Word Problems in 1 variable:

Part 5 (Work)

Online Tutorial Series

July 2014
 Definitions
Amount of Work Done = (Rate of work done per
amount of time)*(Time)

WORK= RATE*TIME
 Sample Problem
1. If Jorge can do a job in 6 hours and Tina can
do the same in 8 hours, how long will it take
the two of them to do the job TOGETHER?
 Solution
R: In an hour Jorge can do 1/6 of the job
In an hour Tina can do 1/8 of the job
E: x/6 + x/8 = 1
S: (8x + 6x)/48 =1
14x = 48
x = 48/14 or 24/7
I: They can do a job together in 24/7 hours or 3
and 6/7 hours
 Sample Problem
2. A pipe can fill a tank in 10 hours. Whereas a
drain can empty its contents in 15 hours. If I
accidentally opened both the pipe and the
drain, how long will it take to fill the tank?
 Solution
R: In an hour a pipe can fill 1/10 of x time where
as the drain can empty 1/15 of x.
E: (x/10)-(x/15) = 1
S: (6x-4x)/60 = 1
2x = 60
x = 30
I:If both the pipe and drain were opened, it will
take 30 hours to fill up
 Sample Problem
3. Steve can do a Job in 8 hours and Mark can do
a job in 6 hours. If Steve did the job alone in 2
hours then helped by Mark, how long will it
take them to finish the remaining job?
 Solution
R: If Steve did the job alone in 2 hours then we can say that
he has finished 2/8 or ¼ the job.
E: (1/8 + 1/6)*x = ¾ <-(1-1/4); ¾ remains because ¼ job WAS
DONE ALREADY.
S: x/8+x/6 = 3/4
(6x+8x)/48 = ¾
(14x)/48 = 3/4
14x = 36
x = 36/14 or 18/7
I: They can finish the remaining job in 18/7 hours.
Word Problems in 1 variable:
Part 7 (Mixture)

Online Tutorial Series

July 2014
 Definitions
• Solute – Part of the Solution, dissolved by the
Solvent. If water and other solvent were
added, %sol(sol/soln) becomes smaller.
• Solvent – Part of Solution, dissolves the solute.
If salt, powder and other solute were added,
%solv(solv/soln) becomes smaller.
• Solution = Solute + Solvent
 Sample Problem
1. How much water should you add to 25%
concentrated 20L solution to make it 20%
concentrated
 Solution
R: Let x be the amount of water added
E: amount solute = (conc)(vol)
(25/100)(20) + 0 = (20/100)(20+x)
***note: we added 0 because addition of water has
no effect on the amount of solute.
S: 5 = 1/5(20+x)
5 = 4 + (1/5)(x)
1=(1/5 x); x = 5
I: You should add 5 L.
 Sample Problem
2. How much salt should you add to 25% 48L
brine solution to make it 40% concentrated?
 Solution
R: Let x be the amount of salt added
E: amount solute = (conc)(vol)
(25/100)(48) + x = (40/100)(48+x)
***notice that here we added pure x because
pure salt increases the amount of salt by x
S: ¼ (48) + x = (2/5)(48+x)
12 + x = (96/5) + (2/5)(x)
 Solution
…12 + x = (96/5) + (2/5)(x)
12 + (3/5)(x)= 96/5
60 + 3x = 96
3x = 36
x = 12
I: You should add 12 L of salt.
Word Problems in 1 Variable
Part 3 (Money)

Online Tutorial Series

July 2014
 Definitions
• Total Value = Sum of (Value * Number of
Pieces)

• Examples: P5(12pcs), P10(8pcs), P1(10pcs)

• Total Value = 5(12) + 10(8) + 1(10)

