FINALS

THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD

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➔ may refer to socioeconomic and political division that exists

OUTLINE between the developing countries — known collectively as the
north — and the poorer developing countries which is known
I. A World of Regions IV. Sustainable Word and as the south
A. Regions Global Citizenship ➔ Global Divide is Caused by:
B. Global Divides: The North A. Definition of Terms ◆ Political power
and The South B. Sustainable Development ◆ Economic dependency
C. Asian Regionalism & Degrowth ◆ Importation or exportation of resources
D. Regionalism vs. C. The Unsustainability of ➔ Poor countries more dependent on more powerful countries
Globalization Humanity’s due to
E. World Economy Earth-Transforming ◆ Debt
II. A World of Ideas Domination ◆ Foreign aid/assistance
A. Idea D. The Unsustainability of ◆ Domination by the more powerful government using
B. Global Culture and Media Globalization economic and cultural influences
C. Outcomes of the E. Global Food Security
Influence of Globalization F. Global Citizenship ECONOMIC GROWTH
on Culture ➔ Increase in national income or output
D. The Globalization of ➔ All the countries comprising the north divide is located in the
Religion north hemisphere, however, The divide is not primarily defined
III. The Global Population and by geography
Mobility ◆ As nations are economically developed, they may
A. Definition of Terms become a part of the north regardless their locations
B. Global City ◆ While any other nations which do not qualify for
C. Global Demography developed status are in effect deemed to be part of
D. Global Migration and the south.
Labor Export
E. Philippines Labor Export WHY DID THE NORTH AND SOUTH DIVIDE
Policy ➔ The two sides of the debate over slavery were divided
between the two main sections of the United States; the north
I. A WORLD OF REGIONS and south.
➔ Many northerners viewed slavery as evil and wrong and some
A. REGIONS were involved in the abolitionist movement.
➔ According to Peter J. Katzenstein: ➔ The north did not obey fugitive slave laws because they said
they were cruel and inhumane.
REGIONS
➔ Interacting closely with an American imperium that combines B. GLOBAL DIVIDES: THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH
territorial and non-territorial powers. ➔ The idea of categorizing countries by their economic and
➔ He argues that globalization and internationalization create development status began during the cold war
open or porous regions. ➔ The North and South divide is broadly considered a
➔ Regions must provide solutions to the contradictions between socio-economic and political divide.
states and markets, security, nationalism and ➔ As nations become economically developed, they may
cosmopolitanism. become part of the ”North”, regardless of geographical
➔ Embedded in the American imperium, regions are now central location similarly, any nations that do not qualify for
to worlds’ polities. “developed” status are in effect deemed to be part of the
➔ are dynamic and changing ”South”.
● Dynamic because we can say it is a two way of ➔ South: focuses on agrarian economy
people’s activities changing their environment and ◆ The Philippines is part of the south divide.
how people are being affected by their environment ➔ Generally, definitions of the Global North include the United
● Created by people responding to the opportunities States, Canada, Western, Europe, as well as Australia and
and constraints presented by their environment New Zealand.
➔ Literally, regions is a large-sized territory (i.e. countries, ➔ The Global South is made up of African, Latin America
provinces, or large sections of countries that encompasses and developing Asia including the Middle East.
many places) ➔ The North is home to all the members of the G8 and four of
● A group of countries in a same geographically the five permanent members of the United Nations Security
specific areas Council.
➔ Not naturally given but rather constructed and defined by the ◆ G8 countries: highly industrialized countries
policy makers, economic actors, and social movements. ➔ Soviet Union & Republic of China: represented the
developing east
NICHE MARKET ➔ United States & their allies: represented the more
➔ Identify the specific markets in terms of demography, income, developed west
factors ➔ Global divides depends on wealth accumulation of specific
countries
◆ Wealth accumulation depends on making of human
GLOBAL DIVIDES
need like access to food, water, education, shelter,
➔ The global digital divide describes global disparities, primarily
and health care
between developed and developing countries, in regards to
◆ Reason why south countries are left behind with the
access to computing and information resources such as the
north is because they can't sustain meeting their
internet and the opportunities derived from such access.
population’s basic needs and because of war
◆ War: major impediment to meeting basic needs
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 ➔ Institutions that helps to reduce gap between the north
and the south democratic countries, which were
◆ World Bank (WB) assumed to be allied with the United
◆ International Monetary Fund (IMF) States in its struggle against the
◆ United Nations (UN Soviet Union.
◆ G20: As the premier forum for international ➔ Developed
economic cooperation, the Group of Twenty (G20) ➔ Powerful economics
plays a critical role in steering the global economy
through the significant challenges it faces. ➔ Was anchored on the industrialized,
communist realm of the Soviet Union
INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE and its eastern European satellite.
SECOND WORLD
➔ Has made significant strides towards lifting people out of ➔ Developing
poverty. ➔ Obsolete following the collapse of
➔ However inequality still persists and large disparities remain in Soviet Union
access to health and educational services and other assets
◆ Many Filipinos working abroad suffer from ➔ Was defined simultaneously as a
discrimination and limited access to what other rich non-aligned world and as the global
THIRD WORLD
countries enjoy, because there are notions dividing realm of poverty and
countries. underdeveloped.
◆ If you are from SOUTH, you most probably
experience slavery and famine.
C. ASIAN REGIONALISM
➔ It is the product of economic interaction, not political planning.
➔ The North mostly covers the West and the First World, along
➔ As a result of successful, outward oriented growth strategies,
with much of the Second World, while the South largely
Asian economies have grown not only richer, but also closer
corresponds with the Third World.
together.
➔ While the North may be defined as the richer, more
➔ East Asian economies, in particular, focused on exporting to
developed region and the South as the poorer, less
developed country markets rather than selling to each other.
developed region, many more factors differentiate between
➔ Asian economies are becoming closely intertwined.
the two global areas.
◆ This is not because the region’s development
➔ 95% of the North has enough food and shelter.
strategy has changed; it remains predominantly
➔ The Global South lacks appropriate technology, it has no
nondiscriminatory and outward-oriented.
political stability, the economies are disarticulated, and their
➔ Examined in relation to identities, ethics, religion, ecological
foreign exchange earnings depend on primary product
sustainability and health.
exports.
➔ Nevertheless, the divide between the North and the South
REGIONALIZATION
increasingly corresponds less and less to reality and is
increasingly challenged. ➔ Societal integration and the often undirected process of social
➔ North (in terms of economics): with one quarter of the world and economic interactions.
population controls four-fifths of the income earned anywhere
in the world. CLASSIFICATION OF REGIONALIZATION
◆ 90% of the manufacturing industries are owned by ➔ Logical division
and located in the North. ➔ Grouping
➔ South (in terms of economics): with three quarters of the ➔ Homogeneity (categorized into):
world population has access to one-fifth of the world income. ◆ Formal regions: with high degree of homogeneity.
◆ Functional regions: characterized by functional
GLOBAL NORTH organization of human occupancy.
➔ Include north american countries like us & canada, european,
israel, developed parts of east asia ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
➔ Home of G4 ➔ Regionalization: economic
◆ USA ➔ State: political concept
◆ France ➔ Nation: an ethnical concept
◆ Russia ➔ East Asian economies, in particular, focused on exporting to
◆ UK developed country markets rather than selling to each other.
➔ Or g5, including:
◆ People’s Republic of China: considered as 5th INDEPENDENT COUNTRIES
because china is part of the 5 leading emerging ➔ Not ruled by other countries
economies including brazil, india, mexico and south ◆ Taiwan: Independent country
africa ◆ Iceland: Most independent country in the world;
RANK 10 before, RANK 1 now
GLOBAL SOUTH
➔ Latin America, African & Developing asia DEPENDENT COUNTRIES
➔ The Global South is a term that has been emerging in the ➔ Does not possess a state of being independent
transnational and post-colonial studies to refer to what may ◆ Graceland dependent territory of Denmark
also be called the “Third World”. ◆ St. Helena dependent on UK
➔ In general, it refers to those countries “interconnected ◆ Hong Kong dependent on China
histories of colonialism, neo-imperialism, and differential ➔ Asian economies are becoming closely intertwined.
economic and social change through which large inequities in ◆ This is not because the region’s development
living standards, life expectancy and access to resources are strategy has changed; it remains predominantly
maintained. nondiscriminatory and outward-oriented.

