தெய்வத்ொன் ஆகா தெனினும் முயற்சிென்

தெய்வருத்ெக் கூலி ெரும்

[பபொருட்பொல், அரசியல், ஆள்வினையுனைனை]

ஊழியின் கொரணத்தொல் ஒரு பசயல் பசய்ய முடியொைல்

பபொகுைொயினும், முயற்சி தன் உைம்பு வருந்திய வருத்தத்தின்
கூலினயயொவது பகொடுக்கும்.
UNIT 9: TOTAL STATION
1.Introduction to total station: Get introduced to the Total station, Learn the
evaluation of Total station from the convectional equipment Total Station,
Explain the benefit Total Station and uses of Total station.

2.Types of total station: Explain the advantages and disadvantages of Total

station, Explain the types of total Station, Explain the precautions to be taken
while using Total Station

3.Measurement with total station: Explain the equipment required for Total
Station surveying, Explain the procedure of measurement with Total Station
UNIT 9: TOTAL STATION
4.Characteristics and features of total station: Define the
features of Total Station, State the characteristics of Total
Station, Advantages and disadvantages of Total Station

5.Principle of EDM- Working need setting and

measurement Total Station: Define EDM, State the
principle of EDM, Features of EDM
CONTINUE
6.Setting and measurement Total Station: Define distance
measuring, State principal of EDM, State classification of
EDM

7.Total station Prism- instrument error operation: Explain

Total Station prisms, Describe sources of error in
EDM,EDM instrument operation, Uses of EDM
CONTINUE
8.Electronic display and data recording: Define electronic
data recording, Explain field computers, Define recording
module, Internal memories

9.Rectangular and Polar Co-ordinate system: Illustrate

rectangular and polar coordinates
CHAPTER 1
1.Introduction to total station: Get introduced
to the Total station, Learn the evaluation of
Total station from the convectional equipment
Total Station, Explain the benefit Total Station
and uses of Total station
Definition பைொட்ைல் ஸ்பைஷன் என்பது ஒரு
Total station is an assembly of a உள்ளனைக்கப்பட்ை னைக்பரொ
பசயலியின் கட்டுப்பொட்டின் கீ ழ்
short to medium range EDM உள்ள அனைத்து கூறுகனளயும்
instrument installed in the பகொண்ை எலக்ட்ரொைிக்
framework of an electronic திபயொபைொனலட்டின் கட்ைனைப்பில்
நிறுவப்பட்ை குறுகிய முதல்
theodolite with all components under நடுத்தர அளவிலொை EDM
the control of a built-in micro (ைின்கொந்த அனல) கருவியின்
அபசம்பிளி ஆகும்.
processor.
ஒபர அனைப்பிற்குள்
This single instrument permits தூரங்கனளயும் தினசகனளயும்
observing distances and directions எடுக்க இந்த ஒற்னை கருவி
உதவுகிைது.
from a single setup.
 TOTAL STATION

THEODOLITE
EDM

Total Station is a combination of Electronic Theodolite & Electronic

Distance Meter (With Processor, Operating System, Memory & Battery)
WHAT IS TOTAL STATION?

ETH

EDM

PROCESSOR
OPERATING SYSTEM
MEMORY

BATTERY
 WHY WE NEED IS TOTAL STATION?
Analogue methods of Nowadays
Digital data collection methods.
recording data டிஜிட்டல் தரவு சேகரிப்பு முறைகள்
தரனவப் பதிவுபசய்யும்
ைரபுவழி முனைகள்
Previously
➢ To map a small area
➢ A low precision analogue drawing
➢ Map is drawn directly on a sheet in a fixed scale,
➢ There was no way to replot the map to different scales
➢ The quantity of topographic data collected was few only

❑ These limitations can be overcome

by the use of modern electronic
. total stations.
❑ With the use of total stations we
can use fastest digital data
collection methods
EVALUATION OF TOTAL STATION
Digital theodolites and EDM
instruments were perfected during the
1970s. In the early 1980’s the surveying
instrument manufacturers introduced
the total station, by creating an
electronic tacheometer that combined
the digital theodolites and EDM
devices.
EVALUATION OF TOTAL STATION
Distant measurement

CHAIN TAPE TACHOMETRY EDM Total station

EVALUATION OF TOTAL STATION
Angle measurement
Which of the following indicates the correct
set of the combination of total station?
a) Theodolite, compass
b) Theodolite, EDM
c) Electronic theodolite, EDM
d) EDM, GPS
CONVENTIONAL INSTRUMENT
OLDEN DAYS SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS
 CHAIN

