pirveli qvevri, dergi gaCnda, Rvinom didi
gza ganvlo.

ambebi, romlebic istoriam Semogvinaxa, qarTveli

adamianis cxovrebaSi vazis kulturis mniSvnelo-
baze mowmobs. umdidresi, saamayo istoria ki dRemde
qarTveli adamianis Sromisa da Tavdadebis Sede-
gad movida - swored am ideiT daiwyo TbilRvinom
muSaoba animaciaze, romelic Rvinis mravalsaukun-
ovani ganviTarebis gadmosacemad Seiqmna.

istoriuli personaJebisa da faqtebis saSualebiT,

Rvinis mier ganvlili gzis aRwera ganvizraxeT,
raSic saqarTvelos teritoriaze Catarebuli ar-
qeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad aRmoCenili arte- 5000 wlis win, Rvinom saqarTveloSi
faqtebi dagvexmara. saritualo funqcia SeiZina.

animaciaSi gamoyenebuli siuJetebi im konkretuli amis dasturia, Sida qarTl-

epoqisTvis damaxasiaTebeli CacmulobiT, perso-
naJebiTa da nivTebiT gamovsaxeT.
Txroba Zv.w. 6000 wlis win iwyeba, qvemo qarTlSi,
gadaWril goraze, sadac aRmoCenili kulturuli
da gareuli jiSis vazis wi pwebi mowmobs, rom vazis
gakultureba swored saqarTvelos teritoriaze
moxda.
Tixis mozrdil WurWelSi, dergSi aRmoCenili, Rvin-
is duRilisTvis damaxasiaTebeli utyuari kvali ki
cxadhyofs, rom gadaWril goraze mcxovrebi axali
qvis xanis adamianisTvis Rvino nacnobi sasmeli iyo.
Si, dedoflis goraze aRmoCenili
sakraluri funqciis, cxovelis form-
is mqone Rvinis ori uZvelesi sasmisi
- ritoni.
Catarebulma palinologiurma kvle-
vam daadastura ritonebSi Rvinis kva-
lis arseboba. savaraudoa, rom aq mcx-
ovrebi adamianebi, Rvinos saritualo
msaxurebisas miirTmevdnen.

1032 1033
 Rvinis didi mogzauroba yurZnis
naJurisTvis saxelwodeba Rvinis
darqmeviT grZeldeba. Rvinis aRmniS-
vnel sityvas TiTqmis yvela enaSi
erTi fuZe aqvs.
lingvistebis varaudiT, es sityva
sxva enebSi im qveynidan unda Sesuli-
yo da damkvidrebuliyo, romelic im
droisTvis Rvinis samSoblod iwode-
boda.
rogorc materialuri memkvidreo-
bidan irkveva, dRevandeli saqarTve-
los teritoriaze, vazis kulturas
uZvelesi, adreuli brinjaos xanidan
icnobdnen, rac aCens mosazrebas, rom
SesaZloa, Rvinis aRmniSvneli sityvis
pirvelwyaro qarTuli enidan mom-
dinareobdes. savaraudoa, rom sityva
„Rvino“ „Rvivilidan“ momdinareobs,
rac gamosaxavs imas, rac duRs, amodis,
Rvivdeba.
animaciaSi gamovsaxeT fazisis porti,
romelic erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelo-
vani iyo kulturis ganviTarebisTvis.
Txevadi nivTierebebis transportire-
bisTvis ki, gvianantikur periodSi aq-
tiurad gamoiyeneboda Tixis WurWeli.
animaciis sanaxavad ixileT bmuli
SavizRvispireTis regionebSi mrav-
ladaa aRmoCenili keramikuli tara,
ris gamoc savaraudoa, rom kolxuri
Tixis WurWliT Savi zRvis regionSi
Rvinis eqsporti xdeboda.
1034
vazs, rogorc qarTuli identobis
ganuyofel nawils, xuroTmoZRvrebis
mraval Zeglze SevxvdebiT. maT Soris,
gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva sveticxove-
li, romlis fasads XI saukuniT da-
TariRebuli vazis reliefuri forme-
bi amSvenebs.
SoTa rusTaveli erdoian-gvirgvini-
ani saxuraviT damaxasiaTebel mesxur
darbazSia gamosaxuli, sadac XI-XII
saukuniT daTariRebuli Rvinis Wur-
Wels vxedavT: sura, romelic dmanisis
naqalaqarzea aRmoCenili da moWiqu-
li sasmisi Tbilisis arqeologiuri
gaTxrebidan.
saqarTveloSi aRmSeneblobis xana iw-
yeba! qveyana viTardeba da Zlierdeba.
daviT aRmaSeneblis monapovars Tamar
mefe kidev met didebulebas sZens.
Tamars qarTuli oqromWedlobis ga-
morCeuli nimuSiT - bediis barZimiT
locaven.
barZimis 12 TaRis qveS TiTo figu-
raa gamosaxuli. zeda nawilSi erT-
striqoniani asomTavruli warweraa,
romelic gvamcnobs, rom afxazeTis
mefe bagrati da misi deda gurandux-
ti barZims swiraven maT mierve axlad
aSenebul bediis taZars, romelic afx-
azeTSi mdebareobs.
vaxuSti batoniSvili Tavis naSromSi,
„aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosi“ saqa-
rTvelos teritoriaze gavrcelebu-
li vazis jiSebisa da Rvinis gemovnu-
ri Tvisebebis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs.
1035
 vaJa-fSavela, aleqsandre yazbegi,
iakob gogebaSvili, ilia WavWavaZe,
olRa guramiSvili

saqarTveloSi Tanamedroves mims-

gavsebuli pirveli Rvinis boTli
XVIII saukuneSi Cndeba. qimiurad
neitraluri mina da bunebrivi sacobi
idealuri WurWeli aRmoCnda - Rvi-
no ganviTarebas ganagrZobda da arc
oqsidacias ganicdida.

Rvinis boTli da moxmarebis evropu-

li tradicia qarTuli romantizmisa
da salonuri Sexvedrebis ganuyofe-
li nawili maleve gaxda.

vazi saqarTvelos istoriis ganvi-

Tarebis mniSvnelovani nawilia, rome-
lic saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi daixvewa.
memkvidreoba, romelic Cvenma winapreb-
ma dagvitoves, gvaZlevs motivacias,
rom dRes Rvino umaRlesi xarisxiT
vawarmooT, gavacnoT Rvinis ucxoel
moyvarulebs, gavagrZeloT qarTuli
tradiciebi da vakeToT saqme, romlis
ukan aTaswleulebi dgas.

amJamad, TbilRvino graklianis da

goris istoriul-eTnografiul muze-
umTan TanamSromlobs, sadac adgi-
lobrivi warmoebisaTvis damaxasiaT-
ebeli, qvis xanidan antikur epoqamde
daTariRebuli, sxvadasxva periodis
10 fenis gaTxris Sedegad aRmoCenili
artefaqtebi inaxeba.

1036 1037
 qarTuli
gastronomiuli
kultura

1038 1039
 xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargebis msgavsad eris saintereso da mdidar kul-
turul saxes qmnis.

saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis erovnuli saagentos gad-

awyvetilebiT saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxis tradiciul sakvebsa Tu
misi momzadebis teqnologias miniWebuli aqvs aramaterialuri kulturu-
li memkvidreobis Zeglis statusi. gTavazobT srul CamonaTvals:

• mesxuri yvelis „tenili“-is damzadebis teqnologias, kulturuli mem-

kvidreobis dacvis erovnuli saagentos generaluri direqtoris, ni-
koloz anTiZis 13.11.13 # 03/207 brZanebis Tanaxmad miniWebuli aqvs ara-
materialuri kulturuli memkvidreobis Zeglis statusi.

• saqarTvelos umniSvnelovanes istoriul-kulturul faseulobaTa

samarTlebrivi dacvis uzrunvelyofis mizniT, aramaterialuri kul-
n. firosmani, "xuTi mcxeTis axali muzeumis saeqspozicio sivrcem,
Tavadis qeifi", turuli elementis, „uZvelesi fSauri sakvebi produqtis - „dambalxaWo“
usaTuod unda gaiTvaliswinos qarTuli aramate-
muSamba, zeTi, (dambali xaWo) damzadebis teqnologias, kulturuli memkvidreobis
rialuri kulturuli memkvidreobis umniSvnelova-
104X194 sm. dacvis erovnuli saagentos generaluri direqtoris, nikoloz anTiZis
nesi komponenti - qarTuli samzareulo.
03.09.14 #2/156 brZanebiT miniWebuli aqvs aramaterialuri kulturuli
memkvidreobis Zeglis statusi.
kulinaria erovnuli mentalobis, tradiciuli Ri-
rebulebebis, masSi dabadebuli simboloebis gamox-
• saqarTvelos umniSvnelovanes istoriul-kulturul faseulobaTa
atvis formaa, romelic eTnikuri TviTidentifikaci-
samarTlebrivi dacvis uzrunvelyofis mizniT, svanuri marilis, TaS-
isa da kulturaTaSorisi komunikaciis erT-erTi
mijabis, kubdaris, fetviani xaWapuris damzadebis tradiciul meTods,
mniSvnelovani saSualebaa. igi erTgvari kriteri-
kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis erovnuli saagentos generaluri
umia qveynis niWierebis, originalurobis da civi-
direqtoris, nikoloz anTiZis 09.03.15 #2/34 brZanebiT miniWebuli aqvs
lizebulobisa. erovnuli kulinaria mniSvnelovani
aramaterialuri kulturuli memkvidreobis erovnuli Zeglis statusi.
aspeqtia qveynis istoriis gasaazreblad.
• kaxuri puris (dedas puri) da kaxuri CurCxelis damzadebis teqnolo-
erovnuli samzareulo Tavis TavSi moiazrebs kul-
gias saqarTvelos umniSvnelovanes istoriul-kulturul faseulobaTa
turis iseT sxvadasxva mniSvnelovan aspeqts, ro-
samarTlebrivi dacvis uzrunvelyofis mizniT, kulturuli memkvidre-
goricaa masala, WurWeli, rituali, etiketi da sxva
obis dacvis erovnuli saagentos generaluri direqtoris, nikoloz
mravali.
anTiZis 30.10.15 #2/305 brZanebiT miniWebuli aqvs aramaterialuri kul-
turuli memkvidreobis Zeglis statusi.
erovnuli samzareulos mniSvnelobas cxadyofs
axlad warmoqmnili mecniereba - gastika, romel-
• afxazuri marilis - „apirpil-jikas“ da megruli ajikis momzadebis
ic Seiswavlis gemovnebis modalobis kulturul
teqnologias, kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis erovnuli saagentos
rols, ritualebsa da tradiciebs. es aris mecnier-
generaluri direqtoris, nikoloz anTiZis 19.11.18 #02/67 brZanebis Ta-
ebis axali da saintereso dargi, sakvebis da sas-
naxmad miniWebuli aqvs aramaterialuri kulturuli memkvidreobis Ze-
melebis semiotikuri da komunikaciuri funqciebis
glis statusi.
Sesaxeb.
• „xaWapuris tradicia saqarTveloSi“, kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis
qarTuli kulinaria da tradiciuli sufris kul-
erovnuli saagentos generaluri direqtoris movaleobis Semsruleb-
tura mravalsaukunovan istorias iTvlis. qarTu-
lis, paata gafrindaSvilis 22.01.19 #02/3 brZanebis Tanaxmad miniWebuli
li tradiciuli samzareulo mravalferovani, indi-
aqvs aramaterialuri kulturuli memkvidreobis Zeglis statusi.
vidualuri, jansaRi da metad aromatulia. sakvebis
mosamzadeblad gamoyenebuli teqnologiebi, pro-
• aWaruli kerZis, boranos momzadebis wesi da tradicia, kulturuli
duqtebi, kerZebis saxeobebi da maTi momzadebis wesi
memkvidreobis dacvis erovnuli saagentos generaluri direqtoris, ni-
mkafiod warmoaCens qarTvelTa kulturul Tavise-
koloz anTiZis 27.02.19 #02/13 brZanebiT miniWebuli aqvs aramaterialu-
burebas. kerZebi, maTi Semadgenloba, momzadebisa
ri kulturuli memkvidreobis Zeglis statusi.
da wardgenis formebi, iseve rogorc maTTan daka-
vSirebuli ritualebi da trapezis nairsaxeobebi,
• sufris kultura, gansakuTrebuli Rirebulebis matarebelia da qarTu-

1040 1041
 li identobis ganuyofeli nawilia. mas, rogorc qarTuli tradiciuli
sufris/purobis kulturisTvis (qarTuli sufrisTvis), saqarTvelos
mTavrobis 2020 wlis 18 Tebervlis #119 dadgenilebiT ganesazRvra
erovnuli mniSvnelobis kategoria.

Tema - ,,qarTuli samzareulo“, kompleqsurad gaazrebuli da efeqturad

vizualizebuli, qarTuli Rvinis TematikasTan erTad, mcxeTis axal muze-
ums pikanturobas Sematebs da gazrdis interess mis mimarT, xels Seuwyobs
mis ganviTarebasa da popularizacias, rac Tavis mxriv qveynis ekonomika-
Sic hpovebs asaxvas.
ekaterine bulaSvili

n. firosmani, „naturmorti Saqris TaviT“, Tunuqi, zeTi, 55X62 ss.