THREE WORLDS THEORY

FIRST WORLD ➔ Encompassed all industrialized,

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 D. REGIONALISM VS. GLOBALIZATION
➔ The process of dividing an area into
smaller segments called regions.
➔ Political process, characterized by
economic policy, cooperation, and
coordination among countries.
➔ Role of regionalism: protect public
relations in negative impacts
◆ Individuals learn their role
REGIONALISM
in the community
◆ Effectiveness of LGU
➔ Cons of Regionalism:
◆ Loosening respective
independence
◆ Cosmopolitanism
◆ Loosening respective
identity.
➔ The process of international
integration arising from the
interchange of world views, products,
ideas, and other aspects, such as
technology, etc.
GLOBALIZATION
➔ As to nature
➔ As to market
➔ As to cultural and societal relations
➔ As to aid
➔ As to technological advances
REGIONALIZATION VS. REGIONALISM
➔ Should NOT be interchanged.
REGIONALISM
➔ A political process characterized by economic policy,
cooperation, and coordination among countries
➔ Countries can respond either economically or politically
(either regionalization or regionalism) because they have the
same benefits economically and politically by forming
partnerships or alliances.
➔ IN WHAT WAY?
◆ Some countries have large enough resources to
dictate how they participate in processes of global
integration.
◆ Example: China
● They offer cheap and huge workforce to
attract foreign business and expand their
trade with countries that once considered
enemies, but now, sees as market or its
goods
◆ Example: US and Japan
● If viewed economically – enables alliances
◆ Other countries make up for their small size by
taking advantage of their strategic location.
◆ Example: Singa[pore and Switzerland
● Compensate for their lack of resources by
turning themselves into financial and
banking hubs.
● They utilize and manage their resources
and use it as an opportunity or as their
advantage.
◆ Singapore: developed harbor facilities and made
them first class transit ports for ships carrying
different commodities from Africa, Europe, Middle
East, and Mainland Southeast Asia.
REGIONALISM INTEGRATION
➔ It is a process in which neighboring states enter into an
agreement in order to upgrade cooperation through common
institutions and rules.
➔ In most cases, however, countries form a regional alliance for
a saying goes: “There is Strength in Numbers”
◆ Alliances = More powerful
REASONS FOR FORMING REGIONAL ASSOCIATIONS
1. MILITARY DEFENSE
➔ Ex 1: North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
◆ Formed during the Cold War when several Western
European countries plus the US agreed to protect
Europe against the threat of the Soviet Union.
➔ Ex 2: WARSAW Pact (WP)
◆ A regional alliance created by Soviet Union
◆ The Soviet Union imploded in December 1991 but
NATO remains in place.
2. POOL THEIR RESOURCES, GET BETTER RETURN FOR
THEIR EXPORTS AND EXPAND THEIR LEVERAGE
AGAINST TRADING PARTNERS
➔ Ex: Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
(OPEC)
◆ It was established in 1960 by Iran. Kuwait, Saudi
Arabia and Venezuela.
◆ It aims to regulate the production and sale of oil.
◆ OPEC’s success convinced 9 other oil-producing
countries to join it.
3. PROTECT THEIR INDEPENDENCE FROM THE
PRESSURE OF SUPERPOWER POLITICS
➔ Ex: Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)
◆ Created by Egypt, Ghana, India, Indonesia and
Yugoslavia in 1961 to pursue world peace and
international cooperation, human rights, national
sovereignty, racial and national equality,
nonintervention and peaceful conflict resolution.
◆ With 120 member countries
4. ECONOMIC CRISIS COMPELS COUNTRIES TO COME
TOGETHER
➔ Ex: The Thai economy in 1996 after the foreign currency
speculators and troubled international banks demanded that
the Thai government pay back its loans.
◆ It made ASEAN more “unified and coordinated”
➔ Generally, one of the reasons for forming regional
organizations is due to international trade, where states
create groups for the purposes of trade and to collectively
reduce barriers or trade among the members of the group,
and due to alliances.
E. WORLD ECONOMY
➔ World economy depends exclusively on human economic
activity and the world economy is typically judged in monetary
terms, even in cases in which there is no efficient market to
help evaluate certain goods or services, or in cases in which a
lack of independent research or government cooperation
makes establishing figures difficult.
➔ Illegal or legal market, they both experience no matter from
South or North.
➔ A black market, underground
economy, or shadow economy is a
clandestine market or series of
transactions that has some aspect of
illegality or is characterized by some
form of noncompliant behavior with
an institutional set of rules.
BLACK MARKET ➔ Tax evasion or participation in a
black market activity is ILLEGAL, and
participants will attempt to hide their
behavior from government or
regulatory authority
➔ Cash usage: the preferred medium
of exchange in illegal transactions
since cash usage does not leave a
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 footprint.
➔ Common Motives of Black Market:
◆ To trade contraband
◆ Avoid taxes and regulations
◆ Price control or rationing
➔ A gray or gray market (sometimes
confused with the similar term
"parallel market").
➔ It refers to the trade of a commodity
through distribution channels that are
not authorized by the original
manufacturer or trade mark
proprietor.
➔ In economics, gray market goods
that are legal and original but sold
outside normal distribution mediums
by real organizations, but they have
no relations with the original
producer of the product.
➔ Parallel Market: an unofficial market
