I.

GLOBAL SOUTH
ABOUT
WORDS TO GO BY
OBJECTIVES
 DISCUSS THE DIMESIONS OF GLOBAL
DIVIDE

WORDS TO GO BY
I. GLOBAL SOUTH

OUTCOMES
LEARNING
ABOUT
EXPLAIN COMPETING PERSPECTIVES
ON THE GLOBAL DIVIDE; AND

EVALUATE THE IMPACT OF

GLOBALIZATION ON THE GLOBAL
DIVIDE.
 Starter Activity:
▪ Spend 3 minutes with the person next to you, talking
about the following 8 photos.

▪ Think about how different life is in the UK and in

poorer countries like the ones shown in the continent
of Africa.
EDUCATION AFRICA WATER COLLECTION

HEALTH CARE PUBLIC TRANSPORT

EDUCATION UNITED KINGDOM WATER COLLECTION

HEALTH CARE
PUBLIC TRANSPORT
I. GLOBAL SOUTH
ABOUT

WORDS TO GO BY
OBJECTIVES
I. GLOBAL SOUTH
ABOUT

WORDS TO GO BY
OBJECTIVES
 FIRST WORLD
Countries that are industrialized and
developed

WORDS TO GO BY
I. GLOBAL SOUTH

OBJECTIVES
ABOUT
THIRD WORLD
Countries that are mostly developing, non-
industrialized or semi-industrialized

NEOCOLONIALISM
From indirect colonialism in which a neocolony is
dominated, economically, culturally, or politically
by a more powerful country
 AUSTERITY
policy of cutting budget for social services,
so as to reduce a country’s budget deficit.

WORDS TO GO BY
I. GLOBAL SOUTH

OBJECTIVES
ABOUT
ABSOLUTE POVERTY
refers to income below the minimum level
required for physical survival.(World Bank
defines this level as 1 US dollar per day, a level
at which basic needs are barely met but
survival is not actually threatened).

REGIONALISM
process of closer economic integration of
countries within a region (oftentimes, culturally
and geographically linked countries).
 WORDS TO GO BY
I. GLOBAL SOUTH

OBJECTIVES
AFRICA LATIN DEVELOPING
AMERICA ASIA

ABOUT
“Developing Countries”

The Global South is more than the extension of a

“metaphor for underdeveloped countries.” In general,
it refers to the countries’ interconnected histories of
colonialism, neo-imperialism, and differential economic
and social change through which large inequalities in
living standards, life expectancy, and access to resources
are maintained.
 WORDS TO GO BY
I. GLOBAL NORTH

OBJECTIVES
NORTH EUROPE AUSTRALIA
AMERICA

ABOUT
“Developed Countries”

The Global North refers to developed societies of

Europe and North America, which are characterized
by established democracy, wealth, technological
advancement, political stability, aging population,
zero population growth and dominance of world
trade and politics.
rces
II. THE GAP BETWEEN THE GLOBAL
d education NORTH AND GLOBAL SOUTH

CAUSES OF INEQUALITIES
FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS
DEVELOPMENT GOALS

conomy and
• In economic terms, the North—with one quarter of
free the world population—controls four-fifths of the

BRANDT LINE
MILLENNIUM

scross
and access income earned anywhere in the world. 90% of the
the manufacturing industries are owned by and located
erned
qual and in the North.
thebetween
• Inversely, the South—with one quarter of the world
ther
derstanding the drastic populations—has access to one-fifth of the world
n countries; income. As nations become economically
c development for both
mispheres of the world developed, they may become part of the North;
a,to proposed
natural by Willy similarly, any nations that do not qualify for
the Brandt Report. developed status are in effect to be part of the
south.
 III. CONCEPTIONS OF GLOBAL RELATIONS
• Major Premise: The Underdevelopment of Certain States or
Peoples and their Lack of Representation in Global Political
CONSTRUCTIVISM

MAJOR THEORIES
Process is a Reality
• Prevalent: Imbalances of Aggregate Economic and Political
LIBERALISM
MARXISM
REALISM
Power Between States
FACTS