1042 1043
 dali catava
iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti,
humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis doqtoranti,
Tsu turizmis kvleviTi centri,
mowveuli leqtori,
sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa instituti (GIPA),
biznesis fakultetis leqtori
gastronomiuli
kultura
rogorc
sistema da
qveynis
saimijo
resursi
Sesavali da mizani: gastronomiuli kultura eris
TviTmyofadobis gamoxatulebaa, globalizaciis
procesma Secvala samyaro,masTan erTad am sferoSic
bevri ram icvleba da gaqrobis saSiSroebis wi-
naSe dgas, icvleba trapezis kultura da masTan
damokidebuleba, rac eris identobis erT-erTi max-
asiaTebelia, kacobriobis didi nawili gamudmebiT
ebRauWeba am kauWs. amas SeiZleba mivaweroT bolo-
droindeli „gastronomiuli bumi“. ras moicavs Tav-
is TavSi gastronomiuli kultura rogorc sistema,
ratom gaxda dReisaTvis gastronomiuli kulturis
Tema aseTi aqtualuri, rogori zegavlena moaxdina
kacobriobis ganviTarebaSi trapezis kulturam, ro-
gor Seuwyobs xels am sakiTxebis codna gastrono-
miuli turizmis, rogorc qveynis erT-erTi saimijo
resursis ganviTarebas.
kvlevis meTodologia: naSromis Teoriul da meT-
odologiur safuZvlebs warmoadgens gastronomi-
uli kulturis sakiTxebze arsebuli Tanamedrove
samecniero naSromebi, gastronomiuli turizmis
sakiTxebisadmi miZRvnili saerTaSoriso konferen-
ciebis masalebi da sxva wyaroebi. kvlevisas gamov-
iyeneT logikuri, analizis da faqtobrivi kvlevis
meTodebi.
Sedegebi da gamoyeneba: gastronomiuli kulturis
1044
rogorc sistemis kvlevaSi, SeviswavleT am mimarTulebiT arsebuli mdgo-
mareoba. es cneba zogadad axalia da asocirdeba sabWoTa gastronomTan,
refleqsiuri momenti rac am sistemaSi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani punqtia,
sustad viTardeba, am sferoSi moRvawe adamianebs cudad, an ar esmiT gas-
tronomiuli kulturis mniSvneloba, turizmis, ekonomikis, kulturis gan-
viTarebis sferosaTvis.
daskvna: amrigad, gastronomiuli kulturis, rogorc sistemis gacnobi-
ereba da am mimarTulebiT globalur msoflioSi mimdinare movlenebis
Seswavla, xels Seuwyobs, gastronomiuli kulturis ganviTarebas, eris
TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebas, masTan erTad gastronomiuli turizmis xe-
lSewyobas da qveynis ekonomikis gaZlierebas, romlis resursi qarTul
gastronomiul kulturas namdvialad aqvs, Tundac qarTuli Rvinis fenome-
nis da yvelis kulturis saxiT.
sakvanZo sityvebi: gastronomiuli kultura, kulinaria, trapezi, kulinar-
iuli turizmi.
Sesavali
gastronomia aris sfero, romelsac SeuZlia mravali winaaRmdegobebis
daZleva, is yvelaze humanuria, radgan mas ar aqvs sazRvrebi, konfliqtebi
da politikuri orientacia, am sferos sxvadasxva mimarTulebebis Serwyma
Tavisuflad SeiZleba Tu kargad flob mis xelovnebas.
2003 wlidan ZalaSi Sevida da moqmedebs iuneskos konvencia aramateri-
aluri kulturuli faseulobebis dacvis Sesaxeb - mis mfarvelobaSi
Sedis wes-Cveulebebi, cekvebi, uZvelesi enebi, musika, Teatri, simRera, dResas-
waulebi da rasakvirvelia kulinaria. konvenciis mizania cocxali, zepiri
tradiciis gadarCenis gziT msoflios kulturuli mravalferovnebis Sen-
arCuneba. 2014 wlisTvis ori qarTuli nominacia: „qarTuli polifonia“ da
„qvevris Rvinis dayenebis uZvelesi qarTuli tradiciuli meTodi“ ikaveben
sapatio adgils kacobriobis aramaterialuri kulturuli memkvidreobis
warmomadgenlobiT nusxaSi. 1gastronomiuli kulturebidan iuneskos nusx-
aSi mxolod franguli kulinaria ikvebs sapatio adgils, magram Tamamad
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qarTul gastronomiul kulturas amis potenciali
namdvilad aqvs.
dRes Zalian aqtualuri gaxda kvebis da kulinariis sakiTxi, yvelaferi
mianiSnebs imaze, rom sakvebis miReba scildeba mxolod biologiuri
moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis sferos da es ar aris mxolod SimS-
ilis dakmayofilebis wyaro es aris kulturis fenomeni. kveba yvelas-
Tvis cnobili cxadi ramaa, didxans sakvebis istoriisa da kulinariis
mimarT gulgrili iyvnen sxvadasxva dargis warmomadgenlebi, bolo dros
ki erTbaSad daiwyo „kulinariuli bumi“, ris Sedegadac istoriis, anTro-
pologiis, eTnografiis, geografiis, ekonomikis, filosofiis, fsiqologiis
da lingvistikis specialistebma mravali TvalsaCino da bevr SemTxveva-
1 UNESCO-s konvencia msoflio kulturuli da bunebrivi memkvidreobis dacvis Sesaxeb.
gzamkvlevi. saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis erovnuli saagento, 2014,
gv. 45
1045
 Si umniSvnelovanesi interdisci plinaruli naSromebi Seqmnes. nebismieri
sferos mkvlevarisTvis, sakvebis warmoSobisa da misi moZraobisaTvis Tva-
lis gadavleba SeiZleba idealuri gza aRmoCndes istoriaSi miCqmaluli
ambebisa da socialuri urTierTobebis gamosavlenad. sakvebi xom mudam
warmoadgenda rogorc dResaswaulebisa da religiuri ceremoniebis, ise
socialuri statusis Tu eTnikur-religiuri mikuTvnebulobis simbolos.
sakvebi xSirad mediatoris rolSi gvevlineba adamiansa da RmerTs Soris.
am rituals zogjer rame sagangebo simRera-sagalobeli an locva-Sel-
ocva axlavs Tan. kerZebi da maTi momzadebis wesebi uzrunvelyofen maT-
Tan dakavSirebuli tradiciebis dacvasa da Taobidan Taobaze gadacemas.
sakvebi gansazRvravs adamianis an adamianTa jgufis socialur mdgomareo-
basac. swored sakvebi, misi xelmisawvdomoba, misi xarisxi da raodenobaa is,
rac pirvel rigSi gamoarCevda da gamoarCevs mdidrebs Raribebisgan. ax-
ali ti pis saWmelis Semotana da masTan ziareba xandaxan sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis wesis Secvlaze miniSnebaa, xolo zogjer Secvlis aucilebeli
pirobacaa. kvebasa da masTan dakavSirebul wesebs gansakuTrebuli mniSvn-
eloba eniWeba saeklesio ritualebis Sesrulebisas. religiuri ritual-
isTvis momzadebuli sagangebo kerZebi da tkbileuli ama Tu im dResas-
waulis da ara mxolod regligiuris simbolo xdeba. mokled rom vTqvaT,
yvela ers dedamiwaze raRac simbolod qceuli Tavisi ritualuri kerZi
aqvs, rac eris tradiciis da adaT-wesebis gamoxatulebaa, misi gastronomi-
uli kulturis nawilia.
sakvebis gamo xdeboda ekonomikuri eqspansiebi, samxedro konfliqtebi.
kolonizatorebis mTavari mizani teritoriebis gafarToebasTan erTad,
sakvebze kontrolis mopoveba iyo. bolos da bolos, ra aris kacobriobis
istoria, Tu ara mudmivi brZola sarCosaTvis.2
Tanamedrove globalur, samyaroSi Zalian aqtualuri gaxda es Tema, mas-
Tan kompleqsuri midgoma da swored aman ganapiroba axali cnebis - gas-
tronomiuli kultura, Semotana. romelic jer kidev kvlevis sagania da
mecnierebis did dainteresebas iwvevs.
am sferoSi mimdinare tendenciebis maxasiaTeblebia, satelevizio kuli-
nariuli Souebi, Jurnal-gazeTebi, kulinariuli wignebi. sakvebis momza-
deba kerZo rutinuli saqmianobidan sajaro aqti xdeba, rac gamoixateba
master-klasebSi, kulinariul duelebSi, gamofenebSi da gastronomiul
festivalebSi, rac xels uwyobs turizmis iseTi mimarTulebis bums ro-
goricaa „gastronomiuli turizmi“, xSirad mas moixsenieben rogorc
„kulinariuli turizmi“, romlis mizania ara marto samzareulos gacnoba
da sakvebis dagemovneba, aramed misi mirTmevis da wamoSobis istoria da
wesebi. ase rom, is ukve xdeba kulturis da istoriis eris TviTmyofadobis
gamoxatvis nawili. Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom kacobriobas mudmivad ain-
teresebda es sakiTxi, amaze metyvelebs uZvelesi nawerebi da traqtatebi
kvebis Sesaxeb, SuamdinareTSi napovni Tixis filebi, sadac moTxrobilia
sakvebis Sesaxeb, romelic SeiZleba pirvel gastronomiul naSromebad
CaiTvalos, aseve apiciusis, montenis, aleqsandre diumas, balzakis, poxleb-
kinis nawerebi. Jan Sardenma cnobilma frangma mogzaurma dawvrilebiT
aRwera „nadimi saqarTvelos mefis karze“, sadac Zalian kargad Cans ucx-
2 gorgilaZe r., „kerZTayvaniscema“, 2012, gv. 22, 23, 27, 2012
1046
oelis TvaliT danaxuli qarTuli gastronomiuli kulturis saintereso
niuansebi, es sakiTxi aseve kargad aRwera aleqsandre diumam Tavis wignSi
„kavkasia“, ivane javaxiSvili3456 Tavis naSromebSi aranakleb yuradRebas uT-
mobda qarTuli kvebis etiketis sakiTxs. kneina barbare jorjaZis pirveli
qarTuli samzareulo wigni „sruli samzareulo“, mecxramete saukunis
saqarTvelos uamrav istoriul, kulturul, geografiul da ekonomikur
faqtze migvaniSnebs7.
yoveli eris tradiciebi dakavSirebulia sakvebTan da kvebis kultur-
asTan, erovnuli samzareulo TviTmyofadia da eris istorias, mis nacio-
nalur gemos da xasiaTs asaxavs. magram masze did zegavlenas bunebrivi
pirobebi, klimati, geografiuli mdebareoba, istoriuli movlenebi, sarw-
munoeba axdens. globalizaciis procesi ufro mZafrs xdis am sakiTx-
isadmi interess, radgan es sfero identobis erT - erTi mniSvnelovani
kauWia, rogorc levan berZeniSvili Tavis esseSi “identobis kulinariuli
done“ aRniSnvs: „identobis kulinariuli donis mniSvnelobis naTelsay-
ofad mxolod erTs vityvi, mSobel eTnosTan kavSiris gawyvetis mxolod
boloswina safexuri aris sruli indiferentuloba eTnikuri warmomav-
lobisadmi, xolo sul bolos kvebis produqtebisadmi erTguleba kvdeba“8.
Tanamedrove samecniero wreebSi am Temas ukve gansakuTrebuli yuradReba
eqceva, magaliTisaTvis moviyvan harvardis universitets, sadac 2010 wels
gamoyenebiTi mecnierebebisa da inJineriis fakultetze daiwyes saintere-
so sagnis swavleba-mecnereba da kulinaria, leqtorebi arian, rogorc har-
vardis fizikis fakultetis profesorebi, aseve kulinariis sferos cno-
bili specialistebi, konteqsti aris rasakvirvelia mecnierebis, teqnikis,
kulturis urTierTdamokidebuleba kvebis kulturasTan. rac erT-erTma
mecnierma harold mak gim Tavis saxelmZRvaneloSi asaxa On Food and Cooking:
The Science and Lore of the Kitchen by Harold McGee9.
kvlevis mizani. Cvens mizans warmoadgens gastronomiuli kulturis ro-
gorc sistemis danaxva, masTan mimarTebaSi kulturis, qveynis istoriis,
geografiis da zne-Cveulebebis, adaT-wesebis mniSvnelobis warmoCena, ro-
gorc qveynis imijis ganmsazRvreli komponentis danaxva da Seswavla, rac
turizmis aRorZinebas uwyobs xels, radgan Tanamedrove turists mxolod
danaxva ukve aRar akmayofilebs, is cdilobs, rom qveyana „SeigrZnos.“
swored sakvebi uwyobs xels, rom qveynis kulturaSi SeaRwio da igrZno
is „sxva“ ara marto inteleqtualur doneze, aramed grZnobebis donezec.
sakvebi turistis destinaciis mniSvnelovani atributia, romelic SegrZne-
bebiT avsebs turistul STabeWdilebebs. globalizaciam da yvelafrisad-
mi xelmisawvdomobam sakvebis rolis da mniSvnelobis win wamowevam ufro
saintereso da mimzidveli gaxada turistuli marSrutebi, gansakuTrebiT
ki gurmeebisaTvis, istorikosebisa da anTropologebisaTvis. isini ikvlev-
en ama Tu im kerZis fesvebs, eris interesebs, garemos, yofas da adaTebs. rac
3 diuma al., „kavkasia“, Tavi X, frangulidan Targmna TinaTin qiqoZem, Tb., 2014
4 Похлёбкин В.В., Книга о вкусной и здоровой пище, Нарком пищевой промишленности СССР, 1939.
5 Sardeni Jan, „nadimi saqarTvelos mefis karze“
6 apiciusi m.g., wigni kulinariis, kvebis da saneleblebis xelovnebis Sesaxeb
7 barbare erisTavi-jorjaZisa „sruli samzareulo“, 1914
8 berZeniSvili l., identobis kuliariuli done. krebuli „saqarTvelo aTaswleulTa
gasayarze“, 2005, gv. 1
9 On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen by Harold McGee, 2004
1047
 mxolod adgilze SeiZleba „SeigrZno,“ ase rom sul ufro da ufro meti
adamiani irCevs aseT turebs am mizniT.
arsebuli mdgomareobis analizi. yovelive zemoTTqmulidan gamomdinare,
mecnierebaSi kompleqsurad ganixilaven swored cnebas gastronomiuli
kultura, sadac moazrebulia yvela is materialuri Tu aramaterialuri
faseulobebi, rac eris TviTmyofadobas, asaxavs.
berZnuli miTis Tanaxmad aTenSi idga medicinis mfarvelis asklepiosis
qandakeba, erT mxarze mas misi qaliSvili higia eyrdnoboda meoreze ki
misi mzareuli kulina. morali imaSia, rom janmrTelobis sawyisi higiena
da swori kvebaa, rom sakvebs udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda adamianis janmr-
TelobisTvis, sicocxlisunarianobisa da ara marto. aqedan modis sityva
kulinariac – kulina – samzareulo – kulinaria ki xelovneba samza-
reulosa da sakvebi produqtebis Sesaxeb. ase, rom adamianebs odiTganve
ainteresebdaT kvebis kulturis sakiTxi gastronomia, rac berZnulad gas-
tros-kuWi da nomos-wesi - swavlebas kulinariasa da kulturas Soris arse-
buli kavSirebis Sesaxeb niSnavs10.
gastronomiuli kulturis istoriul da ekonomikur WrilSi analizis
pirveli cda „analebis skolis“11 warmomadgenlebs hqondaT, kvebis, rogorc
kulturuli fenomenis Teoriul Seswavlas ukve struqturalistebis kv-
levebSi vxvdebiT, klod levi-strosi cnobili anTropologi da filo-
sofosi, Tavis naSromebSi xazs usvams Tu rogor gaakultura „xorbalma“
adamiani, is aRniSnavs, rom sakvebi unda iyos „aramarto sasargeblo saWme-
lad, aramed safiqreladac~12. struqturalistebma ase vTqvaT, biZgi misces
am mimarTulebis mecnierul xedvas, rac dReisaTvis Zalian farTe kvlevis
sagnad aris gadaqceuli, sadac CarTulia rogorc mecniereba, kultura,
aseve biznesi. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, terminis gastronomiuli kultura
araerTgvarovani definiciebi, radgan is Zalian farTo speqtrSi ganixile-
ba, kultura, istoria, anTropologia, lingvistika, fiziologia, ekonomika
da a.S. gastronomiuli kulturis mkvlevarebis greg riCardsis, anne mete
hialageris, m.v. kapkanis13 naSromebidan SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom gastrono-
miuli kultura aris sistema, romelic Tavis TavSi moicavs sam ZiriTad
elements:
• sakvebis momzadebis kultura, kulinariis xelovneba.
gastronomiuli kulturis cnebaSi es niSnavs: sakvebi produqtebis SerCev-
as, maT Sexamebas, tradiciuli meTodebis gamoyenebas da dacvas nacional-
uri gemos SesanarCuneblad, teqnologiebis dacvas produqtis damuSavebis
da momzadebis procesSi.
• saWmlis miRebis-trapezis kultura, dResaswaulebi, ritualebi,
10 https://ka.wikipedia.org
11 École des Annales („analebis“ skola), an La Nouvelle Histoire („axali saistorio mecniereba“) -
istoriuli mecnierebis mimarTulebebi, daarsebuli lusien fevrisa (1878-1956) da mark
blokis (1866-1944) mier
12 Jurnali kulinART- Fine Art of Food, 2016
13 Tourism and Gastronomy – by Anne-Mette Hjalager and Greg Richards, Routledge (UK), 2001
- М.В. Капкан-Феномен гастрономической культуры, научная работа 2010
1048
wes-Cveulebebi, restornebi, bistroebi, duqnebi.
gastronomiuli kulturis cnebaSi es niSnavs: sakvebis miRebis-trapezis
wesebis, ritualebis wes-Cveulebebis dacvas, ritualuri kerZebis wesisame-
br momzadebas da trapezis organizebas, sufrasTan qcevis wesebs, rogorc
qarTul sufrazea. am cnebaSi Sedis stumris miRebis wesebis dacva, misdami
damokidebuleba, kerZebis sufraze ganlageba, rigiToba da sxva.
• momzadebis da sakvebis miRebis procesebze refleqsia.
kerZebis momzadebis da misi miRebis kultura gastronomiuli kulturis
umniSvnelovanesi da ganmapirobebeli faqtorebia, am yvelaferze refle-
qsia gastronimiuli kulturis ufro Semdgomi etapia. is xels uwyobs
tradiciuli kulinariuli xelovnebis ganviTarebas da SenarCunebas, mis
SeTvisebas da popularizacias, mis daxvewas da modernizebas. refleqsiis
es formebi SeiZleba mravalgvari iyos, magaliTad wignebi. am TemasTan
dakavSirebiT, samecniero kvlevebi, statiebi, satelevizio gadacemebi, xe-
lovnebis nimuSebi, kulinariuli enciklopediebi, kulinariuli leqsikone-
bi da ganmartebebi, receptebiT nabij-nabij, romlebic refleqsiis specifi-
kuri formebia.
aqedan gamomdinare vxedavT, rom gastronomiuli kultura aris specifiu-
ri normebis, princi pebis, magaliTebis, adaTebis sistema, gamoxatuli sakve-
bis momzadebis tradiciebis da teqnologiebis SerwymaSi da Semdeg am
procesebze refleqsiaSi asaxuli. es ki miuTiTebs imaze, rom erovnu-
li samzareuloebi, masTan dakavSirebuli yvela komponenti qveynis da
eris tradiciebis imijia, maTi identobis erT - erTi gamoxatulebaa Tana-
medrove globalur samyaroSi.
erovnuli samzareulo, rogorc lingvistika, mudam ganicdis sxva erebis
Tu dampyroblebis samzareulos da religiebis, adaTebis zegavlenas, es is-
toriulad sruliad normaluri procesia da misi aRmofxvra SeuZlebelia,
miT umetes globalizaciis epoqaSi. erovnuli trapezis kultura, rogorc
aRvniSneT, adgilobrivi ekosistemis Taviseburi gamoxatulebaa, romelSic
eTnosis formireba xdeba. konkretuli biotopebis (sasicocxlo adgi-
lis) specifikac zemoqmedebas axdens erebis kvebis erovnuli tradiciebis
warmoSobasa da CamoyalibebaSi. magaliTad, roca italieli trapezze ge-
patiJeba, sityva “Pasta” misTvis ar niSnavs mxolod spagetis an comeuls,
aramed es misTvis saerTod sakvebis da am ritualis gayofis ceremoniaa.
urTierTobis iseTive sakulto da saritualo niSania qarTvelisaTvis
„sufra“, „puris Wama“. qarTvelebis es Cveva Sumerebis maqsimasTan Zalian
axlos dgas. „sicocxle sakvebia, sakvebi sicocxlea imitom, rom sakvebis
gaziareba sicocxlis gaziarebas niSnavs“, sityva megobaric sakvebis miRe-
bis process ukavSirdeba - “saerTo gobidan Wama“. amasve niSnavs aziuri
sufris gayofa stumrisTvis „dastarxani“14, romelic sityvasityviT Sei-
Zleba qarTuli terminis msgavsad „gadasafarebelsac“ aRniSnavdes, magram
mas iseTive ritualuri datvirTva aqvs, rogorc qarTul sityvas „sufra“.
rusul kulturaSi igi gamoixateboda rogorc „хлеб да соль“, romelsac
14 Восточный дастархан/Туристический портал Сentral Аsia Travel [Электронный ресурс], 2013. – Режим
доступа: http://www.centralasia-travel.com/ru/
1049
 mopatiJebis da pativiscemis niSnad karis zRurblze miagebebdnen stumars.
mokled rom vTqvaT, adamianebis sazogadoeba, bunebis mier mowodebul re-
surss efeqturad iyenebs da mas rituals ukavSirebs. yvelafer amas ki
adamianebi ganixilavdnen ara marto rogorc fiziologiuri moTxovnile-
bebis dakmayofilebis process, aramed RmerTTan miaxloebis, sicocxlis
gagrZelebis, siamovnebis, esTetikis da urTierTobis „Cvenianad“ da sxvi-
sianad“ aRiarebis process. Zvel indielebSi, stumari, romelic ar miiReb-
da maT sakvebs SeiZleboda moeklaT, radgan Tvlidnen, rom „swor sakvebs
radgan ar Wams, Cveniani ar aris da ucxoa“.
ramdennairicaa cxovrebis wesi, imdennairi SeiZleba iyos trapezis da
masTan dakavSirebuli Taviseburebebis aqti. ra aris trapezi da ra aris
trapezis kultura, ras asaxavs igi? - trapezi15 - ewodeba taZarSi yvelaze
metad ganaTebul oTxkuTxa magidas (qvis an xisa), romelic moTavsebulia
sakurTxevlis SuagulSi da romelsac TeTri tiloTi da Zvirfasi qso-
viliT mosaven. trapezze saidumlod, uxilavad sufevs TviT ufali, ro-
gorc meufe da mbrZanebeli taZrisa. masTan miaxleba da ambori mxolod
RvTismsaxurebisTvisaa dasaSvebi. trapezi ewodeba aseve berZnul samkuTxa
tablas, romelzec sanovage elaga antikuri saberZneTis simpoziumSi, anu
adgili sadac ikvebebodnen, ufro mogvianebiT ki TviT kvebis process ewo-
da trapezoba.
ase rom trapezis kultura, romelic gastronomiuli kulturis umniS-
vnelovanesi nawilia, aris procedura, romelic dakavSirebulia adamianebis
socio - kulturul fenomenTan, maT qcevasTan, wes-CveulebebTan rogorc
aseve samgloviaro, religiuri da sxv. sakvebis erToblivi miReba es mx-
olod danayrebis momenti ar aris, aramed es aris, adamianebis urTierToba,
komunikacia - TviTon sakvebi ki am dros xdeba simbolo, ritualurobis
komponenti, erovnulobis, Taviseburebebis niSani.
kacobrioba, gansakuTrebiT bolo dros, im daskvnemde mivida, rom trapezis
tradiciebi iseTive kulturaa, rogoric arqiteqtura, musika, erovnuli
samosi da folklori, amitomac aris, rom iuneskos saerTaSoriso organi-
zacia icavs, rogorc materialur, aseve aramaterialur faseulobebs. yur-
adreba mivaqcioT erT faqts, im qveynebSi, sadac saTuTad icaven tradiciebs,
da ufrTxildebian kulturas, kvebas, trapezis kulturas gansakuTrebul
yuradRebas aqceven. magaliTisaTvis moviyvanT, Cinur, iaponur, frangul kve-
bis ceremonialebs. trapezoba ar emsaxureba danayrebas, is aris cxovre-
bis arsi da kulturis nawili, emociuri mdgomareoba, xolo rodesac sxva
religiis, da sxvadasxva qveynis kulinariul kulturas ecnobi grZnob im
kulturis „gemovnebis mTel gamas.“ klod levi-strosi Tavis eseSi „an-
Tropologi Tanamedrove samyaros problemebis pirispir“, iaponiis Sesaxeb
wers: „iaponia gabedulad da mtkiced Sevida Tanamedrove civilizaciSi
da amis gakeTeba dRemde individualobis, misi Taviseburebebis dakargvis
gareSe SeZlo. ... kultura Tavisi Tavis erTguli unda iyos, amis safasuri
ki erTgvari siyruea maTi Rirebulebebisgan gansxvavebuli Rirebulebebis
mimarT, mTliani Tu nawilobrivi ugrZnobloba maTTan mimarTebaSi“16.
15 Бурлачук В., Трапеза как предмет социологического исследования, 2010
16 levi-strosi k., „anTropologi Tanamedrove samyaros problemebis pirispir“, Targmani
1050
nebismieri adamiani, romelic ama Tu im qveyanaSi Cadis, ejaxeba qveynis
samzareulos, mis gastronomiul kulturas da amiT mniSvnelovan warmod-
genas iqmnis zogadad qveynis Sesaxeb da saerTod naciis Sesaxeb. kargi
da maRalxarisxiani erovnuli samzareulo aris swored kulinariuli
turizmis efeqturobisa da popularobis ganmsazRvreli faqtori. glo-
balizaciam Tanamedrove samyaroSi yvela es problema TiTqmis ukve gad-
aWra. supermarketSi SesaZlebeli gaxda nebismieri msoflio produqtis
yidva. trapezi ki makdonaldizaciis procesma TiTqmis erTiani da erTnai-
ri gaxada. magram miuxedavad amisa, turistebis didi nawili swored gas-
tronomiul turebSi miemgzavreba im mizniT, rom daagemovnos nacionalu-
ri samzareulo da gaigos naciis avTenturi gemo adgilze, sadac esa Tu
is kerZi Tu Rvino warmoiSva da dResac Zveli wesiT mzaddeba. amitomac
aris, rom turizmis msoflio organizacia sul ufro da ufro mzard ten-
denciad miiCnevs kulinariul turebs.
termini „kulinariuli turizmi“ pirvelad Semoitana amerikis universite-
tis profesorma lusi longma17. dReisaTvis ki es termini ukve turistuli
produqtis mniSvnelovani gamoxatuleba gaxda mTels msoflioSi. aqve
unda aRvniSnoT isic, rom am terminis Semadgeneli nawilia aseve Rvinisa
da ludis Tematuri turebi, festivalebi, romlebic cxadad gvacnoben ama
Tu im qveynis vazis, Rvinis, da sxvadasxva sasmelebis kulturas. rogorc
am biznesis da kulturis sferos warmomadgenlebi varaudoben, turizmis
es niSa bevri ramis mizezi gaxdeba samomavlod. pirvel rigSi unda aRin-
iSnos, rom nebismieri turistisaTvis kveba da sasmeli upirvelesi kompo-
nentia mogzaurobis dros, miT umetes Tu turi saerTod exeba nacionalur
samzareulos, es mniSvnelovani faqtori xdeba Semdgomi motivaciisaTvis,
rom Caxvide im qveyanaSi da nacionalur samzareulosTan erTad kultur-
as da sxva faseulobebs gaecno.
kulinariuli turizmi saSualebas aZlevs qveyanas, rom turists mTe-
li erovnuli aramaterialuri Tu materialuri faseulobebi, rituale-
bi, tradiciebi, folklori, musika, cxovrebis stili, sarewao saqmianoba,
ekologiurad sufTa produqtis warmoeba, erovnuli gansakuTrebuli te-
qnologiuri procesebi adgilze avTentur situaciaSi gaacnos. kidev unda
aRiniSnos erTi mniSvnelovani faqti, rom erovnuli samzareulo aseve
Sanss aZlevs turists TviTon miiRos ama Tu im erovnuli, naciisaTvis
gansakuTrebuli kerZis momzadebaSi monawileoba. risTvisac bevri tur
operatori turistul marSrutSi debs degustaciebs, kulinariul mas-
ter klasebs da a.S. gastronomiuli turizmis turistebi xSirad iseTi
adamianebi arian, romelTac mogzaurobis didi staJi aqvT, da axla imave
qveyanaSi SeiZleba mxolod gastronomiuli kuTxiT qveynis gasacnobad
Cavidnen. amitomac upriania yvelam ekonomikis saministroSi Tu turizmis
departamentSi gaicnobieros, rom yvela turisti ar midis muzeumSi da
gamofenebze, magram yvela turisti agemovnebs qveynis sakvebs, zogi ki mi-
zanmimarTulad, raTa swored am kuTxidan gaicnos esa Tu is eTnokultura,
romlis bumic XXI saukuneSi dadga.
garda adgilobrivi gastronomiuli kulturis Secnobisa gastronomiulma
g. marjaniSvili, parizi, 2011
17 Culinary Tourism, Lucy M. Long, University of Kentuky, 2004
1051
 turizmma moicva kidev erTi mniSvnelovani komponenti, es aris gastrono-
miuli turistis mier adgilobrivi kerZebis avTenturi gemos Seqmnis te-
qnologiuri procesebis adgilze gacnoba da masSi monawileobis miReba.
adgilobrivi mosaxleobis Tu cnobili Sefebis mier adgilze gakeTebuli
kerZis niuansebSi da saidumloebebSi wvdoma, swored amisTvisac ixdis is
did fuls. turisti acnobierebs Tu ra radikaluri gansxvaveba da ra
saerToa im qveynis, Tu regionis warmamadgenlebs da mas Soris. adgilo-
brivad festvalebSi monawileoba da tradiciis Tu kulturis nawilad
qcevis procesi kidev ufro STmbeWdavs xdis turistis STabeWdilebebs da
swored amas iyenebs turizmi, rogorc didi biznesi.
gastronomiuli turizmi anu rogorc zogjer mas uwodeben Food Tour-
ismus-i, turists sul sxva xedvas uyalibebs qveynis Sesaxeb, is ukve sxva
TvaliT uyurebs kulturas da landSafts, iwyebs am qveynis konkretuli
regionis sxvagvarad Sefasebas.
kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom turizmisa da maspinZlobis industria, ekonomikis
mzardi seqtoria msoflio masStabiT. magram mTavari erTia, rom tur-
izmi udidesi biznesia, Tan globalizebuli msoflios is kauWi, romelsac
calkeuli qveynebi da erebi, gansakuTrebiT mcire erebi ebRauWebian Tav-
ianTi identobis da maTi gansakuTrebulobis SesanarCuneblad. amitomac
mecniereba da biznesi am sferos did momavals uwinaswarmetyvelebs. amaSi
ki erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi komponenti qveynis gastronomiuli kul-
turaa.
daskvna
amrigad, gastronomiuli kultura aris sistema, romelic sam ZiriTad el-
ements Seicavs, kulinariis xelovneba, trapezis kultura da yvelafer
amaze refleqsia. es iseTi sistemaa, romelic aris mravlismomcveli da
mravalferovani, aseTi funqciebis farTo speqtris gamo misi romelime
konkretuli sferosadmi mikuTvneba Zalian gaWirdeba. gastronomiuli
kultura mentalobas, eris istorias mis ganviTarebas da axali epoqis
gamoZaxilebs exmaureba da axal formebs iZens, Tumca istoriis, adaT - we-
sebis, tradiciebis codnis da gamocdilebis safuZvelze. rac gamoixateba
samzareuloSi, trapezis wesebSi, kulinariul literaturaSi da sxvadasx-
va gastronomiul RonisZiebebSi. misi reprezentireba dRes metwilad Ta-
namedrove sakveb obieqtebSi xdeba, es obieqtebi axdenen erSi miRebuli
nacionaluri trapezis kulturis translirebas Tanamedrove egzotikuri
saxiT, rom naciis gemo da dRevandeli kulinariuli turistis erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani Tezisi „amis dagemovneba mxolod aq SeiZleba“, gaamarTlon,
Tumca zogjer damaxinjebuli saxiT.
gastronomiuli kulturis rogorc sistemis analizi saSualebas gvaZlevs
ufro Rrma globaluri sakiTxebis gansaxilvelad, rogorebicaa idento-
bis formulireba, wesebis, adaTebis, tradiciebis, faseulobebis translire-
ba, kulturuli Taviseburebebis danaxva, qveynis turistuli potencialis
Sefaseba Tanamedrove globalizebuli msoflio gamowvevebis fonze. ami-
tomac aris upriani, rom am sakiTxis farTo masStabiT popularizeba. re-
fleqsiuri aspeqtis daxvewa xels Seuwyobs sxvadasxva sferoSi momuSave
adamianebs.
1052
aRniSnuli kvleva mxolod erTi pirveli cdaa kompleqsur WrilSi gangvex-
ila gastronomiuli kultura da misi reprezentirebis formebi. samomav-
lod Cvens mizans am fenomenis ufro Rrma da safuZvliani Seswavla war-
moadgens Tavisi sakvanZo sakiTxebiT.
kvlevis mimarTuleba dakavSirebuli iqneba erTis mxriv Teoriuli cod-
nis gaRrmavebasTan, rogorc msoflio aseve qarTuli gastronomiuli
kulturis sakiTxebisadmi, konkretuli magaliTebisa da kvlevebis dros
gamokveTili kanonzomierebis ganxilvisa da gaanalizebis Sedegebze. samo-
mavlo amocana iqneba aseve yvelafer amis fonze qarTuli gastronomiuli
kulturis Tanamedrove situaciis analizi globaluri perspeqtivebis
fonze, roca sociokulturuli urTierTobebis paradigma icvleba, makdon-
aldizaciis procesi globalizaciis sinonimad iqca, gastronomiuli kul-
turis mediatizacia axal gamowvevebs gvTavazobs, amaze pasuxi gastrono-
miuli kulturis reprezentirebis axalma relevanturma formebma unda
gasces. saqarTvelos gastronomiul kulturas ki aqvs imis potenciali
rom am gamowvevebs upasuxos.
am sakiTxebis gadawyveta gastronomiuli kulturis problemebis mogvare-
bis safuZveli gaxdeba, romelic xels Seuwyobs, gastronomiuli biznesis
ganviTarebas, adamianebis mier sakuTari identobis, sxvadasxva kulture-
bis da civlizaciebisadmi damokidebulebis gacnobierebas, mcire da didi
erebis adaTebis formirebis da multikulturuli urTierTobebis Cam-
oyalibebisa da ganviTarebis, tolerantulobis swavlas globalizaciis
pirobebSi.
vfiqrob, droa qarTulma gastronomiulma kulturam saTanado adgili
daimkvidros saqarTvelos samuzeumo sivrceSeebSic. es SesaZlebelia qa-
rTuli samzareulos popularizaciis mizniT, ganxorcieldes muzeumis
holis sainformacio-sasuvenire sivrceebsa da samuzeumo kafeSi.
saqarTvelos gastronomiis asociacias muzeumis vizitorebisTvis SeuZlia
rogorc myar, aseve eleqtronul formatSi saqarTvelos gastronomiuli
gzamkvlevis momzadeba. bukletis formiT momzadebuli gzamkvlevis re-
alizacia sasuvenire sivrceSia SesaZlebeli, xolo gzamkvlevis Sinaarsis
eleqtronuli formiT gacnobas, vizitori samuzeumo sivrcis holSi sxva
danarCen informaciasTan erTad, eleqtronul formatSi SeZlebs. es saW-
iroa ara marto ucxoeli, aramed adgilobrivi - qarTveli turistisaTvi-
sac. regionaluri gastronomia arc qarTvelebisaTvisaa kargad cnobili.
dRevandeli tendencia samomavlod iTvaliswinebs, rom aseT adgilebSi
sxva sasuvenire produqciasTan erTad SesaZlebelia gaiyidos „gastrono-
miuli suvenirebi“.
qarTuli samzareulos damatebiTi popularizaciisaTvis, karg saSualebad
gvesaxeba muzeumis sivrceSi, gastronomiuli kulturis Sesaxeb mokleme-
traJiani filmebis retrospeqtiva. saqarTvelos gastronomiis asociacias,
SeuZlia muzeumebisaTvis am saxis produqciis miwodeba.
rac Seexeba samuzeumo kafes koncefcias, vfiqrobT erTi mimarTuleba
unda iyos SerCeuli. pirdapiri gagebiT „kafe“, sadac mxolod nugbari
da Carozi iqneba an Sereuli, magaliTad msubuqi salaTebi, buterbrodebi,
1053
 snekebi da nugbari. Dali Tsatava
Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University,
vinaidan mcxeTis axal muzeumSi gaTvaliswinebulia samecniero datvirT- Doctoral Student,
va, Cvenis mxriv SesaZlebelia saleqcio formiT (leqciebis kursi an sa- TSU Tourism research Centre, Lecturer,
jaro leqciebi) monawileoba. saleqcio Tematika moicavs gastronomiul Georgian Institute of Public Affairs(GIPA),
turizmsa da regionalur qarTul gastronomiul kulturas. Business Faculty Lecturer
aseve, survilis SemTxvevaSi, Cvenis mxriv SegviZlia saintereso kulinari-