= 60+80+10 = P150
 Sample Problem
1. I have a mix of 1, 5 and 10 peso coins. If there
are as many 5 peso coins as many 10 peso coins.
And twice as many 1 peso coins as 5 peso coins.
And all in all my money sums to P170. How
many of each do I have?
 Solution
R: x, number of 5 peso coins
x, number of 10 peso coins
2x, number of 1 peso coin
E: 5(x) + 10(x) + 1(2x) = 170
S: 5x + 10x + 2x = 170
17x = 170
17x/17 = 170/17
x = 10, 2x = 20
 Solution
I: there are 10 pcs of both 5 and 10 peso coins,
and 20pcs of 1 peso coin.
 Sample Problem
2. I have equal number of 20 and 50 peso bills,
and some 100 peso bills. If all in all I have P1200
pesos and 25 pcs of bills, how many of each do I
have?
 Solution
R: x, number of 20 peso bill
x, number of 50 peso bill
25-2x(sum of the two previous number of bills),
number of 100 peso bills
E: 20(x)+50(x)+100(25-2x)=1200
S: 20x+50x+2500-200x=1200
2500-130x = 1200
1300 = 130x
 Solution
(continued)
130x = 1300
x = 10
I: There are 10 pcs of 20 peso bill, 10 pcs of 50
peso bill and 5 pcs of 100 peso bill.
HAPPY REVIEWING!
Word Problems in 1 Variable
Part 2 (Geometry)

Online Tutorial Series

July 2014
 Definitions
Regular polygon- A polygon with equal side
lengths.

Complementary Angles- Angles that sum up to

90 degrees.

Supplementary Angles- Angles that sum up to

180 degrees.
 Sample Problem
1. The perimeter of a regular hexagon is 96
meters. Find the length of its side.
 Solution
R: A hexagon has 6 sides. If x is its side then the
perimeter (sum of all sides) is
E: P = x+x+x+x+x+x
S: P = 6x
96 = 6x
96/6=6x/6
16 = x
I: The side's length is equal to 16 meters.
 Sample Problem
2. The length of a rectangle is 5 less than twice
its width. Find the area if the perimeter is 80m.
 Solution
R: w, width
2w-5, length
E: P=2L + 2W
S: P=2(2w-5)+2w
80=4w-10+2w
90=6w
I: w=15, l=25, therefore the area is 375m^2.
 Sample Problem
3. An angle is twice its complement. Find the
angle.
 Solution
R: x, complement
2x, angle
E: x + 2x = 90
S: 3x = 90
3x/3=90/3
x = 30
I: the complement is 30 degrees, and the angle
is 60 degrees.
 Sample Problem
4. An angle is 20 more than thrice its
supplement. Find the angles.
 Solution
R: x, supplement
3x+20, angle
E: x + (3x+20) = 180
S: 4x + 20 = 180
4x + 20 - 20 = 180 - 20
4x = 160
4x/4 = 160/4, x=40
I: the angle is 140 degrees, its supplement is 40 degrees.
HAPPY REVIEWING!
Word Problems in 1 variable:
Part 1 (Number Relations)

Online Tutorial Series

July 2014
 Definitions
• R-epresentation
• E-quation
• S-olution
• Interpretation

• Consecutive nos. (1,2,3,4...) intervals of 1.

• Consecutive odd/nos. (2,4,6...),(1,3,5...)
intervals of 2.
 Sample Problem
1. The sum of three consecutive numbers is 84.
Find the middle digit.
 Solution
R: x be the lowest number, x+1 middle number,
x+2 highest number.
E: x+(x+1)+(x+2)=84
S: 3x+3 = 84
3x+3-3=84-3
3x = 81
(3x)/3 = 81/3
x = 27
 Solution
I: x=27, lowest number
x+1=28, middle number
 Sample Problem
2. If you add the two pages of the book Mario is
reading, the sum is 227. Find the pages.
 Solution
R: the pages of a book are CONSECUTIVE NOS.
x, the lower value page, x+1, higher value.
E: x + (x+1) = 227
S: 2x+1=227
2x+1-1=227-1
2x = 226
2x/2 = 226/2
x = 113
 Solution
I: x= 113
x+1=114
Pages 113 and 114
 Sample Problem
3. The sum of 5 consecutively even nos. is 120.
Find the smallest number.
 Solution
R: x, smallest number
x+2, x+4, x+6 and x+8
E: x+(x+2)+(x+4)+(x+6)+(x+8) = 120
S: 5x + 20 = 120
5x + 20 - 20 = 120 - 20
5x = 100
x = 20
I: x, the smallest number is 20.
 TIPS
• If you are adding odd number of consecutive
digits(whether plain consecutive or
consecutively odd/even) the middle digit is
always the average.
• In problem 3. 120 is the sum of 5 consecutively
even numbers. So 24 is the average.
• Moving to the left we have 20, 22 and 24
• To the right 24, 26, 28.
HAPPY REVIEWING!
Word Problems in 1 variable:
Part 8 (Uniform Motion)

