MIXTURES

Unit 03
Mixtures
Types of mixtures
 “Mixture” –
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
 Eg. for mixtures –
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
 “Component” –
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
 Identify the components of the following mixtures.
Mixture Components

Cement mortar

Cake

Well water

Sea water

Air

Table 3.1
Some common mixtures
Activity – to observe the differences between the components and mixtures

 Materials - Hydrated copper sulphate

Naphthalene (moth balls)
Mortar and pestle
 Method –
1. Take some copper sulphate and naphthalene (moth balls) into a mortar.
2. Grind them together with the pestle into a powder and mix well.
3. Transfer the powder onto a piece of paper.

 Observation – Not able to see 02 substances separately.

 Conclusion – Even when the components are in a state of being mixed, their chemical
nature remains unchanged.

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Activity – to observe that though the components are in a state of being mixed, their chemical
nature remains unchanged

 Materials –
Two beakers Glass rod Funnel Filter paper
Hand lens

 Method –
1. Transfer the mixture made in above activity into a small 100 ml beaker.
2. Add about 50 ml of water to it and stir well.
3. Place a filter paper in a glass funnel.
4. Filter this solution into another beaker.
5. Allow the residue on the filter paper to dry.
6. Observe with a hand lens.
7. Observe the filtrate as well.

 Observation – Mixture becomes blue color

(Remains on the filter paper – Naphthalene powder
The substance which is dissolved in water – CuSO4)

Activity – to identify the effect of the absence of some characteristics of mixtures

 Materials –
A beaker Clay Water A piece of cloth
 Method –

1st part
1. Take about 500 ml of water into a beaker.
2. Add about 10g of clayey soil to it, stir well and
3. Allow to stand still for about one minute.
4. Filter the muddy coloured water into another beaker using a piece of cloth.
5. Allow to stand still for about an hour.
6. See whether the muddy colour is uniformly distributed throughout the solution.
7. See if the clearness of the solution is similar from top to bottom.

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2nd part
1. Take a piece of a metal sheet with a lustrous surface.
2. Take two identical drops of the solution from two places A and B with a pipette or glass rod.
3. Place them on the spots marked as A and B respectively, on the piece of metal.
4. Let them vaporize.
5. Check to see which water sample contains more residual matter

 Observations –
Physical properties checked are different in different places in the mixture.

 Conclusions –
1. The color/transparency is different from place to place.
2. The amount of clay particles in a unit volume is different from place to place.

Activity – to observe some characteristics of mixtures

 Materials –
A beaker Water Common salt A piece of cloth
 Method –
1. Take about 250 ml of water into a beaker.
2. Add about 10 g of pure salt into it, stir till the salt dissolves.
3. Filter the solution with a piece of cloth.
4. Allow to stand still for about one hour.
5. See whether the clearness of the solution is equal from top to bottom.

 Observation – Transparency is equal through the solution.

 Conclusion – The amount of salt particles in a unit volume of the solution is equal
through the solution.

 There are 02 types of mixtures according to the composition of them. They are,
01. ………………………………………………………………………
02. ………………………………………………………………………

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 Comparison of 02 types of mixtures.

Table 3.2
Comparison between homogenous ad heterogeneous mixtures

Activity – to identify the mixtures as heterogeneous or homogenous

 Materials –
Common salt Washing powder Sugar Copper
Coconut oil Wheat flour Ethyl alcohol Hot water
Cold water

 Method –
1. Obtain the above substances.
2. Dissolve the following substances in water.
3. Record the observations.
4. Classify the various mixtures you prepared as homogeneous and heterogeneous.

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 Depending on the ………………………………………………….. also, the mixtures can be

further classified in to group.
First component Second component Nature of the How the mixture is
mixture termed

Table 3.3
Classification of mixtures according to the physical state
Solute and solvent of a solution
 „Solution‟ –
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
 Solution = ………………………………….. + ………………………………………………….

