Geography S5

Wilke
A 60 SECOND GUIDE TO . . .

The Global North/South Divide

Definition
The concept of a gap between the Global North and the Global South in terms of development and wealth.

Classifying countries
More developed countries In the 1980s, the Brandt Line
was developed as a way of
The Brandt Line

showing the how the world was

geographically split into
relatively richer and poorer
nations. According to this
model:
 Richer countries are almost all
located in the Northern
Less developed countries Hemisphere, with the
exception of Australia and
New Zealand.
 Poorer countries are mostly
Countries with a GDP (PPP) per

located in tropical regions and

capita <US$10,700 (shaded)

in the Southern Hemisphere.

However over time it was
realised that this view was too
simplistic. Countries such as
Argentina, Malaysia and
Botswana all have above global
average GDP (PPP) per capita,
yet still appear in the ‘Global
South’. Conversely, countries
such as Ukraine appear to be
now amongst a poorer set of
countries by the same measure.

The gap between the ‘North’ and ‘South’

Despite very significant development gains globally which have raised many millions of people out of absolute poverty,
there is substantial evidence that inequality between the world’s richest and poorest countries is widening. In 1820
western Europe's per capita income was three times bigger than Africa’s but by 2000 it was thirteen times as big. In
addition, in 2013, Oxfam reported that the richest 85 people in the world owned the same amount of wealth as the
poorest half of the world’s population.
Today the world is much more complex than the Brandt Line depicts as many poorer countries have experienced
significant economic and social development. However, inequality within countries has also been growing and some
commentators now talk of a ‘Global North’ and a ‘Global South’ referring respectively to richer or poorer communities
which are found both within and between countries. For example, whilst India is still home to the largest concentration
of poor people in a single nation it also has a very sizable middle class and a very rich elite.
There are many causes for these inequalities including the availability of natural resources; different levels of health and
education; the nature of a country’s economy and its industrial sectors; international trading policies and access to
markets; how countries are governed and international relationships between countries; conflict within and between
countries; and a country’s vulnerability to natural hazards and climate change.
 https://vimeo.com/458098734?embedded=true&source=vimeo_logo&owner=717988

Lion City Rising - A lm project by Director Keith Loutit & Composer Michael Adler Miltersen, 2012-2020.
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 site and situation
Task 1: Identify the site and situation of these examples.

site: at relief near mountains, site:

lots of vegetation
situation: crossroad
of trade routes —> good situation:
for commerce

site: site:

situation: situation:
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 settlement types
Task 2: De ne the subtypes of rural and urban settlements with the help of the comic (QR-code) and
the book doc. 2 on p. 216. Add some sketches if it helps you.
rural urban
Related to farming Not related to farming

http://www.illustratedtextbook.com/?page_id=1142

Think question: what makes a village evolve into a city? (Why do some villages grow and
other do not?)
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 settlement types
Task 2: De ne the subtypes of rural and urban settlements with the help of the comic (QR-code) and
the book doc. 2 on p. 216.
rural urban
Related to farming Not related to farming
Individual farmhouse, Small village of
Small towns - Conurbations
houses for farmers and farm workers

Dispersed town

Nucleated city

Linear conurbation

http://www.illustratedtextbook.com/?page_id=1142
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http://www.illustratedtextbook.com/?page_id=1171
Where exactly was
this photo taken?
Homework (until Thursday): Explain the terms ’urban sprawl’ and ’commuting’ with an
annotated sketch. 

Homework (must be sent until next Wednesday (1.2.23) via teams. (One page of document,
according to the instructions on the page in the booklet)   

commuting and urban sprawl

What do they have in common?

https://www.lifegate.com/commuting-to-work-
tenser-than-a-dentist-appointment
Commuting: periodically recurring travel between one's
place of residence and place of work or study, where
the commuter leaves the boundary of their home
community. Depending on the income level it can be
done by foot in LIC’s or other transportation. Commuting
can cause pollution due to the tra c, psychological
stress but also o ers opportunities to poor people.
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Urban sprawl:  the unrestricted growth of an urban area
characterized by low-density residential housing, single-
use zoning, and increased reliance on the private
automobile for transportation. It is accompanied with
little concern for urban planning has been correlated
with increased energy use, pollution, and tra c
congestion and a decline in community distinctiveness
and cohesiveness.