Online Tutorial Series

July 2014
 Definitions
• Uniform Motion – Speed is the same all
throughout the trip.
• Distance = (Speed)*(Time)
• 3 Cases of Uniform Motion Problems:
– Moving Towards Each Other
– Moving Away From Each Other
– Chase
 Sample Problem
Case 1: Moving Towards Each Other
Two trains travel towards each other. If their
initial distance is 2800m, and reaches each
other after 40s. Find their speeds if the first
one is 10m/s faster?
 Solution
R: Let x be the speed of the slower train
x+10 be the speed of the faster train
E: time*speed = distance
40(x+10) + 40(x) = 2800
S: 40x + 400 + 40x = 2800
80x + 400 = 2800
80x = 2400; x=30, x+10=40
I: The first train’s speed is 40m/s, and 30/s for the
second.
 Sample Problem
Case 2: Moving Away From Each Other
Two trucks, with the first one faster than the
second by 20kph travels away from each
other. Find their speeds if after 15 hours, they
are 1500km apart?
 Solution
R: Let x be the speed of the slower truck
x+20 be the speed of the faster truck
E: time*speed = distance
15(x+20) + 15(x) = 1500
S: 15x + 300 + 15x = 1500
30x + 300 = 1500
30x = 1200; x=40, x+20=60
I: The two trucks travel at speeds 40 and 60kph.
 Sample Problem
Case 3: Chase
A truck leave a toll gate at 5pm, with speed of
50kph. If a car leaves the same toll gate at
7pm, but with speed of 70kph, what time will
the car meet the truck?
 Solution
R: If the truck travelled at 5pm, then no matter
how much in (t) hours the car travels, he travel
(t+2) hours
t -> time travelled by car
t+2 -> time travelled by truck
E: When they meet, they should have covered
the same distance
50 (t+2) = 70 (t)
 Solution
… 50 (t+2) = 70 (t)
50t + 100 = 70t
100 = 20t
t=5hrs, or 5 hours after the car left
or t+2=7hrs after the truck left
I: They will meet at 12mn.
 ETHICS
Introduction
Etymologically, ethics is derived from the Greek
“ethos” which means “characteristic way of
acting”, “habit”, or “custom”. The Latin equivalent
is mos/mores, from which the word moral and
morality. Ethics studies the characteristics
behavior of man as endowed with reason and
freewill. It is a system of moral principles and their
application to particular problems of conduct.
• Ethics is often called moral philosophy, a
study that deals with the principles and
laws governing
• The morality of the human act. Morality
of human acts means the goodness and
the badness, the rightness and
wrongness or the acceptability or
unacceptability of human acts.
Ethics is a science and a way of life.
• To teach the science with the hope that it will lead
to a better appreciation of what life truly should
mean to us.
• Ethics does not seem too important until we realize
that society and big business continue to look for
men and women who are not only intellectually
competent but, above all, morally upright.
• It is the discipline dealing with what is good and
bad and with moral duty and obligation. Moral
education is necessary to the individual and to
society.
The study of Ethics started with the Greek
philosophers, notably Socrates, Plato and
Aristotle. Socrates is regarded as the father
of moral philosophy. However, it is Aristotle
who has greatly influenced ethical thinking
with three important treatises – the
Nicomachean Ethics, the Eudemian Ethics,
and the Magna Moralia (Great Ethics).
Why is ethical management important to business?

• Ethical management is practically considered by

all business leaders as relevant to business
survival and corporate reputation.