……………………………………….. …………………………………………
 Eg –
01. Salt solution …………………………………………………………………………………..
02. Copper sulphate solution ……………………………………………………………………
03. Sugar solution ……………………………………………………………………………….
Solubility of a solute
 “Solubility” –
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Activity – To find the quantity of a solute can be dissolved in a given volume of the solvent

 Materials required –
A beaker salt glass rod
 Method –
1. Measure 100 ml of water into a clean beaker.
2. Weigh 100 g of pure salt (NaCl).
3. Add salt, little at a time into the beaker of water and stir with the glass rod to dissolve it. ( Do
not add more salt until the salt added before dissolves completely.)
4. When no more salt dissolves, stop adding more salt.
5. Weigh the remaining amount of salt.
6. Find the maximum mass of salt that can be dissolved in 100 ml of water.

Activity – To observe whether the same amount of different substances dissolve in the same
volume of the solvent

 Materials –
A beaker Calcium hydroxide A glass rod

 Method -
1. Weigh 10 g of calcium hydroxide.
2. Take 100 ml of water to a beaker.
3. Dissolve calcium hydroxide in it, by adding a very small amount at a time while stirring.
4. Stop the addition of solid when no more calcium hydroxide dissolves in the solution.
5. Weigh the remaining solid.
6. Find the maximum mass of calcium hydroxide that can be dissolved in 100 ml of water.

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Factors effecting solubility

Activity – To show that in the same temperature, the different solutes dissolve in different
amounts in equal volumes of the same solvent

 Materials –
Two small beakers Common salt Sugar
 Method –
1. Take 50 ml of water at the same temperature into each of two small beakers.
2. Accurately weigh 50 g each of salt and sugar.
3. Add a little at a time; dissolve salt in one beaker and sugar in the other.
4. When it comes to the point beyond which no more solid dissolves, stop adding the substance
and weigh the remaining solid.
5. See whether the amounts left are equal.

 Observation – Different amounts of sugar and common alt have been dissolved in 50 mi
of water separately.

 Conclusion – At the same temperature, different solutes dissolve in different amounts in

equal volumes of the same solvent.

Activity – To show that the effect of the nature of solvent even in same volumes for solubility of
a solute

 Materials –
Two small beakers Kerosene Sugar

 Method –
1. Take 50 ml each of the solvents water and kerosene at the same temperature into two small
beakers.
2. Add 5 g of sugar into each of them and stir.
3. Find the solution in which solvent does sugar dissolve.

 Observation – The sugar completely dissolves in water but sugar added to kerosene
remains almost undissolved.

 Conclusion – The solubility of the same solute is different in equal volumes of different
solvents at the same temperature.

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 Factors affect solubility –

01. ……………………………………………………..
02. ……………………………………………………..
03. ……………………………………………………..
 According to the ………………………... chemical compounds can be classified in to 02
categories. They are,
01. ………………………………………………………...
02. …………………………………………………………
 According to the …………………………………………………………….......................also
the chemical compounds can be classified in to 02 categories. They are,
01. ……………………………………………………….
02. ……………………………………………………….
 Because of that, the solutes and the solvents can be classified as,

 Polar solutes are soluble in ……………………………………………………………………...

Eg–
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
 Non – polar solutes are soluble in ………………………………………………………………
Eg –
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
 “Like dissolve like” –
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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Solubility of a gas
 There are many day to day activities which provide the idea of this.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Activity – To observe the affect of pressure for the solubility of a gas

 Materials –
An unopened bottle of soda water (plastic) An empty bottle of the same type.

 Method –
1. Take an un opened bottle of soda water available in the market.
2. To an identical empty bottle, add water equal in quantity to that of soda water and close the
cap tightly.
3. Squeeze both bottles with hand and select the harder bottle.

 Observation – Feel that the unopened soda bottle is very hard that it cannot be pressed.
 Conclusion – High pressure inside the unopened soda bottle.

 Factors effect for the solubility of a gas and the way they affect –
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

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Composition of a mixture
Activity – To show that the amount of a compound affect for its features

 Materials –
Two beakers Potassium permanganate

 Method –
1. Add 50 ml of water in each of to two beakers.
2. Add 0.2 g and 0.4 g potassium permanganate separately to the two beakers and stir well with
a glass rod.
3. Record your observations.