COMPASS

PLANE TABLE

INSTRUMENT
THEODOLITE

TACHEOMATRIC

PHOTOGRAPIC

AERIAL
NEEDS OF MODERN SURVEY
INSTRUMENTS
• FAST வேகமானது
• ACCURATE துல்லியமானது
• RELIABLEநம்பகமானது
• EASY TO MAINTAIN பராமரிக்க எளிதானது
• REDUCE MANPOWER மனிதேளத்ததக்
குதைக்கவும்
• STORAGE FACILITY வேமிப்பு ேேதி
• TRANSFER OF DATA தரவு பரிமாற்ைம்
 ANGLE MEASUREMENT
ELECTRONIC THEODOLITE
• LEAST COUNT FROM 1/5 SECOND
• ACCURACY FROM 2/3/5 SECOND
• PRECISE OPTICAL PLUMMET
DIGITAL COMPASS
• LEAST COUNT 1SECOND
DISTANCE MEASUREMENT

DISTANCE METER & DIGITAL TAPE

• LESS ERROR ( 5MM)
• DIFFERENT UNIT SELECTION
• LESS MAN POWER
• AREA & PERIMETER CALCULATION
• 60 & 100 METER RANGE
• EASY TO MAINTAIN
LEVELLING MEASUREMENT
AUTO LEVEL
• HIGH MAGNIFICATION FROM 24X TO 32X
• LEAST COUNT 1MM
• ACCURACY FROM 1MM TO 2.5MM
• COMPENSATOR (SWINGING PRISM)
• QUICK SETTING
LEVELLING MEASUREMENT
DIGITAL LEVEL
• ACCURACY 1MM & LESS
• HIGH PRECISION
• QUICK SETTING
• BAR CODING STAFF
• DIRECT READING
 WHAT IS TOTAL STATION?

ETH

EDM

PROCESSOR
OPERATING SYSTEM
MEMORY

BATTERY

Total Station is a combination of Electronic Theodolite & Electronic Distance Meter

(With Processor, Operating System, Memory & Battery)
Theodolites
(திபயொைனலட்)
used for precise angular
measurement in both horizontal and
vertical planes.
கினைைட்ை ைற்றும் பசங்குத்துத்
தளங்களில் துல்லியைொை பகொண
அளவட்டிற்குப்
ீ பயன்படுத்தப்படுகிைது.
PARTS OF THEODOLITE
Electronic Theodolite: In an electronic
theodolite, absolute angle measurement
instrument is provided by a dynamic
system with Opto-Electronic scanning.
The electronic theodolites are provided
with control panel with key board and
LCD panel displays
EDM-Electro magnetic Distance Measurement
Three methods of measuring distance between two points
1.Dircet measurement
2.Optical distance measurement (ஒளியியல் ரீெியாக)
3. Electro magnetic Distance Measurement (ெின்காந்ெ அலலகள் மூலம் )
❖ First Introduced by Swedish physicist Erik Bergstrand
(Geodimeter) in 1945.
❖ Used Visible light at night to accurately measure distances
of up to 40km
❖ In 1957, the first Tellurometer, designed by South African,
Dr. T.L.Wadley, was launched
❖ The Tellurometer used microwaves to measure distances
up to 80km during day or night.
❖ Distomats commonly used in surveying use molulated
Infrared waves
Geodimeter
Tellurometer
Distomats
Generation Propagation
Reflection
Reception
EM WAVES
Properties
✓ Sinusoidal wave
✓ Cycle
✓ Frequency
✓ Wave length
✓ Period
✓ Velocity
✓ Phase
Ф2
 ∅𝟐 −∅𝟏
2D= nλ+ λ
𝟑𝟔𝟎
EDM characteristics:

1.Distance Range 750-1000 meters .Average atmospheric

conditions.
Short range ----- 1250 m ---- single prism
Long range ------15 km -----11prisms
2.Operating temperature -20 to +50 oc
3. The measuring time
1.5 sec ----short range measurements
up to 4 sec -----long range measurements.
EDM characteristics:
5. Slope Reduction
6. Battery Capability : 1500-5000 measurements
7. Non-prism measurement : 100-350m
Microwave ; Infra-red
EDM characteristics: Manufacturer's Stated Accuracy (MSA)
8. EDM Accuracy
± (Constant + parts per million).
• Constant is the accuracy of converting partial
wavelength to a distance.
• ppm is a function of the accuracy of the length of
each wavelength, and the number of wavelengths.
 EDM
EDM CLASSIFICATION:

ENERGY RANGE

LASAR / VISIBLE
MICROWAVE SHORT MEDIUM
INFRARED LIGHT

VISIBLE OR INFRARED MICROWAVE

RANGE 3 TO 5 KM ✓ 30 - 50 km range
Used in engineering and construction ✓ used for control surveys.
How many types of EDM instruments are there based on wavelength?

a) 2

b) 4

c) 5

d) 3
SALIENT FEATURES OF
TOTAL STATION
SALIENT FEATURES OF TOTAL STATION
• High magnification (30X)
• Reflector & Reflector Less Distance Measurement
• Laser plummet for Centering
• Precession screws for target fixing
• Reliable Bubbles for Levelling
• Internal & External Memory
• On Board Data Processing
• Data Downloading
• Linux & Windows Operating System
• Hot Swappable Rechargeable Batteries
PARTS OF TOTAL STATION
PARTS OF TOTAL STATION

Top Handle

Focusing Adjustment
Eye Piece Adjustment
Vertical Tangent Knob
Vertical Clamp Knob
Plate Bubble (Tubular Bubble)
Horizontal Tangent Knob
Horizontal Clamp Knob
USB & Mini USB Port
Base Bubble (Circular Bubble)

Foot Screws
PARTS OF TOTAL STATION

Vertical Circle

Objective Lens

Instrument Height Mark

Touch Screen Display

Keyboard
Stylus Pen
PARTS OF TOTAL STATION

Optical Sight / Collimator

Battery Clamp
Laser Plummet

Detachable Knob
A : Top Handle
B : Collimator
C : Optical plummet
D : Data out connector
 Types of Total Station
Manual total stations
• It was necessary to read the horizontal and vertical angles
manually in this type of instrument.
• The only value that could be read electronically was the slope
distances.
Semi-automatic total stations
• The user had to manually read the horizontal circle for these
instruments, but the vertical circle readings were shown
digitally.
• Slope distances were measured electronically and the
instruments could, in most cases be used to reduce the values
to horizontal and vertical components.
Automatic total stations
• This type is most common total station used now-a-days.
• They sense both the horizontal and vertical angles
electronically and measure the slope distances, compute
the horizontal and vertical components of those
distances, and determine the coordinates of observed
points, it is necessary to properly orient the instrument
of some known directions such as true north, magnetic
north or to some known bearing.
• The coordinate information obtained can either be stored
in the total station.
• At present, it is the age of fully automatic total stations
and robotic total stations.
ACCESSORIES FOR TOTAL
STATION
 PRECISION & ACCURACY
OF TOTAL STATION
❑Angular Least Count
1 Second
❑Angular accuracy
1 / 2 / 3 / 5 Second
❑Minimum Measuring Distance
1 Meter
❑Distance accuracy
Instrumental error (+/-) 2 To 10 mm
Length of measurement (+/-) 2 To10 mm / Km
 SETTING OF
TOTAL STATION
MOUNTING ON BATTERY
THE TRIPOD MOUNTING
 SETTING OF
TOTAL STATION
CENTERING LEVELING
Level the Instrument
Using three foot screw
make the bubble centre
and check face left and
face right BUBBLE in
centre and click on
laser pointer and press
continue
 SETTING OF
TOTAL STATION
EYE PIECE
ADJUSTMENT TARGET FIXING
 MEASUREMENTS USING
TOTAL STATION
❑BASIC MEASUREMENT
Horizontal Angle (HA)
Vertical Angle (VA)
Horizontal Distance (HD)
Slope Distance (SD)
Vertical Distance (VD)
❑SPECIAL MEASUREMENT
Remote Distance Measurement (RDM)
Remote Elevation Measurement (REM)
❑CO-ORDINATES MEASUREMENT
 ANGLE MEASUREMENT
HORIZONTAL ANGLE (HA) MEASUREMENT

HA 35° °00’
HA 325
00° 40’
35’00’’
25’’
55’’
Press SET 0
For HA Zero
❑ Absolute Rotary Encoder

❑ Single Key press (Set 0)

❑ Angle Display in the format

HA 00° 00’ 00’’

 ANGLE MEASUREMENT
VERTICAL ANGLE (VA) MEASUREMENT

VA1 75° 25’ 35’’

VA2 15° 45’ 05’’
Objective
VA = VA1 – VA2 Lens

❑ Absolute Rotary Encoder

❑ Telescope position
 DISTANCE MEASUREMENT

EDM REFLECTOR
Electronic Distance Meter Prism

EDM Broadcasts focused signal (Laser Beam) that is returned by a

Reflector (Prism ) Or reflection from Object.