• Ethics is the science of the morality of human

acts. Human acts are reactions done intentionally
and freely, like walking, reading, working, playing,
shopping, joining a contest, or signing a contract.
• Ethics is the study of man as moral being, one
who is rationally able to distinguish between
right and wrong. It examines how man is
accountable for his actions and its
consequences. It proposes how man ought to
live his life – meaningfully.
• Ethics is concerned with morality, the quality
which makes an act good or evil, correct or
wrong. Ethics examines and explains the
rational basis why actions are moral or immoral.
In other words, Ethics is concerned with the
norms of human behavior.
Moral vs. Immoral
Ethics, as a normative philosophical science, is a
Theoretical science of good and bad or right and
wrong action. It is the philosophical discipline that
provides the principles on the morality of human
acts. It equips man with a theoretical knowledge
of the morality of human acts. Ethics, however,
does not guarantee that the human person will be
actually living an amoral or good life. Simply put,
one must be able to apply the theories of ethics
for one to actually living an amoral or good life.
In this regard, morality, then, should be
properly called Applied Ethics.
Hence, ethics provides the theories and
principles of right or wrong and good or bad
actions, morality actualizes these theories
and principles. It is the domain of ethics to
outline those theories and principles of right
or wrong and good or bad actions, and it is
the function of morality to apply these
theories and principles.
Between Moral and non moral, we simply ask
what are ethical and what are not ethical?
What is right and what is wrong? What is
acceptable and what is unacceptable?
Example: honest or dishonest, to be faithful
to your spouse or unfaithful, to perform your
duty or neglect your duty.

Muslim person who had several wife.

 Moral Dilemmas
What is dilemmas? It derived from Greek word
di ( two ) and lemma (horn ), is a two horned
situation or condition. It puts the an individual in
a situation where he is to choose between two
options both of which are disadvantageous to
him as whatever he chooses will put him in the
losing end. A dilemma is an is an argument
meant to put an opponent in a position in which
he has no way out but to make a choice
however damaging it would be.
Example of moral dilemma:
The president will either allow the rapist to be
executed or pardon him.
If he will allow him to be executed, he will get
into trouble with the people who were against
the death penalty;
If he will pardon him, he will get ire of the
people who wanted the rapist to be executed.
Therefore, he will either get into trouble with
the people who were against death penalty or
get ire of the people who were for execution.
The Three Levels of Moral Dilemmas
1. Individual/Organizational ( business, medical,
and public sector )

2. Structural ( network of institutions )

3. Operative theoretical paradigms ( universal

health care )
 Freedom as Foundational for Moral Acts
• Man As Person
• Man has an intellect that separates him from all
brute creation. Man has the ability to think before
doing a particular action. Man may foresee the
consequences of his actions. He has the capacity
to know what is right and what is wrong.
• Ethics is the study of man as a moral being. What
goals we assign to ourselves, what actions we
choose to do, and how we treat others – depend
on how we understand ourselves as a human
being. Socrates is wise indeed for proposing that
the starting point of wisdom is “to know oneself”.
Man as a Rational Being

• Man’s actions are in accordance with reason.

Every action of his has purpose and
meaning. It is the duty of man to be moral.
Man as a rational being means his actions
are diligently and intelligently made. He
carefully examines and analyze the
consequences of his actions
Human nature is made up of man’s biological,
psychological, and rational powers. The
biological powers are nutrition, locomotion,
growth, and reproduction. The psychological
powers include those of the senses, such as
smelling, tasting, seeing, hearing, perceiving,
touching, imagining and remembering; and
those acts of emotions, such as love, hatred,
desire, disgust, joy, sorrow, fear, despair, and
courage. The rational powers are those of the
intellect and the will – comprehension and
volition, respectively.
A Moral Being
Three characteristics reveal man’s moral nature:
• Man by natural insight is able to distinguish
between good and evil, right and wrong,
moral and immoral.
• Man feels himself obliged to do what is good
and to avoid what is evil.
• Man feels himself accountable for his actions
so that his good deeds merit reward, while his
evil deeds deserve punishment.
Man as Person
• Man is born as an individual, or Person.
Person is human nature actualized and
manifested in the history of place and time.
• Person is defined as “an individual, existing
separately and independently from others,
capable of knowing and loving in an
intellectual way, and of deciding for himself
the purpose or end of his actions”. We also
refer to person as “self” or “ego”.
• The person is an individual human being.
Personality is the sum of those physical
attributes and tendencies which define a
person’s distinctive behavior. Personality is
the sum of a person’s physical constitution,
talents, abilities, and habits which define
characteristic behavior. In layman’s terms,
personality consists of the physical qualities
and mannerisms of an aesthetically refined
person.
• As persons, all men are equal regardless of
race. However, one person may have more
personality than another.
• "The person does not grow in stature, but
personality develops and enlarges itself
according to the pattern of his actions, the
mature use of his powers, and the scheme of
his habits. There is no such thing as cultivating
a person, but we speak of cultivation of
personality. Hence, personality is the result of
one's achievement".
CULTURE AND MORAL BEHAVIOR