 The core and periphery model

Task: de ne core and periphery according to p. 218.
Then do questions 2 and 3 from the book.
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 The core and periphery model

- centre-based (dominated)
- Centre has concentration of population, wealth,
information, decision-making powers, innovation
capabilities
- Periphery has a lack of autonomy in decision-
making
—> Asymmetrical role of both
—> model works at all scales

 The Ishikawa diagram

or consequences

This is a nice tool to visualise the initial causes of something and to making it easier remembering them.
 The city is a magnet
reminder: The push and Pull model of migration

urban

rural

Sorry the QR code is incorrect on your worksheet. This is the right one.

 What are the reasons

for urbanisation?

Study the cartoon

and try to explain the
point the cartoonist
wants to make.

 2 The urban hierarchy.

urban functions
and

More than 1,000,000 inhab.

ds
Urban functions refer to the main activities of
y
From 100,000 to 1,000,000
the settlement and its social and economic
development. inhab.

From 2,000 to 100,000

What functions does a city ful l?
inhab.
What are the basic needs of human beings?

From 100 to 2,000

Task: Give at least 5 examples of urban
functions.
inhab.

d From 10 to 100 inhab.

. Coté
S
ram:
g
Dia

From 1 to 10 inhab. I
Iso

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 Urban functions
- Larger settlements will have a wider range
Digital version of projection only - authorize
for classroom

II
functions and more examples of the functions
- Urban functions of settlements can sometimes
change over time
1
Capital: scarce goods and 2 Th
services (universities,
hospitals, capitals, etc.) M
City: intermediary goods
and services (secondary
schools, retirement
From
homes, etc.)
Town: secondary From
goods and services
(shopping centres, From
garages, etc.)
Village: local goods and Fr
té
S. Co
m:
gra
Dia

services (bakeries,
service stations, etc.)
Fro
1 The network model of W. Christaller.

Urban functions
 Urban functions
RESIDENCE: housing
WORK: o ces, industry, factories, CBD (central business district)
COMMERCE: markets, supermarkets, shops
EDUCATION: schools, universities
SOCIALISE: religious buildings, communities, clubs/ associations
TRANSPORTATION: public transportation, airport, train station
ADMINISTRATION: government buildings, townhall
Hospitals / health care services
LEISURE: tourism, green areas, resting, attractions

—> Agglomerations unite more urban functions than smaller cities. This creates
urban networks.
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Explaining urban patterns and structures

Group puzzle: 1. Become an expert in your assigned topic and ll in the table with the

II
help of the website. and your wown research. Make sure that you have the similar
I
results in your expert group.
2. Built your puzzle- group with students who had the three missing topics. Exchange

III
IV
information. In the end, everyone should have all the information.
I: Thünen’s II: Weber’s theory III: Christaller's III: Hoyd, Burgess
of industrial Central Place Sector and
land use location multiple nuclei
theory Theory
Working in a group
puzzle means that you
have a big responsibility.
You have to make sure
https://
that everyone gets the
https:// https:// https://
www.thoughtco.co geography4u.com/ www.thoughtco.co
www.geographycase
study.com/urban-
correct information!
webers-theory-of-
m/von-thunen- industrial-location/ m/central-place- land-use-patterns-
and-models/
model-1435806 amp/ theory-1435773 #Burgess’s_Concentr
ic_Zone_Model

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 What is an urban cluster?
Urban clusters are contiguously built-up areas, e.g. a number
of cities that have grown together. They are de ned by a high
population density. You could say that they are very similar to
conurbations (polycentric urbanised areas in which
transportation has developed to link these with one another)
Both terms cannot be strictly distinguish from one another.
conurbation:

economic
and physical
links

clusters:

mainly
economic
links
Map of the Ruhr area, a polycentric urban urban clusters in China
area in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany

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https://www.technologyreview.com/2021/04/28/1022557/china-city-cluster-urbanization-population-economy-environment/
 https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/
index.php?
title=Degree_of_urbanisation_classi cation_-
_2011_revision#Degree_of_urbanisation_classi catio
n
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 marginal housing, favela, slum,

Sao Paulo
Jakarta
https://i.pinimg.com/originals/8b/1b/4c/8b1b4cb754fd13477dcd191301677a57.jpg https://preview.redd.it/qc5bbygppd051.jpg?auto=webp&s=1a7a01e2dc8 0639b325bae97da0b0652ae

Candoni (near Rome)

Nairobi

ercenter.org/stories/purgatory-rome-life-waiting-roma-and-refugees https://www.gemeinsam-fuer-afrika.de/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Math
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Task: Do a 5 minutes research on the following questions and answer them in
bullet points.