for shares, foreign currencies, stocks
and etc. which works at the same
time as the official market.
◆ Commonly seen in the
black market activities
◆ Means a country has lost
control over its economy.
➔ It refers to the trade of a commodity
through distribution channels that are
not authorized by the original
manufacturer or trade mark
proprietor.
➔ Its products are traded outside
authorized manufacturer channels.
(without having the manufacturers’
knowledge)
◆ Computers
◆ Telecom
GRAY MARKET ◆ Technology equipment
➔ Sold products through distributors
➔ Most distribution agreements require
the distributor to strictly resell the
products to any users.
➔ However, distributors choose to
resell the products to other resellers
➔ Certain arcade games are marketed
under different titles especially titles
from Japanese companies
◆ WARNING MESSAGE is
shown such as: “This game
is intended only for sale,
and used in *specific
country or region*”
◆ One of the reasons for
regional variations is the
TRADE ISSUES in different
regions which someone
else already own the rights
➔ Automobile Manufacturers: some
gray imports are a bargain or cheap,
Some buyers have discovered that
their vehicles do not meet local
regulations
◆ Every country, different
regulation
◆ Parts and services are hard
to obtain because these
cars are different from the
versions sold through the
new car dealer network.
◆ Among the gray imported
vehicles in Japan are
pickup trucks; Toyota
Tundra, Nissan Navara,
and Subaru Brat which
aren’t officially sold in
Japan
◆ NETFLIX: not available in
other countries, the
consumer who wants
access may approach a
gray market reseller.
➔ The white market is the legal, official,
authorized, or intended market for
goods and services.
➔ In libertarian economic theory, most
are legal or authorized, and
everything is according to the norms
WHITE MARKET
of moral, legal, and ethical code of
conduct.
➔ The white market in some goods,
such as adoption of children, has
been criticized as being inefficient
due to government regulation.
➔ State-sanctioned, but immoral
activities such as wars of aggression.
➔ It is the market of
government-endorsed.
PINK MARKET
➔ Monopolies and oligopolies of useful
services
➔ Controls the flow of useful services to
create wars and panic
➔ The trade of human flesh and blood
in the form of sex racket, child
trafficking, organ selling (either
RED MARKET without the consent of an individual
or forcefully)
➔ Red market is an immoral activity
banned by the state.
II. A WORLD OF IDEAS
A. IDEA
➔ An idea is a set of instructions to produce a new good, to
increase quality or to reduce costs.
➔ An idea is different from a good or a service because it is
nonrival.
➔ It can be used by different producers simultaneously.
➔ Therefore, an idea is not scarce in the same way that a good
or service is scarce.
THE GLOBAL FLOW OF IDEAS
➔ Measuring the production of ideas and their flow is not easy.
Ideas are intangible.
➔ However, use the number of patent filings as indirect evidence
of new ideas.
➔ The global flow of ideas is measured by cross-country patent
statistics.
➔ A single patent does not protect an idea worldwide, a single
idea can be patented in a number of countries.
➔ Typically, patents are sought wherever inventors expect their
ideas— designs for new products or production
processes—to be made, used or sold.
➔ Therefore, we can use the distribution of patent applications
as a proxy for the global flow of ideas.
B. GLOBAL CULTURE AND MEDIA
CULTURE
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 ➔ Refers to the unified style of human knowledge, beliefs, and
behavior from which people learn, and the ability to
communicate knowledge to the next generations.
➔ Its development has been mainly influenced by the media.
MEDIA
➔ Term that comes from the word "medium" which is defined as
channel, means or methods
➔ Media is a carrier of culture.
➔ It is a tool for the interaction of people with different cultures.
➔ The real media is the people.
➔ Pieterse (2004): asserts that the only outcomes of the
influence of globalization on culture are cultural
differentialism, cultural convergence, and cultural hybridity.
REAL MEDIA
➔ People; people are the main means in communicating in the
world; if walang people, wala nung lahat ng developments
that exists in the world
MEDIA’S FIVE STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
➔ Language became the most
important tool for exploring the
world and the different cultures.
➔ Language and culture are
intertwined; you cannot access
one's culture if you don't know their
ORAL language
COMMUNICATION ➔ Language: can be learned which
means it can be culturally
translated and they are likely to
change over time.
➔ Oral communication led to
markets, trade, and
cross-continental trade routes.
➔ Script allowed humans to
communicate over a larger space
and for a much longer duration.
➔ Provided evidences from the past;
SCRIPT were written and made available
for the next generation
➔ It allowed the permanent
codification of economic, cultural,
religious, and political practice.
➔ Printing Press allowed the
continuous production,
PRINTING PRESS
reproduction, and circulation of
print materials..
➔ Electronic media includes the
telegraph, telephone, radio, film,
and television.
➔ Completely disseminate
ELECTRONIC information
MEDIA ➔ The wide reach of these media
continues to open up new
perspectives in the economic,
political, and cultural processes of
globalization.
➔ Digital media relies on digital
codes. It can be created, modified,
and stored in any digital electronic
device.
➔ New media; more advance; has a
DIGITAL MEDIA
more developed systems that store
important information