GASTRONOMIC
uli masterklasebis mowyoba, cnobili Sefebis Camoyvana da a.S.

sasurvelia muzeumis saganmanaTleblo programaSi, sxva danarCenTan er-

Tad gastronomia/kulinariis xelovnebis gaTvaliswineba. es Tema sadRei-
sod erTob trendulia mTels msoflioSi, amavdroulad erTnairad saint-
ereso yvela asakobrivi jgufisTvis.
Cvenis azriT, qarTuli gastronomiuli kulturis gaTvaliswineba mcxeTis
axal muzeumSi (da ara mxolod mcxeTis), muzeumis popularizaciis mniS-
vnelovani faqtori iqneba.”
bibliografia
1. berZeniSvili l., identobis kuliar-
iuli done. krebuli „saqarTvelo
aTaswleulTa gasayarze“, 2005
2. gorgilaZe r., „kerZTayvaniscema“ 22, 23,
2012
3. barbare erisTavi-jorjaZisa „sruli
samzareulo“, 1914
4. levi-strosi klod, „anTropologi Tana-
medrove samyaros problemebis pirisp-
ir“, Targmani g. marjaniSvili, parizi,
2011
5. UNESCO-s konvencia msoflio kulturu-
li da bunebrivi memkvidreobis dacvis
Sesaxeb. gzamkvlevi. saqarTvelos kul-
CULTURE AS
A SYSTEM
AND THE
COUNTRY’S
IMAGE
RESOURCE
Introduction and aim: Gastronomic culture Results and implications: Gastronomic cul-
is an expression of the nation’s identity, glo- ture as a system of research, we have studied
balization has changed the world, with him in the situation in this regard. This concept is new
this area, too many things are changing, and the and is generally associated with the Soviet gas-
disappearance of the threat, changing meal cul- tronom, reflective moment in the system - one
ture and attitude, which is the nation’s identity - of the essential items, weakly developed, work-
one of the tenants, a large part of humanity con- ing in this field for people with bad, or do not
stantly cling to the hook. This can be attributed understand the importance of gastronomic cul-
to the recent “gastronomic boom.” What in- ture, tourism, economy, culture domain.
volves gastronomic culture as a system, why it
was such a topical issue at present gastronomic Conclusion: Thus, gastronomic culture, as
culture, the impact on the development of cul- a system of understanding and in the global
ture in the development of mankind meal, how world events study, promote, gastronomic cul-
they contribute to the knowledge of the gastro- ture, the nation’s identity preservation, with
nomic tourism in the country - one of the image gastronomic tourism promotion and the coun-
resource development. try’s economy, whose resources Georgian gas-
tronomic culture really have to have, even if
turuli memkvidreobis dacvis erovnu-
Research methodology: The theoretical and Georgian wine phenomenon and culture in the
li saagento, 2014
methodological foundations of the gastronomic form of cheese.
6. Бурлачук Виктор, Трапеза, как предмет
culture of the modern scientific papers, gastro-
социологического исследования, 2010
nomic tourism at the international conference Keywords: Gastronomic Culture, Cuisine, The
7. Похлёбкин В.В., Книга о вкусной и здоровой
materials and other supplies. The survey used a process of eating meals (Trapeza) Culinary
пище, Нарком пищевой промишленности СССР
logical, factual analysis and research methods. Tourism.
1939
8. Капкан-Феномен гастрономической культуры,
научная работа 2010
9. Tourism and Gastronomy – by Anne-Mette Hjalager
and Greg Richards, Routledge (UK), 2001 M.B.
10. Culinary Tourism, Lucy M. Long, University of
Kentuky, 2004

1054 1055
 nino mindaZe
iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis
istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti,
mTavari mecnier-TanamSromeli,
istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori

qarTuli
sufra
sakvebs adamianisTvis, iseve rogorc yvela saxis
cocxali arsebisTvis, sasicocxlo mniSvneloba
aqvs. gaSlil sufrasTan Tavyriloba ki, socialuri
da kulturuli datvirTviT gamoirCeva. gansxvavde-
boda, da axlac gansxvavdeba sxvadasxva kulturis
xalxebis, socialuri fenis, sxvadasxva mizeziTa da
mizniT gaSlili sufris wesi da rigi.

Cveni kvlevis obieqti qarTuli sufraa - mniSvne-

lobiT sruliad gansakuTrebuli qarTveli xalx-
isaTvis. fsiqologi gaga niJaraZe wers: „arc Tu
advilia i povo raime wes-Cveuleba Tu rituali, ro-
melic ama Tu im kulturaSi iseT rols TamaSob-
des, rogorc sufra - qarTulSi. sufra cxadad Tu
farulad monawileobs lamis yvela socialur aq-
ciaSi, rac ki saqarTveloSi xdeba“ [niJaraZe g., 2004,
25].

saqarTveloSi lxinic da Wiric sufriT aRiniSne-

boda. sufra iSleboda da axlac iSleba religiuri
Tu sxva saxis dResaswaulebis dros, saqorwilod,
stumris miRebisas, micvalebulis dakrZalvis da
mis mosaxsenebel dReebSi da sxva. mcire sufra
iSleboda yoveldRiurad ojaxSi, rodesac mTeli
ojaxi erTad iyrida Tavs. aRsaniSnavia is faqtic,
rom Cveulebriv saojaxo sufraze saqarTveloSi,
moulodneli stumris mosvlasac iTvaliswinebdnen
da misTvis saukeTeso kerZi iyo gadanaxuli.

rogori iyo qarTuli sufra da ra niSan-Tvisebebi

gamoarCevda mas?

sityva sufra, sulxan-saba orbelianis ganmartebiT,

„sparsTa enaa, qarTulad tabla hqvian“, xolo tabla,
„ars sufra da yoveli feÃedi ficari win sadgmeli“
[orbeliani sulxan-saba, 1993] e.i. sulxan-saba orbe-
lianis mixedviT, sufra magidis aRmniSvnelia. igi
sparsulSi arabulidan damkvidrebula da misi Ta-
vdapirveli mniSvneloba samgzavrod, sanovagisTvis
n. firosmani, `qeifi rTvelis dros~, muSamba, zeTi, 105X349 (sem)