Cultural values — those that are shared

in a community such as ideals, laws,
customs, beliefs, rituals, and cer­
emonies. Some values are described as
religious, economic, or aes­thetic.
• Filipino Values

Filipino values are our cultural

values. They sum up our responses
to the meaning of human life in the
context of the cultural setting. They
show our strengths and weaknesses
as a people.
• Filipino Cultural Values
Cultural values are "our distinctive way of becoming human
on this particular place and time.

Filipino values spring from our peculiar way of viewing life

—its origin, its meaning, and its purpose. Foremost among
our values is pananalig sa Maykapal. The Filipino puts his
trust entirely in God's hand. He believes that his destiny, or
suwerte, depends on God's wishes.
The Filipino expresses concern for others through
pakikipag- kapwa, pagmamahal sa familia, and
pagmamahal sa bayan. He believes in himself and in his
abilities.
• The Filipino way: Filipino Moral Ideal

The Filipino believes moral integrity is the

essentiality of "be­coming human". It is above the
desire for material enrichment.
This moral expectation is similar, though with
much lesser signifi­cance, with such concepts as
"magpaka-lalaki", or "magpaka-babae", implying
that man and woman have different traits and
capabilities. Just as a man or a woman must act in
accordance with the demands ol their respective
gender, a person ought to live up to the demands
of his humanity or "pagkatao"pagpapakatao.
CULTURAL RELATIVISM

-- is the idea that a person’s belief, values

and practices should be understood based
on that person’s own culture rather than
be judged against the criteria of another.
Relationship of Ethics to other Sciences
1. Ethics in an Art
• Art provides for what is orderly and
harmonious in an artwork. Ethics is an art, “the
art of correct living”, because it teaches how we
may put order and harmony in our lives. Thus,
ethics is a practical science and differs from one
that is purely speculative. Ethics is beneficial
only when its truths are put into practice as
rules of conduct.
2. Ethics and Logic
 
• Logic is the science and art of correct reasoning. Ethics is
the science of good and proper living. It is the art and
science of sound thinking and correct reasoning. But good
living presupposes correct thinking and reasoning.
 
3. Ethics and Psychology
• Mental process include thoughts, memories, emotions,
motivations, dreams, perceptions and beliefs. Both
involves the study of man, human nature and human
behavior. There is however, a basic difference. Psychology
is not concerned with morality of human behavior, unlike
ethics.
4. Ethics and Sociology
• Sociology is the scientific study of society and
culture while ethics is concerned with the moral
order, which also includes social order. Society
cannot exists because of the observance of moral
laws that make sociology dependent on ethics.

5. Ethics and Economics 

• Economics is the proper allocation and efficient
use of available resources for the maximum
satisfaction of human wants.
6. Ethics and the Filipino