➔ Digitized content is transmitted
over the internet and computer
networks.
C. OUTCOMES OF THE INFLUENCE OF GLOBALIZATION
ON CULTURE (GLOBALIZATION PARADIGM)
CULTURAL DIFFERENTIALISM
➔ Cultural diversity
➔ Evidence of cultural diversity in present times:
◆ Terrorist attacks and wars
➔ In cultural differentialism, they can't mix culture easily without
disruption
➔ Cultural differentialism views cultural difference as immutable.
➔ As the West and non-Western civilizations interact or are
brought in contact through globalization, clash of civilizations
such as that of the West and Islam logically follows.
CULTURAL CONVERGENCE
➔ Occurs when multiple cultures
➔ Examples
1. K-pop culture
2. Uses of tech
3. Participation in global sports
4. English language
➔ Cultural convergence suggests that globalization engenders a
growing sameness of cultures.
➔ However, the culture of powerful and progressive countries
becomes culture.
CULTURAL HYBRIDITY
➔ Keyword: mix
➔ Reason why may iba't ibang products
◆ The global food chain modifies their menu to cater
the taste of people.
➔ It is the mixing and merging of cultures resulting in the
creation of new cultural forms in language, food, fashion, arts,
music, among others.
ADDITIONAL OUTCOMES
CULTURAL ➔ The idea that some cultures
IMPERIALISM dominate others
CULTURAL
➔ Refers to cultural uniformity
HOMOGENEITY
GLOCALIZATION
➔ A constant state
➔ Globalization + Localization = Glocalization
➔ The continuous accommodation and assimilation by local
cultures of the cultures of the world due to globalization.
➔ Do not focus on all more economic aspects
CULTURAL HETEROGENIZATION
➔ Process of adapting elements of global culture to local culture
D. THE GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION
RELIGION
➔ A collection of cultural systems, beliefs systems, and world
views that establishes symbols that relate humanity to
spirituality and to moral values.
➔ The foundation of modern republic; the belief in and worship
of a superhuman known as God; cultural system of
designated behavior
➔ Malaysian Government: Places religion at the center of their
political system.
◆ Islam: Malaysia’s official religion
TYPES OF BELIEFS
MONOTHEISM ➔ Believe in one God
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POLYTHEISM ➔ Believe in many or multiple Gods
➔ Believe that non-human entities such
ANIMISM as objects, places, plants, animals
possess a spiritual soul or essence
➔ Believe to human-natural being
TOTEMISM connection/ having kinship w/ spirit
being such as animal or plant
THE MOST KNOWN RELIGIONS ACROSS THE WORLD
➔ Major religion in the world; started
CHRISTIANITY
in palestine; monotheism
➔ Means peace and submission that
means submission and all of their
ISLAM followers are guided by their
beliefs and practices; monotheism
➔ Bible: Qu’ran
➔ Oldest religion in the world; they
believe in a divine power that can
manifest as different entities
HINDUISM ➔ 3 main incarnation:
a. shiva - destroyer
b. vishnu - preserver
c. brahma - creator
➔ Buddha (real name: Siddhartha
Gautama): founder of buddhism;
➔ Age of 35: meditated under a tree
— dun niya na-achieve yung
BUDDHISM enlightenment; acceptance of
buddha
➔ Life is suffering, freedom from
suffering is followed in the middle
way.
➔ Confucius; center of his lesson is
about self-discipline, respect for
CONFUCIANISM
authority,
➔ Jen: kind treatment to people
➔ Tao: way/path
➔ Taoist: beliefs emphasize the
TAOISM
virtues of compassion and
moderation
➔ Jews: followers of judaism
JUDAISM ➔ They are nomadic society
➔ They later on became monotheism
TOOLS OF UNITING PEOPLE ALL OVER THE WORLD ON
RELIGIOUS BASIS
BOOKS
MOVIES
CELL PHONE APPS
SOCIAL NETWORKS
CHARITY FUNDS
SPECIAL INTERNET SITES
RELIGIOUS SCHOOLS
TYPES OF RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS
➔ Small religious group that is not part
of a more accepted religion
➔ Religion that does not have a
reputable image
➔ They are seemed to have extreme
and dangerous religious belief; least
influential
CULTS
➔ This term is sometimes used
interchangeably with the term new
religious movement (NRM).
➔ These groups are often disparaged
as being secretive, highly controlling
of members’ lives, and dominated by
a single, charismatic leader.
➔ Small subset; separated from a larger
religion
➔ They have norms that disagrees sa
larger religion; ex: amish
➔ It is a breakaway group that may be
in tension with larger society.
SECTS
➔ They sometimes claim to be returning
to “the fundamentals” or the contest
the veracity of a particular doctrine.
➔ When membership in a sect
increases over time, it may grow into
a denomination.
➔ A large mainstream religious
organization, but it does not claim to
be official or state sponsored.
➔ One religion among many
DENOMINATION
➔ Has a slight difference w/ other
religions but under the same faith;
➔ ex: christianity — baptist, born again
christian, etc.
➔ Nationally recognized religion of one
country
➔ Closely allied with state and secular
powers
➔ Most influential
➔ Originally referring to a political
ECCLESIA
assembly of citizens in ancient
Athens, Greece, now refers to a
congestion.
➔ In sociology, the term is used to refer
to a religious group that most all
members of a society belong to.
III. THE GLOBAL POPULATION AND MOBILITY
● DEFINITION OF TERMS
➔ A citizen who leaves his/her
country of birth to work or reside in
another country.
MIGRANT ➔ A person who moves from one
place to another specially in order
to find work or better living
conditions.
➔ A person who has been forced to
flee his/her country to escape war;
political persecution, catastrophe,
REFUGEE
natural disasters, and the like.
➔ It is a displaced person who has
been forced to cross the national
6