1056 1057
 gankuTvnil tomara, samgzavro sufra, saWmeldalagebuli sini yofila [ime-
daZe s., 2014, 72].
Zvelad lxinisTvis gaSlil sufras mejliss, lxins, nadimsac uwodebdnen,
maTi etimologiac ar aris qarTuli.
sufris aRmniSvnel uZveles qarTul sityvebad V saukunis hagiografiul
ZeglSi iakob curtavelis ,,SuSanikis wamebaSi“ moxseniebuli puris Wama,
puroba iTvleba, magram, iv. javaxiSvilma sityva `puri~ berZnulad, xolo
mis uZveles qarTul Sesatyvisad `diari~ miiCnia. `diari~ svanurSi puris,
xolo megrulSi, sxva mniSvnelobebTan erTad, saqorwilo purisWamis aRm-
niSvnelic yofila [javaxiSvili iv., 1996, 437-439]. „puris Wamas zogjer
garkveuli garemoebisda mixedviT, sakuTari specialuri saxelic hqonia“
- wers iv. javaxiSvili [sarTania d., 2002, 129]. erT-erT aseT saxelad man
erTaWama miiCnia [sarTania d., 202, 221].
qarTul sufras odiTgan Tavisi wesi da rigi hqonda. cnoba, erT-erTi ase-
Ti wesis Sesaxeb, V saukunis qarTuli literaturis ZeglSi iakob cur-
tavelis „SuSanikis wamebaSia~ daculi, sadac vkiTxulobT: „odes yofil
ars aqamomde, Tumca mamaTa da dedaTa erTad eWamaT puri“ [curtaveli
iakobi, 1982, 23]. aRniSnuli cnobis mixedviT, V saukuneSi mamakaci da qali
sufrasTan erTad ar sxdeboda. es wesi saqarTveloSi sakmaod didxans iyo
damkvidrebuli, rac SemdgomSi gancalkevebiT sxdomam Secvala. vaxtang
batoniSvili (XVIII s.) aRniSnavda, rom tradiciulad qalebi da mamakacebi
erT sufrasTan, magram erTmaneTis pirispir isxdnen. coli - qmris an axlo
naTesavi mamakacis pirdapir da piriqiT [batoniSvili v., 1914, 44]. eTnografi-
uli monacemebiTac, arc Tu Soreul warsulSi „saqarTveloSi sanadimo
sufrasTan qalebi da mamakacebi cal-calke isxdnen“ [ivelaSvili T., 1999,
189]. imavdroulad, didgvarovanTa wreSi sufrasTan sxdomis dros daculi
iyo socialuri ierarqia, sxdebodnen Tanamdebobis da wodebis mixedviT,
xolo glexobaSi asakis, ufros-umcrosobis mixedviT. magram, yvelgan da
yovelgvar sufraze stumars gansakuTrebuli, sapatio adgili ekava.
samegreloSi, iseve rogorc saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebSi, sufrasTan dasx-
domis mkacrad reglamentirebuli wesi arsebobda. pirvelad stumrebi sx-
debodnen ufros-umcrosobis rigis dacviT: marjvniv mamakacebi, marcxniv
qalebi. stumarTa mopirdapire mxares imave wesiT sxdebodnen maspinZlebi;
sufris saqalebo mxaris gagrZelebaze ki bavSvebi. nefe-dedoflis, mej-
varisa da mdadeebisaTvis adgili gamoyofili iyo sufris TavSi. isini
mogvianebiT Semodiodnen [anTelava n., 2005, 205].
qalsa da mamakacTan dakavSirebuli rwmena-warmodgenebisa da wes-Cveulebis
Taviseburebebi asaxulia saqarTvelos zogierT kuTxeSi tradiciuli
sacxovreblis Sida sivrcis samamakacod da sadiacod dayofis wesSi, rom-
lis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovani kvleva aqvs Catarebuli i. surgulaZes. igi
sufrasTan jdomisa da „saxlis Sinas“ sivrcis saqalebo da samamakaco mx-
areebad dayofis wess, Soreuli warsulidan momdinare tradiciad miiCevs
[surgulaZe ir., 2003, 75].
s. WanturiSvili, romelic adrefeodaluri saqarTvelos yofasa da kul-
turas ikvlevda, aRniSnavda: „varsqenis (qvemo qarTlis pitiaxSi V saukune-
Si n.m.) gamazdeanebamde da, rogorc Cans, „taZarSi“ /e.i. samTavrobo saxlSi/
1058
sparsuli Cvevebis danergvamde, „mamani da dedani“ /e.i. kacebi da qalebi/
purs cal-calke Wamdnen, cal-calke sadilobdnen. marTlac, Cven gvaqvs
cnobebi, romelTa mixedviT, Zvel sparseTSi wveulebis da garTobis dros
„mamani da dedani“ purs erTad Wamdnen“ [WanturiSvili s., 1984, 207].
XVII saukuneSi saqarTveloSi myofi Jan Sardeni, romelic ar icnobda
iakob curtavelis „SuSanikis wamebas“, qalisa da mamakacis gancalkevebiT
jdomis wess, mahmadianurad Tvlida da werda: „radganac saqarTveloSi
mahmadianuri Cveulebebi, religiasTan erTad, sul ufro da ufro ikidebs
fexs, qalebis Tavisuflebac iq TandaTanobiT ikveceba da es mSvenieri sqe-
sis warmomadgenlebi iZulebulebi arian misdion wess da gancalkevebiT
moiyaron Tavi“ [Jan Sardeni, 1975,344]. aRniSnul wess, mecnierebis nawili
qristianobis gavrcelebas ukavSirebs [ix. gociriZe g., 2007, 272; kvantiZe g.,
2014, 237].
saqarTveloSi ar iyo miRebuli sufrasTan iaraRasxmuli jdoma. ojaxSi
stumrad misuli mamakaci iaraRs diasaxliss abarebda. am tradiciis arse-
bobaze eTnografiuli monacemebis garda, istoriuli wyaroebic gvauwyeben.
farsadan gorgijaniZis mier aRweril rostom mefis qorwilis epizodSi
aRniSnulia, rom erT-erT stumars, sufrasTan dajdomis win „iaraRisa da
xmlis Semoxsna Seepatijnes iman Sor daiWira, ar Semoixsna. ZalaT warT-
meva Seekadrnes“ [kakabaZe s., 1925, 242].
ivane javaxiSvili italieli mogzauris, kontarinis (XV s.) da sxva is-
toriuli wyaroebis monacemebis safuZvelze, saqarTveloSi didgvaro-
vanTa sufrasTan fexmorTxmiT jdomis wess adasturebs, rasac Temur
lengis Semosevebis Semdeg, damkvidrebul Cveulebad miiCnevs [sarTa-
nia d., 2002, 230]. manamde ki, rogorc Cans, sufra magidaze iSleboda. XIII
saukunis sakanonmdeblo ZeglSi - „garigeba xelmwifisa karisa“ vkiTxu-
lobT: „amirejibi - kaTalikozTa, moZRvar-moZRvarTa, Wyondidelsa - amaT
win tablas dasdgmen da zed tabaks igi daudgams“ [qarTuli samarT-
lis...1965, 93]. iv. javaxiSvili aRniSnavs, rom „tabla aris aveji, romelic
magidis funqcias asrulebs da tabaki ki aris WurWlis erT-erTi sax-
eoba, [...] rac Seexeba `xelmwifis karis garigebaSi~ aRweril tabaks [...]
aq aucileblad xonCa unda vigulisxmoT. miT umetes, wyaroSi dasaxele-
bulia `oqros tabaki“ [sarTania d., 2002, 129]. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos
mTianeTSi, saWmels xis dabal magidebze - tablaze awyobdnen da ise
Seeqceodnen. Wamis dros qalebi da mamakacebi cal-calke sxdebodnen.
TiToeul maTgans win Tavisi patara tabla edga [makalaTia, 1984, 109-110].
sufrasTan fexmorTxmiT sxdomis wess „yizilbaSur“ gavlenad miiCneven
beri egnataSvili [egnataSvili b., 1940, 182] da vaxuSti batoniSvili [ba-
toniSvili v., 1973, 24]. am wesis damkvidrebas didgvarovanTa wreSi, isini
ufro gviandel - rostom mefis xanas ukavSireben [kvantiZe g., 238-240].
s. makalaTia samcxe-javaxeTSi sufrasTan fexmorTxmiT jdomis wess XX
saukuneSic adasturebs. misi cnobiT, qorwilis dros, samcxe-javaxeTis
mkvidrni „darbazSi ageben Wilobebsa da fardagebs, zed stumrebi sxdebian
da maT Sua sufras orwyebad Slian“ [makalaTia s., 1938, 95].
qarTvel didgvarovanTa sufra gansakuTrebuli wesrigiT gamoirCeoda.
Jan Sardeni wers: „erT magidaze msxdomi sami evropeli ufro mets xmau-
1059
 robs, vidre am nadimze myofi asormocdaaTi kaci“ [Jan Sardeni, 1975, 347].
am sufras sagangebo momsaxure personalic hyavda, romelic am wesrigs
uzrunvelyofda.
uSualo „wesrigis damcvelebis garda, samejliso sufris Tadarigs, mom-
saxure personalis ufrosi, ,,yorCibaSi“ da ,,yularaRasi“ akontrolebda“
[kvantiZe g., 2014, 226].
yuradsaRebia, rom saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi, mag., qarTlSi da svaneT-
Si sufris wesrigs specialurad gamoyofili pirebi - mamakacebi icavdnen
[ivelaSvili T., 1995, 24, ioseliani x., 2005, 122].
qarTuli saxelmwifo samarTlis XVIII saukunis ZeglSi „dasturlamalSi“
aRniSnulia, rom sufras emsaxureboda: oTxi ,,abdari“ , erTi ,,sufraji“,
oTxi ,,sufraqeSi“ , ori ,,TuSmali“ ori ,,meSarbaTe“, erTi ,,meRvineT-uxuce-
si“ [qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, 1965, 251].
abdari, higienuri wesebis dacvis sakiTxs agvarebda. mis movaleobas Sead-
genda sufrasTan dasxdomis win stumrebis da maspinZlebis xelis dabanis
organizeba - `sufra rom iTxoon, abdarabaSman batonis taSti wumwuma
gamoitanos. sxva rva abdari Semovides misis taSt-wumwumebiTa, da oTxman
iqiT Caurigos da oTxman aqaT~ [qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, 1965, 252].
eTnografiuli monacemebiTac, sufrasTan, sadResaswaulo iqneboda es Tu
samgloviaro, dasxdomis win miRebuli iyo xelis dabana. samegreloSi „wy-
lis damsxmeli qaliSvilebi Camwkrivebulebi iyvnen sefis SesasvlelTan;
marjvena xelSi wyliT savse doqebi eWiraT marcxenaze – gadadebuli
hqondaT xelsaxocebi... rogorc wesi, jer stumrebs iwvevdnen, Semdeg ki
maspinZlebi modiodnen; daibandnen Tu ara xels, pirjvars gadaiwerdnen da
sufrasTan dasasxdomad gaemzadebodnen“ [anTelava n., 2005, 205].
albaT, sayuradReboa is faqtic, rom arqeologiuri monacemebiT, „sufraze
xelis gadabanis wesi“ saqarTveloSi elinisturi xanis dasawyisSi das-
turdeba [gagoSiZe i., 2020, 16].
saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi sufras ojaxis axlobeli qalebi,
umeteswilad, mezoblebi emsaxurebodnen, mxolod e.w. ,,meRvineTuxucesis“
funqcias asrulebda mamakaci - meriqife, romelsac Zvelad ,,mwde“ ewode-
boda, sulxan-saba orbelianis ganmartebiT, ,,mwde“ „Rvinis damsxmeli“-a
[orbeliani sulxan-saba, 1991].
saqarTveloSi namyofi ucxoelebi garkveul informacias gvawvdian
„sufris mowyobilobasa“ da meniuze. Jan Sardeni samegrelos mTavris
meuRlesTan gaSlil sufras ase aRwers: „rodesac dedofali dabrZanda,
sufrajma win grZeli moxatuli tilos safari gauSala. man erT boloSi
daalaga sufris mowyobiloba, romelic Seicavda or did da patara Wiqas,
oTx langars da rva sxvadasxva sididis jams, erT badias, erT CamCas da
erT qafqirs; yvelaferi es vercxlisa iyo. amave dros sxva msaxurebma
sufrasTan msxdomTa win dades ficari, rac sufras cvlida. erTi ficari
dades agreTve qalebis winac. rodesac yvelaferi moamzades, moitanes ori
qvabi: erTi Zalian didi, romelic oTx kacs mohqonda da savse iyo Cveu-
lebrivi RomiT, meore ufro momcro zomisa TeTri RomiT, romelic or
1060
kacs mohqonda. me ukve vTqvi, rom „Romi“ aris fafa, romliTac megrelebi
ikvebebian, iseve, rogorc Cven puriT. orma kacma jalamberiT Semoitana
mrgvlad moxarSuli Rori da oTxmac - TiTo didi doqi Rvino, yvelaferi
es pirvelad miarTves dedofals, Semdeg mis moxeleebs, Semdeg ki Cven da
bolos amalas. garda amisa, dedofals miarTves xis pinaki, romelzedac
ewyo puri da cxare mwvanili madis gasaRviZeblad, da didi vercxlis lan-
gari, romelzedac ori frinveli iyo, erTi moxarSuli, meore Senwvari“ [Jan
Sardeni, 1975, 221]. es amonaridi sainteresoa imdenad, ramdenadac informa-
cias gvawvdis samegrelos didgvarovani qalis, kerZod ki, mTavris meuRlis
nadimze, sufrasTan sxdomis, sufris gawyobis wesze, WurWelsa da kerZebze.
aseve sainteresoa iohan giuldenStedtis naSromi (XVIII s.), romelic gvau-
wyebs, rom didgvarovanTa sufraze iyo: `moxarSuli dedlebi, saqonlis,
cxvris da goWis xorci“ [giuldenStedti, 1962, 113], rac moutaniaT xis
jamebiT. Rvino ki vercxlis didi sawdeeebiT, romelic „idga magidis Sua-
Si. yvelas win edga vercxlis brtyeli Tasi, romelsac TiToeuli sawdeSi
CaSvebuli vercxlisave didi kovziT avsebda survilis mixedviT, vercxlis
didi doqidan asxamdnen Rvinos TasSi. dailia sakmaod uxvad“ [giulden-
Stedti, 1962, 113].
sadResaswaulo sufris Sesaxeb, ufro adreuli cnoba, zemoxsenebul
sakanonmdeblo ZeglSi „garigeba xelmwifis karisa“-Sia daculi. aq aR-
werilia axali wlis, „weliwdis Tavis“ samefo nadimi: „saRvineT win qve
dasmen [mefesa] maRla - skamiTa, tablas win daudgmen, da veluris taxis
Tavs moxarSuls win daudgmen.
amas winaT, saRvineTake, imis kerZs Sors, adre mkervalT - uxucesi da ty-
ismcvelni dasxdebian da mexeladeT - uxucesi dganan, aRTvlaven maTca da
dasxdebian masve adgilsa, saca dgebian“... [qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t.
3, 1965, 80].
aRniSnuli amonarididan Cans, rom nadimze sxdoma garkveul wess emor-
Cileboda. sufra magidaze iSleboda, romelzedac moxarSuli taxis Tavi
ido. saaxalwlo sufraze, moxarSuli Roris Tavis dadebis tradicia saqa-
rTvelos zogierTma kuTxem dRemde Semoinaxa.
qarTuli sufris mravalferovnebis warmoCenas lxinis sufris, kerZod
ki, saqorwilo nadimis, aRweriT Sevecdebi. lxini „mxiarulad gaxareba,
mxiarulad xareba sma-WamiTa da (si)mReriT sixaruli“, ganmartavs sulx-
an-saba orbeliani. zurab kiknaZe, zemoxsenebuls sadRegrZelosac umatebs
da wers: „martivia qarTuli sufris struqtura, misi elementebia: Rvino,
puri (zogadad, sakvebis mniSvnelobiT), sadRegrZelo da simRera. am oTxi
elementis urTierTmonacvleoba da harmoniuli Sexameba qmnis qarTul
sufras“ [kiknaZe z., 2017]. am oTxive elements Seicavs saqorwilo sufra.
saqorwilo lxinis Sesaxeb adreul cnobas „qarTlis cxovreba“ gvawvdis,
kerZod, juanSeri wers: „maSin arCil mefeman aRusrula neba misi. wargza-
vna mociquli barzabodissa, da iTxova asuli misi (sagduxti n.m.) colad
Zisa TÂsisa (mirdatisaTis n.m.) xolo barzabod ganixara sixaruliTa did-
iTa [...] mosca man asuli TÂsi ziTviTa didiTa: moiyvanes mcxeTas da qmnes
qorwili, Sueba da gancxroma dReTa mravalTada“... [qarTlis cxovreba, 1955,
142]. sulxan-saba orbelianis gamartebiT, gancxroma xumrobasa da lxins
1061
 niSnavs [orbeliani sulxan-saba., 1991]. e.i arCils vaxtang gorgaslis mS-
oblebis qorwineba mravaldRiani lxiniT aRuniSnavs.
Jan Sardens detalurad aqvs aRwerili saqorwilo nadimi Sah-navazis
karze, romelic gamarTuli yofila specialurad agebul msubuq nagebo-
ba - sefaSi. sefa, mdidrulad mowyobili ficarnagi, didi, fanCaturiT iyo
gadaxuruli, „fanCaturs ise marjved da ostaturad hqonda akruli oqro-
sa da vercxlisferi farCa, xaverdis saxiani tilo, rom CiraRdnebis fonze
yvavilovan mavritanul samkauls waagavda.
am darbazismagvari nagebobis SuaSi wylis didi auzi iyo, Tumca srulebiT
ar cioda, radganac uamravi xalxi da agizgizebuli didi koconebi ise
Zlier aTbobada iqaurobas [....] iatakze saucxoo xaliCebi efina. mTeli
darbazi ormoci didi CiraRdniT iyo ganaTebuli“ [Jan Sardeni, 1975, 344].
eTnografiuli monacemebiT, sefaSi sufris gaSlis tradicia, xalxmrava-
li purobis dros, umeteswilad, dasavleT saqarTveloSia dadasturebuli.
es, saxeldaxelod agebuli msubuqi, gadaxuruli nageboba, ra Tqma unda,
Sardenis mier aRwerili sefisgan mkveTrad gansxvavdeboda. magram, Tu
qorwili mTeli Ramis ganmavlobaSi grZeldeboda sefas aqac xelovnurad
anaTebdnen da aTbobdnen - „am mizniT or rigad gawyobil tablebs Soris
yovel 1 an 2 metrSi CaarWobdnen daaxloebiT 1 m. simaRlis xis dgarebs
da maTze Wraqs Semodebdnen an sanTlebs daanTebdnen. garda amisa, sefaSi
ramdenime adgilze gaaCaRebdnen cecxls, rac sicivis SemTxvevaSi siTbos
wyaroc iyo“ [anTelava n., 2005, 207].
sefaSi magidebi erTamaneTis pirdapir idgmeboda, magidebis TavSi special-
urad odnav SemaRlebul adgilze, nefe-dedoflis sufra iyo gaSlili
[gociriZe g., 2007, 268]. amaRlebul adgilze nefe-dedoflisTvis gankuTvni-
li sufris gaSlis tradicia dasturdeba saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebSic.
mag., samcxe-javaxeTSi mesxuri darbazis Sesasvleli karis marjvniv iyo
SemaRlebuli adgili - ajilaki, sadac qorwilis dros nefe-dedofals
baliSebze aTavsebdnen [makalaTia s., 1938, 87]. nefe-dedoflis sufraze, saqa-
rTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi, tradiciuli kerZebis garda, ideboda jvris-
gamosaxulebiani an jvriT morTuli ritualuri puri, xevsureTSi mas
„jvris purs“ uwodebdnen.
Jan Sardeni sufraze kerZebis Semotanisa da ganawilebis Sesaxeb wers:
„Tavdapirvelad yvela sufris win, sefis sam mxares gaSales sufrebi, isi-
ni ficarnagis sifarTisa iyo. Semdeg moitanes samnairi puri: erTi Txeli
rogorc qaRaldi, meore TiTis sisqe, mesame momcro zomisa da tkbili. saW-
meli vercxlis mozrdil langrebze ewyo. evropaSi aseT did langrebs
ar akeTeben. aseTi langari xufianad Cveulebriv ormocdaaT an samoc
markas iwonis. msaxurTagan erTni Semoitandnen darbazSi langrebs da
daawyobdnen gaSlil sufraze. meoreni miitandnen mas sufrajebTan, xolo
eseni ki saWmels Rrma TefSebze awyobdnen da Semdeg stumarTan mihqondaT.
pirvelad mTavars miarTmevdnen, xolo Semdeg sxvebs, maTi rangis mixed-
viT, Tavdapirvelad yvelas erTnair xorceuls miarTmevdnen, Semdeg meore
saxis xorceuls da a. S. mTeli nadimis ganmavlobaSi sami Tavi saWmeli
Semoitanes TiToeuli daaxloebiT samoc aseT langarze iyo dawyobi-
li, pirveli Tavi iyo mravalnairi Silaflavi moxarSul xorcTan erTad,
flavs sxvadasxva gemosa da ferisas amzadeben yviTeli feris Semzadebu-
1062
lia SaqriT, dariCiniTa da zafraniT. wiTelSi broweulis wvenia gareuli,
TeTri ki naturaluria da yvelaze ukeTesi. [...] meore Tavi iyo Rvezele-
bi, CaSuSuli da moxrakuli xorceuli, motkbo da momJavo sawebliT da
sxva amgvari saWmelebi. mesame Tavi warmoadgenda mSralad Semwvar xorcs.
samive Tavs sasuliero pirTaTvis mosdevda: Tevzi, kvercxi da mwvanili.
iyo rogorc saxsnilo, aseve samarxvo saWmelebi“ [Jan Sardeni, 1975, 346-347].
g. kvantiZe, romelmac gviani Sua saukuneebis sufris tradiciebi Seiswavla,
am periodis sadResaswaulo sufris kerZebis Sesaxeb Semdeg informacias
gvawvdis: „im droisaTvis (gvian SuasaukuneebSi), aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi
gavrcelebuli sufris kerZebidan, upiratesobiT sargeblobda brinjisa-
gan damzadebuli sxvadasxva SeWamadebi: Cilavi, Sestrangi, muTanji da sxv...
sufraze mohqondaT Zroxis xorcis wvniani e.w. „iaxini...scodniaT aseve
,,Samqababi~, romelsac wina dRes Semwvar xorcs uwodebdnen da sufraze mi-
tanis win, erboSi acxelebdnen. samefo sufras amSvenebda sxvadasxvagvarad
momzadebuli batknisa da Semwvari qaTmis SeWamadebi. magaliTad, Semwvari
qaTami mwvane lobios garniriT - e.w. ,,borani~. borani erqva aseve mawon-
gadasxmul mxaleuls... sufras amSvenebda nanadirevi...~ [kvantiZe g., 2014,
227]. aRsaniSnavia, rom iaxnis da boranis saxelwodebis kerZebs aWarlebi
axlac amzadeben.
lxinSi saqarTvelos didgvarovnebi umeteswilad Rvinos miirTmevden
Rvinis dalevis sakmaod Tavisebur wess Jan Sardeni Semdegnairad aRwers:
„Tavdapirvelad erTxans Rvinos saerTod ar svamdnen, mxolod mesame Tavi
kerZis Semotanisas mieZalnen Rvinos. svamdnen sakmaod ucnaurad, aseTi
wesiT: mTavarTan msxdom rva kacs, oTxs marjvniv da oTxs marcxniv, rva
Tanabari zomis RviniT savse sasmisebs miarTmevdnen, isini wamodgebodnen
da vidre sasmisebs ar dasclidnen, fexze idgnen. pirvelad marjvniv msx-
domni dalevdnen erTad, xolo marcxniv msxdomni maT pasuxobdnen, Semdeg
rvanive dajdebodnen da rva sasmisi maT uaxloes mezobels gadaecemoda.
ase grZeldeboda manam, sanam sadRegrZelo yvelas ar Semoivlida. Semdeg
yvelaferi iwyeboda Tavidan. axali sadRegrZelo rva ufro mozrdili
sasmisiT ismeboda“ [Jan Sardeni, 1975, 347].
rogorc vxedavT, Sua saukuneebSi qarTvel didgvarovanTa sufra mdidari
da mravalferovani iyo, magram mas aSkarad etyoba aRmosavleTis gavlena
da es arc aris gasakviri, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imdroindel saqarTveloSi
arsebul socio-politikur situacias. es faqti ki, miuTiTebs, rom ama Tu
im epoqis politikuri Tu socialuri situacia gansakuTrebul gavlenas
elitarul, didgvarovanTa nadimebze axdenda.
erovnuli xasiaTi, ufro metad, socialurad SedarebiT ufro dabali fen-
ebis sufram Semoinaxa, romelic imavdroulad, kuTxobrivi Taviseburebeb-
iTac gamoirCeva. es Taviseburebani saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxis bio-
geografiuli garemoTi da mosaxleobis cxovrebis tradiciuli wesiT iyo
ganpirobebuli. g. Citaia aRniSnavda: „sakvebis Sedgenilobas apirobebs
klimatur-geografiuli garemo da am garemoSi warmoebuli meurneobis
xasiaTi. mag., zRvispireTSi mosaxleobis ZiriTadi sakvebi Tevzeulia, me-
saqonle tomebis - xorcisa da rZis produqtebi, miwaTmoqmedi xalxebis
- xorbelulis, parkosnebisa da bostneulisagan damzadebuli saWmlis
saxeobebi“ [Citaia g., 2001, 151].
1063
 zemoaRniSnuli ganapirobebda qarTuli sufris mravalferovnebas. saqa-
rTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxis sufraze yovelTvis iyo am kuTxisaTvis da-
maxasiaTebeli erTi an ramdenime kerZi, puri Tu namcxvris saxeoba, sufris
kuTxobriv Taviseburebebs fqvileulisgan dazadebuli pruduqtic war-
moaCens. qarTl-kaxeTSi sufras SoTebi, dedaspurebi, nazuqebi amSvenebda,
imereTSi kelamidebze gamomcxvari mWadebi da xaWapurebi, guriaSi brin-
jula, did qvis kecebze gamomcxvar mWadTan da xaWapurTan erTad, same-
greloSi amas emateboda Romi, elarji, raWa-leCxumSi lobianebi, svaneTSi
kubdari, WviStari, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi, mxlovanebi, sxva-
dasxvagvari qadebi, samcxe-javaxeTSi - somini, biSi, aWaraSi - sinori, eriSta
da mravali sxva, romelTa CamoTvla Sors wagviyvanda. zogierTma kuTxem
ama Tu im tradiciuli produqtis saxelwodebasTanac ki daimkvidra adg-
ili, mag., TuSuri Tu imeruli yveli, megruli Tu svanuri sulguni, kaxuri
CurCxela, imeruli Tu aWaruli xaWapuri, guruli Rvezeli, raWuli lori,
Sqmeruli (Sqmeri sofelia raWaSi), afxazura (kupatis nairsaxeoba) da sxv.
qorwils saqarTveloSi umetesad Semodgomaze ixdidnen, rodesac mosava-
li aRebuli iyo. sufra iSleboda rogorc saxlSi, ise ezoSi an aivanze.
„sufrasTan, upirveles yovlisa, sapatio stumrebs dasvamdnen, Semdeg naTe-
savebs, axloblebs, mokeTeebs. Sinaurebi da axlo mezoblebi sufras em-
saxurebodnen, yvela SemTxvevaSi daculi iyo sxdomis ufros-umcrosobis
wesi... Tamada saufroso magidis TavSi ijda, gamorCeul, sapatio adgilas“
[gociriZe g., 2007, 269].
saqorwilo sufrisTvis ojaxi arafers iSurebda, magram yovelTvis da
yvelgan igi siuxviTa da mravalferovnebiT ar gamoirCeoda. aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos mTianeTSi saqorwilo sufra sakmaod mokrZalebuli iyo.
s. makalaTias cnobiT, fSaur qorwilSi qalisa da vaJis mayrebi orpirad
sxdebodnen. danarCeni xalxi keris Tavsa da bolos „dajardeboda“ (moi-
yrida Tavs). yvelas win calke xonCebi edga da meRvineebic eyena. mejvare
nefe-dedofals win jvrian xonCas daudgamda da iwyeboda vaxSmoba. Camoar-
igebdnen lavaSebs, xorcs, yvels da yanwebiT sasmels. gaimarTeboda sma da
Sair-sityvaoba. qalisa da vaJis mayrebi erTmaneTs [...] eleqsebodnen...