• Filipinos believe in moral integrity as essential

to life. They also believe in a just society.
• People of some other countries suffer as much,
if not worst. But this is no consolation at all
since we should be looking up to the ideal.
When we speak of “living standard”, we
inevitably mean “economic”, that is, higher
salaries and low prices. Perhaps, we should
think more of moral standard as our priority.
7. Ethics and Religion 
• Ethics and religion are both concerned with moral
education, but they differ from each other. Ethics is
a science and relies on reasons for its conclusions.
Religion is a system of beliefs and practices based on
faith and revelation, or truths revealed to man by
God. It is a link between man and God.
• Ethics teaches the value of religion, presenting it as
a duty of man towards the Supreme Being. Religion,
on the other hand, as an organized church or
institution, contributes to the development of
ethical thought. Thus, religion and ethics
complement each other.
Ethical Approaches
There are two approaches – the atheistic and
theistic ethics.
• The atheistic approach assumes that only
matter exist and man is responsible only to the
State since there is no God who rules the
universe. Morality is an invention of man to suit
his requirement and to preserve society. Moral
truths are temporary and changeable depending
on the situation. Accordingly, the concept of
good and evil is relative. Some of its tenets are
the following:
• Matter is the only reality.
• Man is matter and does not have spiritual
soul.
• Man is free and must exercise his freedom
to promote the welfare of society.
• There is no life after death.
• Man is accountable only to the State.
The theistic approach, to which we adhere,
assumes that God is the Supreme Lawgiver.
Everything must conform to God’s Eternal
plan of creation. Man must exercise his
freedom in accordance with God’s will.
There are absolute principles of morality
which are not changeable. Man is
accountable for his actions and deserves
either a reward or punishment in this life or
in the next. Its tenets are:
• God is the Supreme Creator and Lawgiver.
• Man is free and must use his freedom to
promote his personal interest along with
that of others.
• Man has an immortal soul.
• Man is accountable for his actions, both
good and evil
• Divisions of Ethics

• Ethics has two major parts; these are

General and Special Ethics.
General Ethics is about the principle of
morality. It explains the norms with which
the moral significance of the human act is
determined. It presents truths about
human acts, and from these truths deduce
the general principles of morality. General
ethics is applied to the individual in
relation to himself, to God and to his fellow
men.
• Special Ethics is applied ethics. It applies the
principles of general ethics in different
departments of human activity , individual and
special. It includes man’s relations with the
family, in the state and in the world. It
includes the sub-branches of professional
ethics, such as
• medical ethics, business ethics, legal
ethics, biological and environmental
ethics.
 What is Ethics?

Jovito R. Salonga
 
Ethics…is the discipline dealing with right and wrong. And
when we ask what things are right, without having to go back
to the ancient philosophers and scholars, common sense tells
us the things that are right are the things that help people and
society at large, such things as honesty, fairness, decency and
accountability. To be sure, ethics has a practical dimension. It
is based on what one might call reciprocity, something like the
Golden Rule – “Do unto others what you would like other to
do unto you.” Or even its negative version – Don’t do unto
others what you don’t like them to do unto you.” I don’t want
to be lied to, hence I should not lie to others. I don’t want my
possession stolen, therefore I should not steal other people’s
possessions. If I don’t want to be cheated by the other
candidates for president, then I should not cheat them.
• But beyond reciprocity, ethics has a spiritual dimension. People have an
inner sense of right and wrong, that is why we feel guilt and shame.
Wasn’t it Abraham Lincoln who said: “When I do good, I feel good. When I
do bad, I feel bad?” Our best moments, as one ethicist points out (Meyers
1989:18), are not when we made a lot of money, but when something we
did meant a lot good to others. In my own law practice before I got into
the fascinating but turbulent world of politics, I earned more than enough
by serving as lawyer for a number of big corporations; however, my
happiest moment was not when I received a handsome attorney’s fee but
when I defended – gratis et amore – an old man, a friend of my late father,
who, in my opinion was erroneously convicted by a biased judge. I
appealed the judgment of conviction, prepared the written brief at my
expense and personally argued his case in the Court of Appeals, knowing
he could not pay me even if he wanted to. When the judgment of acquittal
came, I thought I was the happiest man in the world. What I am trying to
say is that beyond honesty and fairness, compassion and caring for people
especially those who are in need, are among life’s highest ethical values.
(Excerpt from “Ethics in Politics” in The Intangibles That Make A Nation
Great, 2003, p. 165-166)
• For Jovito Salonga, what is happiness?
 
• What moral lesson could we get from this
story?
 