boundaries and who cannot return
home safely.
➔ Money sent by migrants to their
home countries.
REMITTANCES ➔ It is a transfer of money often by a
foreign worker to an individual in
their home country.
➔ The movement of a community of
migrants bound by a common
cultural heritage and/or home
country.
➔ This is the movement of a
community of migrants bound by a
common cultural heritage and/or
home country.
➔ The term “Diaspora” comes from
an ancient Greek word meaning
“to scatter about”.
◆ That’s exactly what the
people of a Diaspora do,
they scatter from
homeland places across
DIASPORA
the globe. They are
spreading their culture as
they go.
➔ Example of this communities
includes:
◆ Removal of Jewish
people from Judea
◆ Removal of Africans
through slavery
◆ The most recently, the
migration or the exile and
refugees of the Syrians
➔ The bible refers to the Diaspora of
Jews exiled from Israel by the
Babylonians.
➔ International movement of people
into a destination country of which
they are not natives or where they
do not possess citizenship in order
IMMIGRATION
to settle or reside there.
➔ IMMIGRATE means to move, it
simply means to move into a non
native country or region to live.
➔ The act of leaving a resident
country or place of residence with
the intent to settle elsewhere.
EMIGRATION
➔ EMIGRATE means to live in one
location such as a one's native
country or region to live in another.
● GLOBAL CITY
GLOBAL CITY
➔ A global city is a city generally considered to be an important
node in the global economic system
➔ A global city or world city is a concept which postulates that
globalization can be broken down in terms of strategic
geographic locales that see global processes being created,
facilitated and enacted.
➔ The most complex of these entities is the "global city",
whereby the linkages binding a city have a direct and tangible
effect on global affairs through more than just socio-economic
means, with influence in terms of culture, or politics.
➔ The terminology of "global city", as opposed to megacity, is
thought to have been first coined by Saskia Sassen in
reference to London, New York and Tokyo in her 1991 work
The Global City.
◆ Has shaped the concepts and methods that other
theorists have used to analyze the role of cities and
their networks in the contemporary world.
◆ Key to Sassen’s concept of the Global city is an
emphasis on the flow of information and capital.
➔ GLOBAL CITY also called POWER CITY, WORLD CITY,
ALPHA CITY, or WORLD CENTER is a city which is a primary
node in the global economic network.
➔ Global city is an urban center that enjoys significant
competitive advantages and that serves as a hub within a
globalized economic system.
➔ When a person is in a Global city Taguig, a person can feel
and experience that the place is a city because almost all are
available there from restaurants to hotels, amusement parks,
and casinos.
➔ The term origins in research on cities carried out during the
1980’s which examined the common characteristics of the
world's most important cities.
➔ In some formulations of the global city, such cities are seen as
the building blocks of globalization.
COSMOPOLITANISM
➔ The idea that all human beings are members of a single
community
◆ Has different use in their community which include
the following:
a. Moral Standards
b. Economic Practices
c. Political Structures
d. Cultural Forms
➔ Being at ease in more than one cultural setting
➔ A phenomenon mostly associated with the global city. Large
diverse cities attracting people, material, and cultural products
from all over the world.
➔ It usually evokes pleasant images of travel, exploration and
“worldly” pursuit by the “citizens of the world”.
ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION AND THE BIRTH OF MEGA CITIES
➔ Saskia Sassen is the leading urban theorist of the global
world. She argues for the seven fundamental hypotheses
about the modern global city.
➔ Saskia Sassen’s Hypotheses:
1. The dispersal of globalization-related economic
activities such as managing, coordinating, financing
a firm’s network of operation.
● The geographical dispersal of economic
activities that marks globalization along the
simultaneous integration of geographically
dispersed activities.
● Key factor feeding the growth and
importance of central corporate functions.
2. The complexity of the central functions in the
headquarters of global companies leads to
outsource like accounting, legal, PR, programming,
telecommunications, and other such services.
● The central functions become so complex
that increasingly the headquarters of the
large global firms outsource them.
● They buy a share of their central functions
from highly specialized service firms.
3. Those specialized service firms engaged in the most
complex and globalized markets are subject to
conglomeration economies or the benefits that come
when companies and people locate one another
together in cities and industrial clusters.
4. Outsourcing makes corporations freer to opt for any
location, because less work done in the
headquarters is subject to agglomeration
economies.
● The more headquarters outsource their
most complex unstandardized functions
particularly those subject to uncertain and
7
 changing markets. The freer they are to
opt for any location.
5. Specialized service firms need to provide a global
service which has meant a global network of
affiliates or partnerships that resulted in the
strengthening cross border city-to-city transactions
and networks.
● Strengthening of cross border city to city
transactions and networks.
6. The demand for high level professionals and high
profit making specialized service firms created
spatial and socio-economic inequality.
a. The economic fortunes of these cities
become increasingly disconnected from
their broader hinterlands or even their
national economies.
7. Informalizing part of or all production and distribution
activities, including services, is one way of surviving
under these conditions.
a. One result of the dynamics described in
hypothesis six is the growing in
formalization of a range of economic
activities which find their effective demand
in these cities. Yet have profit rates that do
not allow them to compete for various
resources with the high profit making firms
at the top of the system.
➔ Negative Impact to its Cosmopolitan Population
● Surging prices of real estate/falling housing
affordability
● Residential hypermobility
● Long working hours
● Competitive and precarious labor market
● Traffic congestion / long commuting hours
● Urban anonymity / relative social isolation
THE GLOBAL CITIES AS ENGINES OF GLOBALIZATION
➔ Global cities are command points of the global economy.
➔ Cities are the engines of globalization. They are social
magnets, growing faster and faster. In the current generation,
urban life has become the dominant form of human life
throughout the world.
1. Global cities provide spaces for industries that produce
commodities and firms that provide services such as
accounting, banking, information processing, etc.
● It means, global cities provide opportunities.
2. Global cities offer convenience through proximity and
just-in-time production of products and services.
● Global cities provide convenient, fast transactions
when it comes to production of goods or services as
well as to its flows or processes.
CATEGORIZATION OF THE GLOBAL CUES
➔ Cities are categorized as for some books, it was categorized
by Alpha, Beta, and Gamma based on their connectivity to
the rest of the world.
➔ Many factors are taken into account in this analysis including
cultural and political influence, although economic factors are
the most important considerations.
ALPHA CITIES
➔ The primary nodes in the global economic network.
BETA and GAMMA CITIES PRE-TRANSITION
➔ Smaller global cities that linked economic regions into the
global network.
➔ “Truly global cities” as the most
powerful global financial articulations
➔ Three leading countries are in the
FIRST TIER
First Tier like what had been written
in the book of Sassen.
LATE TRANSITION
➔ First tier includes London, New
York, and Tokyo.
➔ Hongkong, can also be part of the
First Tier.
➔ Based on the level of their
multinational articulations
➔ When we say multinational
SECOND TIER
articulations, we can include Miyami,
Los Angeles, Frankfurt,
Amsterdam, and Singapore.
➔ Based on their importance of their
national articulations
THIRD TIER
➔ Paris, Madrid, Sidney, Seoul,
Mexico, and Teipei.
➔ Based on subnational and regional
articulations
FOURTH TIER ➔ Osaka in Japan, Hongkong (can be
first or fourth tier), Pearl River Delta
in China
● GLOBAL DEMOCRACY
➔ A period of high birth and death rates to eras of lower birth
and death rates, as society transitioned from agrarian or
pre-industrial to industrialization.
RONALD LEE
➔ In the theory of population, according to Ronald Lee, before
the start of the demographic transition, life was short, birth
was many, growth was slow and the population was young.
During transition, first mortality and then fertility declined,
causing population growth rates to accelerate and then slow
again moving toward low fertility, long life, and an old
population.
HOW INDUSTRIALIZATION AFFECTED THE HEALTH OF THE
CITIZENS?
➔ 4Ds:
◆ Disruption
◆ Deprivation
◆ Diseases
◆ Death during industrialization
➔ These 4Ds brought problems not only physically, emotionally,
and even mentally or psychologically.
FOUR STAGES OF CLASSICAL DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION
➔ To understand the variety of regimes found across the world,
it is necessary to understand the history of demographic
change globally. And the demographic transition theory is a
generalized description of the changing pattern of mortality,
fertility, and growth rates as societies move from one
demographic regime to another.
➔ The term was first coined by the American Demographer,
Frank Notestein.
◆ But it has since been elaborated and expanded
upon by many others.
➔ High birth rates, and high
fluctuating death rates
➔ Population growth was kept low,
and late age at marriage, and
positive checks when it comes to
war, pestilence
➔ Death rate begins to fall as birth
EARLY
rates remain high, thus rapid
TRANSITION
population growth.
➔ Birth rates start to decline and the
population growth decelerates.
8
 employment offices and placement of workers either locally or
➔ Low birth and death rates and overseas.
population growth is negligible or
POST-TRANSITION
even declined.
LEP AS A SOLUTION TO
➔ Enter of post-transitional societies
➔ Social unrest - to have equality, peace
➔ Massive domestic unemployment rate
➔ Political crisis and poverty