saxlis derefanze lxini iyo gaCaRebuli, ukravdnen garmons da TamaSobd-
nen [...] kvira dilas mezoblebi meqorwileebs TavianT ojaxebSi xinkleb-
ze iwvevdnen [...] naSuadRevs saxlis banze qorwilis sufra iSleboda.
gaSlidnen tyav-fardagebs da xonCebiT dadgamdnen pur-lavaSebs, xorcs,
yvels, tikebiT Rvinos da arays. Sua sufraze Cadgamdnen erT qvab ludsac
[...] qudebs moixdidnen da xevisberi xelSi anTebuli sanTliT da RviniT
savse TasiT „axalyoilT“ (axaldaqorwinebulebs n.m.) ase daamwyalobnebda
(dalocavda n.m.): „gaumarjos xelmwife laSaris jvars muxis angelozs
[... ] giorgi muxis angelozi swyalobdeT erTad Seyril axal yoilTa...“
[makalaTia s. 1985, 148-150].
saqorwilo sufra, XX saukunis 70-80-ian wlebSi moZiebuli eTnografi-
uli masalis mixedviT, ufro uxvic yofila, zemoxsenebul kerZebs, zog-
jer emateboda: qada, xaviwi (erTad moduRebuli erbo da fqvili), keceuli
(xaWapuri, yveliTa da mwvaniliT Sezavebuli guliT), moxarSuli xorci,
yaurma, mwvadi. [ivelaSvili T., 1999, 188].
fSav-xevsurTSi qorwils Tamada ar uZRveboda, mxolod xucesi daamwy-
1064
alobnebda sufras, nefe-dedofals Seavedrebda salocavs, Semdeg war-
moiTqmeboda sadRegrZeloebi, Seismeboda patara yanwebiT arayi. TiTqmis
yoveli sadRegrZelos Semdeg mRerodnen saqorwilo simReras [oCiauri
al., 1980, 112].
gansxvavebuli tradiciebia dadasturebuli dasavleT saqarTvelos
mTianeTSi. svaneTSi, sadac xalxmravali qorwili scodniaT, sufraze Ta-
vidanve ideboda puri, yveli, „xorci-moxarSuli da msxvilad daWrili,
civi da cxeli, calke saqonlis, calke Roris an sxva saklavisa. Sem-
wvari xorci ornairad SemohqondaT - SamfurebiT da ise Semwvari, Semdeg
jamebiT Cadgamdnen cxel-cxel wvnian kerZebs. amas mohyveboda svaneTSi
gansakuTrebiT popularuli kubdari. kubdari ar iWreboda mas mTlianad
daudebdnen xolme stumars.
xorciani kerZebis Semdeg yveliani Semodioda. jamebiT - mozelili, an
gawelili da dawnuli. amas mohyveboda xaWapuri. sufraze iyo agreTve,
gamxmari an cocxali xili, Ciri, SedarebiT iSviaTad, Tafli“ [ioseliani
x., 2005, 123-124].
fSav-xevsureTisgan gansxvavebiT, sadac sufras xevisberi uZRveboda,
svaneTSi saqorwilo sufras hyavda Tamada, romelic pirvelad RmerTis
sadidebels Sesvamda da axalSeqnili ojaxis Semweobas da mfarvelobas
SesTxovda. Semdeg mTavarangelozsa da wminda giorgis SesTxovda igives
da mxolod amis Semdeg, dalevden nefe-dedoflis sadRegrZelos, zogan
micvalebulTa Sesandobars. Semdeg ismeboda stumrebis, axloblebis sa-
dRegrZeloebi da bolos yovlad wminda RvTismSoblis sadidebels da-
levdnen, yoveli sadRegrZelos Semdeg mRerodnen, imarTeboda cekva-TamaSi,
ferxulebi [ioseliani x., 97-100].
XIX saukunis bolosa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi saqarTvelos mTel rig
regionSi, rogorc Cans, saqorwilo sufra bevrad ufro uxvi da mraval-
ferovani gaxda, vidre adre iyo. 1902 wels gazeT „cnobis furcelis“
erT-erTi korespondenti imereli glexis qorwilis Sesaxeb werda: „uwin-
del droSi glexis daqorwineba sul ubralo saqmes Seadgenda. exla ki,
jvrisweris dros sasiZosTan moyavT 20-30-mde mayari, iSleba sufra, ikvleba
Zroxa, cxvrebi, Rorebi, Sinauri frinveli da sakmao Rvino. exla sufra iS-
leba aivanze an ezoSi“ [cnobis furceli, #1691]. marTlac, eTnografiuli
monacemebis mixedviT, imereTSi XX saukunis dasawyisSi qorwilis „sufra
xvaviani iyo: purebi, xaWapurebi, mWadebi, Romi, mwvanili, mxaleuli, Semwvari
qaTmebi, mSralad da isrimmayvalSi Cadebuli, nigvziani xarSo, Semwvari
goWi, zogjer SigneuliT datenili, Roris kuW-maWi da sufris bolos, Ro-
ris gul-RviZlisa da WaWebis mwvadebi - ToneSi Semwvari.
yanwi dilisTvis daileoda. tolumbaSs (Tamadas) moutandnen did xaWapurs,
imas unda daeWra da daerigebina yvelasaTvis. beWi da goWis Tavi tolum-
baSs (Tamadas n. m.) ekuTvnoda.
qalebisaTvis sufra calke iyo gaSlili. sufras emsaxurebodnen meriqi-
feebi. sadRegrZeloebis arc raodenoba da arc Tanmimdevroba SezRuduli
ar iyo. pirvelad dalocavdnen nefe-patarZals, bolo sadRegrZelo ki, iyo
sayovladwmindao, romliTac moixseniebdnen yovlad wm. RvTisSobels da
usurvebdnen erTmaneTs mis Semweobas. amis Semdeg ki ukve sufra aiSlebo-
1065
 da“ [abduSeliSvili n., 1989, 45].
megruli sufrac uxvi da mravalferovani iyo. am sufrasac, imerulis ms-
gavsad, amSvenebda xaWapuri, yveli, mWadi, Semwvari qaTmebi, goWi. amasTan er-
Tad, xaris an Txis moxarSuli xorci, sufrasTan xalxis dasxdomis Semdeg,
cxeli Romis, kuWmaWis, kupatis Camotareba scodniT [anTelava n., 2005, 209].
pirveli sadRegrZelo ojaxisa iyo. Semdeg Tamadis brZanebiT SemohyavdaT
nefe-patarZali, romelsac moyvebodnen mejvare da mdadeebi. maTi gamoCe-
nisTanave iwyeboda simRera [...] sadRegrZeloebi cvlida sadRegrZeloebs,
simRera – simReras, Sairi – Sairs. mamakacebi asrulebdnen iseT sagundo
simRerebs, rogoric iyo: „kunta bedinera“ – mokle bedinera~ da sxv. [an-
Telava n., 210 - 211].
guruli saqoorwilo sufrac bevrad ar gansxvavdeboda zemoaRwerilisgan,
mxolod sufraze unda SemoetanaT axalmoxarSuli cxeli beWi, special-
ur sawebelTan erTad, romelic mZaRe nigvzisgan mzaddeboda da „mZaRe“
ewodeboda.
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos baris regionebis (qarTli, kaxeTi) qorwilis
sufra ramdenadme gansxvavdeboda dasavlurisagan. aqac sufraze Tavidan
ido: yveli, mwvanili, mwnili, magram aq, Semwvar qaTams mrgvlad moxarSul
dedals amjobinebdnen, SemohqondaT saqonlis mSralad moxarSuli xor-
ci, e.w. xaSlama, flavi, bozbaSi, romelsac axla mxolod samgloviaro
sufrisTvis amzadeben, uwin ki lxinis sufris meniuSic Sedioda, yaurma,
mwvadi. qarTlSi, nefisTvis moxarSuli beWis, xolo dedoflisaTvis mox-
arSuli kanWis mirTmeva scodniaT, „qorwilis pirvel dRes ki, Sua nadimis
dros sufraze unda gaetanaT Roris moxarSuli Tavi da beWi“ [ivelaSvi-
li T., 1999, 198-199].
samxreT saqarTveloSic saqorwilo sufra Taviseburi meniuTi gamoirCe-
oda. s. makalaTias monacemebiT, samcxe-javaxeTSi „pirvelad SemohqondaT
puriTa da yveliT savse cxrili, purebs Sua sufraze dahyridnen, Semdeg
tabakebiT SemohqondaT daWrili yveli amas mohyveboda xorcis cxeli ker-
Zi da sxva danarCeni.
meriqifeebs doqebiT SemohqondaT Rvino, avsebdnen kaTxebsa da sxva jamebs
da yvelas rigiT awvdidnen, sufris ufrosi adRegrZelebda jer nefe-dedo-
fals da daamRerebdnen [...] amas mohyveboda mejvaris, dades, nefe-dedoflis
mSoblebisa da sxvaTa sadRegrZeloebi. SemohqondaT Samfurebze mwvadebi,
korkotis flavi da sxva. smas mohyveboda lxini, sakravebis dakvra da sim-
Rera. leqsobaSi Sejibreba [makalaTia s., mesxeT-javaxeTi, 94-95].
pirveli kerZis - wvnianis Semdeg, samcxe-javaxeTSi biSis Semotanac scod-
niaT. bolo kerZi ki yofila yaisafa, erboSi moTuSul xaxvSi Sereuli
WanWurisa da msxlis Ciri [ivelaSvili T., 1999, 199].
aWarul sufraze „Warbobda: [...] brinjis flavi, korkoti [...] hasuTa, borano,
luxumi, baqlava, eriSta. rZis nawarmisgan damzadebuli produqtebi... xor-
cisgan momzadebuli kerZi [ivelaSvili T., 1999, 188-189].
saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxis sufra dRes, aqtiuri globalizaciis
1066
xanaSi, Tavis specifikas kargavs. axla kuTxeebs Soris mimosvla, urTier-
Toba gaadvilebulia. saqarTvelos ama Tu im kuTxis mosaxleoba advilad
eziareba sxva kuTxis mkvidrTa kulinariul codna-gamocdilebas. quTais-
Si ugemrieles xinkals akeTeben, kaxeTSi gamomcxvari mWadi da xaWapuri
ki dasavlurs arafriT Camouvardeba. raWuli lobianebi mTel saqarTve-
loSi gavrcelda da marxvis (da ara mxolod marxvis) dros siamovnebiT
miirTmeven. sxvadasxva kuTxis kerZebma rogorc yoveldRiur sufraze, ise
xalxmraval nadimebze moiyara Tavi.
lxinisa Tu Wiris sufra saqarTveloSi sasmelis gareSe warmoudgene-
lia. Zvelad didgvarovanTa „puris Wamis erT-erTi aucilebeli elementi
Rvinis sma iyo, romelsac, rogorc „SuSanikis wamebidan“ vigebT, WiqiT
moarTmevdnen: „colman jojikisman moarTva Rvino /SuSaniks/ WiqiTa“ [Wan-
turiSvili s., 1984, 203].
eTnografiuli monacemebiTac, sufraze ZiriTadad Rvinos svamdnen, yurZnis
adgilobrivi jiSebisgan dayenebuls. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi
ki, ZiriTadad aryiT da ludiT umaspinZldebodnen stumrebs. xevsureTSi:
„saqorwilod sami qvabi ludi duRdeboda, romelTaganac erTi RvTis iyo,
meore micvalebulebis Sesandobari da mesame nefe-dedoflis sadRegr-
Zelo. xuci moxsnida am nefe-dedoflis sadRegrZelo luds da ityoda
jvris weris didebas, romelsac uwodebdnen Jamis wirvas [makalaTia s., 1984,
171-172].
qarTuli sufris ritualis, sadRegrZelos dalevis wesis da Tamadobis
institutis Sesaxeb qarTvel mecnierTa Soris sxvadasxva azria gamoTqmu-
li. mecnierTa nawili miiCnevs, rom sufraze sadRegrZelos warmoTqmis
wesi, iseve rogorc Tamadobis tradicia, gviandelia (XIX s.), nawili ki am
tradicias uZvelesad miiCnevs.
eTnologebis mier, litraturuli, Tu istoriuli werilobiTi wyaroebis,
eTnografiuli masalis, enaTmecnieruli monacemebis Tu kvebis kulturis
Sesaxeb arsebuli samecniero literaturis safuZvelze, gamoTqulia azri,
rom qarTuli sufra, Tavisi warmomavlobiT sawesoa. mas Tavdapirvelad
uZRveboda sasuliero piri, romelic SeiZleba yofiliyo saxarebis qa-
rTul TargmanSi moxseniebuli puris ufali (ufrosi sufraze, lxinis
meTauri, maspinZeli) [ix. ioseliani x., 2005, 91, gociriZe g., 2007, 295-296].
gamoTqmulia aseve mosazreba, rom gvian feodalur xanaSi, TavadaznaurTa
wreSi, aRmosavleTis gavleniT, qarTuli sufra (albaT, elitaruli n.m.)
kargavs „saweso qmedebis“ Sinaarss, xalxmravali nadimebis, darbazobis
saxes iRebs da saero xasiaTs iZens. amave epoqas ukavSirdeba sparsuli
sityvis „Tamadis“ gavrceleba „qarTul sityvierebaSi“ [gociriZe g., 2007,
296-298]. rac Seexeba sadRegrZelos, „dalocvis, locva-vedrebis ganviTare-
bul formas unda warmoadgendes. mas „win uswrebda qarTuli sityva „war-
saTqmeli“, romelic Tavisi SinaarsiT aSkarad gamoxatavs saweso sufris
sakralur funqcias. mogvianebiT, saweso sufris transformaciasTan daka-
vSirebiT, „warsaTqmelma“ dakarga Tavisi Tavdapirveli mniSvneloba. sae-
ro sufraze, is dRegrZelobisaken mimarTul sityvier formulad iqca da
mWermetyvelebis damoukidebel Janrad Camoyalibda“ [gociriZe g., 2007, 317].
amave azrs iziarebs g. kvantiZe [kvantiZe g., 2014, 233-234].
1067
 Cvenc veTanxmebiT eTnologebis am mosazrebas da amavdroulad saWirod
migvaCnia moviyvanoT amonaridi XV saukuneSi saqarTveloSi myofi ital-
ieli mogzauris ambrozio kontarinis Canawerebidan „18 ivliss samegre-
los sazRvris maxloblad tyeSi, romelsac garSemoertya mTebi... vi poveT
mefe bagrat... Cven yvelani mivediT mis sanaxavad. mefem sadilad migvi-
wvia. dagvsxa Zirs iqaur Cveulebisamebr gagviSales tyavi. Cveni saWmeli
iyo cudad Semwvari mwvadi da cotaodeni qaTmis xorci da sxva raRac
cudmadi. samagierod Rvino blomad iyo, radgan Rvinis siuxve saukeTeso
maspinZlobad miaCniaT, sadilis Semdeg daiwyes sadRegrZeloebis sma didi
staqnebiT. simaRle TviTeuli staqnisa naxevari wyrTa iyo. maTSi vinc
mets dalevda, imas meti pativiscema hqonda“ [italieli mogzaurebi... 1884,
56]. es amonaridi Sua saukuneebSi sadRegrZelos warmoTqmis tradicias
adasturebs.
sufraze sasmels sxvadasxva saxis sasmisiT svamdnen. Jan Sardeni qarTul
sufraze Rvinis WurWlis siuxvesa da mravalferovnebas gasakuTrebiT aR-
niSnavs [Jan Sardeni, 1975, 347].
marTlac uxvi da mravalferovania saqarTveloSi RvinisTvis gankuTvnili
WurWeli, sasmisebi iqneba Tu Rvinis Casasxmeli. Sors rom ar wavideT, amaze
maTi saxelwodebebic migvaniSnebs. ZvelTagan saqarTveloSi sxvadasxva ma-
salis xis, Tixis, rqis, vercxlis, oqros sawde-sasmisi iyo gavrcelebuli,
romelic aerTianebda: fialas, jams, Tass, dostaqans, kvanCxs, sarioSs [(raW.),
yanws, kulas, azarfeSas, WinWilas, e.w. marans. es ukanaskneli saritualo,
umeteswilad saqorwilo Tixis WurWelia, marnis zeda nawilSi aTamde Win-
Wilaa Semowkrivebuli. erT-erTi WinWila Rvinis Casasxmelia, sasmisis win
moTavsebuli yoCis an irmis Tavi ki marnis piria... [lekiaSvili a., 1972, 125].
g. Citaias gamartebiT, marani Tavisi ornamentebiT, sxvadasxva saxeebiT nay-
ofierebis simbolos gamomxatveli iyo da am sasmisiT umeteswilad qor-
wilSi miirTmevdnen Rvinos.
qarTul sufraze odiTgan Rvino Tixis sxvadasxvanairi doqiT mihqondaT.
„gaTxrebis Sedegad miwis wiaRSi ukve xuTi-oTxi aTasi wlis winandeli
tuCniskartiani doqebia napovni. zogi maTgani uTuod „samaWrea,“ WurWlis
niskartis win datanebuli Taviseburi sawuravi, rogorc Cans, WaWa-wi pwebis
dasakaveblad iyo gankuTvnili“ [lekiaSvili a., 1972, 120].
didgvarovanTa sufraze umeteswilad RviniT savse surebi idga. „oqro-ver-
cxlis surebi xSirad aris dasaxelebuli Zvel mziTvis wignebsa da qonebis
nusxebSi“ [lekiaSvili a., 1972, 121].
sasmisebi da Rvinis Casasxmeli WurWeli umeteswilad moWiquli - moxat-
uli iyo, xSirad maTze warwerebsac akeTebdnen, „amavseb RviniT, agavseb
lxiniT, Sesvi, gaamos“, arcTu iSviaTad waikiTxavT Zvelebur sawde Tasebze.
saqarTveloSi saqorwilo sufraze yovel sadRegrZelos garkveuli wesi-
Ta da TanamimdevrobiT warmosTqvamdnen, TiToeul sadRegrZelos Sesabam-
isi simRera axlda.
saqorwilo simRerebis stilisa da Janris Seswavlis Sedegad musikaTm-
codne T. ruxaZem gamoitana daskvna, rom „mdidari da mravalferovani qar-
1068
Tuli qorwili sxvadasxva saxis saqorwilo simRerebiT iyo Tanxlebuli.
maTgan yvelaze gavrcelebuli da popularuli mayrulebia“ [ruxaZe T.,2013,
4]. maT garda „qarTul qorwilSi sxva simRerebis Sesrulebac dasturde-
ba. amgvar nimuSebs Sorisaa aWarul-SavSuri „vin mogitana“ da „gelano“,
qarTl-kaxuri da mesxuri „mefis dalocvebi“, svanuri „sadami“, xevsuru-
li „qorwilis samRerali“ da „saqorwilo simRera“. Cvenebur qorwils
axlda ferxulebic (zogjer Teatralur sanaxaobad qceuli), maT Soris
aWarul-SavSuri „ohi nano“, qarTluri „bastis Cabma“, kaxuri „vai sabra“,
mesxuri “Svidi wyvili ferxuli“... [ruxaZe T., 2013, 22-23].
amgvarad, istoriuli Tu eTnografiuli monacemebis safuZvelze Seveca-
deT warmogvedgina qarTuli sufris mravalferovneba, misi wesi da rigi.
romelic gulisxmobda sufris gaSlisa da sufrasTan sxdomis sxvadasxva
wess, sxvadasxvagvar menius, kerZebis garkveul Tanmimdevrobas - jer civ
sauzmeuls, Semdeg cxel kerZsa Tu kerZebs, zogjer tkbileuls da xils;
sufris gaZRolis tradicias, Tavdapirvelad sasuliero piris, romelic
sufras sakraluri sadRegrZeloebiT iwyebda da amTavrebda, Semdeg ki
ukve saero piris mier. magram, qarTuli sufris fenomeni kvlav mraval
kiTxvas badebs.
Znelia gairkves qarTuli sufris tradiciebis warmomavlobis sakiTxi, ro-
dis da rogor Camoyalibda misi wesi da rigi, rogor icvala man saxe dro-
Ta ganmavlobaSi da sxva. erTi ram ki cxadia, rom ama Tu im epoqis social-
uri Tu politikuri viTareba, arsebuli ideologia, sufrazec garkveul
gavlenas axdenda. ara mgonia, Znelbedobis Jams, Tundac didTurqobis dros,
rodesac „ara iyo maT JamTa Sina Tesva da mka: mooჴrda queyana da tyed
gardaiqca, da nacvlad kacTa mÃecni da nadirni velisani daemkÂdrnes. da
iyo Wiri mouTmeneli yovelTa zeda mkÂdrTa queyanisaTa...“ [qarTlis cx-
ovreba, 1955, 321] saqarTveloSi sufra gaSliliyo, da Tu mainc gaiSleboda,
iseTi yofiliyo rogoric daviT aRmaSeneblis an Tamaris epoqaSi.
konkretuli politikuri situaciidan gamomdinare, sufra garkveul sim-
bolur datvirTvasac iZenda, ganjis aRebis Semdeg, niSnad morCilebisa
adgilobrivma muslimma mosaxleobam „Seiyvanes daviT (soslani n.m.) dar-
bazsa Sina, taxtsa sasultnosa zeda dasues, TanjanobaTasa sasultnosa
ukres, da Roris ÃorciTa didad Zali puroba gardaiÃades“ [qarTlis cx-
ovreba, 1959, 127]. musulmanTa mier qristiani mefisaTvis purobis gamarTva
Roris xorciT, aSkarad morCilebis gamoxatvis manifestacia iyo.
aseve naTelia gvian Sua saukuneebSi, gamahmadianebuli mefeebis rostomisa
Tu Sahnavazis epoqaSi, ram ganapiroba qarTvel didgvarovanTa sufraze
aRmosavluri gavlena.
ar aris gamoricxiuli, rom XIX saukunis damdegs ruseTis imperiis ze-
wolis dros, „qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis moSlis epoqasa da qarTu-
li sazogadoebriv-politikuri cxovrebis ukiduresi dakninebis xana“-Si
[bregaZe l., 2004, 13] qarTul sufras TviTmyofadobis dacvis funqcia mini-
Weboda, Tumca ver daveTaxebiT mosazrebas, rom es epoqa unda miviCnioT
„qarTuli sufris kulturis (Tu kultis) arnaxuli gafurCqvna-ayvavebis“
dasawyisad [bregaZe l., 2004, 13]. vaxtang gorgaslis dabadebis aRsaniSnavi
„puroba da gancxroma“ [qarTlis cxovreba, 1955, 143], XIX saukuneSi gaSlil
sufraze naklebad „gafurCqnul-ayvavebuli“ ar iqneboda.
1069
 iakob curtavelis „SuSanikis wamebidan“ Cans, rom V saukuneSi, da al- bibliografia
baT ufro adrec, qarTuli sufris kultura Camoyalibebuli iyo, Tundac
imitom, rom am dros ukve gansazRvruli iyo sufrasTan sxdomis wesi da
SesaZlebelia sxva wesebic, romelTa Sesaxeb jer-jerobiT cnobebi ar 1. abduSeliSvili n., dasavleT saqarTve- 12. egnataSvili b., axali qarTlis cxovreba,
mogvepoveba. ra Tqma unda, droTa ganmavlobaSi, rogorc aRvniSneT, ama Tu los tradiciuli kvebis sistemis so- XVIII s. damdegi, t. I, teqsti, iv. javax-
im epoqis politikuri da socialur-kulturuli viTarebis Sesabamisad, cialur-kulturuli aspeqtebi (imereTi iSvilis winasityvaobiTa da redaqciiT,
icvleboda qarTuli sufris forma da Sinaarsi, gansxvavdeboda sxvadasxva XIX-XX), 1989, xelnaweri, iv. javaxiSvilis Tb., 1940
socialuri fenis, sxvadasxva mizeziTa da mizniT gaSlili sufra. magram, sax. istoriisa da eTnologiis insti- 13. zedginiZe g., javaxuri leqsikoni, Tb., 2014
albaT, yvelgan da yovelTvis, qarTuli sufra, iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda, tutis saqarTvelos eTnologiis ganyo- 14. ivelaSvili T., saqorwino wes-Cveuleba-
dadebiT rols TamaSobda saqarTvelos mosaxleobis cxovrebaSi da arc filebis arqivi ni saqarTveloSi, Tb., 1999
Tu iSviaTad mas sikeTis qmnis, wyalobis gaRebis, adamianis socialuri mx- 2. anTelava n., tradiciuli saqorwino 15. ivelaSvili T., qarTuli sufris etiketi,
ardaWeris funqciac eniWeboda. rom araferi vTqvaT, eklesia-monastrebSi wes-Cveulebani samegreloSi, Tb., 2005 Tb., 1995
gamarTul trapezebsa da salocavis karze gamarTul xalxur sadResas- 3. batoniSvili v., aRwera samefosa saqarT- 16. iToniSvili v., qarTvel mTielTa sao-
waulo purobebze, sadac yvela gaWirvebuls, mSiersa da mwyurvals SeeZlo velosa, qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV, teqsti jaxo urTierTobis istoriidan, Tb., 1960
danayreba, madlis qmnis, wyalobis gaRebis funqcia hqonda micvalebulis dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris 17. imedaZe s., arabuli warmoSobis leqsika
mosaxsenebel sufrasac. guriis tradiciuli yofis SesaniSnavi mcodne da mixedviT, s. yauxCiSvilis mier, Tb., 1973 sulxan–saba orbelianis „leqsikon qar-
aRmweri apolon wulaZe werda: „micvalebulis sulis saoxi da misi sulis 4. batoniSvili v., istoriebri aRwera vax- TulSi“, filologiis doqtoris akade-
pativiscema iyo ... aRapis gamarTva, aRapis gadaxda. aRapi... Cveneburi qelex- tangis mier, s. kakabaZis gamocema, tfili- miuri xarisxis mosapoveblad warmodge-
ia.... uwindeli aRapis mizani iyo maTxovarTa, xeibarTa da mSier-mwyurval- si, 1914 nili disertacia, 2014
Ta gaZRoma da maTTvis mowyalebis micemac ki“ [wulaZe ap.,1971, 202-203]. dRes, 5. gagoSiZe i., taxtiZiris samarovani, Tb., 18. ioseliani x., stumarmaspinZlobis
am mizniT, samgloviaro sufra aRar iSleba, magram, qelexze „Semoswrebu- 2020 tradiciebi svaneTSi, Tb., 2005
li“ ucnobis, rogorc sapatio stumris, dapureba dResac miRebulia da es 6. dasturlamali mefis vaxtang meeqvsisa, 19. italieli mogzaurebi saqarTveloSi me-
albaT zemoxsenebuli Zveli tradiciis gamoZaxili unda iyos. redaqtorobiT petre umikaSvilisa, tf., XV saukuneSi. iosafa barbaro, ambrozio
1886 kontarini, moambe Tviuri Jurnali, XI, tf.,
da mainc, ras warmoadgenda qarTuli sufra, raSi mdgomareobda misi arsi? 7. bregaZe l., sadRegrZelo da misi kompen- 1894
satoruli buneba, qarTuli sufra da 20. kakabaZe s., farsadan gorgijaniZis isto-
zurab kiknaZem qarTuli sufra qarTvelebis erT-erT Zlier saidentifik- samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, Tb., 2004 ria, saistorio moambe, II. tf., 1925
acio niSnad miiCnia da aRniSna, rom qarTvelebi „sixaruliT ikribebian 8. giuldenStedtis mogzauroba saqarTve- 21. kvantiZe g., eTnografiuli suraTebi
ara mxolod imisaTvis, rom sufraze kargi, Zvirfasi Rvino da nugbari loSi, t. I, germanuli teqsti qarTuli XVII-XVIII ss. saqarTvelos istoriidan
saWmelebi egulebaT, aramed, maTi sixaruli imiTac aris ganpirobebuli, TargmaniTurT gamosca da gamokvleva (istoriul-eTnografiuli kvleva) sa-
rom maTi monawileobiT sruldeba rituali, romlis mizani adamianTa daurTo g. gelaSvilma, Tb.,1962 disertacio naSromi istoriis doqto-
Soris keTilganwyobili urTierTobebis damyareba-ganmtkicebaa. kavSiri 9. glexis qorwili imereTSi, `cnobis ris akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad,
erTmaneTTan awmyoSi da winaprebTan warsulSi.... maT SeuZliaT aq gulRi- furceli,~ #1691, 1902 Tb., 2014
ani iyvnen, miscen gasaqani keTilganwyobilebas, wrfel grZnobebs... sufris 10. gociriZe g., kvebis xalxuri kultura 22. kiknaZe z., qarTuli sufra, Rvinis smis
sivrce, garkveuli azriT, pirobiTi sivrcea, Tumca es pirobiToba guliTa- da sufris tradiciebi saqarTveloSi, wesi, 2007, http://vinoge.com/istoria/qarTuli-su-
di grZnobebiT aris Seferili da gazavebuli. am pirobiTobas emorCileba Tb., 2007 fra-Rvinis-smis-wesi
sufris yoveli wevri, man icis, rom is ar imyofeba Cveulebriv adgilze, 11. griSaSvili i., qalaquri leqsikoni, Tb., 23. lekiaSvili a., Sen xar venaxi, Tb., 1972
rom sufra sxvaa da rom aq sxvaa, yoveldRiuri yofisgan gansxvavebuli 1997 24. makalaTia s., mesxeT-javaxeTi, Tb., 1938
wesebi [kiknaZe z., 2007].