 Observation – The solution in the beaker with 0.2 g potassium permanganate is light
purple in color whereas the purple color of the solution with 0.4 g potassium
permanganate is relatively more intense.
 Conclusion – The amount of a compound affect for its features

 There are different ways to express the composition of a mixture. They are,

01. ………………………………………………………………………………………………….

02. …………………………………………………………………………………………………..

03. …………………………………………………………………………………………………

04. …………………………………………………………………………………………………

05. …………………………………………………………………………………………………

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01. Composition of a mixture as a mass fraction (m/m)

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02. Composition of a mixture as a volume fraction (v/v)

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03. The composition of a mixture as a mole fraction

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04. Expressing composition of a mixture in term of mass/volume (m/v)

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05. Expressing composition of a mixture in terms of amount of moles/volume (n/v)

Preparation of standard solution

 “Standard solution” –
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
 Some important units for the preparation of standard solution –
…………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………..
 Some laboratory equipments which are required to prepare a solution of a specified
concentration –

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 Factors that should be considered during the preparation of a specific concentration –

01 …………………………………………………………………………………………………
02………………………………………………………………………………………………….
03………………………………………………………………………………………………….
04………………………………………………………………………………………………….
05………………………………………………………………………………………………….
06………………………………………………………………………………………………….

 How to prepare a 500 cm3 of a 1 moldm-3 sodium chloride solution?

 How the concentration of a solution can be lowered?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
 What is called “dilution”?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
 What is the type of most acids that stored in the laboratory?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
 What is the type of those solutions when they are taken to the laboratory experiments?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
 What is the precaution which should be taken in the above step?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
 What is the equation which can be used to find the concentration?

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Separation of compounds in mixtures

Mechanical separation
 Based on the differences of the physical properties of the components.
E.g. – density, size of particles, magnetic properties, electric properties
 These methods are frequently used in day today life.

Mechanical Application Physical property used

method
Winnowing Removal of chaff from rice Differences in densities of compounds
Sieving Removal of gravel from sand Difference in size of compound
Sifting Removal of sand from rice Differences in densities of compounds
Floating in water Removal of dead seed paddy Differences in densities of compounds
and water
Direction into a Separating gold from ores Differences in densities of compounds
stream of water
Magnetic Separating certain minerals from Magnetic property of compound
separation mineral sands

Vaporization/ Evaporation
 The unnecessary components are vaporized by supplying heat to a mixture and the
essential component is isolated.
Eg – Extraction of salt from sea water
 When metals are dissolved in Hg, a special solution is formed – amalgam
 When impure gold dissolves in Hg can get a pure old solution.
 When old amalgam I heated, Hg is evaporated and the pure gold is remained.
 The evaporated Hg can cool and use again.

Filtration
 Can be used to separated from a mixture, the components that remain suspended in a
liquid without going into the solution.
 A filter is required.
Eg – Milk strainer, filter paper (in labs), sand filters (in water purifying plants)
 Filter has –
 Small halls
 Particles smaller than the holes can pass through
 Particles larger than holes cannot pass
 The substance left in the filter – residue
 Solution that gets filtered – filtrate
 Activity

Materials – dry soil, salt, filter papers, funnel, beaker, glass rod, flask

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Method –
1. Take 10g of dry soil and 50g of NaCl salt.
2. Take 50 cm3 of water to a beaker.
3. Add the above mixture into it and stir.
4. Arrange the apparatus like in the figure.
5. After filtration is over, observe the filter paper.
6. Add 10 cm3 of filtrate to an evaporating dish and
vaporize.
7. Check whether there is anything left in the
filtrate.
Observation –

 Large clay particles in the ample of soil do not pass through the filter; they are holdback
by filter paper.
 Water and salt particles are passed through the filter and get into the filtrate as they
have been made out by small particles.