GLOBAL MIGRATION AND LABOR EXPORT: OFWS IN FOCUS

THE NEGATIVE IMPACT OF THE LEP IN THE PHILIPPINE

ECONOMY
1. Neglect/failure to modernize manufacturing and agricultural
sector
2. Negative balance of trade (export vs import)
3. Poor investments in infrastructure, agriculture, mining and
social development
4. Inability to pursue sound and long term economic activities

➔ Stages from 2-3 means that most of them are from the EXPLOITATION OF THE OVERSEAS FILIPINO WORKERS
LEDCs. 1. Low salaries / below the minimum wages in host country
◆ LEDCs- Less Economically Developed Countries 2. Less compensation and benefits
➔ Stages 4-5 are from the MEDCs. 3. Racial discrimination
◆ MEDCs- More Economically Developed Countries. 4. Physical abuse and maltreatment/death
5. Involvement in the transnational crimes (drug mules)
FACTORS THAT WOULD AFFECT DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION
➔ Managed migration is the solution to global population THREATS ON THE LABOR EXPORT POLICY
stability. ➔ Deskilling of migrant labor in many immigration countries
➔ Usually, young migrants from populus third world countries ◆ About the mismatch of jobs
can help solve the problem of labor shortage in first world ◆ Underemployed when they come to other country
countries as a result of the aging population and low fertility ➔ Shortage of health professional / full-blown crisis in the
rates. healthcare system
1. Man-made disasters
2. Emergencies of new deadly diseases (HIV, EBOLA, H1N1, SOCIAL COST OF LABOR EXPORT ON FAMILIES OF OFWS
SARS, COVID)
➔ Broken marriages
3. Rising cost of healthcare system
➔ Drug addiction
4. Demographic aging
➔ Sexual immorality
➔ School drop-outs
● GLOBAL MIGRATION AND LABOR EXPORT ➔ Suicide
➔ Psychological breakdown
SOCIAL CAUSES OF MIGRATION
➔ The following are social cause of migration: IV. SUSTAINABLE WORLD AND GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP
1. To reunite with family and friends
2. Migration to spread religion A. DEFINITION OF TERMS
3. Migration finds personal freedom, to live a certain
lifestyle, or to hold certain beliefs.
➔ A movement advocating for lesser
PUSH FACTORS FROM HOMELAND or slower macroeconomic growth
➔ Unemployment as a way to achieve development.
➔ Social unrest/rebellion ➔ An idea that critiques the global
➔ Political crisis DEGROWTH capitalist system which pursues
➔ Poverty growth at all cost
➔ Minimum wages ➔ Prioritizing social and ecological
➔ Poor living condition well-being instead of corporate
➔ Corruption in the government profits
➔ Lack of employment opportunities
➔ Social mobility ➔ Economic development that
➔ Government policies SUSTAINABLE focuses on fulfilling the basic needs
DEVELOPMENT of citizens rather than amassing
PULL FACTORS TO THE DESTINATION COUNTRY profits
➔ Better working conditions
➔ High standard of living ➔ State that exists when all citizens
➔ Attractive compensation package have a stable and unhampered
➔ More employment opportunities FOOD SECURITY
access to sufficient and nutritious
food.
● PHILIPPINES LABOR EXPORT POLICY (LEP)
➔ According to PD 442 (Labor Code of 1974): To strengthen ➔ Citizenship that puts emphasis on
the network of public employment offices and placement of GLOBAL
one’s responsibilities to the
workers, locally and overseas, to serve national development CITIZENSHIP
international community.
objectives
➔ The purpose of this law is to promote employment and human
resources development and to ensure industrial peace on B. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT & DEGROWTH
social justice, as well as to strengthen the network of public
9
 ANTHROPOCENE 1. Squandering of resources (water, labor, capital)
➔ The epoch or era of humanity’s domination of the earth. 2. Unwarranted emission of greenhouse gasses)
➔ Epoch: commemorable event or period; marked by an event
beginning a new period. MAIN FACTOR AFFECTING FOOD SECURITY IN THE 3RD WORLD
➔ Middle class: has the ability to provide for their needs but COUNTRIES
hindi masyado (ewan ko) life nila ➔ Lack of Infrastructure in harvesting, processing, storing and
◆ Lately, the middle class people is becoming a part of transporting food supplies
the lower class
➔ Technology and global competition are destroying many PRACTICAL SOLUTIONS TO FOOD LOSS IN THE 3RD WORLD
middle class careers 1. Strengthening the supply chain through a direct support of
farmers
“The Earth has now left its natural geological epoch, the present 2. Investments in infrastructure, transportation, and expansion of
interglacial state called the Holocene. Human activities have become the food and packaging industry
so pervasive and profound that they rival the great forces of Mother 3. Raising awareness among the industries, retailers and
Nature… The earth if rapidly moving into a less biologically diverse, consumers on food loss and wastage.
less forested, much warmer, and probably wetter and stormier state”
F. GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP
- Steffen, Cruzten and McNeill ➔ A way of living that responds to the complexities of the
modern world., acknowledging that policies and actions have