• Interstate Dimension
• The Starbucks and the Shanty:
• Spaces of Underdevelopment in Developed Countries may
Mirror the Poverty of the Global South, and Spaces of
Affluence in the Developing World Mirror those of the
Global North
• The Global South is Everywhere, but it is also Somewhere,
and that Somewhere, Located at the Intersection of
Entangled Political Geographies of Dispossession and
Repossession
 III.INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
CONCEPTIONS OF GLOBAL RELATIONS
• Major Premise: The Underdevelopment of Certain States or
Peoples and their Lack of Representation in Global Political
CONSTRUCTIVISM

MAJOR THEORIES
LIBERALISM REALISM
Process is a Reality LIBERALISM
• Prevalent: Imbalances of Aggregate Economic and Political
MARXISM
REALISM
Power Between States
FACTS

• Interstate Dimension
• The Starbucks and the Shanty:
• Spaces of Underdevelopment in Developed Countries may
Mirror the Poverty of the Global South, and Spaces of
MARXISM CONSTRUCTIVISM
Affluence in the Developing World Mirror those of the
Global North
• The Global South is Everywhere, but it is also Somewhere,
and that Somewhere, Located at the Intersection of
Entangled Political Geographies of Dispossession and
Repossession
 III.INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
CONCEPTIONS OF GLOBAL RELATIONS
• Major Premise: The Underdevelopment of Certain States or
• Generally Peoples
assumesand thattheir
the Lack of Representation
international system isin Global Political
CONSTRUCTIVISM

MAJOR THEORIES
REALISM
inherently Process is a Reality
disorderly LIBERALISM
and relations are anarchic
because • primary
LIBERALISM
Prevalent:actors
Imbalances of Aggregatelocked
are perpetually Economic and Political
MARXISM

REALISM
Power Between
against a struggle for powerStates
and security.
FACTS

• Interstate Dimension
• The behaviours and actions
• The Starbucks and theofShanty:
these states are
directed toward the promotion
• Spaces of their self-interest.
of Underdevelopment in Developed Countries may
There can be no middle
Mirror the ground
Poverty orof moderation
the Global with
South, and Spaces of
MARXISM
Affluence
regard to the scope of power CONSTRUCTIVISM
in the accumulation.
Developing World Mirror those of the
A state
Global
either has power North
or none at all.
• The Global South is Everywhere, but it is also Somewhere,
and that Somewhere, Located at the Intersection of
Entangled Political Geographies of Dispossession and
Repossession
 III.INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
CONCEPTIONS OF GLOBAL RELATIONS
• Major Premise: The Underdevelopment of Certain States or
CONSTRUCTIVISM • A• theory based
Generally on theand
Peoples
assumes same
that theeconomic
their Lack theorysystem
that isin Global Political
of Representation
international

MAJOR THEORIES
emerged from the worksisof Karl Marx.
LIBERALISM • Note that realism
•
REALISM
inherently Process
disorderly a Reality
and liberalism
Prevalent: Imbalances
LIBERALISM
and relations are anarchic
areof politics-centric
Aggregatelocked
Economic and Political
because primary actors are perpetually

MARXISM
theories of international relations.

REALISM
against a Power
struggle Between
for States
power and security.in the
FACTS

• Specifically argues that the

• Interstate Dimension instability
international system results from different facets of
• The
class behaviours
struggle •such andproblems
TheasStarbucks
the actions
and the
due ofShanty:
to:these states are
• directed
Capitalismtoward the promotion
• Spaces of their self-interest.
of Underdevelopment in Developed Countries may
• There can be
Exploitation of no middle
Mirror
resources thebyground
the fewor
Poverty of moderation
the Global with
South, and Spaces of
• regard MARXISM
Uneven distributionAffluence
to the scope of of in the
wealth;
power and CONSTRUCTIVISM
Developing
accumulation. World Mirror those of the
A state
• either has power Global
The institutionalization ofNorth
or none inequality
at all. and injustice
• The Global South is Everywhere, but it is also Somewhere,
and that Somewhere, Located at the Intersection of
Entangled Political Geographies of Dispossession and
Repossession
 III.INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
CONCEPTIONS OF GLOBAL RELATIONS
• Major Premise: The Underdevelopment of Certain States or
CONSTRUCTIVISM • A• theory
Generallybased on theand
Peoples
assumes same
that theeconomic
their Lack theorysystem
that isin Global Political
of Representation
international