Crystallization
 “Saturated solution” – the solution which have the maximum concentration of a
substance at a given temperature.
 If a saturated solution is vaporized, the concentration of those substances in the solution
increases further.
 When the concentration of the solute exceeds the maximum possible concentration in
the solution the solute separates out forming crystals.
 “Crystallization” – the method of the separating solid substance by concentration when a
solute that can turn into a solid is present in a solution.
Eg – Manufacturing of sugar
Production of salt
Re-crystallization
 Used to separate pure substances from solid, crystalline substances carrying impurities.
 The process of dissolving a solid, crystalline substance and turning it again into crystals.
 The impure solid is dissolved in a hot solvent till it becomes saturated. Then to separate
the impurities in the impure solid, above solution is filtered while it is still hot. And then
the pure crystals of the solid is obtained by cool in the filtrate.(Because cold solution i
saturated with the solute although the hot solution is hot)

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Solvent extraction
 Some solutes are soluble in large amounts in one solvent but dissolve in very small
quantities in another solvent.

Eg. – Solid Iodine is soluble in water in small amounts, but in CCl 4 very large amounts.
 When CCl4 is added to an aqueous solution of Iodine, they do not mix, the layers get
separated.
 After sometimes,, the CCl4 layer turns violet while the aqueous layer becomes pale.
 Extraction of iodine from the aqueous layer into CCl 4 layer in which it is more soluble.
 After that, iodine can be recovered by separating layers and evaporating CCl 4.
 “Solvent extraction” – the method of drawing up a substance from a solvent in which it is
less soluble, into another solvent in which it is more soluble, where the 02 solvents are
immiscible.
 Used to produce medicinal extracts and portions.

Simple distillation, fractional distillation and steam distillation

 “Distillation” – the separation of components by boiling a solution of a mixture and
condensing the vapor.
 So, there should be a mechanism to cool the distillate or the vapor that evolves when a
given mixture is heated.
 In school labs, the Liebig condenser can be used.
 Vapor is allowed to pass through the condenser
and coldwater is circulated around it, in order to
cool down the vapor.
 Condenser has an inlet and outlet for water.

Simple distillation
 To separate compounds in a mixture which
contain a volatile component with other non-
volatile components.
 Only volatile compounds are vaporized
during distillation.
 Other components are left in the solution.
Eg – well water distillation
 Special control of conditions is not
essential.

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Fractional distillation
 To separate if the mixture is containing several volatile components.
 Under controlled conditions.
 Fractionating column should be used.
 Should be considerable different in boiling points. (vapor contains a larger percentage of
more volatile compound)
Eg – if the boiling point of A is 80 Celsius and in B if it is 40 Celsius, upon heating A and
B begins to boil at a temperature slightly above 40 Celsius. So the vapor richer in B.
when this vapor is collected and condensed at T near 40 Celsius, the resulted liquid
contains more B. when more B gets removed from the mixture, percentage of A
increase.
Eg – Extraction of crude oil –
 Crude oil is a mixture of many
hydrocarbon components.
 Using fractionating tower
 The T is appropriately controlled
at different level and the
components are separately
withdrawn at respective position.
 Components with lower boiling
points are separated from upper
levels.
 Components with high boiling
points are deposited at the
bottom.

Steam distillation
 Some parts of plants contain volatile components.
Eg – Cinnamon/Clove/Cymbopagon/Nutheg/Cardamom
 Difficult to increase the temperature uniformly up to boiling point of them. (near boiling
point there is a possibility of destruction of those compounds by decomposition or getting
converted into other compounds)
 So heat is supplied to mixture by steam.
 When water soluble compounds are mixed with water, boiling point of mixture increase
above the boiling point of water.
 When water soluble compounds are mixed with water, boiling point of the mixture
decreases the boiling point less than water.
 Most of the essential oils are immiscible with water.
 Because their boiling points are higher than the water.
 Occur in living cells, mixed with water.