C. THE UNSUSTAINABILITY OF HUMANITY’S repercussions for people and communities internationally,
EARTH-TRANSFORMING DOMINATION regionally, nationally, and locally.
➔ Collapsing financial market ➔ The idea that all people have civil responsibility in the world
➔ Rising unemployment as a whole
➔ Shrinking middle class ➔ Avoiding parochialism
➔ Extreme indebtedness ➔ A belief that we can all make a difference
➔ Climate change
Essential values of global citizenship
STABILITY 1. Empathy
➔ Short term firmness in position, permanence and resistance to 2. Interdependence
change, especially in a disruptive way. 3. Diversity
➔ Condition of being stable or in equilibrium.
A GLOBAL CITIZEN
SUSTAINABILITY A. Understand the complexity of our interconnected world
➔ Long term capacities of a system to exist, not its short-term B. Understand our biggest challenges
resistance to change. C. Knows our social, ethical, and political responsibilities
➔ Ability to sustain something D. Display leadership and teamwork
E. Solves problems through innovation and entrepreneurship
D. THE UNSUSTAINABILITY OF GLOBALIZATION
1. The western-centric globalization is premised on the idea of
making everyone live and consume like a typical Western Examples of sustainable development
does. 1. Wind energy - windmill/turbine
2. The current trend points to the global race to the bottom with 2. Solar energy
regards to wages and corporate rates. 3. Crop rotation
3. The continuous commodification of the world’s resources from 4. Water efficient fixture
water to air, from minerals to forest lands under the current
economic system would exhaust the world’s finite resources.
In food security, its component elements include:
MOTHER EARTH / PACHAMAMA - Availability
- Utilization
➔ An indigenous earth goddess equivalent to mother earth.
- Stability
➔ A Bolivian concept of giving mother earth and all creatures
- Access
“right”
➔ Independent deity that controls…
Food security and poverty are closely linked.
➔ Goddess of elements
The factors why global food security is important:
E. GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY
1. Provides improvement of nutritional advice
➔ Global Food Security remains a “complex multidimensional 2. Enhances the quality of rural life by way of community
and multi-sectoral problem because of the effects of climate development
change. 3. It can assist in providing opportunities for income generation
➔ It does not only mean the capacity to produce enough food for - Under food security ang food programs
everyone's needs
➔ It concerns the capacity to ensure that every citizen gets
affordable, good and nutritious food on the table on a daily The effects of globalization on food security:
basis with little or no disruption. 1. Wealthy country subsidies and trade barriers make it difficult
for developing countries to take advantage of the potential
THREATS OF GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY globalization for advancing food security.
1. Fossil fuel dependence of industrial capitalism
2. High price of petroleum products
3. Concentration and centralization of agribusiness capital
4. Monopoly of landholding by big corporations
5. Fertilizer-based industrial farming
6. Climate change

IMPACT OF GLOBAL FOOD WASTAGE IN THE ENVIRONMENT

10
 MOD 8-9

DIFFERENCE OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT and

SUSTAINABILITY
SUSTAINABILITY
➔ It is the long-term goal
Example: Sustainable world

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
➔ Many processes and pathways to achieve sustainability
➔ More specific than sustainability
Example:
● Sustainable Agriculture and Forestry
● Sustainable production and consumption
● Good Government
● Research and technology or technology transfer

DIFFERENCE OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT and ECONOMIC

DEVELOPMENT

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
➔ It is based on economic growth.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
➔ model which has a multi-disciplinary concept and it relies on
reducing resource consumption, producing a clean alternative
energy, protection of environment factors, and q
➔ DEGROWTH MOVEMENT of ACTIVIST and quality of life in
its complexity.
➔ Refers to Economic development that is conducted without
depletion of natural resources.
➔ Development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their
own needs.
Through this example, we can attain SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT;
● having Wind energy/solar energy
● crop rotation
● water efficient fixtures
● green spaces

DEGROWTH
➔ It is the idea that critiques the global capitalist system which
pursues growth at all cost.
➔ It may cause human exploitation and environmental
destruction.
➔ It is a planned reduction of energy and resources used to
design or to bring the economy back into balance with the
living world in a way that reduces inequality and improves
human well-being.RESEARCHERS advocate for societies
that prioritize social and ecological well-being instead of
corporate profits.