MAJOR THEORIES
emerged from the works isof Karl Marx.
• General
• the
that Note
assumptions
inherently Process
that realism
rejection of
•
REALISM
of
power
liberalism
disorderly
and
center
a Reality
and
liberalism
politics is the
LIBERALISM
on the notion
relations
areofpossible
only
are anarchic
politics-centric

LIBERALISM
because Prevalent:
primary Imbalances
actors are Aggregatelocked
perpetually Economic and Political

MARXISM
theories of international relations.

REALISM
outcome of international relations.
Power Between States
against a struggle for power and security.in the
FACTS

• Specifically argues that the

• Interstate Dimension instability
• Statesinternational
are not the systemonlyresults
primaryfrom actors
different in facets
the of
• The
class
international behaviours
struggle •such
politics andproblems
TheasStarbucks
the
according actions
andtothedueofShanty:
to:these states are
liberalism.
• directed
Capitalism
International toward
organizations thesuch
• Spaces promotion of their self-interest.
of Underdevelopment
as supranational in Developed Countries may
• There
authorities can be
Exploitation of no
and non-government middle
Mirror
resources thebyground
the fewor
Poverty
organizations to moderation
of the Global with
include South, and Spaces of
• Uneven
regard to MARXISM
business organizations and non-profit organizations World
the Affluence
distribution
scope of in
wealth;
of power the
and CONSTRUCTIVISM
Developing
accumulation. Mirror those of the
A state
• either
Theroles
play critical has power
in shaping Global
institutionalization ofNorth
or none inequality
international at all. and injustice
relations.
• The Global South is Everywhere, but it is also Somewhere,
and that Somewhere, Located at the Intersection of
Entangled Political Geographies of Dispossession and
Repossession
 III.INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
CONCEPTIONS OF GLOBAL RELATIONS
• Major Premise: The Underdevelopment of Certain States or
• Considers• international
A• theory
Generallybased onasthe
Peoples
assumes
politics aand same
that
real ofeconomic
their
the Lack theorysystem
that isin Global Political
of Representation
international
interaction

CONSTRUCTIVISM

MAJOR THEORIES
emerged from the works isof Karl ofMarx.
• General
influenced by
• further
that Note
the
assumptions
the identities
inherently
that
rejection realism
of
•
REALISM
of liberalism
Process
and
power andpolitics
center
a Reality
practices
disorderly and
liberalism
is the
LIBERALISM
on the
actors
relations andnotion
areofpossible
only
are anarchic
politics-centric

LIBERALISM
directed by the
because Prevalent:
incessantly
primary Imbalances
changing
actors norms.
are Aggregatelocked
perpetually Economic and Political

MARXISM
theories of international relations.

REALISM
outcome of international relations.
Power Between States
against a struggle for power and security.in the
FACTS

• Specifically argues
• The motivation behind the behaviours that
• Interstate and the
Dimension instability
actions of a
• isStates
state shapedinternational
are
by their system
the onlyresults
not interactions primary
with from actors
other different
states andin facets
the of
• The
class
international behaviours
struggle • The
such
politics as andproblems
Starbucks
the
according actions
and the
todue ofShanty:
to:these states are
liberalism.
actors
• directed
International Capitalism toward
organizations thesuch
• Spaces promotion of their self-interest.
of Underdevelopment
as supranational in Developed Countries may
• There
authorities can these
Exploitation be
of no
and non-government middle
Mirror
resources the byground
Poverty
the few
organizations or
to moderation
of the Global with
include South, and Spaces of
• Constructionism
whosebusiness •
perceives
Uneven
regard
identitiesorganizations to MARXISM
the
and interests and
actors
Affluence
distribution
scope of
are the
as
in
wealth;
of
social
power
non-profit the
product of and
beings
CONSTRUCTIVISM
Developing
accumulation.
organizations
social World Mirror those of the
A state
• either
play critical
structures. Theroles power
in shaping Global
institutionalization
has ofNorth
or none inequality
international at all. and injustice
relations.
• The Global South is Everywhere, but it is also Somewhere,
and that Somewhere, Located at the Intersection of
Entangled Political Geographies of Dispossession and
Repossession
•
III.INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
CONCEPTIONS OF GLOBAL RELATIONS
Globalism (Steger): Global economic integration is not only inevitable given the rise
of new technologies; it is more importantly, a normative international goal.
• Civilization Discourse: Dominant ideology of colonialism and the logic that shaped the
• Major Premise: The Underdevelopment of Certain States or
birth of the international order• international
A• theory based onasthe
Peoples same economic theorysystem
that isin Global Political
• • Theory
Considers Generally assumes
politics inaandthat
real their
ofthe
of Lack of Representation
international
interaction