EDM available in two modes

Non Reflector Mode
Reflector Mode
 EDM MODES
TYPES OF PRISM
Reflector Less Mode Single Prism

Mini Prism

Reflector Sheet Mode Triple Prism

DISTANCE MEASUREMENT

SD1

VD1 ❑ Choose the proper

HD1 EDM Mode before
HD2 measurement.
VD2
SD2
❑ Focus the Target &
Press Measure
button for the
Distance
Measurement

HD1 : 7.50 m HD2 : 7.50 m ❑ Distance unit

SD1 : 7.76 m SD2 : 7.56 m available
VD1 : 2.00 m VD2 : -1.0 m Meter or Feet
REMOTE DISTANCE MEASUREMENT(RDM)

A
SD
VD ❑ Choose the proper EDM
HD Mode before
measurement.

❑ We can measure the HD,

SD & VD between two
remote points
REMOTE DISTANCE MEASUREMENT(RDM)

D
❑ Radial Method
C

A
A
A
REMOTE DISTANCE MEASUREMENT(RDM)

D ❑ Continuous Method
C

A
REMOTE ELEVATION
MEASUREMENT(REM)

❑ To Obtain the elevation of the point

at which setting the prism is not
H possible.

PH ❑ The prism point & the target point

Dist.
should be vertically straight.

❑ Prism Height compulsory for

Prism Mode
 REMOTE ELEVATION
MEASUREMENT(REM)

❑ To Obtain the elevation of the

point at which setting the target
H
prism is not possible

❑ The prism point & the target

PH point should be vertically
straight
Dist.

❑ Prism Height compulsory for

Prism Mode
 REMOTE ELEVATION
MEASUREMENT(REM)

❑ To Obtain the elevation

of the point at which
H
setting the target prism
is not possible. H

❑ The prism point & the H

P
target point should be H

vertically straight. Dist.

❑ Prism Height
compulsory for
Prism Mode
REMOTE ELEVATION
MEASUREMENT(REM)

❑ To Obtain the elevation

of the point at which
setting the target prism
Height is not possible.
H
Angle ❑ The prism point & the
Dist. target point should be
PH vertically straight.

❑ Prism Height
compulsory for
Prism Mode
 CO-ORDINATES SYSTEM
Y N

90° 0°

-X 180° 0° X -E 270° STATION

90° E
ORGIN
POINT POINT

270° 180°
-Y -N

GENERAL CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM SURVEY CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM

X - Axis E- Easting
Y - Axis N - Northing
Z - Elevation Z - Elevation
 CO-ORDINATES MEASUREMENT
NO KNOWN POINTS (BACK SIGHT BY DIRECTION)
N
Back Sight N
Direction
HA=0°00”00’ Step : 1
PRESS (SET 0) Station Setup
(Instrument Height)
2
5 N 43.0
N 37.0 E 42.0
E -65.4 Z 1.5 Step : 2
Z 1.8 Orientation /
Back Sight Setup
IV IH
1 I
N 0
-E E 0 E
Z 0
SP1
III II Step : 3
4 3
N -36.0 N -36.0 (Prism / Target Height)
E -65.0 E 50.0
Z -1.0 Z -1.5
Measure & Save

-N
 CO-ORDINATES MEASUREMENT
NO KNOWN POINTS (BACK SIGHT BY DIRECTION)
N
N

2
5 N 1043.0
N 1037.0 E 1042.0
E 934.6 Z 101.5
Z 101.8
IV I
1
N 1000
-E E 1000 E
Z 100
SP1

III II

4 3
N 964.0 N 964.0
E 935.0 E 1050.0
Z 99.0 Z 98.5

-N
 CO-ORDINATES MEASUREMENT
ACCESSIBLE KNOWN POINTS (BACK SIGHT BY POINT)
N
N
Step : 1
Station Point Setup
(Instrument Height)

3
N 1173.0
4
E 875.0
Step : 2 Z 105.5
N 1167.0
E 940.0
Orientation / Z 105.0
Back Sight Setup

2
N 1145.0
Step : 3 E 995.0
(Prism / Target Height) Z 101.0
R2
Measure & Save
IH

-E E
1
N 1100.0
E 900.0
Z 100.0
R1

-N
 CO-ORDINATES MEASUREMENT
INACCESSIBLE KNOWN POINTS (FREE STATION)

P2
P1 N2,E2,Z2
N1,E1,Z1 R2
R1
FREE STATION/RESECTION

❑ By using Two Or More

Known Co-Ordinates,
find out the station
Co-Ordinates

❑ Minimum Two Known

Co-Ordinates Required

❑ During the Traverse

❑ During the Reference

Points are not accessible
 CO-ORDINATES MEASUREMENT
INACCESSIBLE KNOWN POINTS (FREE STATION)

