Almighty God, we glorify You for giving us the

Angelite Charism. We thank You for the gift of your

Son, Jesus Christ, who is the Way, Truth, and Life. We
bless you for the continuous guidance of the Holy
Spirit.
Grant us, we pray, courage and strength that
we may give perpetual praise to You in whatever we
do. We ask this through Christ, our Lord. Amen.
Oh, Holy Guardian Angels, guide us and
protect us! Laus Deo semper!

THE ANGELITE PRAYER

PROBLEM SOLVING and
REASONING
MR. LLOYD T. ESTRADA
 ▪Involves exploring,
reasoning, strategizing,
PROBLEM estimating, proving,
SOLVING conjecturing, finding
patterns, modelling,
and the like
“For every problem, there is a solution.”
 DEDUCTIVE
▪From general statement
to specific cases
DEDUCTIVE
AND INDUCTIVE
REASONING INDUCTIVE
▪From specific cases to
general statement
 POLYA’S
FOUR-STEP
METHOD
Stanford University Professor

Understand Devise a Carry Out

Look Back
the Problem Plan the Plan
1. What is the next term in the sequence
1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, … ?

PROBLEM
SOLVING
1. Possible Solution (Searching for Pattern)
1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, … ?
The terms are the squares of the natural numbers
12 = 1
22 = 4
32 = 9
42
PROBLEM
= 16
5 = 25SOLVING
2

62 = 36
The next term is 49 (72).
2. Joan opened her piggy bank and found 30 bills of ₱20 and ₱50. If
the total amount is ₱990, how many 20-peso and 50-peso bills are
there?

PROBLEM
SOLVING
2. Possible Solution (Algebraic Method) Substitute the arrived value of T in the 2nd
Let T be number of 20-peso bills equation.
F be number of 50-peso bills 20T + 50F = 990
T + F = 30 (total number of bills) 20(30 – F) + 50F = 990
20T + 50F = 990 (total amount of bills) 600 – 20F + 50F = 990 (distribute 20)
We have system of linear equations in two -20F + 50F = 990 – 600 (transpose 600)
variables: 30F = 390 (perform operations)
PROBLEM
T + F = 30 (1st equation) F = 13
30)
(divide both sides by
20T + 50F = 990 (2nd equation)
SOLVING
The system can be solved using substitution or
elimination method. F = 13 indicates that there are 13 50-peso bills.
By using substitution method Since there are 30 bills, subtract 13 from 30, we
In equation 1, solve for T in terms of F: will get 17. Thus, there are 17 20-peso bills.
T + F = 30
T = 30 – F
3. If today is Monday, what day will be 150
days from now?

PROBLEM
SOLVING
3. Possible Solution (Deductive Divide 150 days by 7.
Reasoning)
The quotient is 21 remainder 3.
If today is Monday,
It means that after 21 weeks, it’s
after 1 day = Tuesday
Monday again. There are still 3
after 2 days = Wednesday
remaining days.
after 3 days = Thursday
after 4 days = Friday
PROBLEM
after 5 days = Saturday 21 weeks (147 days) = Monday
SOLVING
after 6 days = Sunday 148 days = Tuesday
after 7 days = Monday 149 days = Wednesday
after 8 days = Tuesday… 150 days = Thursday
after 14 days = Monday…
after 21 days = Monday…
Notice that every after 7 days, it’s
Monday again.
4. Consider the following data for 120 mathematics
students:
65 study French 20 study French and German
45 study German 25 study French and Russian
PROBLEM
42 study Russian 15 study German and Russian
SOLVING 8 study all the languages
Find the number of students
a. Who do not study any of the languages.
b. Who study Russian only
120 students
65 study French
45 study German
42 study Russian
20 study French and German
25 study French and Russian
15 study German and Russian
8 study all the languages

Find the number of students who

do not study any of the languages.
4. Possible Solution (Venn Diagram)
✓ Start from the intersection of 3 circles (all
languages)
F G
✓ Subtract 8 from taking 2 languages
F&G = 20 – 8 = 12
G&R = 15 – 8 = 7 12
F&R = 25 – 8 = 17
28 18
✓ Subtract the values (parts of a circle) from
total of each language
F = 65 – (12 + 8 + 17) = 28 8
G = 45 – (12 + 8 + 7) = 18
17 7
R = 42 – (17 + 8 + 7) = 10
✓ Subtract all values from 120 to determine the
answer
120 – (28 + 12 + 8 + 17 + 18 + 7 + 10)
120 – 100 = 20
10
a. 20
R 20
b. 10
U = 120
5. One of the four siblings (Edwina, Genalyn, Madelyn, and Sonia) bought four
different cars. One chooses a Honda, a Mitsubishi, a Toyota, and a Suzuki car.
From the following clues, which sibling bought which car?
a. Edwina, living alone, stays next door to her sister who bought the Honda and
stays far from her sister who bought the Suzuki car.
b. Genalyn, living alone, is younger than the one who bought the Mitsubishi car
PROBLEM
and older than her sibling who bought the Toyota car.

SOLVING
c. Madelyn did not like Toyota and Suzuki cars. But she and her sister, who
bought the Toyota car, live in the same house.
a. Edwina, living alone, stays Honda Suzuki Toyota Mitsubishi
next door to her sister who
bought the Honda and stays far Edwina
from her sister who bought the
Suzuki car. Genalyn
b. Genalyn, living alone, is Madelyn
younger than the one who
Sonia
PROBLEM
bought the Mitsubishi car and
older than her sibling who
SOLVING
bought the Toyota car.
c. Madelyn did not like Toyota
and Suzuki cars. But she and
her sister, who bought the
Toyota car, live in the same
house.
4. Possible Solution: (Use of Table/Elimination)
✓From statement a, we say that Edwina did not buy the Honda and Suzuki cars.
(eliminate)
✓From statement b, we say that Genalyn did not buy the Mitsubishi and Toyota cars.
(eliminate)
✓From statement c, we say that Madelyn did not buy Toyota and Suzuki cars. (eliminate)
✓From statement a and b, we say that Madelyn lives with Sonia since Edwina and
PROBLEM
Genalyn live alone. Thus, Sonia bought the Toyota (check) and Edwina did not buy it.
✓From SOLVING
the table, Edwina will be left with Mitsubishi. (check)
✓Look for the table, do further elimination and checking.
Honda Suzuki Toyota Mitsubishi

Edwina x x x /
Genalyn x / x x
Madelyn / x x x
Sonia x x / x