CONSTRUCTIVISM

MAJOR THEORIES
Modernization (Rostow): Outlined historical progress terms a society’s
emerged from the works isof Karl ofMarx.
•
capacity to produce •and General
influenced consume
Clash of Civilizations (Huntington):
that
by
• further
theNoteA
assumptions
the
materialidentities
goods.
inherently
that
clash
rejectionof REALISM
realism
of
and
civilization
of•
liberalism
Process
is
power
practices
disorderly
and
the main
a Reality
and
liberalism
politics source
is
LIBERALISM
center
of
the
on the
actors
relations andnotion
areofpossible
conflict
only
are anarchic
politics-centric

LIBERALISM
directed by the
because Prevalent:
incessantly
primary changingImbalances
actors norms.
are Aggregatelocked
perpetually Economic and Political

MARXISM
in the post-cold war world
theories of international relations.

REALISM
• End of History (Fukuyama): outcome The of international
complete triumph relations.
Power
of Between
western States
capitalism and
against a struggle for power and security.in the

FACTS
liberalism turns the west into • theSpecifically argues
• Interstate
telos of political organization,
• The motivation behind the behaviours that
which the
Dimension
all
and must instability
aspire
actions of a
to
• Global
state isStates
shaped international
are system
not interactions
byintheir the results
onlybetween primary
with from actors
other different
states in facets
the of
• free and
The Lexus (Friedman):
trade and being actors
left behind
• pace
progress
class
international
by the
The terms
struggle
of
behaviours
politics
a binary
•such
of internationalTheeconomicandproblems
asStarbucks
the
according
embracing
actions
andtothedue
and technological
ofShanty:
to:these states are
liberalism.
development. The alternative to•Lexusdirected
International Capitalism
is stagnation, toward
• Spaces
making
organizations thesuch
injunction promotionglobalize of their self-interest.
oftoUnderdevelopment
an
as supranational in Developed Countries may
imperative in the quest for global• modernity
authoritiesThere can these
Exploitation
and non-governmentbeof no middle
Mirror
resources the byground
Poverty
the few
organizations orto moderation
of the Global with
include South, and Spaces of
• Challenging •the Global
Constructionism
Order:
whosebusiness
• Lenin: Capitalism’s identities
strength
perceives
• is organizations
Uneven
regard MARXISM
distribution
tothe
and interests
premised on
actors
Affluence
thecreation
scope
and
are ofof
the of
as
wealth; in
social
power
non-profit
product
new the
and
markets of
beings
CONSTRUCTIVISM
Developing
accumulation.
organizations
viasocial World Mirror those of the
A state
imperialism
play
structures. • either
criticalTheroles has
in power
shaping Global
institutionalization or ofNorth
none
international inequality
at all. and injustice
relations.
• Sukarno: Colonialism has also its modern dress, in the form of economic control,
• The Global South is Everywhere, but it is also Somewhere,
intellectual control, actual physical control by a small but alien community
within a nation. It is a skilful and determined enemy, itand appears that
in many Somewhere,
guises Located at the Intersection of
• Third Worldism: Began as common resistance to new Entangled forms of colonialism Political Geographies of Dispossession and
Repossession
CONCLUSION
• The South continues to be globalized.
• The Global south has provided models of resistance for the
world.
• As global problems intensify, it becomes more and more
necessary for people in the north to support alternatives
from the south.
• Emphasis on the state and interstate politics remains
politically and analytically relevant most especially in
addressing global inequalities.