sufras marTlac gansakuTrebuli adgili eWira qarTveli xalxis cxovre-

baSi, mas hqonda mniSvnelovani socalur-kulturuli da fsiqologiuri
datvirTva, igi saqarTvelos mosaxleobas sakmaod rTuli da mZime isto-
riis manZilze saSualebas aZlevda dadebiTi emociebis gancdis, sikeTis
da keTilganwyobis gamovlenis, Tundac wamierad, mSvidad amosunTqvis sa-
Sualebas mudmivi Znelbedobis Jams....

1070 1071
 25. makalaTia s., fSavi, Tb., 1985
26. makalaTia s., xevsureTi, Tb., 1984
27. niJaraZe g., qarTuli sufra kulturul
konteqstSi, krb.: qarTuli sufra da
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, Tb., 2004
28. orbeliani sulxan-saba, leqsikoni qar-
Tuli, t. I, Tb., 1991
29. orbeliani sulxan-saba, leqsikoni qar-
Tuli, t. I, Tb., 1993
30. oCiauri al., stumarmaspinZloba xev-
sureTSi, Tb., 1980
31. Jan Sardenis mogzauroba sparseTsa da
aRmosavleTis sxva qveynebSi, Tb., 1975
32. ruxaZe T., qarTuli saqorwino musika -
stilisa da Janris sakiTxebi, xelovne-
baTmcodneobis doqtoris akademiuri
xarisxis mosapoveblad warmodgenili
disertaciis avtoreferati, Tb., 2013
33. sarTania d., ivane javaxiSvili da qar-
Tuli etiketis istoriis sakiTxebi, Tb.,
2002
34. surgulaZe ir., miTosi, kulti, rituali
saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2003
35. qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, teqsti dadgeni-
1072
li yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixed-
viT, s., yauxCiSvilis mier, Tb.,1955
36. qarTlis cxovreba, t. II, teqsti dadgeni-
li yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixed-
viT, s., yauxCiSvilis mier, Tb., 1959
37. qarTuli materialuri kulturis eT-
nografiuli leqsikoni, Tb., 2017
38. qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, II, teqsti
gamosca, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daur-
To prof. i. doliZem, Tb., 1965
39. Citaia g., Sromebi, xuT tomad, IV, sale-
qcio kursi saqarTvelos eTnografiaSi,
Tb., 2001
40. curtaveli iakob, SuSanikis wameba, qar-
Tuli proza, w.1, Tb., 1982
41. wulaZe ap., eTnografiuli guria, Tb., 1971
42. xelmwifis karis garigeba, eqvTime Ta-
yaiSvilis redaqciiT, tf., 1920
43. javaxiSvili iv., Txz. t. I, Tb.,1979
44. javaxiSvili iv., saqarTvelos ekonomiu-
ri istoria, t. 4, Tb., 1996
Iv. Javakhishvili State University,
Iv. Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology,
Chief Scientific Officer, Doctor of History
GEORGIAN
“SUPRA”
“Supra” had special place in the life of Geor-
gian people, it had its rules and procedures and
significant social-cultural and psychological
function. It becomes clear from Georgian writ-
ten sources that in the 5th century, and, proba-
bly, even earlier, the culture of Georgian supra
was formed. By that time, the rule of sitting at
Georgian supra was already defined. Certain-
ly, by the time, the form and content of Geor-
gian supra was changing in accordance with
political and social-cultural situation of this or
that epoch; Supra, arranged by different social
layers, for different reasons and purposes, was
different. In nobles’ community, social hierar-
chy was observed when sitting at the supra; the
attendees were arranged according to the posi-
tions and titles, and among peasants – accord-
ing to the age gradation; however, everywhere
and on all kinds of supra, guests had special,
honorable place. National character was better
preserved by the supra of relatively low social
layers; it, at the same time, is distinguished for
Nino Mindadze
regional peculiarities. These peculiarities were
conditioned by bio-geographical environment
and traditional ways of life of the population.
It wasn’t appropriate in Georgia to sit at the su-
pra with arms on. A man, visiting family, was
giving his weapon to the hostess. Supra, also,
had its service personnel, ensuring this order.
Georgian supra was leaded by Tamada, who
pronounced toasts. Georgian celebration or
funeral supra is unimaginable without drink.
Wine, made of local varieties, was taken; and
in mountainous areas of East Georgia, mainly
vodka and beer were used to treat guests.
Georgian supra, everywhere and always, with
rare exceptions, played positive role in the life
of population of Georgia and it had often at-
tached the function of doing good, giving mer-
cy, providing of social support to people.
1073
1074 1075
 ekaterine TabukaSvili
saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis
dacvis erovnuli saagento,
saganmanaTleblo samsaxuri, ufrosi specialisti
lurji
sufra
arseboben sagnebi, romelTa mniSvneloba maT dan-
iSnulebas aRemateba _ mxatvrul-ideur ,,sazris-
Si gatarebuli~ sruliad ubralo nivTi Rirssac-
nob-mravlismetyvel saxed warmoCindeba. Aamgvar,
SemoqmedebiTad gardaqmnil xatebad gamorCeulia
,,lurji daCiTuli sufra~1. feradovnebiTac2 rCeu-
li sufris, lurjisa da TeTris kontrastze ,,awyo-
bili~ gamosaxulebani, cxovrebis siyvaruliT savse
amaRlebul, sazeimo ganwyobas qmnis. materialuris-
gan daclili, arcTu SemTxveviT SerCeuli lurji
feri, Cvenda uneburad araerT literaturul Tu
ferwerul nawarmoebs gvaxsenebs.
,,lurji sufris~ zusti warmomavlobis Sesaxeb Cven
araferi viciT. erT-erT istoriul cnobas (1640-1643
ww.) imereTSi myof Teimuraz mefesTan mosalapar-
akeblad miwveuli, mefis guluxvi miRebiT moxiblu-
li rusi elCebi gvawvdian: ,,mefem Cvens win daCiT-
uli sufra gadaafara da uxvad gagvismaspinZlda~.
danamdvilebiT ara, magram savaraudod, SesaZlebe-
lia aqLlurji sufra igulisxmebodes.
dRevandlamde SemonaxuliYyvelaze Zveli daCiTu-
li sufra XVIII saukunis bolos da XIX saukunis
dasawyiss miekuTvneba. SemorCenilia 1808-1815 wlebiT
daTariRebuli sufrebic (sagulisxmoa, rom Rebvis
amgvari wesi evropaSi XVII saukunis 80-iani wlebidan
gvxvdeba). sufris sxvadasxvagvaroba (qsovili,
* naSromi pirvelad gamoqveynda saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis er-
ovnuli saagentos sakonferencio masalebis krebulSi `muzeumi da kulturuli memkv-
idreoba“, 2016, gv. 202-206
* statiaSi gamoyenebulia n. brailaSvilis ,,saqarTvelos eTnografia lurji sufrebi~
1964 w. foto-masala
1 ZvelTaganve farTod gavrcelebuli qsovilis ,,daCiTvasTan~ erTad saqarTveloSi
gamoyenebuli iyo aRmosavleTidan Semosuli e.w. civi kuburi Rebvac (холодное кубовое
крашение). am, ase vTqvaT, ,,negatiuri~ wesiT qsovilis Rebvis dros naxatis rezervacia
xdeba qsovilis saCiTavi yalibiT cximnarevi sanTlis daRvenTiT. Aamgvarad miRebulma
CiTma (выбойка) saqarTveloSi specialuri gamoyeneba hpova: ruseTisa da evropisgan gansxvavebiT
aqa ase ,,CiTavdnen~ mxolod da mxolod ,,lurj sufrebs,~. n. brailaSvili ,,saqarTvelos
eTnografia lurji sufrebi~ 1964 w., gv 1
2 bambis, selis qsovilebi iRebeboda mcenareuli saRebaviT indigo, romelic sufras intensiur
lurj feradovnebas aniWebda
1076
xarisxi,zoma) imis maniSneblia, rom igi farTod gavrcelebuli da sazoga-
doebis yvela fenisTvis xelmisawvdomi yofila. yvelaze metad, sworkuTxa
patara da gansakuTrebulad didi zomis ,,lurji sufrebi~ gvxvdeba, maSin,
roca mTiuleTSi dRemde inaxeba grZeli da viwro formis sufrebi. nino
brailaSvilis TqmiT, ,,lurji sufris~ ieris gansazRvraSi mniSvnelovan
rols asrulebdnen TviT saCiTavi yalibebic. im dros, rodesac ,,daCiTuli
qsovilis~ dasabeWdi yalibi faqizi da rTuli naxatiT amomWreli xelos-
nisgan did ostatobasa da xis magar jiSebs moiTxovda yalibi ,,lurji
sufrisTvis~ (naxatiT dafaruli misi zedapiri ficris udides nawils
ikavebs) SedarebiT advili gasakeTebeli yofila da iWreboda rbili ji-
Sis xeze, ris Sedegadac naxati ufro Taviseburi gamodioda da amasTanave
atarebda mkveTrad gamovlenil xalxur xasiaTs~3.
xalxuri xelovneba, mravalsaukunovani SemoqmedebiTi gamocdilebaa _
sazogadoebis erTiani emocia, gamorCeuli individis mier mxatvrulad gar-
daqmnili naazrevi, romelic droTa ganmavlobaSi cxovrebiseuli moTx-
ovnebisDSesabamisad muSavdeboda, didad ixveweboda.
xalxuri xelovnebisaTvis niSneuli SeTxzulisa da realuris Serwyma
lurj sufrazec Taviseburad vlindeba. sufris are stilizebuli figure-
bisa Tu mcenareul ornamentTa, sxvadasxvagvari gamosaxulebiT TiTqmis
mTlianad aris datvirTuli. xalxuri xelovnebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
xaliCisebri dekoratiuloba aqac sagulisxmodaa Cenili – uxvad moCiTuli
sufris lurj fonze TeTrad mocimcime, xatovani ,,saxeebi~ Tanabarwilad,
umniSvnelo intervaliT daSorebuli, erTmaneTis gverdigverdaa mofenili.
amdenad, sufris arc erT monakveTze, ar arsebobs am gamosaxulebaTa So-
ris raime umetesoba. msubuqi ritmiT gamTlianebuli kompoziciebi yvelgan
simetriuli da teqtonikuria. sufris centraluri nawili mcenareuli da
geometriuli ornamentiT Sedgenil wreebs uWiravs, romlis garSemoc sxva-
dasxva zomis figura Tanabrad nawildeba. moxatulobis centralur ares
3 2010 wlidan Tbilisis apolon quTaTelaZis saxelobis saxelmwifo samxatvro aka-
demiasTan arsebul, ,,lurji sufris~ samecniero kvleviT laboratoriaSi, TinaTin
kldiaSvilisa da qeTevan qavTaraZis TaosnobiT aRdgenilia lurji moCiTuli sufris
warmoebis uZvelesi beWdvis tradicia
1077
 ki viwro dekoratiuli zoliT erTmaneTisgan gami-
jnuli segmentebi dauyveba, sadac warmodgenilia
stilizebuli saxis rogorc mcenareuli da geo-
metriuli ornamenti (aRmosavluri mani, rozetebi),
ise sxvadasxvagvari figuruli gamosaxuleba: Citis,
irmis,lomis,monadirisa Tu Tevzis...Yyoveli maTgani
ucvlelad meordeba, radgan im erTaderT nimuSs
mihyveba, romelic Stampvis, beWdvis gziTaa miRebu-
li da mza formiT sasuraTe sibrtyes datanili.
sufraze aRbeWdil kompoziciuri sqemaSi ,,monaw-
ile“ figuraTa: Tevzis, iremis, cxvaris, sakraluri
daniSnuleba cnobilia. adamianTa figurebi, sayo-
facxovrebo nivTebi (dana-Cangali) ki mogvianebiT
Cndeba. ,,yvela es motivi uneblied gvafiqrebinebs,
rom maT, wminda dekoraciuli mniSvnelobis garda,
gacilebiT Rrma da xalxis uZveles msofmxedve-
lobasTan dakavSirebuli Sinaarsi aqvT. amitomac
savaraudoa, rom ,,lurji sufrebi~ maTi sayofacx-
ovrebo daniSnulebis garda garkveul ritualur
xasiaTs atarebdnen. am mxriv sayuradReboa is faq-
ti, rom ukanasknel dromde ,,lurji sufrebi~ iSle-
boda mxolod gansakuTrebiT sazeimo viTarebaSi
_ saqorwino nadimis dros, saeklesio dReobaSi~.4
qarTul sinamdvileSi am sufris arseboba Tval-
naTliv adasturebs imas, Tu ramdenad siRrmiseulia
religiuri datvirTvis mqone rwmena-warmodgenebis
gavlena xelovnebis nimuSebze. saxiani qsovilis
yvela figuruli gamosaxuleba garkveuli ideuri
datvirTvis matarebelia. maTi warmomavloba Soreul warsulSi, warmar-
Tul rwmena-warmodgenebSia saZiebeli. zogierTi maTgani ucvlelad, zog-
ic mxolod umniSvnelo cvlilebiT ara mxolod gadmovida, aramed organ-
uladac damkvidrda qarTul ikonografiaSi. aRniSnul gamosaxulebaTagan
gamorCeuli qorbuda iremia, romelic materialuri kulturis adreul
araerT Zeglze, keramikaze, brinjaos sartyelebze, Wvirul balTebsa da
kolxur culebzea dadasturebuli. miTologiidan Cans, rom yovel nadirs
RvTaeba hyavda, romelic anTropomorfuli an zoomorfuli saxis iyo. igi
xSirad irmis saxiT moevlineboda monadireebs. iremi e.w. ,,wiliani~ anu Rv-
Tis wili cxovelia, romelic raime gansakuTrebuli niSniT aris rCeuli
(mag. oqros rqebi, TeTri feri, TeTri laqa da sxva). qarTuli eTnologi-
uri monacemebiT iremi xSirad zebunebrivi Zalis matarebeli da RvTiur
samyarosTan dakavSirebuli arsebaa; zogan ki simdidrisa da siuxvis mom-
niWebladac gvevlineba.
metad sainteresoa TevzTan dakavSirebuli rwmena-warmodgenebi, mas nayof-
ierebis, gamravlebis funqcia ukavSirdeba. adreqristianul periodebSi ki
vidre qristes ikonografia Camoyalibdeboda, Tevzis gamosaxuleba qristes
evqaristiul simbolod aRiqmeboda. berZnulad Tevzi ,,ixtus~-ad gamoiTqmis,
rac abreviaturaa – pirobiTi Semokleba sityvebis: ,,ieso qriste Ze RvTisa~.
4 brailaSvili n., ,,saqarTvelos eTnografia lurji sufrebi~ 1964, gv 2
1078
rwmena-warmodgenebis amave rigSi moiazreba astraluri simbolo bor-
jRalo, romelsac mklevarni mzes uwodeben. Mmze rogorc EnaTebis astra-
luri niSani da RvTaebis ,,nawili~ sayofacxovrebo sagnebis mravalfero-
van dekorSi mcxunvarebisa da moZraobis simbolod aRibeWdeboda.5
garkveuli ikonografiuli datvirTviT warmogvidgeba sufris lurji
feric, sxva ferTagan (sxvadasxvagvari, urTierTsapirispiro mniSvnelobiT)
gansxvavebuli lurji feri cnobilia rogorc ,,zeciuris6, ukidegano sivr-
cis, maradiulis, brwyinvalebis, RvTaebrivi sibrZnis feri~ _ feri, romel-
sac gansakuTrebuli datvirTvis misaniWeblad irCevdnen. am SemTxvevaSi ki
lurjis gamomsaxvelobas masTan Sexamebuli TeTri feri aZlierebs, Cndeba
erTgvari ,,kontrastuli mTlianoba~, romelic saxierad gansakuTrebul
feradovan efeqts qmnis.
,,lurj sufraze~ datanil gamosaxulebaTa mxatvrul gadawyvetaSi gansa-
kuTrebulia Sinaarsi, romelic Tanmimdevrulad ki ar aris moTxrobili,
aramed garkveuli ideuri datvirTvis mqone simboloebiT droSi ganzo-
gadebuli saxiTaa danaxuli da warmodgenili. Mmraval wels gamovlil-
ma, Cvenamde moRweulma ,,xat-simboloebma’ warmarTulidan qristianobaSi
daides bina da qristianul rwmena-warmodgenebs SeeTvisen.
,,lurji sufra~ eris cocxali kulturis SemoqmedebiTi bunebis erTi
TvalsaCino nimuSia. TvalisTvis naCvevi, mravlgzis gancdili, mexsierebiT
daculi, organulad SenivTuli ,,saxeebi~ xalxuri ostatis mier Semo-
qmedebiTadaa ametyvelebuli. pirobiT-simboluri xasiaTis, konkretulo-
bas moklebuli xelovnebis es nimuSi ganzogadebuli xasiaTisaa. uSualo
gancdiT gamsWvaluli sakraluri motivebi sicocxlis ZaliT savse sam-
yaros warmogvidgens. yofiTi sagnisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Cveulebrioba,
xalxuri ostatis nakeTobiT gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens da misi
,,xatovani modeli~ gulgrils aravis tovebs.
qarTuli mxatvruli Semoqmedebis mravalTagan erTi memkvidre ,,lurji
sufra~ ,,Cveni7 rogorc sixarulis, imav dros sevdis momgvrelia, amgvarad
gansulierebuli sagnebi ki qmnian SuqmnaT atmosferos, romelic ase alama-
zebs Cvens yofas~.
5 ix. vrclad surgulaZe i., ,,qarTuli xalxuri ornamentis simbolika~. 1986, gv. 88
6 didebuliZe m., ,,yincvisis wm. Nnikolozis taZris XIII saukunis damdegis moxatulobis
feradovneba,~ saqarTvelos siZveleni, 2007, # 11, gv. 91
7 Ле Корбюзье, ,, Архитектура XX века“, декоративное искусство сегодня, 1970, стр. 59
1079

National Agency for Cultural Heritage Preservation of Georgia,
Educational Service, Senior Specialist
BLUE
TABLECLOTH
(SUPRA)
The sample of Georgian ethnology, “Blue Ta-
blecloth” is one of the distinguished products
of creative nature of living culture of the na-
tion. Existence of this tablecloth in Georgian
reality clearly proves how deep the influence
of beliefs and imaginations of religious nature
on the samples of art is. All figural images are
the bearers of certain ideas. Their origin should
be sought in dim and distant past, in pagan be-
liefs and imaginations. Some of them without
change, and some – with only minor chang-
es, not only transferred but even organically
established in Georgian iconography. Various
zoomorphic figural images, familiar for the
1080
Ekaterine Tabukashvili
eye, continually felt, preserved by the memory,
organically merged, are creatively revived by
the folk craftsman. This piece of art of condi-
tional-symbolic nature, lacking specificity, has
generalized nature. Sacral motifs, inspired by
immediate emotion, present the world full of
vital power. The commonness, characteristic
for every-day items, obtains special meaning
in the folk craftsman’s work and “picturesque
model” distinguished for its colorfulness leaves
nobody without emotion.
1081
 ekaterine bulaSvili
saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis
dacvis erovnuli saagento,
muzeumebisa da muzeum-nakrZalebis
samsaxuris TanamSromeli

barbare
erisTavi-jorjaZe
- pirveli
qarTuli
kulinariuli
wignis
avtori
`am drois cvlilebas, glexTa reformas da dRe-
vandels Cuens mdgomareobas rom uyureb, saWiroTa
vxedavdi samzareulos wignis Sedgenas, radganac
ar megulveba qarTuls enaze amgvari wigni~.

barbare erisTavi - jorjaZisa

saqarTveloSi gamocemuli pirveli kulinariuli

wignis, saxelwodebiT ,,sruli samzareulo“ avto-
ria barbare erisTavi-jorjaZisa (1833-1895). qarTvel-
ma mandilosanma Tavi mouyara saukuneebis manZil-
ze, zepirsityvierad gadmocemul, mravalferovani
produqtebisagan, aseve mravalferovani kerZebis
momzadebis, maT Soris ucxoeTidan, saqarTvelo-
Si Semosul-damkvidrebul receptebs. publikacias,
kulinariuli TvalsazrisiT, dResac ar daukargavs
aqtualoba.

barbare erisTavi-jorjaZis kulinariuli wignis

istoriis rekonstruirebis sarwmuno wyaroa, 1914
wlis gamocemisaTvis darTuli, misive qaliSvilis,
manana jorjaZe-gextmanis winasityvaoba. masSi gad-
mocemulia Semdegi:

,,didi xnis mecadineobis Semdeg, pirveli samzareu-

lo gansvenebulma 1874 wels dabeWda. es gamocema
mokle xanSi gaiyida.“

am epizodidan naTlad Cans, rom naSromis gamocema

barbares didi Zalisxmevis Sedegad mouxerxebia.

1082 1083
 pirveli kulinariuli wigni,
„qarTuli samzareulo da
saojaxo sameurneo nacadni
cnobani (damatebiT zogi-
erTTa rusulTa saWmelTa)“,
eqvTime xelaZis stambaSi*
momzadda gamosacemad da
1874 wels daibeWda.
kerZebis mravalferovne-
basTan erTad, mis mier di-
asaxlisTaTvis momzadebul
publikaciaSi, SegxvdebaT
murabebis da mwnilebis re-
ceptura, Rvinis dayenebis
teqnologia, aryis gamoxdis
specifika, sxvadasxva pro-
duqtebis Senaxvis wesebi, Zaf-
ebis Rebvis teqnikis Taviseburebebi, misi mravalWirnaxuli gamocdilebiT
miRebuli misi Tanamedrove, yoveldRiuri sayofacxovrebo codna.
tfilisi, eqvTime xelaZis stamba, 1874
gansvenebuli, aramc Tu TviTon iyo diasaxlisi, aramed igi sxvebsac
agulianebda da aqezebda – rom ojaxisTvis miexednaT, ojaxi fexzed daey-
enebinaT da ekonomiurad gamagrebuliyvnen.
gansvenebuli sityviT ar kmayofildeboda da mwerlobiTac surda, gaewia
„propaganda~ diasaxlisTa Soris. sxvaTa Soris man ganizraxa qarTuli
samzareulos Sedgena da gamocema – radgan grZnobda, rom eris warmateba-
Si da cxovrebaSi pirveli alagi janmrTelobas ukavia – es ukanaskneli
ki damokidebulia karg da saR sazrdoze. meore mxriT ojaxSi saWmelis
rigze momzadebas didi ekonomiuri mniSvneloba aqvs. gamoucdeli diasax-
lisi yovelTvis met sanovages xarjavs da masTan verc noyiers da yuaTian
sadils amzadebs...
ai am mosazrebiT xelmZRvanelobda gansvenebuli samzareulos Sedgenis
dros. yoveli saWmeli, rac ki am wignSi Sedis, yvela misi piradi gamoc-
dilebis Semdeg aris dawerili...“2.
mamulisTvis sargebelis motanis uzomo survilma aaRebina kalami Tav-
mdabal qalbatons da daawerina CvenTvis saintereso pirveli qarTuli
kulinariuli wigni:

publikaciam didi popularoba moi pova, da maleve xelmeored ,,...Tbilis-
Si axpatelovs daubeWdavs da esec male gayidula. gansvenebuls azraT
hqonda mesame gamocemis dabeWdva, magram ulmobelma sikvdilma SeuSala
xeli. damzadebuli masala me (manana jorjaZe-gextmanisa - e. b.) damrCa.
am masalidgan zogi gamovtove, rasac dRevandeli momentisaTvis cota
mniSvneloba hqonda, da zogi evropiuli da qarTuli saWmelebic daumate.
am rigad Sevsebuli samzareulo, mgonia, did sargeblobas moutans Cvens
diasaxlisebs... “1.
amdenad, barbare erisTavi-jorjaZis
samzareulo wignis momdevno, 1914
wlis gamocema, saxelwodebiT „sruli
samzareulo“, barbares qaliSvilis,
manana jorjaZe-gextmanis mieraa re-
daqtirebuli da misive ZalisxmeviT
gamocemuli.
barbares portretis ukeT warmosad-
genad, sainteresod migvaCnia manana
jorjaZis asuli gextmanis am gamoce-
misaTvis darTuli winasityvaoba:
„gansvenebuli deda Cemi, kn. barbare
jorjaZisa, erTi im diasaxlisTagani
iyo, romelic ojaxSi Sinaur saqmis
gakeTebas da ojaxis movla-patrono-
bas ar Takilobda...
„...yovels SemTxvevaSi, Tu am SromiT, mciredsac aras sargeblobas moutan
CemTa memamuleTa, me viqnebi dajildoebuli miT; xolo am Sromas, Tu raime
naklulevaneba SeamCndes, vimedovneb, sazogadoeba SeminiSnavs da gamamx-
nevebs darigebiTac, raTa SemdegSi gamovsce ufro sruli da ukilo samza-
reulo da saojaxo sameurneo wigni“3.
,,sruli samzareulos“ momdevno publikaciebi 1988 da 2017 wlebSi ganx-
orcielda da bibliografiuli iSviaToba dainteresebuli sazogadoe-
bisaTvis metad misawvdomi gaxda. niSandoblivia, rom kulinariul wigns
kvlavac SenarCunebuli aqvs misdami didi interesi da aqedan gamomdinare
Sesabamisi popularoba.
publikaciaSi, me-19 saukunis saqarTvelos dramaturgiisa da Teatris isto-
riidan, saintereso informacias vecnobiT mwerali qalis ojaxis Sesaxeb.
barbare erisTavi daibada sofel
qistaurSi,daviT erisTavis ojaxSi 1833
wels. ojaxis ufross, mamas, barbare
mogonebebSi mosiyvarule da gulisx-
mier aRmzrdelad ixseniebs. daviTi
qalis ganaTlebisaTvis saswavlebels
saWirod ar miiCnevda. ojaxSi mdidari
biblioTeka iyo, rac momaval mweral
qals TviTganaTlebis SesaZleblobas
aZlevda. deda - avTandil amilaxvris rafiel erisTavis saxl-muzeumi, sof.
qistauri

2 ,,sruli samzareulo“, Sedgenili kn. barbare jorjaZis mier, bakur sulakauris ga-
momcemloba, Tb., 2017
1 ,,sruli samzareulo“, Sedgenili kn. barbare jorjaZis mier, bakur sulakauris ga- 3 qarTuli samzareulo da saojaxo sameurneo nacadni cnobani (damatebiT zogierTTa
momcemloba, Tb., 2017 rusulTa saWmelTa), Sedgenili kn. barbare jorjaZisagan. tf., 1874

1084 1085
 asuli, nino, aseve saSinao ganaTlebis is avtoria leqsebis, poemebis, moTxrobebis, piesebisa da polemikur-kriti-
mqone, qarTuli enis kargi mcodne yo- kuli werilebisa. muSaobs samzareulo wignis Sedgenaze:
fila. misi gardacvalebis Semdgom,
barbares aRzrdaSi mniSvnelovani „-iqneba isini ar hsaWiroebdnen am gvars wigns, romelnic mzareulebiT da
wvlili mis gamdels - dilavard- rusulis samzareulos wignebiT uzrunvelni arian, magram, visac SeZleba
isas miuZRvis, romelic mas saojaxo ara aqvs, rom daiWiros qiriT, kargi mzareuli da arc icis rusuli, rom im
saqmesTan erTad xelsaqmes aswavli- enazed dawerilis wignebidan mainc SesZlos gaakeTebinos saWmelebi, maSin
da, uambobda zRaprebsa da legendebs, imas SeuZlia am wigniT isargeblos.
ukiTxavda wignebs. barbare erisTavi-jorjaZis naqoni
nivTebi. daculia rafiel erisTavis
- esec unda davsZino rom, SeZlebac rom gqondeT, xandis-xan ise gaZnel-
saxl-muzeumSi, sof. qistauri
cnobili qarTveli sazogado moR- deba xolme xeiriani mzareulis Sovna, romelic am Tquens gemovnebazed
vawis, poet rafiel erisTavis umcro- ver gaakeTebs saWmels da an srulebiT winaaRmdegs Tquenis survilisas.
si da, barbare erisTavi Zalian adre,
gremSi, yofil samxedro pirze, zaqa- - radgan, TiTqmis, yovels qals valaT aZevs ojaxis mzrunveloba, amisaTvis
ria jorjaZeze daaqorwines. samxe- es wigni mza aris, iyos saxelmZRvaneloT samzareuloSi, umetnavesaT saqa-
dro karieraSi xelmocaruli zaqaria rTueloSi arsebulTa saWmelTa gakeTebisaTvis da sxva saojaxo sameur-
soflad cdilobda TviTdamkvidre- neo nacadTa cnobaT sargeblobisaTvis, ese igi: masalebis Senaxvisa, Rvinis
bas. SemoqmedebiTi bunebis, sruliad dayenebisa, aryis gamoxdisa, Zafebis SeRebisa, sapnis moxarSvisa, murabebis
axalgazrda barbare Tavidanve mZime da mwnilebis gakeTebisa da sxvaTa, da sxvaTa, romelnic moucilebel-
ekonomikur pirobebSi aRmoCnda. gazeT ni saWironi arian, unametnavesaT sofelSi da es Tu asea, amisaTvis aqve
„droebaSi“ daculia saadgil-mamulo davsZine raodenime evropiuli saxel-da-xelo saWmelebic“5.
bankis gamgeobis gancxadeba barbares
mamisa da zaqaria jorjaZis ojaxis me-19 saukunis meore naxevarSi, ruseTidan dabrunebulma axalgazrdebma,
valebis Sesaxeb. romelTac „Tergdaleulebis“ saxeliT vicnobT, miznad qarTul liter-
aturaSi damkvidrebuli mZime samwerlobo enis gardaqmna daisaxes. or
gamouval mdgomareobaSi Cavardnis sapirispiro banaks („mamebi“ da „Svilebi“) Soris, anton pirvelis sami
da qonebis „prikazSi“ dagiravebis stilis Teoriis mxardamWerma, barbare jorjaZem, „mamebis“ mxare daiWi-
gamo zaqarias soflis mitoveba da ra. Tavisi poziciis gamo, qarTul enasTan dakavSirebul polemikaSi bar-
saxelmwifo samsaxurSi Cadgoma mou- bare ilia WavWavaZesac daupirispirda. qalis amgvarma sazogadoebrivma
wia. soflad, upatronod mitovebuli aqtivobam saerTo yuradReba miiqcia. Jurnal „ciskris“ furclebma Semoi-
adgil-mamuliT, sami bavSviT zaqarias naxa misi da ilias mwvave kamaTis Sinaarsi:
finansuri daxmarebis gareSe darCe-
nili barbaresTvis autaneli Seiqmna rafiel erisTavi „...erT Zvel droSi, agiaanT gamdels ityvian, romelic yovel dRe wirvaze
yofa. Zmisadmi, rafiel erisTavisadmi, Turme midioda, sanam eklesiaSi mividoda mitrial - motrialebaSi iq
miwerili werilSi kargadaa asaxuli wirva gamosuli daxvdeboda da manam Sin miaRwevda, sadili gaTavebuli
misi mdgomareobis simZime: daxvdeboda. am gzazed siaruliT da mibruneb - mobrunebiT orives mok-
lebuli iyo. Tu ukacravad ar iqnebi Tqvenc am gzazed siaruliT swored
„es zaqaria raRasa Svreba, Seni Wirime, rafiel, gagonila mag kacis saqme? ise mogdiT. aq qarTulsa scdebiT da iq - evropiulsa...“6.
swored erTi Tve aris kapiki ar gamougzavnia, ram unda macxovros? yma
da mamulze es aris „prikazis“ valSi apekuni dauyenebiaT da puris Semo- iliam sanacvlod, barbares kritikisa da poeziisaTvis Tavis danebeba da
savlisa da venaxisa SarSandelic imaT waiRes, me ar damanebes da welsac samzareulos sakiTxebiT Tavis Seqceva urCia.
imaTve waiRes. venaxsac axla isini dahkrefen da me risTvisRa vdgevar,
tyvilad aqa? vswer Seitane „prikazSi“ fuli meTqi da ara meSvela ra“4. „Tu literaturul sakiTxebSi barbale TergdaleulT ebrZvis, axlis wi-
naaaRmdegia da Zvelis motrfiale, saWirboroto sazogadoebriv sakiTxeb-
miuxedavad aseTi mZime mdgomareobisa, man mainc SeZlo Tanamedrove sazo- Si is mowinave qalia“7.
gadoebriv cxovrebaSi CarTva da adgilis damkvidreba. 1858 wlidan misi
Semoqmedeba Tavs iCens „ciskris“, „droebis“, „iveriis“, „kvalisa“ Tu „jeji-
lis“ furclebze.
5 qarTuli samzareulo da saojaxo sameurneo nacadni cnobani (damatebiT zogierTTa
rusulTa saWmelTa.) Sedgenili kn. barbare jorjaZisagan, tf., 1874
6 Jurnali „ciskari“, 1861
4 gaCeCilaZe amberki, narkvevebi XIX saukunis qarTuli dramaturgiisa da Teatris isto- 7 dgebuaZe fucu - fularia f., moRvawe qalebi revoluciamdel saqarTveloSi, soxumi,
riidan, Tb., 1957, gv. 262 1957, gv. 170

