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Shelbistar Marbaniang
January-2023
PREFACE:-
Firstly, I want to introduce myself, my Name is Shelbistar Marbaniang. I am a citizen of India (State Meghalaya).
I have been graduated since 2018.
As a student I enjoy solving mathematical problems and my greatest wish for myself is one day I will be able to
fix or resolve the Riemann Sum of Definite Integral as it is widely known as an Approximation area under a curve.
ABSTRACT:-
In this paper ∆� is considered as an equal length (constant length) of each rectangles and triangles under a closed
curve define by a function �(�) .
�0 , �1 , �2 , ……………, ��−1 , �� .
1
Definition :-
If �(�) is a continuous function defined on the interval � , � , then the area under the curve �(�) above the � −
axis, and between � = � and � = � is given by
� 1 �
�
� � �� = 2 lim �=1
� ��−1 + � �� ∆�
�→∞
Proof:
Suppose the interval of a function �(�) is divided into � number of sub-intervals of equal length Δ� as
shown in Fig.1.
Then,
The total sum of � number of subintervals of equal length of function �(�) is given by
Fig.1
2
Step.1:- Finding the area of a closed curve at �� , �1 :
Fig.2
Again, consider a rectangle ABCD of width � �0 = 0 and length = �1 − �0 = ∆� exists in a closed curve of Fig.2 as
shown in Fig.3
Fig. 3
AD=BC= � �0 , but � �0 = 0
AB = CD= �1 − �0 = ∆�
EB= � �1
EC=EB−BC = � �1 − � �0
3
Now,
And,
1
Area of Triangle EDC= 2 CDEC
1
Area of Triangle EDC= 2 ∆� � �1 − � �0
1 1
Area of Triangle EDC= 2 � �1 ∆� − 2 � �0 ∆� ------------------------- (1.3)
Thus,
Total Area of a closed curve ABED = Area of a Rectangle, ABCD + Area of Triangle EDC
1 1
Total Area of a closed curve ABED = � �0 ∆� + 2 � �1 ∆� − 2 � �0 ∆� from (1.2) and (1.3)
1 1
Total Area of a closed curve ABED = 2 � �0 ∆� + 2 � �1 ∆�
1
Total Area of a closed curve ABED = 2 � �0 ∆� + � �1 ∆� ----------------------(1.4)
Fig.4
4
From Fig.4, we have
PS = QR = � �1
PQ=RS= �2 − �1 = ∆�
QT= � �2
RT =QT− PS
RT =� �2 − � �1
Now,
And,
1
Area of a Triangle TSR =2 RS RT
1
Area of a Triangle TSR =2 ∆� � �2 − � �1
1 1
Area of a Triangle TSR =2 � �2 ∆� − 2 � �1 ∆� --------------------- (1.6)
Thus,
Total Area of a closed curve PQTS = Area of Rectangle PQRS + Area of a Triangle TSR
1 1
Total Area of a closed curve PQTS = � �1 ∆� + 2
� �2 ∆� − 2 � �1 ∆�
1 1
Total Area of a closed curve PQTS = 2
� �1 ∆� + 2
� �2 ∆�
1
Total Area of a closed curve PQTS = 2 � �1 ∆� + � �2 ∆� ------------------- (1.7)
5
Step.3:- Finding the area of a closed curve at ��−1 , ��
Fig.5
OL=MN= �(��−1 )
LM=ON= �� − ��−1 = ∆�
PM= �(�� )
PN=PM−MN
PN = � �� − �(��−1 )
Now,
6
And
1
Area of Triangle PON = 2 ON PN
1
Area of Triangle PON = 2 ∆� � �� − �(��−1 )
1 1
Area of Triangle PON = 2 � �� ∆� − 2 � ��−1 ∆� ---------------- (1.9)
Thus,
Total Area of a closed curve LMPO = Area of Rectangle LMNO + Area of Triangle PON
1 1
Total Area of a closed curve LMPO = � ��−1 ∆� + 2
� �� ∆� − 2 � ��−1 ∆�
1 1
Total Area of a closed curve LMPO = 2 � ��−1 ∆� + 2
� �� ∆�
1