N
Step : 1
Instrument Setup
P2 (Instrument Height)
P1 N2,E2,Z2
P4
N1,E1,Z1 R2
N4,E4,Z4 Step : 2
R1
P4 (Prism / Target Height)
N2,E2,Z2
Known point Measurement

Step : 3
Calculate & Save
Station Point

Step : 4
IH (Prism / Target Height)
Known point measurement

P3 Step : 5
N3,E3,Z3
SP New
(Prism / Target Height)
Measure & Save
 MEASUREMENT METHOD
2D APPLICATION

P11

P10 P12
P19
P13
P14

P9 P20
P8
P7 P18`
P15 P16 P17

P6 AREA
PERIMETER
P5
P4

P2 TOPO
After finished the
P1 (SP) DISTANCE
Station &
AREA
P3 Back sight Setup
PERIMETER
 MEASUREMENT METHOD
3D APPLICATION

P4 P5
BM - 100 P9
P3 P8
N2,E2,
If Z2
Z2=100 P22 P23
Continue the P2 P7 CONTOUR
VOLUMES P13 P24
P12
Survey P6 P16 P17 P21
P11
P15 P20
P10 P25 P19
P14 P18

LEVELS
IfIfBench
Bench Mark
Markis
If
P1 (SP) VOLUME
Inaccessible
accessible
Z2 (Elevation)
Z2 (Depression)
N1,E1,Z1= 0
N1,E1,Z1=BM CONTOUR
Station Setup
Update Z1 – Z2
LS &BM
(Instrument
= CS +
Height)
CO-ORDINATES MEASUREMENT
(INSTRUMENT SHIFTING)

P4 (SP2)
P2 N4,E4,Z4 P5
N2,E2,Z2 N5,E5,Z5

P3
N3,E3,Z3

Step : 21
Set the
Before Step
the: Instrument
43
Instrument
Shift in
P1 (SP1)
N1,E1,Z1
Measure
Foresight
Observe
Take point &&Save
the Sight
Fore Prism
Backsight
Point&in
(Prism
Back Height
ConfirmSight / Target
the Point
Measurement porper
P5
N1,E1,Z1 Mark &Height)
Instrument
Save the Shift
same
 FREE STATION
(INSTRUMENT SHIFTING)

P5
P2 N5,E5,Z5 P6
N2,E2,Z2 SP2 N6,E6,Z6
P4
N4,E4,Z4
P3
N3,E3,Z3

P6
N3,E3,Z3

Step : 1
P1 Step
Before Shift the: Instrument
32
N1,E1,Z1
SP1
Take
Shift
Take Measurement
TwotheMeasurements
Instrument on
MarkKnown
& SavePoints
(Instrument Height)
the Same
 STAKE OUT / SET OUT
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SGwRas3pQGw

Stake Out point

obtained
from the Known
station point,
Back Sight Point
and Stake Out
Co-ordinate
 STAKE OUT / SET OUT

Back Sight
Direction N
HA=0°
PRESS SET 0

Stake
Point

P2
Back Sight Point
N2,E2,Z2

STEP
STEP - 6- 42
P1 ➢ Instrument
Take STEP
STEP
SetSTEP –Calculate
-6--153 by
Orientation
Measurements
STEP
Station Point
N1,E1,Z1
➢Repeat
Rotate
Input
Follow
Angle
Back
Setup Stake
Sight
the
&
the Instrument
Out
Distance
Instructions
Direction
Instrument
Step Point
for
( 3 to in/to
6)
➢ Calculated
forMark
Back
Next Ns,Es,Zs
Stake
theSight
Stake
Station
Points Point
PointAngle
Point
Stake Point
out
 STAKE OUT / SET OUT
(USING FREE STATION)

P2 (R2)
P1 (R1) Stake N2,E2,Z2
N1,E1,Z1 Point

STEP
STEP - 5- 3
P3 (SP) ➢ Measure
Instrument
STEP –-Calculate
STEP
the
STEP
STEP 1-- 42
6Distance
N3,E3,Z3
➢
SetupInput
Follow
Angle
Rotate
RepeatthetheStake
the
& Out
Distance
Arrow
Instrument
the toPoint
( 2 Mark
Instrument
Step for
Using
5) to
➢Free
for Mark
Next Ns,Es,Zs
Stake
the
Station Stake
Calculated
Points Point Point
(Resection)
Angle
Stake out