1086 1087
 erovnul samosSi gamowyobili, warmo- Rvawlsa da Sromas ar Seudrkebian Tuki saqmes ar uSvelian rasme“8.
sadegi Sesaxedaobis, qarTveli mandi-
losnis progresuli pozicia kargad 1895 wlis 10 aprils barbare jorjaZem 62 wlis asakSi, gomboris gzaze
Cans missave werilSi - „oriode si- daasrula sicocxle:
tyva ymawvil kacebis sayuradRebod“,
sadac barbare qarTvel mamakacebs „diliT yvelasTan erTad momzadebuliyo samgzavrod da rZlis SemweobiT
mouwodebs, qalTa dacinvisa da dam- asuliyo etlzed, Camjdariyo da maSinve mosvloda gulis qSenva, mcire
cirebis nacvlad, debs, colebs, qaliS- xnis Semdeg guli wasvloda. bevri saSualeba exmaraT, magram yovelive
vilebs ganaTlebis saSualeba miscen, amao gamxdariyo, veRar moebrunebinaT“9.
raTa maT Tanamedrove gamowvevebTan
gamklaveba SeZlon. barbare jorja- pirveli kulinariuli wignis avtori, barbare erisTavi-jorjaZisa, Sesani-
Zis es werili samarTlianadaa miCneu- Snavi qarTveli mandilosani, saukeTeso deda da meojaxe, Zveli qarTuli
li qarTuli feminizmis manifestad. tradiciuli enisa da mwerlobis kargi mcodne, mwerali - leqsebis, wer-
ilebis, moTxrobebisa da piesebis, pirveldawyebiTi pirveli saxelmZRvane-
los - „dasawyisi swavlisa“ avtori, legendebis da siZveleTa saucxoo
mcodne, eris TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebisaTvis Seupovari mebrZoli, qal-
Ta uflebebis damcveli, me-19 saukunis TvalsaCino progresuli sazogado
barbare jorjaZis xelnaweri moRvawea, romlis Semoqmedebis srulfasovnad warmoCena Semdgomi kvlevis
sagania.
„oriode sityva ymawvil kacebis sayuradRebod~
barbare erisTavi-jorjaZis samzareulo wigni gamorCeuli qarTuli gas-
tronomiuli kulturis istoriuli, enobrivi da socialuri Sinaarsis
„pirvelidanve dawyebuli yoveli kaci dedakacebis gakilvaSi yofila da
mqone qarTuli kulinariuli xelovnebis matianea.
aris; yovelive braleuloba qals miaweres da didad cdiloben es Ta-
vis amxanagi yovlis gziT daecaT da daemdablebinaT. siyrmidanve amas
barbare erisTavma-jorjaZisa saTanado adgili daimkvidra qarTuli mwer-
CasZaxoden „Sen, radgan Semoqmeds qalad daubadebixar, Seni wesi es unda
lobis saukeTeso moRvaweTa Soris.
iyos. xmagakmendili Cumad unda iyo, aravis Sehxedo, arsad waxvide, yurebi
daixSo, Tvalebi daxuWe da ijeq,... swavla da sxva enebiT ganaTleba ra
Seni saqmeao... TiTon mamakacma ki Seisxa ampartavnobis da zvaobis frTebi,
daiWira vrceli asparezi da sTqva: „me radgan kaci var, gavswev, gavquslav
cis kidemde, Cemi damabrkolebeli ara aris - ra, vimWevrmetyveleb, viswavli,
yovelgvari Tavisufleba da qveynis mflobeloba xelT mi pyriao“. gaifar-
Tova gza da dedakaci viTom valdebulebaSi Caagdo, Tu me ara lukmas ver
SesWamo, - ra iyo ufro daemonebina... mamakacma ojaxSiac ki arad Caagdo
dedakacis Sroma, upiratesoba TviTon dai pyro da yurebi gamouWeda: Tqven
Wkua ara gaqvT, ara gaqvT guli da grZnoba, arc ara gesmiT,... xarT daun-
dobelni, moRalateni...

...Cvenma ieso qristem brZana: ara ars garCeva arca mamakacTa da arc de-
dakacTao. magram ra wresac pirvelad daadga kaci, im wris gadacileba
sjulis gardamavlobad miaCnda.

qalebs im daCagvriT mainc ver dauTrgunes niWi da goneba; Tu ganaT-

leba ar misces, TavianT dedaenazed mainc kargad da saZirkvlianad See-
ZloT naTeli msjeloba, da saqmianoba, vin iyo mwignobrobis patroni da
wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli CvenSi, Tu ara qali, rodesac kacebi mamulis
damcvelebad Tof-iaraRzed iyvnen dayudebulni?...

...axala mainc Cvenma kacebma daanebon Tavi zvaobas da meSurneobas, miscen

TavianT debsac Tanaswori swavla da mimarTuleba, rom SeeZloT kidec
kvalSi Cadgoma da angariSis moTxovna Tanamedrove qalebisa, Torem Zvel 8 Jurnali „kvali~ 1893 weli, #16
dedakacebs samaris meti veRara gagvasworebs ra da axali Taobis qalebic 9 gardacvaleba da dakrZalva kneina barbare daviT erisTavis asulisa da T-dis z. jor-
jaZis meuRlisa, gazeTi ,,iveria“, #80, 1895, gv. 2

1088 1089
 bibliografia
1. gaCeCilaZe amberki,narkvevebi XIX sauku-
nis qarTuli dramaturgiisa da Teatris
istoriidan, Tb., 1957
2. dgebuaZe fucu - fularia f., moRvawe
qalebi revoluciamdel saqarTveloSi, 7. qarTuli samzareulo da saojaxo
soxumi, 1957
3.
4.
Jurnali „ciskari“, 1861
Jurnali „kvali“, 1893 weli, #16 „oriode
sityva ymawvil kacebis sayuradRebod“
5. ,,sruli samzareulo“, Sedgenili kn. bar-
bare jorjaZis mier, bakur sulakauris
gamomcemloba, Tb., 2017
Ekaterine Bulashvili
National Agency for Cultural Heritage Preservation of Georgia,
6. qarTuli samzareulo da saojaxo
Museums and Museum-Reserves Unit, Employee
sameurneo nacadni cnobani (damatebiT
zogierTTa rusulTa saWmelTa), Sedge-
nili kn. barbare jorjaZisagan, tf., 1874 BARBARE
ERISTAVI-JORJADZE
sameurneo nacadni cnobani (damatebiT
zogierTTa rusulTa saWmelTa.) Sedge-
– AUTHOR OF
THE FIRST
nili kn. barbare jorjaZisagan, tf., 1874
8. gardacvaleba da dakrZalva kneina bar-
bare daviT erisTavis asulisa da T-des
GEORGIAN
CULINARY
z. jorjaZis meuRlisa. ,,iveria“, #80, 1895

BOOK
Barbare Eristavi-Jorjadze happens to be the
unifier of the knowledge accumulated in Geor-
gia in the field of culinary and the author of the
first culinary book, published in Georgia. The
collection, compiled by her, the technology of
cooking of dishes, included in it, hasn’t lost its
actuality even in the 21st century.
Barbare Jorjadze shares personal experience to
Georgian housewives on proper storage of food
products, use of cooking technologies with con-
sideration of various peculiarities and specifici-
ty. Her book is the handbook in the kitchen for
mastering in cooking of Georgian dishes, jams,
pickles, boiling, fermentation, dyeing.

The publication “Full cuisine” contains signi- Cooking book by Barbare Eristavi-Jorjadze is
ficant nuances for housewives, to allow them the chronicle of Georgian culinary art, having
efficient implementation of day-to-day house- historical, linguistic and social content of outs-
keeping activities. tanding Georgian gastronomic culture.

1090 1091
1092 1093
 dali catava
iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti,
humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis doqtoranti,
Tsu turizmis kvleviTi centri,
mowveuli leqtori,
sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa instituti,
GIPA biznesis fakultetis leqtori

ra
dagvitova
kneina
barbare gastronomiuli kulturis gulSematkivrebs misi aRorZinebis didi Sesa-
Zlebloba eZlevaT.

jorjaZem unda aRiniSnos aseve is faqtic, rom wigns gaaCnia yvela is kriteriumi, rac
Tanamedrove kulinariis saxelmZRvaneloebisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli.
gastronomiuli kulturis istoria1
rogorc yvela srulyofili kulinariuli wigni, iwyeba samzareulo xel-
sawyoebiT, Tumca ver vityvi, rom kulinariuli wesrigi daxvewilia. dRevan-
Tanamedrove cxovrebis ritmis, sirTuleebis, Sez-
deli gadmosaxedidan Tu vimsjelebT rigiTobis logikuri jaWvi TiTqos
Rudvebisa da teqnologiuri progresis gamo Cveni
darRveulia, rac sruliadac ar akninebs mis mniSvnelobas da sidiades.
bebiebisa da babuebis receptebi xSirad daviwyebas
magram es aris cda, da sakmaod kargi, rom qarTveli qalbatonebi gaanaT-
eZleva, Canacvleba xdeba ufro praqtikuli, Tana-
los am mimarTulebiT, Tanac STamomavlobas gastronomiuli kulturis
medrove meniuTi. amgvarad ziandeba, ikargeba Cveni
istoria dautovos. dawerilia, im droisaTvis aqtiuri eniT, barbarizmebs
memkvidreoba, namdvili memkvidreoba, rac yvelasgan
vgulisxmob, magram es albaT ufro imiT aris ganpirobebuli, rom yvel-
gamogvarCevs da Tavisebur individualobas sZens
asTvis gasagebi yofiliyo. sainteresoa imitom, rom kargad Cans qarTu-
eris kulturas.
li imdroindeli yofa. gastronomiuli kultura xom TviTmyofadia da
eris tradiciebs, mis yofa-cxovrebas, epoqas asaxavs. Tvalwin warmogidge-
Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi aqtiurad daiwyo Zveli
ba qarTul kabaSi gamowyobili Cixtikopiani qarTveli kneinebi, Zvirfasi
qarTuli receptebis Segroveba da aRdgena, maT ukve
faifuris WurWlidan rogor miirTmevdnen vardis murabas da Cais.
xSirad naxavT maRali klasis restornebis meni-
uebSi. Tavis droze swored ase daiwyes frangebma
Sevecdebi wignis Tanmimdevrobas mivyve, rom ufro cxadi warmodgena Sevuqm-
da italielebma, amitomac aiyvanes maTi samzareulo
na mkiTxvels, imaze Tu ra dagvitova kneina barbare jorjaZem.
msoflio klasikis doneze.
pirvel rigSi TvalSi gvxvdeba wonis erTeulebi, rasakvirvelia dRevand-
kneina barbare jorjaZis pirveli qarTuli samza-
elobisaTvis sruliad sxva, aseve kerZebis da maTi ingredientebis dasaxe-
reulo wigni, meTvramete-mecxramete saukunis saqa-
lebebi, swored es aris interesis, kvlevisa da maTi gacocxlebis sagani.
rTvelos uamrav istoriul,kulturul,geografiul
sawoni da sawyao erTeulebi, wylisTvis, erbosTvis, burRuleulisTvis, vec-
da ekonomikur faqtze migvaniSnebs. ras ar naxavT aq,
debi ganvmarto:
Zvel qarTul tradiciul,aseve miviwyebul receptebs,
cnobebs sakvebad gamosadegi mcenareebis Sesaxeb,san-
girvanqa – 1453,59 gr.
eleblebsa da im droisaTvis, sruliad ucxo evro-
puli kerZebis momzadebis wesebs. ase, rom qarTuli
staqani – 250 gr.

loti – 12,79725 gr.