Total Area of a closed curve LMPO = 2 � ��−1 + � �� ∆� ----------------------- (2.0)
Step.4:- Finding the total area under the closed curve of function �(�) on interval � , �
Total area under a curve = Total Area of a closed curve ABED + Total Area of a closed curve PSTQ
+ ……………………. + Total Area of a closed curve POLM
1 1 1
Total area under a curve = 2 � �0 ∆� + � �1 ∆� + 2
� �1 ∆� + � �2 ∆�……… + � ��−1 + � ��
2
∆�
1 �
Total area under a curve = 2 �=1
� ��−1 + � �� ∆�
Hence,
� 1 �
�
� � �� = 2 lim �=1
� ��−1 + � �� ∆�
�→∞
7
Summary:
Fig.6
��−1 = � + � − 1 ∆�
�� = � + �∆�
8
Worked Example:
�
Evaluate: �
� ��
Solution: Let � � = �
Now,
� 1 �
�
� � �� = 2 lim �=1
� ��−1 + � �� ∆�
�→∞
� 1 � 1 �
�
� � �� = lim �=1
� ��−1 ∆� + lim �=1
� �� ∆�
2 �→∞ 2 �→∞
� 1 � 1 �
�
� � �� = lim �=1
� � + � − 1 ∆� ∆� + lim �=1
� � + �∆� ∆�
2 �→∞ 2 �→∞
� 1 � 1 �
�
� � �� = lim �=1
� + � − 1 ∆� ∆� + lim �=1
� + �∆� ∆�
2 �→∞ 2 �→∞
� 1 � 1 �
�
� � �� = lim �=1
� + � − 1 ∆� ∆� + lim �=1
� + �∆� ∆�
2 �→∞ 2 �→∞
Here,
� �
lim �=1
� + � − 1 ∆� ∆� = lim �=1 �∆� + � − 1 ∆�2
�→∞ �→∞
� �
lim �=1
� + � − 1 ∆� ∆� = lim �=1
�∆� + � − 1 ∆�2
�→∞ �→∞
� � �
lim �=1
� + � − 1 ∆� ∆� = lim �=1
�∆� + lim �=1
� − 1 ∆�2
�→∞ �→∞ �→∞
� �(�−1)
lim �=1
� + � − 1 ∆� ∆� = lim ��∆� + lim ∆�2 Since ∆� = ��������
�→∞ �→∞ �→∞ 2
9
� �(�−1)
lim �=1
� + � − 1 ∆� ∆� = � lim �∆� + lim ∆�2
�→∞ �→∞ �→∞ 2
� �2 −�
lim �=1
� + � − 1 ∆� ∆� = �(� − �) + lim (�2 − 2�� + �2 )
�→∞ �→∞ 2�2
� 1 �2 −�
lim �=1
� + � − 1 ∆� ∆� = �(� − �) + lim
2 �2
(�2 − 2�� + �2 )
�→∞ �→∞
� 1 1
lim �=1
� + � − 1 ∆� ∆� = �(� − �) + lim 1 − (�2 − 2�� + �2 )
�→∞ 2 � �→∞
� 1 1
lim �=1
� + � − 1 ∆� ∆� = �(� − �) + 1 − (�2 − 2�� + �2 )
�→∞ 2 ∞
� 1
lim �=1
� + � − 1 ∆� ∆� = �(� − �) + 1 − 0 (�2 − 2�� + �2 )
�→∞ 2
� 1
lim �=1
� + � − 1 ∆� ∆� = �(� − �) + 2 (�2 − 2�� + �2 )
�→∞
� �2 �2
lim �=1
� + � − 1 ∆� ∆� = �� − �2 + 2
− �� + 2
�→∞
� �2 �2
lim �=1
� + � − 1 ∆� ∆� =
2
+ 2
− �2
�→∞
� �2 �2
lim �=1
� + � − 1 ∆� ∆� = −
�→∞ 2 2
� 1
lim �=1
� + � − 1 ∆� ∆� = (�2 − �2 )
�→∞ 2
And
� �
lim �=1
� + �∆� ∆� = lim �=1 �∆� + �∆�2
�→∞ �→∞
� � �
lim �=1
� + �∆� ∆� = lim �=1
�∆� + lim �=1
�∆�2
�→∞ �→∞ �→∞
� �(�+1)
lim �=1
� + �∆� ∆� = lim ��∆� + lim 2
∆�2
�→∞ �→∞ �→∞
� �2 +�
lim �=1
� + �∆� ∆� = � lim �∆� + lim ∆�2
�→∞ �→∞ �→∞ 2
� �2 +� �−� 2
lim �=1
� + �∆� ∆� = � lim (� − �) + lim
�→∞ �→∞ �→∞ 2 �
� �2 +� 2
lim �=1
� + �∆� ∆� = � (� − �) + lim 2 �−�
�→∞ �→∞ 2�
10
� 1 1
lim �=1
� + �∆� ∆� = �� − �2 + lim 1 + �−� 2
�→∞ 2 � �→∞
� 1 1
lim �=1
� + �∆� ∆� = �� − �2 + 1 + ∞ �−� 2
�→∞ 2
� 1
lim �=1
� + �∆� ∆� = �� − �2 + 2 1 + 0 � − � 2
�→∞
� 1
lim �=1
� + �∆� ∆� = �� − �2 + 2 � − � 2
�→∞
� 1
lim �=1
� + �∆� ∆� = �� − �2 + 2 �2 − 2�� + �2
�→∞
� �2 �2
lim �=1
� + �∆� ∆� = �� − �2 + 2
− �� + 2
�→∞
� �2 �2
lim �=1
� + �∆� ∆� = 2
+ 2
− �2
�→∞
� �2 �2
lim �=1
� + �∆� ∆� = 2
− 2
�→∞
� 1
lim �=1
� + �∆� ∆� = 2 �2 − �2
�→∞
Thus
� 1 � 1 �
�
� � �� = lim �=1
� + � − 1 ∆� ∆� + lim �=1
� + �∆� ∆
2 �→∞ 2 �→∞
� 1 1 1 1
�
� � �� = �2 − �2 + 2 �2 − �2
2 2 2
� 1 1
�
� � �� = �2 − �2 + �2 − �2
4 4
� 2
�
� � �� = �2 − �2
4
� 1
�
� � �� = 2 �2 − �2
11
References:-
12