1. What are informal/ marginal settlements?

2. What leads to informal/ marginal settlements?

 marginal settlements, slums, gecekondu,
favelas, shantytowns, compounds…
Marginal or informal settlements are characterised by a series of negative
features:
- ethnic segregation
- social discrimination
- poor living conditions and con icts (trash problems, water pollution, etc.)
- no property rights
- no access to clean water or access to sanitation.
- high levels of poverty and unemployment
- social problems (crime, drug abuse and alcoholism more prevalent)

What leads to informal/ marginal settlements?

- migration from rural areas, population growth, urbanisation in general

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 Urban problems
case study Cairo

a: Answer questions 1 and two on page 229

How has Cairo evolved over the past 50 years?

What are the reasons for the attractiveness of Cairo?

b: Read the doc 2 on page 230 and identify reasons for the waste problem in Cairo
-
-
-
-
-

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fwrZfZPFIV0

 Jakarta - case study

commuting https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yyYojtHzq_o
 Ring River Ring
motorway Lake Train station motorway
Industrial Renovated Inland
Business Industrial Inner city Suburb
Science park Edge city Commercial
zone residential zone port(CBD)
centre Industrial low-class residential
Map: S. Coté (now medium- and upper-class) in decline Ghettos centres

1 Cross section an American city.

Questions
Science park Edge city
Industrial Renovated Business Describe the difference between the cross section of
Industrial Inner city Suburb
zone residential zone centre (CBD) Industrial low-class residential Commercial
Map: S. Coté (now medium- and upper-class) aninAmerican
decline
city and that of a city in centres
Ghettos an LIC.
1 Cross section an American city.
2 Cross section of a city in an LIC. Questions
River
Describe the difference between the cross section of
port

an American city and that of a city in an LIC.

2 Cross section of a city in an LIC. River

port
Slums Old colonial Business High-class Slums
City centre centre (CBD) residential
Diagram: S. Coté

Slums Old colonial Business High-class Slums

City centre centre (CBD) residential
Diagram: S. Coté
 Compare urban areas
Use the backside of the group - puzzle working sheet four notes. (or a new piece of paper)
Task: Work with a partner and compare two mega cities with each other that were prepared
from the class.
1. Locate both cities. (continent, country, region, …)
2. Classify them as a city in a HIC, MIC, or LIC (High, middle or low income countries), use the
city model cross sections from p. 219 to help you. (p.244 for European cities)
3. Identify di erences and similarities within a table. (Look at the structure, physical features,
etc)
4. (For the faster ones) Evaluate each others work and give it a mark.

City A (Asia, China, South-East) City B (North-America, USA, east-coast)

MIC HIC
similarities:

di erences:
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 Solving urban problems

Think of all the problems that come with
urbanisation, all the negative aspects. Of course
scientists and city planners are trying to solve
these. Research an innovative way to decrease
urban problems. Choose one of these ideas and
post them on the padlet. Add:
- a picture

- a brief explanation of the problem

- a description of the idea

- a link to the source

- your name

https://padlet.com/wilkeca/ideas-to-solve-urban-problems-z6t4gm7d0qsntspv

 Solving urban problems

Think of all the problems that come with
urbanisation, all the negative aspects. Of
course scientists and city planners are trying to
solve these. Research an innovative way to
decrease urban problems. Choose one of these
ideas and post them on the padlet. Add:
- a picture

- a brief explanation of the problem

- a description of the idea

- a link to the source

- your name

https://padlet.com/wilkeca/klonen-von-ideas-to-solve-urban-problems-y5llwjsv1f2li3kh

 Elevator Pitch structure

A. One sentence pitch: I help X
achieving Y doing Z
B. Tell a story
C. Talk about a problem
D. Explain how to solve that problem
E. highlight the value
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r-iETptU7JY&feature=emb_logo

start at chapter 2

you do not have to follow this structure, it could just be helpful.

