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Area Under A Curve

Shelbistar Marbaniang

January-2023

PREFACE:-

Firstly, I want to introduce myself, my Name is Shelbistar Marbaniang. I am a citizen of India (State Meghalaya).
I have been graduated since 2018.

As a student I enjoy solving mathematical problems and my greatest wish for myself is one day I will be able to
fix or resolve the Riemann Sum of Definite Integral as it is widely known as an Approximation area under a curve.

ABSTRACT:-

In this paper ∆� is considered as an equal length (constant length) of each rectangles and triangles under a closed
curve define by a function �(�) .

And � �0 , � �1 , � �2 , ………………. , � ��−1 , � �� are the points traced by a function �(�) at

�0 , �1 , �2 , ……………, ��−1 , �� .

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Definition :-
If �(�) is a continuous function defined on the interval � , � , then the area under the curve �(�) above the � −
axis, and between � = � and � = � is given by

� 1 �

� � �� = 2 lim �=1
� ��−1 + � �� ∆�
�→∞

Where � ��−1 is a point traced by a function � � at ��−1 and � �� is a point traced by a


function � � at �� , and ∆� is the length of each sub-interval of equal length.

Also ��−1 = � + � − 1 ∆� and �� = � + �∆�

Proof:

Suppose the interval of a function �(�) is divided into � number of sub-intervals of equal length Δ� as
shown in Fig.1.

Let � = � = �0 , �1 , �2 , …………, ��−1 , �� = � is called a partition of � , � .

Then,

The total sum of � number of subintervals of equal length of function �(�) is given by

�Δ� = � − � ------------------------- (1.1)

Fig.1

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Step.1:- Finding the area of a closed curve at �� , �1 :

Let � �0 = 0 be a point traced by the function �(�) at �0 as shown in Fig.2

Fig.2

Again, consider a rectangle ABCD of width � �0 = 0 and length = �1 − �0 = ∆� exists in a closed curve of Fig.2 as
shown in Fig.3

Fig. 3

From Fig.3, we have

AD=BC= � �0 , but � �0 = 0

AB = CD= �1 − �0 = ∆�

EB= � �1

EC=EB−BC = � �1 − � �0
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Now,

Area of a Rectangle, ABCD = � �0 ∆� --------------------------- (1.2)

Area of a Rectangle, ABCD =0∆� , Since � �0 = 0

 Area of a Rectangle, ABCD = 0

And,
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Area of Triangle EDC= 2 CDEC

1
Area of Triangle EDC= 2 ∆�  � �1 − � �0

1 1
Area of Triangle EDC= 2 � �1 ∆� − 2 � �0 ∆� ------------------------- (1.3)

Thus,

Total Area of a closed curve ABED = Area of a Rectangle, ABCD + Area of Triangle EDC
1 1
Total Area of a closed curve ABED = � �0 ∆� + 2 � �1 ∆� − 2 � �0 ∆� from (1.2) and (1.3)

1 1
Total Area of a closed curve ABED = 2 � �0 ∆� + 2 � �1 ∆�

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 Total Area of a closed curve ABED = 2 � �0 ∆� + � �1 ∆� ----------------------(1.4)

Step.2:- Finding the area of a closed curve at �1 , �2

Fig.4
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From Fig.4, we have

PS = QR = � �1

PQ=RS= �2 − �1 = ∆�

QT= � �2

RT =QT−QR But QR=PS

RT =QT− PS

 RT =� �2 − � �1

Now,

Area of Rectangle PQRS =PQ  PS

Area of Rectangle PQRS = � �1  ∆�

 Area of Rectangle PQRS = � �1 ∆� --------------------- (1.5)

And,
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Area of a Triangle TSR =2 RS  RT

1
Area of a Triangle TSR =2 ∆�  � �2 − � �1

1 1
 Area of a Triangle TSR =2 � �2 ∆� − 2 � �1 ∆� --------------------- (1.6)

Thus,

Total Area of a closed curve PQTS = Area of Rectangle PQRS + Area of a Triangle TSR
1 1
Total Area of a closed curve PQTS = � �1 ∆� + 2
� �2 ∆� − 2 � �1 ∆�

1 1
Total Area of a closed curve PQTS = 2
� �1 ∆� + 2
� �2 ∆�

1
 Total Area of a closed curve PQTS = 2 � �1 ∆� + � �2 ∆� ------------------- (1.7)

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Step.3:- Finding the area of a closed curve at ��−1 , ��

Fig.5

From Fig.5, we have

OL=MN= �(��−1 )

LM=ON= �� − ��−1 = ∆�

PM= �(�� )

PN=PM−MN

 PN = � �� − �(��−1 )

Now,

Area of Rectangle LMNO =OL  LM

Area of Rectangle LMNO = �(��−1 )∆�

 Area of Rectangle LMNO = �(��−1 )∆� ------------------- (1.8)

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And
1
Area of Triangle PON = 2 ON  PN

1
Area of Triangle PON = 2 ∆�  � �� − �(��−1 )

1 1
 Area of Triangle PON = 2 � �� ∆� − 2 � ��−1 ∆� ---------------- (1.9)

Thus,

Total Area of a closed curve LMPO = Area of Rectangle LMNO + Area of Triangle PON
1 1
Total Area of a closed curve LMPO = � ��−1 ∆� + 2
� �� ∆� − 2 � ��−1 ∆�

1 1
Total Area of a closed curve LMPO = 2 � ��−1 ∆� + 2
� �� ∆�

1
 Total Area of a closed curve LMPO = 2 � ��−1 + � �� ∆� ----------------------- (2.0)

Step.4:- Finding the total area under the closed curve of function �(�) on interval � , �

Total area under a curve = Total Area of a closed curve ABED + Total Area of a closed curve PSTQ
+ ……………………. + Total Area of a closed curve POLM

1 1 1
Total area under a curve = 2 � �0 ∆� + � �1 ∆� + 2
� �1 ∆� + � �2 ∆�……… + � ��−1 + � ��
2
∆�

(Using (1.4) , (1.7) , (2.0) )

1 �
 Total area under a curve = 2 �=1
� ��−1 + � �� ∆�

Hence,
� 1 �

� � �� = 2 lim �=1
� ��−1 + � �� ∆�
�→∞

Where � is the number of sub-intervals of equal length.

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Summary:

Fig.6

From Fig.6, we clearly see that

Total length of interval from �0 to ��−1 = ��−1 − �0

=> ( � − 1)∆� = ��−1 − �0 Where � − 1 = ������� �� ������������ ���� �0 �� ��−1

=> (� − 1)∆� = ��−1 − � Since, �0 = �

 ��−1 = � + � − 1 ∆�

Total length of interval from �0 to �� = �� − �0

=> �∆� = �� − �0 Where � = ������� �� ������������ ���� �0 �� ��

=> �∆� = ��−1 − � Since, �0 = �

 �� = � + �∆�

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Worked Example:


Evaluate: �
� ��

Solution: Let � � = �

Now,
� 1 �

� � �� = 2 lim �=1
� ��−1 + � �� ∆�
�→∞

� 1 � 1 �

� � �� = lim �=1
� ��−1 ∆� + lim �=1
� �� ∆�
2 �→∞ 2 �→∞

� 1 � 1 �

� � �� = lim �=1
� � + � − 1 ∆� ∆� + lim �=1
� � + �∆� ∆�
2 �→∞ 2 �→∞

� 1 � 1 �

� � �� = lim �=1
� + � − 1 ∆� ∆� + lim �=1
� + �∆� ∆�
2 �→∞ 2 �→∞

� 1 � 1 �

� � �� = lim �=1
� + � − 1 ∆� ∆� + lim �=1
� + �∆� ∆�
2 �→∞ 2 �→∞

Here,
� �
lim �=1
� + � − 1 ∆� ∆� = lim �=1 �∆� + � − 1 ∆�2
�→∞ �→∞

� �
lim �=1
� + � − 1 ∆� ∆� = lim �=1
�∆� + � − 1 ∆�2
�→∞ �→∞

� � �
lim �=1
� + � − 1 ∆� ∆� = lim �=1
�∆� + lim �=1
� − 1 ∆�2
�→∞ �→∞ �→∞

� �(�−1)
lim �=1
� + � − 1 ∆� ∆� = lim ��∆� + lim ∆�2 Since ∆� = ��������
�→∞ �→∞ �→∞ 2

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� �(�−1)
lim �=1
� + � − 1 ∆� ∆� = � lim �∆� + lim ∆�2
�→∞ �→∞ �→∞ 2