11
 ➔ Aside from corporate profits, it also includes over production
and excess consumption.
➔ DEGROWTH means transforming societies to ensure
environmental justice and a good life for all within
planetary boundaries.
FOOD SECURITY
➔ As defined by the United Nations Committee, FOOD
SECURITY is a means that all people at all times have
physical, social, and economic access to sufficient safe and
nutritious food that meets their food preferences and dietary
needs for an active and healthy life.
GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP
➔ It is about encouraging young people to develop the
knowledge, skills, and values they need to engage with the
world.
➔ It is a belief that we can all make a difference.
GLOBAL CITIZEN
➔ Someone who is aware and understands the wider world and
their place in it.
➔ They take an active role in their community and work with
others to make our planet more peaceful, sustainable, and
fairer.
ANTHROPOCENE
➔ It is a new present-day epoch in which scientists say we have
significantly altered the earth to human activity. These
changes include global warming, habitat loss, changes in the
chemical composition of the atmosphere, oceans and soil,
and animal extinctions.
THE UNSUSTAINABILITY OF HUMANITY’S
EARTH-TRANSFORMING DOMINATION
➔ Collapsing financial market
◆ Big factors here include our economic activities.
➔ Rising unemployment
◆ Increase of the percentage of people who had no
job and the reason why they don”t have a job.
● These are a big factor in sustainable
development because it can't be achieved
if these factors are present.
➔ Shrinking middle class
◆ Middle classes are getting squeezed particularly
hard by the rising cause of education, health care,
and housing.
◆ Technology and global competition are destroying
many middle class careers.
◆ Higher skills are no longer passports to good jobs
and incomes.
◆ The middle class counted as people earning
between 75% and 200% of the median income in
each country and has shrunk since the mid 1980’s
according to study, from 64% to 60% of the
population of richer countries.
◆ About 70% of baby boomers were already middle
class in their 20’s according to study because of
their parents or families wealth.
➔ Extreme indebtedness
◆ Because of economic fluctuations recessions we
continuously become in debt and we cannot achieve
Economic/Sustainable Development if these factors
are present.
➔ Climate change
(ADDITIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS)
DIFFERENCE OF STABILITY and SUSTAINABILITY
STABILITY
➔ is the condition of being stable or in equilibrium and thus
resistance to change.
SUSTAINABILITY
➔ is the ability to sustain something.
➔ Meeting our own needs without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs.
In addition to NATURAL RESOURCES, we also need social and
economic resources, not just more on natural resources for us to
sustain what we want to achieve in the future.
➔ SUSTAINABILITY is NOT JUST ENVIRONMENTAL.
➔ Embedded in the most definition of sustainability, we also find
concerns for social equity and economic development.
THE UNSUSTAINABILITY OF GLOBALIZATION
1. The western-centric . . .
Example: In this view, contemporary capitalism driven and led by
greedy and grabby western countries in Europe and North America has
established rules of trade and business relations that do not serve the
interest of poorer people in the world.
PACHAMAMA
➔ According to Inka Legend, Pachamama is an ever-present
and independent deity who controls fertility, presides over
planting and harvesting , and causes earthquakes.
➔ She alone has the creative power to sustain life on earth and
take it away.
➔ Pachamama is the GODDESS of the elements because she
can create disasters (like earthquakes or floods) if the
treatment of people in nature is unacceptable.
GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY
➔ One problem nowadays is that not all citizens get affordable
or good food.
IMPORTANCE OF GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY
➔ It helps to enhance the productivity and consecutively the
production of food and it can assist in providing opportunities
for income generation.
➔ It generally provides improvement of nutritional advice
through home economics programs and enhances the quality
of rural life by way of community development.
GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP
➔ Most common Global citizenship definition is the idea that all
people have civic responsibilities to the world as a whole
rather than just their local communities or countries.
➔ By expanding one's personal horizons through global
learning, you are able to effect change in a more meaningful
sense on both a small and larger scale.
➔ All of us are responsible and have duty when it comes to civic
responsibilities around us, globally.
➔ It is about the shared human experience, usually they
champion fundamental human rights above any national law
or identity and social contracts that preserve elements of
equality among people.
Essential values of Global citizenship;
1. Empathy
2. Interdependence
3. Diversity
4. Perspective
DIFFERENCE OF CITIZEN AND GLOBAL CITIZEN
CITIZENS
➔ Have rights within that state, sometimes inscribed in a
constitution as well as obligation under the law.
GLOBAL CITIZEN/CITIZENSHIP
➔ Transcends political borders and assumes that responsibilities
and rights can be derived from being a citizen of the world.
(OTHER TERMS NA NASA DISCUSSION NI MAM KAYE PERO
WALA SA VID LEC)
12
In FOOD SECURITY, its component elements include availability,
utilization, stability, and access.

FOOD SECURITY and POVERTY are closely linked.

Factors why GFS are important
1. Provides improvements of advice
2. Encloses the quality of rural life by way of community dev
3. It can assist in providing opportunities for income
generation.

THE EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON FOOD SECURITY

Wealth countries, subsidies, and trade barriers make it difficult for
developing countries to take advantage of the potential globalization for
advancing food security.
Anthropocene

EPOCH- commemorable or period marked by an event beginning a

new period.
MIDDLE CLASS- provide for their needs like school, house
Technology and Global competition are destroying many middle class
careers.

GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP
- Avoid parochialism

13