 What causes Urbanisation and

what is the future of urbanisation?
good for wrapping up and
leading to city planning

https://youtu.be/fKnAJCSGSdk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V-4oMnmu47Q
1. What are some of the major themes that emerge in the documentary and how
are they related to the rise of urban network?
2. How have cities become more powerful than nation-states, and what are
some examples of this trend in action?
3. What challenges do cities face in terms of providing a ordable housing and
other services to their residents and how are they addressing these challenges?
4. How are urban networks shaping the global economy and nance and what
are some implications of this trend for individuals and societies?
5. How are cities working together to address global challenges such as climate
change and inequality and what are some key strategies they are using?
6. What are some of the key di erences cities in the developed world and how
are they addressing the unique challenges they face?
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 What happens if you cut down all of a

city's trees?
Task: Watch the video and
answer the following
question:

Why are trees an essential

part of successful cities?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zarll9bx6FI

 Brusselisation
In Brussels, many historic buildings
were demolished and replaced with
generic modern ones. Brusselisation
is "the indiscriminate and careless
introduction of modern high-rise
buildings into gentri ed
neighbourhoods" The notion applies
to anywhere whose development
follows the pattern of the
uncontrolled development of Brussels
in the 1960s and 1970s, that resulted
from a lack of zoning regulations and
the city authorities' laissez-faire
approach to city planning.
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A computer-generated image released in 2022 showing the design illustration for Indonesia’s future
presidential palace in East Kalimantan
 This time series of images shows the growth of the city between 1976, when the
population was 6 million, and 1989, when the population was 9 million, and 2004,
when the population was 13 million. The images use satellite observations of
visible and infrared light re ected by the Earth's surface to enhance the contrast
between land surface types. Vegetation, which re ects infrared light very
strongly, appears red, and urban areas appear light green. From NASA
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 the gentri ication* model
https://www.thoughtco.com/gentri cation-and-its-impact-on-urban-core-1435781

lower social
ae
Sem
classes pioneers
gentri er

|
proportion in %

%
in

Anteil others

innovation phase I I
Invasionsphase Invasionsphase Il
innovation Invasionsphase Ill
phase II innovation phase III
of thePioniere
der pioneers of thePioniere
der pioneers of
derthe pioneers
Pioniere Verlauf der

innovation phase II innovation

Invasionsphase phaseIl
Invasionsphase II innovation phase
Invasionsphase III
Ill ein:
of the
der gentri ers
Gentrifier of theGentrifier
der gentri ers of
derthe gentri ers
Gentrifier Gentrifizierun

(nach: J.S. Dangsc

gentry= wellborn and well-bred people. (in England) the class below the nobility.
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gentri cation describes a progressive dominance of
high-income households in attractive inner-city
neighbourhoods with economic upgrading potential
at the expense of lower-income population groups.
This change is accompanied or reinforced by
structural renewal measures, changes in the
ownership structure through rent increases and
conversion from rental to owner-occupied properties
and/or changes in the functional equipment of the
neighbourhood, usually increasing tertiarisation. In
many cases, this type of upgrading process does not
proceed without con ict.
There are various scienti c approaches to explaining
why these upgrading processes occur:
In the invasion phase Pioneers I and II increasingly
move in. Young people who are willing to take risks
(students, artists, etc.) so-called pioneers, move into a
neighbourhood in need of redevelopment and begin
to renovate (partly occupied) buildings at their own
expense.
"In the invasion phase Pioneers III or Gentri ers I, this
process progresses and at the same time the rst so-
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called gentri ers are attracted, mostly younger, well-
o couples without children (yuppies), who become
aware of the creative milieu. They can a ord higher
rents or purchase prices rise, leading to the rst
displacement of long-established residents and lower
social classes. The image of the neighbourhood is
changing.
In the Gentri er II invasion phase, the actual
gentri cation takes place: More and more gentri ers
move into the up-and-coming neighbourhood, which
also attracts the attention of property developers and
investors who buy up properties on a large scale. In
addition, an infrastructure adapted to the new
residents has developed, giving the trendy
neighbourhood a higher pro le. The number of
pioneers who can a ord the higher prices is steadily
decreasing, as is that of the old-established
population.
In the Gentri er III invasion phase, a certain degree of
maturity has been reached: Only gentri ers - with and
without children - move in, who often see it as a
capital investment. The socio-economic character of
the neighbourhood has changed fundamentally.