� �(�−1) �−� 2 �−�


lim �=1
� + � − 1 ∆� ∆� = � lim (� − �) + lim Since ∆� =
�→∞ �→∞ �→∞ 2 � �

� (�2 −�) �−� 2


lim �=1
� + � − 1 ∆� ∆� = �(� − �) + lim
�→∞ �→∞ 2 �2

� �2 −�
lim �=1
� + � − 1 ∆� ∆� = �(� − �) + lim (�2 − 2�� + �2 )
�→∞ �→∞ 2�2

� 1 �2 −�
lim �=1
� + � − 1 ∆� ∆� = �(� − �) + lim
2 �2
(�2 − 2�� + �2 )
�→∞ �→∞

� 1 1
lim �=1
� + � − 1 ∆� ∆� = �(� − �) + lim 1 − (�2 − 2�� + �2 )
�→∞ 2 � �→∞

� 1 1
lim �=1
� + � − 1 ∆� ∆� = �(� − �) + 1 − (�2 − 2�� + �2 )
�→∞ 2 ∞

� 1
lim �=1
� + � − 1 ∆� ∆� = �(� − �) + 1 − 0 (�2 − 2�� + �2 )
�→∞ 2

� 1
lim �=1
� + � − 1 ∆� ∆� = �(� − �) + 2 (�2 − 2�� + �2 )
�→∞

� �2 �2
lim �=1
� + � − 1 ∆� ∆� = �� − �2 + 2
− �� + 2
�→∞

� �2 �2
lim �=1
� + � − 1 ∆� ∆� =
2
+ 2
− �2
�→∞

� �2 �2
lim �=1
� + � − 1 ∆� ∆� = −
�→∞ 2 2

� 1
lim �=1
� + � − 1 ∆� ∆� = (�2 − �2 )
�→∞ 2

And
� �
lim �=1
� + �∆� ∆� = lim �=1 �∆� + �∆�2
�→∞ �→∞

� � �
lim �=1
� + �∆� ∆� = lim �=1
�∆� + lim �=1
�∆�2
�→∞ �→∞ �→∞

� �(�+1)
lim �=1
� + �∆� ∆� = lim ��∆� + lim 2
∆�2
�→∞ �→∞ �→∞

� �2 +�
lim �=1
� + �∆� ∆� = � lim �∆� + lim ∆�2
�→∞ �→∞ �→∞ 2

� �2 +� �−� 2
lim �=1
� + �∆� ∆� = � lim (� − �) + lim
�→∞ �→∞ �→∞ 2 �

� �2 +� 2
lim �=1
� + �∆� ∆� = � (� − �) + lim 2 �−�
�→∞ �→∞ 2�

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� 1 1
lim �=1
� + �∆� ∆� = �� − �2 + lim 1 + �−� 2
�→∞ 2 � �→∞

� 1 1
lim �=1
� + �∆� ∆� = �� − �2 + 1 + ∞ �−� 2
�→∞ 2

� 1
lim �=1
� + �∆� ∆� = �� − �2 + 2 1 + 0 � − � 2
�→∞

� 1
lim �=1
� + �∆� ∆� = �� − �2 + 2 � − � 2
�→∞

� 1
lim �=1
� + �∆� ∆� = �� − �2 + 2 �2 − 2�� + �2
�→∞

� �2 �2
lim �=1
� + �∆� ∆� = �� − �2 + 2
− �� + 2
�→∞

� �2 �2
lim �=1
� + �∆� ∆� = 2
+ 2
− �2
�→∞

� �2 �2
lim �=1
� + �∆� ∆� = 2
− 2
�→∞

� 1
lim �=1
� + �∆� ∆� = 2 �2 − �2
�→∞

Thus
� 1 � 1 �

� � �� = lim �=1
� + � − 1 ∆� ∆� + lim �=1
� + �∆� ∆
2 �→∞ 2 �→∞

� 1 1 1 1

� � �� =  �2 − �2 +  2 �2 − �2
2 2 2

� 1 1

� � �� = �2 − �2 + �2 − �2
4 4

� 2

� � �� = �2 − �2
4

� 1
 �
� � �� = 2 �2 − �2

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References:-

1. Calculus and Analytic geometry, George B. Thomas, Jr. Massachusetts institute


of Technology. Ross L. Finney with the collaboration of Maurice D. Weir, Naval
Postgraduate School. 9th Edition.

2. Mathematical Analysis (Four Edition),S.C. Malik, Savita Arora.

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