1 statia pirvelad gamoqveynda JurnalSi `kulinART~, 2016

1094 1095
 misxali – 5 gr.
Cafi – 12-16 l.
sapalne – 147 kg.
Tungi – 2-4 l.
Careqa – litris naoTxali
baTmani-iranuli – 3 kg.
osmluri – 7 kg.
oya – 1200 gr.
TviTon avtori zogierTis axsnas gvaZlevs – „erTi staqani wyali iwo-
nis naxevar girvanqas,“ „erTi girvanqa nuSi sami staqania,“ „erTi stolis
kovzi dafxvnili Saqari, erTi lotia.“ „bahari – inglisuri pilpilia,“
„ugrexela – greCixaa.“
TemaSi Sesvla xorciT iwyeba. saocrad kargad aris rCevebi mocemuli, Tu
rogor unda SevarCioT da gamovicnoT axalia Tu ara saqonlis xorci.
Cemi yuradReba erTma niuansma mii pyro, Cven gviyvars, axali da Tbili xor-
ci, xSirad gaigonebT bazarSi ‒ sul Tbil-Tbili axali xorcia CasaSu-
Sado ‒ kneina barbare gvirCevs, rom xaris xorci Tbil-Tbili da axali
arasdros ar unda mivirTvaT, aramed mxolod mesame dRes. am midgomas
dRes mkacrad icaven klasikur evropul samzareuloSi.
barbare jorjaZes wuTebSi aqvs gaTvlili sxvadasxva xorceulis Sewvis
dro, rasakvirvelia imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom qarTvelebs kargad moxr-
akuli xorci gviyvars. xolo xorceulis moxarSvis teqnologiis gaT-
valiswinebisas gveubneba, rom aTvlis wertili wamoduRebidan iwyeba da
sxvadasxva xorceulisaTvis sxvadasxvanairad grZeldeba.
etyoba friad ganswavluli kneina kargad icnobda mkurnalobis RmerTis,
asklepiosis erT-erTi qaliSvilis, higias mcnebebs, radgan zedmiwevniT
gvaswavlis sakvebTan mimarTebaSi higienuri normebis dacvis teqnikas. kar-
gad Cans, rom gacnobierebuli aqvs, erTi SexedviT umniSvnelo niuansebi,
momzadebis meTodebi da teqnologiuri procesebi rogor ganapirobeben
saboloo Sedegs, amitomac Zalian sainteresod migviTiTebs produqtis
pirvandeli damuSavebisa da Semdeg maTi sworad gamoyenebis meTodebze.
aSkaraa gurme qalbatonTan gvaqvs saqme, gveubneba, rom nebismieri kerZi
mxolod axladmomzadebuli unda mivirTvaT, rom misi namdvili gemo gav-
igoT, amitomac zustad unda vicodeT, rodis movamzadoT, rom saTanado
dros moxvdes is sufraze. aseve gakvriT, magram sworad aris miTiTebuli
zogierTi kerZis servirebis Sesaxeb. kulinariuli samyaros mTavari rCeva,
rom marili yovelTvis naklebi unda davamatoT, radgan damateba yovelT-
vis SeiZleba, mokleba ki ara, mkveTrad gasdevs avtoris mTel wigns.
ar aris gamorCenili aseve produqtebis Senaxvis meTodebi, rac im drois-
1096
aTvis rodesac superTanamedrove macivrebi ar iyo, albaT aqtualur Temad
iTvleboda.
sufris gaSlas rac Seexeba, dRevandelobisaTvis cota komikuria ‒
„wveulebis dros Suagul sufraze sigrZeze dalagebuli larnakebi savse
xiliT, kompotiT, wniliTa da murabebiT.“ sufris esTetikuri mxarec ar
aris daviwyebuli, imas, rom sufra yvavilebiT unda moirTos garkveuli
yuradReba aqvs daTmobili. sufris momsaxure personalisaTvis avtori
calke rCevebs iTvaliwinebs, magram gansakuTrebiT minda aRvniSno, rom:
„mosamsaxureebi ar unda aCqardnen da wynarad iyvnen, TefSebis gamocvlis
dros, raxuni ar ismodes da sazogadod mosamsaxureni, wynarad da dinjad
unda emsaxurebodnen stumrebs. mosamsaxure frTxilad unda iyos, rom
saWmlis mitanis dros, wveni aravis gadaasxas. Rvinoebs, ki maspinZeli Tav-
azobs stumrebs, xils, yavas da Cais ki diasaxlisi.“
sasmelTan dakavSirebiT im epoqis Sesabamisi rCevebia mocemuli, yvela
boTls Tavisi Rvinis saxeli unda eweros, xolo rac Seexeba sxva sas-
melebs: „sasmelTa Soris unda iyos liqiori CaisaTvis da koniaki, radgan
am sasmelebs, bevrni miirTmeven CaiT da yaviT.“
minda yuradReba gavamaxvilo xemsze, anu rogorc barbare jorjaZe uwodebs,
„patara sufra zakuskisTvis“ sanam sadili iqneba ‒ magidaze alagia „xi-
zilala axali xaxviT, Tevzeuli, paSteti, lori, Zexvi, sardinka, karaqi, sxva-
dasxva magari sasmeli.“
wignis erT-erTi Tavi sxvadasxva gamosadeg rCevebs aqvs daTmobili, rome-
lic nebismier diasaxlissa Tu adamians Wirdeba da SeiZleba dRevandelo-
baSic kargad gamoadges:
1. „yaviT an SokoladiT daCneulis amoyvana. daCneul alagas wausviT
kvercxis guli da glicerini, aiReT sufTa naWeri da nel-Tbili wyliT
amowmindeT.“
2. „danas Tu xaxvis suni aqvs, mSrali mariliT gawmindeT.“
3. „WianWvela sadac gaCndes pamidoris foToli daayareT.“
kulinariuli receptebi da teqnologiuri procesis aRwera qarTuli sax-
snilo kerZebiT iwyeba da pirveli sapatio adgili „artalas“ ekuTvnis,
Semdeg modis „bozbaSi“ da mTeli rigi piris pativisa kerZebis saxiT.
erT-erTi rCevis wakiTxvisas bebiaCemi gamaxsenda, romelic arays asmevda
dasaklavad gamzadebul mamals, Tumca Zveli gimnazistka ki iyo, namdvilad
vici, rom barbare jorjaZis wigni ar qonia: „visac surs, frinvelis xorci
magari ar iyos, sami saaTis win Zmari CaaylapeT da iseT alagas daamwyvdi-
eT, rom moZraoba ar SeeZlos, qaTams, erTi Cais kovzi, indours, bats, ixvs
erTi stolis kovzi. mere dakaliT gabtyveniT da erTi Rame ise iyos. ase
dakluli frinveli rbili da gemrielia.“
am Sesavalidan frinvelis xorcisgan gakeTebuli kerZebi iwyeba ‒ qaT-
mis CixirTma, bati wvniani Sindis CurCiT, qaTmis wvniani gurulad, ras
1097
 aRar naxavT. erTma saTanadod miiqcia Cemi yuradReba ‒ „arisa cxvris an
idourisa“, sadac xorcTan erTad ixarSeba xorblis marcvlebi da Semdeg
neldeba sakmazebiT.
wignidan istoria imzireba da irkveva, rom imdroindel qarTul samza-
reuloSi aqtiurad moixmareboda mtredi, kakabi, mwyeri, torola, kurdRe-
li, Tumca axla aseTi popularuli aRar aris. aRniSnul wignSi, dRemde
moRweuli davac gadawyvetilia da misi avtoris azriT, sacivi namdvilad
gurulia.
qarTvelebi rom xorcis moyvarulebi varT axali araferia, Tumca bost-
neulis kerZebic Zalian gviyvars, rac kargad Cans gansakuTrebiT lobios
variaciebSi – „axali lobios borani,“ „axali lobio erbo kvercxiT,“
„ispanaxis borani,“ „badrijnis borani,“ „badrijani moxrakuli,“ „satacu-
ri erbokvercxiT,“ „badrijani xorciT.“
fafebis kultura TiTqosda araqarTulia, am dros kneina barbare jor-
jaZe mTel rig saintereso kulinariul receptebs gvawvdis, fafebi xom
Tavisi TvisebebiT unikaluri erTeulia: „rZis korkoti,“ „xalifafa-daR-
erRili xorblisgan,“ „qaSi“ ‒ fetvisgan,“ „pitnis naxarSSi gakeTebuli
fafa fqvilisa.“
ar aris daviwyebuli martivi kerZebi, rogorebicaa: „erbo-kvercxi pamidor-
iT,“ „yiyliyo,“ „SanTraqi“ ‒ sami stolis kovzi erbo gaacxeleT tafaSi,
kvercxi gatexeT, CaagdeT mTliv, kidev da kidev, ramdeni kvercxic gnebamT;
roca Seiwos, marili moayareT. visac surs pilpilsac moayris. SanTraqi
aduRebul wyalSiac keTdeba uerbood.“
calke ganyofilebaSia Tavmoyrili e.w. „samarxo saWmelebi,“ aq kargad Cans
Tu rogor iyenebdnen Cveni winaprebi Zalian sasargeblo da noyier bur-
Ruleulebs, magaliTisaTvis moviyvan „maxoxis“ dayenebas, romelic qatos-
gan keTdeba, gansakuTrebul kerZad momeCvena „lobio zarbabiT“, romelic
qarTvelebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli erTi gemo namdvilad ar aris, radgan
moxarSul lobios qiSmiSi, nuSi da ziriSki (kowaxurismagvari mJave kenk-
ra) emateba, nigvzis magivrobas ki Tafli uwevs. parkosnebidan aqve vxvdeb-
iT cercvis, muxudos gamoyenebiT gakeTebul kerZebs.
am nawilSi aqtiurad Cans qarTul samzareuloSi koWas da zafranas ga-
moyenebis tendenciebi. samarxvo kerZebis saintereso receptebSia aseve,
muxudos da ospis wvnianebi. satacuris wvniani, satacuri zeTiT, satacuri
mSralad, RanZilis, ispanaxis, WinWris, svintris (SroSanisebrTa), Warxlis,
danduris, badrijnis, „kombostos moTreula“:
– „erTi Tavi kombosto aduRebul wyalSicCadeT da moTuTqeT, wvrilad
dasWeriT, danayeTcnigozi da sami stolis kovzi danayili nigozi erT
staqan ZmarSi gaxseniT da daasxiT daWril kombostos da moSuSeT, Tu
Zmari an nigozi cotaa, kidev miumateT, marili uyviT, roca gacivdes.“
vitaminebis mTel Taiguls vxedavT „mwvanilis SeWamandSi,“ romelic
sezonuria da neldeba aseve nigvziT. saerTod SeWamandebis seria me-
tad yuradsaRebi Temaa am wignSi. es Taviseburi civi supeulia, zogier-
Ti maTgani SegviZlia aseve cxelic mivirTvaT, magram zafxulis sezonze
1098
gamagrilebeli da sezonurad saWiro sakvebi ufroa. „pomidvris SeWaman-
di,“ „Svindis SeWamandi,“ mayvlis, tyemlis da a. S. bevr maTgans TiTqmis
ar icnobs dRevandeli qarTuli samzareulo ‒ „Rolos (mJauna) SeWaman-
di,“ „kvrinCxis (qliavis gvaris ekliani mcenare) SeWamandi,“ „isvrimis“ an
„alublis Wrianteli.“
samzareuloze yovelTvis axdens gavlenas mezobeli qveynebis da dampy-
roblebis gastronomiuli kultura, amitomac flavis fenomeni gansakuTre-
bulia saqarTveloSi. Jan Sardeni, rodesac „nadims saqarTvelos mefis
karze“ aRwerda, xazgasmiT aRniSnavda, rom pirvel kerZad sxvadasxva feris
flavi SemohqondaT samefo sufraze. rasakvirvelia barbare jorjaZis
„srul samzareuloSi“ es fenomeni aucileblad unda asaxuliyo, am qal-
batons xom ambicia qarTul srul samzareulos daxvewilobaze, servire-
baze, sufraze mirTmevis kulturaze, momsaxurebaze da sxva bevr niuansis
aRweraze hqonda. flavis uamrav variaciebs gvTavazobs ‒ „erbos flavi,“
„flavi muTanjis,“ „flavi burRulis.“ sainteresoa, kliaris gamoyenebis
wesi samarxvo kerZebSi, romelsac barbare jorjaZe, rogorc qababs ise
moixseniebs ‒ „qababi vaSlisa,“ „qababi qondrisa,“ „qababi xaxvisa“:
‒ „gaakeTeT wminda fqvilis Txeli comi, marili CayareT, didroni Tavi
xaxvebi grZlad daTaleT, amoavleT am Txel comSi da mowviT cximSi.“
gogra, axlac, saqarTvelos yvela regionis samzareulos erT-erTi aqti-
urad moxmarebadi produqtia, is gamoiyeneba ramdenime mimarTulebiT, ro-
gorc kerZi, magaliTad wvniani, rogorc fxali, rogorc garniri xorceul-
Tan, rogorc deserti, es albaT im tradiciebis aqtiuri gagrZelebaa, rasac
kneina barbares wignSi vxvdebiT.
rac Seexeba samarxvo kerZebis ganyofilebas, minda xazi gavusva erT sain-
tereso detals, aq simJavisaTvis yovelTvis gamoiyeneba Sindi an Sindis
CurCi. aqve ar aris daviwyebuli yvelasaTvis unikaluri sakvebi soko ‒
aqcenti boRlamazea, anu uwylod bevr xaxvSi moxrakul kerZze ‒ kalmaxis
sokos, daTvis sokos, qama sokos, niyvis gamoyenebiT.
Tevzeulobis ganyofilebaSi,rogorc Tevzis martivad sxvadasxva nedleul-
ze da cximze Sewvidan dawyebuli Zalzed ucxo da egzotikuri Tevzis da
xizilalisgan gakeTebuli kerZebia mocemuli. „oraguli wveniT“ ‒ wvri-
li Tevzebis asortisgan saucxoo wvniani kerZis recepti. „loqo wveniT
anu Rlavi,“ „gelaqnuri (iSxani) Svindis CurCiT,“ „Wanari civad,“ „zuTxi
civad,“ „gelaqnuri civad nigvziT,“ „oragulis Caxoxbili.“
aqve aris axsnili, rogor unda gamovicnoT, rom Tevzi moixarSa, yuradRe-
ba eqceva momzadebis teqnologiur process da wina samuSaoebs, tempera-
turul reJims. Tevzis Senaxvis, damarilebis meTodebs. Tevzeulis ganyo-
filebaSi yvelaze saintereso da egzotikur kerZad SeiZleba CaiTvalos
„zuTxis Tilima“: ,,zuTxi rom moxarSoT, amoalageT. mere moumzadeT Zmari,
CaasxiT Zmari qoTanSi, Sig CaayareT dariCini, dafnis foToli, mixaki, ili,
bahari, marili. eseni erTad wamoaduReT, roca gacivdeba qilaSi daasxiT
zuTxs.“ aRsaniSnavia, aseve, zRvis sxva produqtebis kerZebi: „kibo wveniT,“
„kibo qarTuli badrijniT“ da a.S.
uyuradRebod ar aris darCenili garnirebis Temac ‒ erT-erTi Tavi eZ-
1099
 Rvneba „salaTa sxvadasxva SemwvarisaTvis“ ‒ Tumca miTiTebuli ar aris
romel Semwvars gulisxmobda am SemTxvevaSi Cveni gurmani qalbatoni, al-
baT, qarTul piris gemos Tu miando es saqme. loris momzadeba kupatebis
da Sinauri Zexveulis damzadebis teqnologiuri gaSrobis da Semdeg Sen-
axvis procesebic aseve naTlad aris gadmocemuli.
rac Seexeba cxobas, calke qveTavSi „fqvileulis gamocxoba“ xaSis day-
enebidan dawyebuli, puris, xmiadebis, simindis da fetvis mWadebis, rZiani
comiT nazuqis gamocxobiT damTavrebuli, TiTqmis yvelanairi comeulis
damzadebis recepti gvaqvs.
ai xaWapuri, regionebis mixedviT ar aris dayofili da martivi afuebuli
comisagan keTdeba, aseve ar aris axsnili xaWapurSi yveli imeruli iqneba,
Wyinti Tu sxva.
„falustaki“ ki namdvili Carozia, moxaluli fqvilisgan da erbosgan ga-
keTebuli, romelic Semdeg ixarSeba TaflTan erTad, keTdeba burTulebi
da gacivebis Semdgom albaT, rogorc halva ise iWmeva.
qarTul nacionaluri samzareulos erT-erTi saintereso maxasiaTebeli
apetaizerebia, maT Soris upirvelesi Tu ara, erT-erTi mniSvnelovani adg-
ili dRemde mwnilebis kulturas uWiravs, am mxriv Cveni kneina barbare
Zalian bevr recepts gvTavazobs, etyoba, rom kargad aqvs gamokvleuli
es Tema, radgan mravalferovani da Zalzed sainteresoa. etyoba, rom zam-
TrisaTvis an ufro sworad „piris pativisa da nabaxusevisaTvis“ mudmiv
TadarigSi iyvnen qarTvelebi, rodesac tarxunas, isrims, Sinds, panta vaSls,
alubals, qliavs, atams, siminds, ekalas anu rogorc mas uwodebs avtori
RiWs, amwnilebdnen. araferi rom vTqvaT, kombostos mwnilis mraval varia-
ciaze, badrijnisa da pomidvris mwnilebze.
yvelam kargad viciT, Tu rogori faqizi sakvebia rZis produqtebi, ami-
tomac am ganyofilebas wignis avtori da Cveni kulinariis bebia kneina,
higienuri normebis dacviT iwyebs, Tan dasZens: „Tu im alagas, sadac rZea
Senaxuli, sxva araferia, isa sjobs, radgan rZe advilad iTvisebs sxva
nivTierebis sunsa da gemos.“ aseve gvaswavlis kulinariul xriksac, Tu
rogor unda gamovicnoT wyalgareulia Tu ara rZe: „kargi rZe rom frCx-
ilze daviwveToT mrgvalad daemCneva, wyliani ki — maSinve gaiSleba.“
saintereso rCevebia naRebis moxdis da Semdeg rZis moxaWovebis, araJnis,
mawvnis, karaqisa da erbos gakeTebis Sesaxeb. am yvelafris Semdeg saubaria
yvelze da iwyeba e.w. maWikis an rogorc mas uwodebs nawis Tema, romelic
yvelis dedad ixmareba, aseve sxva variantic aqvs ‒ megruli dvrita, anu
igive nawi, Tumca teqnologia ufro sxvaa. swored am dvritaTi gakeTebuli
sulguni aqvs aRwerili TandarTuli rCevebiT, Tu rogor unda SevinaxoT,
rom organoleptikuri Tvisebebi SeinarCunos.
albaT, kneina barbares dros gacveTili Tema iyo, magram CvenTvis siaxlea
isrimis maSarabi:
„roca isrims Tvali Sesdis, im dros unda dakrifoT, gamoswuroT; is wveni
sacerSi gaswureT, CaasxiT qvabSi; rom aduRdes, qafi moxadeT da didxans
aduReT; roca gasqeldes, rogorc badagi, gaacieT, boTlebSi CaasxiT da
SeinaxeT.“
1100
evropuli saWmelebis ganyofileba, romelic rogorc irkveva, misma qal-
iSvilma Seavso sabolood, 1914 wlis gamocemaSi, bulionebiT iwyeba. es
SeiZleba ufro franguli gavlena iyos, radgan is konsomes damzadebis
wess ufro hgavs. „yvela wveni salfetkSi unda gawuroT.“ SCi, borSi, ak-
roSka da sxvadasxva wvniani kerZebi. aseve „bevSteqsi,“ „rostbivi,“ „Jar-
kovi,“ „atbivni,“ es kerZebi da maTi momzadebis teqnologia dawvrilebiT
aris mocemuli. avtors ucvlelad aqvs datovebuli saxelwodebebi, albaT
imdroindeli kulinarebisaTvis Jargoni ufro axlobeli iyo da kerZis
ucxo warmoSobasac xazs usvamda.
uyuradRebod arc subproduqtebia darCenili ‒ „tvinis katleti,“ „cx-
viris an xbos Siganuri,“ „Zroxis ena“. aqve albaT am produqtebisaTvis
gankuTvnil evropul sousebs vxedavT: „TeTri sousi,“ „garoxis sousi,“
„xardalis (xrenis) sousi,“ „sousi provansi“ ‒ anu imdroindeli maionezi,
„sousi xaxvis“: „rva Tavi xaxvi dasWeriT, CayareT qvabSi, daasxiT sami sto-
lis kovzi xorcis wveni. am wvenSi kargad moxarSeT. ori natexi Saqari
daasveleT, tafaze dadeT, roca dawiTldes, erTi stolis kovzi wyali
daasxiT da aaduReT. erTi stolis kovzi moSuSuli fqvili, ori stolis
kovzi erbo, es xaxvi sul erTad aurieT da sacerSi gaxexeT. Zmari da cota
Saqari uyaviT da isev erTad wamoaduReT.“
evropuli kerZebis ganyofilebaSi aris ganTavsebuli e.w. „sacivi“ ‒ anu
laba-xolodeci, aseve „goWi moxarSuli araJniT da xardliT (xreni),“
„SCuka an sxva Tevzi gatenili.“
ratomRac tkbileulis da namcxvrebis Tema ar aris fqvileulTan erTad,
albaT desertis funqciis gamo.
„pudingi brinjisa,“ „pudingi Romis an mani krupisa,“ „pudingi TeTri puri-
sa.“ „perogi xaSiT,“ „perogi samarxo oraguliT,“ „vareniki tvarogisa,“ ,,va-
reniki alublisa.“ „blinebi saxeldaxelod mawvniT“ Tu droJiani comis
blinebi, „ponCiki moxarSuli“:
„erT-naxevari Cais staqani mduRare wyali CaasxiT qvabSi an rame Wur-
WelSi, ori stolis kovzi erbo, ori Cais staqani fqvili CaayareT, Zalian
gaTqvifeT; roca comi gacivdes, oTxi kvercxi CaaxaleT, ori stolis kovzi
danayili Saqari, limonis qerqi(cedra), cota vanili, an wmindad danayili
dariCini, eseni sul kargad aurieT. patara qvabSi CaasxiT erbo, roca erbo
duRils daiwyebs, kovzi daasveleT erboSi, amoiReT patar-patara comebi
da CayareT am aduRebul erboSi. roca comi zeviT moitivtivebs, maSin
amoiReT, sacerze daawyeT; rac meti erbo aqvs daiwritos, bludze daawyeT,
Saqari moayareT;“
sxva CarozebTan erTad gvxvdeba aseve „vafli umSvenieresi,“ „vaSlis pi-
rogi vozduSni,“ „vaSlis Sarlota.“ desertebSi xilisa da bostneulis
fafebia: „fafa gogrisa,“ fafa mJave vaSlisa,“ „fafa mJave mocxarisa, Jo-
losa, mayvlisa, alublisa an qliavisa“ am rangSi gadis aseve sxvadasxva
xilisagan momzadebuli felamuSebi.
tortebis cxoba SeSis RumelSi TiTqos warmoudgenelia, magram aRweraSi
kargad Cans, Tu rogor profesionalTan gvaqvs saqme, ase zedmiwevniT yvela
detalis gadmocema mxolod iseT adamians SeuZlia, vinc TviTon kargad
1101
 aris gawafuli am saqmeSi: „feCzed aris damokidebuli kargis gamocxoba,
imisTvis jer qaRaldi SedeT feCSi, Tu maSinve gayviTlda da daiwo, feCi
cxelia da Tu qaRaldi nel-nela gayviTlda feCi kargia;“
ase cxveboda torti „karolevski,“ „italianuri,“ „naRbisa,“ „wablis,“
„Sokoladis,“ „nuSisa,“ „suxrisa,“ „nigvzisa.“ rusuli gastronomiuli
kulturis hitad wodebuli gurievis fafa ‒ „qaSi gurievisa,“ da sxvadasx-
va „peroJnebi.“
CarozebTan gvxvdeba aseve nayinis receptebi, rogorc mas uwodebs ‒ „nay-
invi (maroJni) rZisa,“ „nayinvi (maroJni) yavisa,“ da Jeleebis momzadeba,
Rvinisgan, limonisgan, kenkrovnebisgan, nesvisgan.
kuliCebisa da pasqis gamocxoba iwyeba Tavdapirvelad safuaris dayenebiT,
radgan aseTi ti pis comeuli nawarmisTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovani swored
kargi safuaria. es etyoba kneina barbares dros kargad icodnen. aqve gva-
Zlevs pasqis mosarTavebis receptsac ‒ „glazurie.“ am TavSivea, rusuli
babkebis, korJikebis, krendilebisa da bulkebis cxobis imdroindeli ara
marto receptebi, aramed teqnologiuri procesis aRwerebi, rasac Tan aseve
kulinariuli xrikebic axlavs. amasve gvTavazobs murabebis moxarSvis
procesis aRwerisas: „roca siropi gasqeldeba da nayofi zemod aRar moi-
tivtivebs, muraba mzad aris.“ „roca kargad gacivdes, maSin CaasxiT qilaSi
da SeinaxeT, Tu cxels SeinaxavT, siropi ZirSi darCeba, nayofi ki zeviT
moitivtivebs.“
romel murabas ar naxavT aq, TeTri da wiTeli blis, Tu wengosi da badri-
jnis, komSisa Tu mocxaris, mayvlisa Tu Jolosi, vardisa Tu vaSlis, sazam-
Tros qerqisa Tu gogris da miwavaSlasi, leRvisa Tu limonisa.
gozinayi ‒ qarTuli kulinariis erT erTi saritualo Carozia da Tu tur-
istuli marketingis TvalsazrisiT SevxedavT dRemde erT-erTi „Teiqevvei“
produqtia. kneina barbares drosac, rogorc Cans ase iyo, is nuSis, nigvzis,
Txilis da sxva naWuWianebisgan gakeTebuli gozinayis ramdenime recepts
gvawvdis.
aqve vnaxavT saintereso Carozs Taflisgan, romelsac „alvaxazs“ uwodebs,
da sakmaod rTul teqnologiur process gvTavazobs.
erovnuli siamaye CurCxelis receptebis seria ki rasakvirvelia, saCurCx-
ele nigvziani acmisa da badagis winaswari momzadebiT iwyeba.
Cireulis momzadebis wesebTan erTad gvTavazobs Rvinis dayenebas (kaxurad):
„umTavresi pirobani sazogadod kargis Rvinis dayenebisa arian:
1-li: qvevrebi iyos kargad garecxili.
2-re: yurZeni iyos Zalian Semosuli, radganac Tu yurZeni mwife aris,
ukeTesi Rvino dgeba.
3-me: Tu saSualeba aris, yurZeni gadirCes, ise rom kvaxe da dampali ar
Seyves da TiToeuli jiSis yurZeni (rqa-wiTeli, mwvane, mcvivani, saferavi)
1102
cal-calke daiwuros, ara da erTad.“
aqve vxvdebiT „axtaSiris“ damzadebas:
„Raridan aiReT TeTri yurZnis tkbili did qvabSi da maSinve aaduReT,
qafi moxadeT da gaacieT. Semdeg CaasxiT karga garecxil qocoSi, aamseT
piramdis, SemouwyeT qocos pirze vazis foTlebi, daaxureT sarqveli, miwa
daayareT, zed civi wyali daasxiT, ise magrad datkepneT, rom kargad dai-
talaxos. qristeSobis TveSi gadaiReT, maWariviT sasmelia.“
tkbili sasmelebis dayeneba calke ganixileba: nalivkebi ‒ viSniovka,viSnia-
ki, yavis nalivka, Si povka, arayi vardisa, arayi melia kudasi, arayi pitnisa,
es yvelaferi dawvrilebiT aris mocemuli. aqve aris aseve samzareulos
erT-erTi mniSvnelovani sanelebeli Zmari da misi momzadebis wesebic.
kneina barbare jorjaZis naSromi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani faseulobaa, ara
marto gastronomiuli TvalsazrisiT, aramed socialuri TvalsazrisiTac,
radgan is, rogorc cnobilia, pirveli qali iyo, vinc xma aimaRla qalTa
uflebebze da cdilobda, rom yvela qali saukeTeso yofiliyo Tavis
saqmeSi. amis magaliTs ki rogorc misi mematianeebi weren, TviTon iZleoda.
wignSi avtori sayofacxovrebo pirobebisaTvis saWiro TiTqmis yvela ni-
uanss exeba, sapnis moxarSvidan dawyebuli, saRebavebis ferebis dayenebiT
damTavrebuli. aq vfiqrob, rom lingvistebsac Zalian saintereso masala
elis ‒ alisarCulis saRebavi, sandlisferi, piris feri.
misasalmebelia, rom qarTul sivrceSi ukve gamoCndnen cnobili kulin-
arebi, romlebic acocxleben kneina barbare jorjaZis danatovars, axlax-
an gamoCnda aseve qarTuli restorani, romlis meniuc mTlianad barbare
jorjaZis kulinariuli receptebiT aris Sedgenili, kerZebi qarTuli
produqtisgan mzaddeba, gemo avTenturia, mowodeba evropuli, rac udavod
misi Sefmzareulis damsaxurebaa.
1103
 musika
da
qoreologia

1104 1105

muzeumis multifunqciur datvirTvaSi, dominanti,
albaT mainc, masSi akumulirebuli kulturuli
sivrcea. xolo, kulturis vrcel definiciaTa area-
lidan, erT-erTi mTavari sayrdeni, Tavad adamia-
nis (sazogadoebis, adamianTa garkveuli jgufebis,
er(eb)is) saazrovno kategoriebis gaerTianebaa, rac
ukavSirdeba msoflaRqmas, mentalobas... amitom, mu-
zeumi ara marto icavs (igulisxmeba dacvis sruli
meqanizmi), aramed, kompleqsurad warmoaCens yvela-
ze ufro mniSvnelovans - im memkvidreobas, rome-
lic azrovnebis Sedegad moi pova kacobriobam. es
azrovneba, rogorc aramaterialuri memkvidreobis
umTavresi safuZveli, ayalibebs kidec iseT ganms-
azRvrel maxasiaTeblebs, rasac identoba hqvia.
aRniSnuli konteqstiT irkveva, rom aramaterial-
uri kulturuli memkvidreobis „eqsponireba“ samu-
zeumo sivrceSi, aucilebeli faqtoria, rac, amave
dros, rTul konceptualur midgomebs moiTxovs.
erTi SexedviT, TiTqos marTlac warmoudgenelia
aramaterialuris materializeba, Tumca, aq ganms-
azRvreli unda iyos Tavad am memkvidreobaSi Sema-
vali konkretuli mimarTulebis umTavresi arsisa
da maxasiaTeblis warmoCena.
aramaterialuri memkvidreoba yvelaze mkafiod gad-
moscems eris kulturul azrovnebas, rac mTlia-
nobaSi - msoflio kulturuli memkvidreobis
konteqstSi - saocar eTnokulturul mravalferov-
nebas qmnis. es aris kacobriobis udidesi saganZuri,
romelic RirebulebaTa sistemebzea aRmocenebuli.
amis gacnobierebiT da aRiarebiT Seqmna gaerTiane-
buli erebis ganaTlebis, mecnierebisa da kulturis
organizaciam (UNESCO) konvencia aramaterialuri
kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis Sesaxeb (2003 w.).
1106
Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saSemsruleblo xe-
lovneba, yvelaze zustad asaxavs aramaterialuri
kulturuli memkvidreobis Tvisobriv maxasiaTe-
bels - mas adamiani qmnis da mxolod Sesrulebis
momentSi „abstraqtulad“ arsebobs (mag.: Teatri, mu-
sika, cekva).
saukuneebis manZilze cocxali ganviTarebisa da
mudmivi evoluciis formiT mimdinare es mimarTu-
leba ara marto Sinagani emociebis gamoxatvis, es-
Tetikuri tkbobis gancdis da sakuTari Semoqme-
debiTi potencialis gamomJRavnebis saSualeba iyo,
aramed, samyarosadmi damokidebulebis Cvenebisa da
garkveuli saazrovno stereoti pebis Camoyalibebis
formaqmnadi fenomenic.
aramaterialuri kultura yvelanair distancias
Slis adamiansa da memkvidreobas Soris, radgan is,
Cveni yoveldRiurobis ganuyofeli nawilia. misi si-
cocxlisunarianobis garantic sazogadoebis saWi-
roebebidan momdinareobs, rac Tanmdevad, Rirebule-
biT mniSvnelobasac uzrdis. am ti pis memkvidreobis
arseboba samuzeumo sivrceSi, msoflmxedvelobrivi
ganviTarebis Cvenebis da uwyveti emociuri kavSi-
ris gancdis saSualebaa. Cveni identobis erT-erTi
ganmsazRvreli „poliazrovnebiTi“ kategoriac, ro-
gorc qveynis kulturuli mravalferovnebis sayr-
deni (kuTxuri mravalferovneba, kilouri da dia-
leqturi simravle, qarTuli damwerlobis saxeobebi
da a.S.), aramaterialur konteqstSi reprezentirebis
swor koncefcias moiTxovs. es Tema aseve moicavs
qarTul musikalur memkvidreobas, romelic metad
mkafiod, SemoqmedebiTad da Rrma fsiqologiuri
semantikiT gvagrZnobinebs Cven winaparTa samyaros
msoflaRqmis xangrZliv gamWol process.
salome xmiadaSvili
1107
 salome xmiadaSvili saistorio-saeTnografo samecniero sazogadoeba, romelTanac moewyo is-
saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis toriul-eTnografiuli muzeumi.
dacvis erovnuli saagento,
saganmanaTleblo samsaxuris specialisti, yovelive zemoTqmuli iyo mcdeloba im mniSvnelovani memkvidreobis saTa-
musikismcodneobis doqtori nadod dacvisa da warmoCenisTvis, rasac moZrav memkvidreobas vuwodebT
da romelic, SeiZleba iTqvas, saboloo jamSi, mainc warmatebiT iqna gadaW-
rili. Tumca, aris ufro „faqizi“ mimarTuleba - aramaterialuri memkvi