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 group project
a practical task: Planning a city
Groups:
Task: Plan (design) a modern city for at least Your goals: A) Somalia (high fertility
100 000 inhabitants - no class rate, political instability)
- Your budget is not limited segregation B) South Korea (Smart city)
- Create a map – roads, zones, sectors (e.g. CBD) C) Dubai (harsh climate)
- Do not draw individual buildings
- less air pollution
- less extreme D) Ukraine (post war)
- Incorporate the city functions E) Malta (limited space)
- Think of smart transport systems commuting F) India (soon most
Use your imagination and include innovative - less gentri cation populated country)
concepts of solving urban problems, envision a city - no urban sprawl G) Netherlands (newly
you would like to live in - suited for growth formed land)
- … H) Iceland (tectonics, small
You hand in at least: population)
a) your annotated map sketch (digital or drawn) I) New capital of the EU
b) one A4 page explaining your goals and solutions (Europia)
to urban problems (include a paragraph about the max. 5 students per group
speci c problems for your surroundings as well)
Your project should be able to explain itself!

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 New Urbanism
1: city should be walkable: no resident should need a car to
get anywhere in the community and they should be no more
than a ve-minute walk from any basic good or service. de-
emphasize the car by placing garages behind homes or in
alleys. There should also only be on-street parking, instead of
large parking lots.

2: mixed functions: buildings should be mixed both in their

style, size, price, and function. For example, a small townhouse
can be placed next to a larger, single family home.

3: strong emphasis on the community: maintaining

connections between people with high density, parks, open
spaces and community gathering centers like a plaza or
neighborhood square.

https://www.thoughtco.com/new-urbanism-urban-planning-design-movement-1435790
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 What is the future of megacities?

What is connectography according to the TED Talker ?

How does he support his idea?
what role does planetary urbanisation play?
In which sense are cities the problem and the solution to sustainability goals?

https://youtu.be/U7y4GlmwPLQ

Positive outcomes of
urbanisation:
Negative outcomes of
urbanisation:
urban sprawl, extreme commuting,
 Essay training
How do I answer essay type questions? --> PEEL technique
= make a statement  Example: In Brussels (latitude of 52°) the winters are
• Point mild compared to NY although the latitude of New York is 40° North (more
to the South)

• Evidence = use sources. For example: in the winter western winds prevail (source 1), 
the temperature of the sea water of the North Sea (source 2) 

= give the explanation, the reason why this causes the winter to be milder in
• Explain Belgium

= link your text to the question (in this case answer: explain why the winters
• Link in NY are harsher despite the fact that NY lies at the latitude of Sicily...) and
formulate at least one clear conclusion
JAKARTA POPULATION

https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/jakarta-population
 Essay task:
In your opinion, what is the
future of cities around the
world?

 Wir Wir Wir

müssen den Wohnraum wollen Kulturgut können Wirtschaft
verdichten! erhalten! fördern!
Functions
New City
Transport

• Plan (design) a modern city for

CBD ?
100 000 inhabitants
• Your budget is not limited The city is on the
• Create a map – zones, sectors coast
• Do not draw individual buildings
You can build canals
-arti cial hills

• new Brussels
FvREUMONT 2014
• Europia
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Louvain-la-Neuve
 Evaluating the annotated map sketch
You can understand the map without
comprehensibility further explanation, it has a clear
structure, dark outlines and colors
The map incorporates many di erent
ways that prevent/ solve urban
content problems and it is thought through
completely, the goals are visible
The map delivers many interesting
creativity ideas; colours, pictures or additional
material is added
the amount of work is tted to the
amount
number of group members
personal impression: The map sketch delivers a positive
Would you like to live impression that makes you want to live
in this city? in this city
The group worked organised, divided
work in class the work and deliver a neat map
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Some parts of the map are
unclear, parts of the legend are
missing, city structure not clear
The map incorporates some
ways to prevent/ solve urban
problems, but it is not enough for
this amount of given time
The map delivers a few ideas,
but overall it is a bit boring
The amount of work is too little
for the groups size
The map sketch leaves you with
question marks and you would
not live there if you could choose
The group worked mostly in an
organised manner, but not very
e cient in class
There is no legend, you do not
understand the map at all, the
lines are too thin
The map does not incorporate
ways to prevent/ solve urban
problems or it is not explained at
all how the city structure
supports these goals
The map delivers no creative
ideas, it is just a pencil sketch
The amount of work is way too
little for the groups size
The map sketch leaves an
impression that it is incomplete
and not thought through, you do
not want to live there, problems
will de nitely occur
The group worked mostly at
home, did not discussed with
each other and divided the work