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 When heat both water and essential

oil get liberated a mixture of vapors
at a T below boiling point of water.
 When the vapor is cooled separate
into 02 layers as they are immiscible.
 Uses of essential oils –
1. As flavors and condiments of
food.
2. To produce perfumes.
3. As ingredients in toothpaste
4. To produce pharmaceuticals

Chromatography
 To separate and identify the compounds present in a mixture (solid or liquid) containing
non-volatile components.
 Many types are there.
 “Paper chromatography” – The method carried out using a cellulose paper.
 Method –
1. Add little water to a Petri dish
2. Dip one end of dry strip of a filter paper in it. (Stream of water particles is soaked up
the strip of paper from bottom to top)
3. Small portion of mixture whose components should be
separated is placed on the paper.
4. The components of it dissolve in solvent and move up
with solvent front.
5. Due to the different speeds of movement of components
in mixtures, they get separate.
 Can use acetone, ether, ethyl alcohol also instead of water.
 Stationary phase – strip of paper
 Mobile phase – solvent
 Upward movement depends on – forces of attraction of
components of mixture, to stationary phase.

Uses of separation techniques

Separation of salt from seawater
 In Sri Lanka salt is produced by - evaporation of sea water
 The place where the salt is produced – saltern
 The sea water collected in salt pans are next to be evaporated and then crystallized.
 Location and the structure of the saltern is important.
 And the environmental factors should be matched up –
1. Flat land
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2. Located in a coastal area near by the sea (to obtain sea water easily)
3. Clayey soil with minimum percolation of water
4. Minimum rainfall
 03 types of tanks are used.
1. Large, shallow tank
2. Medium tank
3. Small tank
 The main steps –
1. ea water is made to flood into the large, shallow tanks during high tide or is pumped
into them and allowed to evaporated by sunlight. When the concentration as twice as the
initial concentration of sea water, CaCO 3 begins to crystallize and precipitate at the
bottom of first tank.
2. Transferred into medium tank in which evaporates further. When the concentration of
water is about 4 times as initial concentration, CaSO 4 crystallizes and settles down at the
bottom.
3. Solution is allowed to flow from the medium tanks into the smaller tanks in which
water is evaporated further. When the concentration is nearly 10 times as the initial
concentration, salt (NaCl) crystallizes and precipitates at the bottom.
 As salt is precipitating, the concentration of the solution increases.
 Before the total precipitation of NaCl I complete, MgCl 2 and MgSO4 being to precipitate.
 These give a bitter taste.
 The solution left after the precipitation of salt – mother liquor/bitten
 In 3rd tank, salt is deposited.
 Haepedin prismatic piles at another place for 6 months.

Extraction of essential oils

 Volatile compounds obtained from plant materials – Essential oil
 The reason for the characteristic aroma of some plant materials – volatile compounds
that they contain.
 Some main essential oils produced in Sri Lanka –
1. Cinnamon leaf oil – medicinal properties
2. Cinnamon bark oil – promote the flavor, scent of the food
3. Citronella oil
4. Pepper oil – promote the flavor, sent of the food and medicines
5. Cardamon oil – Promote the flavor, scent of food and medicines
6. Nutmeg oil
7. Clove bud oil
8. Eucalyptus oil

Plant Part in which essential oil are formed

Veitiveria Root
Sandalwood Stem
Cinnamon Bark/Root/Leaf
Lemongrass Leaf
Eucalyptus Leaf
Clove Floral part
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Rose / jasmine Flower

Lemon/lime Fruits
Nutmeg Seed

 Separating techniques (to extract essential oils) –

01. Steam distillation
02. Solvent extraction
1. Extraction of essential oils by steam distillation

 Steam generated by – steam bath

 Steam bath is passed through the plant parts
 Essential oils, being mixed with water vapor
 Vaporize the mixture at a T below 100 Celsius
 Condensation of this mixture of vapor results – essential oil and water
 They are immiscible. So can obtain separately

2. Extraction of essential oils by solvent extraction

 Organic solvents are used in this method.
Eg – Ether/Chloroform/Toluene
 When plant parts are shaken with the solvent, essential oils dissolves in solvent.
 The essential oils dissolve in the solvent.
 The essential oil is separated y letting the solvent to vaporize.
 Volatile oils in some plant parts can be obtained by compressing them under a suitable
pressure.

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