• Man As Person
• Man has an intellect that separates him from all
brute creation. Man has the ability to think before
doing a particular action. Man may foresee the
consequences of his actions. He has the capacity to
know what is right and what is wrong.
• Ethics is the study of man as a moral being. What
goals we assign to ourselves, what actions we
choose to do, and how we treat others – depend on
how we understand ourselves as a human being.
Socrates is wise indeed for proposing that the
starting point of wisdom is “to know oneself”.
Filipino Beliefs
Filipinos believe that…
• Man is a creature of God.
• Man has an immortal soul.
• Man has an assigned destiny in life.
• Man must do good or else be punished by
God.
• Man by nature is good but is morally weak.
Regarding morality, Filipinos believe that…
 
• Morality is the Law of God.
• A person should respect his humanity.
• A person should love and care for his family.
• A person should strive to live peacefully with
others.
• A person should fear God and His punishment.
• Character is often taken as synonymous
with personality. This is correct if
personality is taken as the sum-total of
the psychological systems in an individual
which enable him to adjust to his environ­
ment. Character, however, refers the
person's choice of values and his
intelligent exercise of his freedom.
 
• Moral Character
• Character is the will of the person directing him
towards a recog­nized ideal. This is how human actions
are significant because they actualize man's potential
to be what he truly is as a rational being. When a
person falls short of the expectation, he is said to have
bad character. On the other hand, a person who lives
up to the ideals of his humanity is said to have good
character, or moral integrity.
• Character is not the product of a moment's
inspiration, but a disciplined tendency to choose the
right thing in any given circumstance. It is adherence
to what is true, beautiful, and good in us.
• The Human Act
• Acts of Man or Human acts sound relative that
are brought to the misunderstanding of many.
Man is a rational being and that man is to act in
accordance with the laws of nature. “To live in
accordance with the laws of nature.” Man has
to live with a moral life, it is important
therefore, to know what these acts are proper
to man.
• An act that is not proper to man as a rational
being is called Act of Man not a Human Act.
Human acts are those performed by a
person who is acting know­ingly, freely, and
willfully. These actions are deliberate,
intentional, or voluntary. They are
differentiated from acts of man which are
instinctive and are not under the control of
the freewill. An act is considered a human
act, when it is done knowingly, freely, and
willfully.
• An act is done knowingly when the doer is
conscious and aware of the reason and the
consequences of his actions. Every nor­mal
person of age is presumed to act knowingly.
• An act is done freely when the doer acts by
his own initiative and choice without being
forced to do so by another person or situ­ation.
• An act is done willfully when the doer
consents to the act, accepting it as his own,
and assumes accountability for its conse­
quences.
• Elements of Human Acts 
• Knowledge. The agent of the act or actors knows what is
being acting. He knows its results, good or bad. The act in
other words, is done deliberately.
 
• Freedom. The person who does the action is not
pressured to do or not to do the action. He is free from all
external forces beyond his control. To do the act of fear
makes the action not his own. Human acts must be done
in freedom.
 
• Voluntariness. The agent does not act out of his own
decision and will. He does the act because he decides to
do it. It emanates from his heart and reason.
• Kinds of Human acts
• There are two classifications of Human
Acts, ELICITED ACT and COMMANDED
ACT. An act is classified as “elicited” if it
begins and ends in the will without
bodily involvement. While an act is
classified as “commanded” if it requires
both mind and body. It is shortly called
mind-body act.
Elicited acts are those performed by the Will but
are not bodily externalized.
• 1. Wish is the tendency of the Will towards an
object, without considering whether it is
attainable or not. The object of wishing includes
the impossible, or that which is remotely
possible, such as winning the lotto.
• 2. Intention is the tendency of the Will towards
an object which is attainable, without necessarily
committing oneself to get it. A student, for
instance, may intend to study without applying
himself to the task.
• Consent is the acceptance of the Will to carry out the in­
tention. A student shows consent to the act of studying
when he ac­cepts the reasons and accountability for
undertaking the act.
• Election is the selection of the Will of those means neces­
sary to carry out the intention. The student, for instance,
may elect to stay in the library to study his lesson, or seek a
friend to help him.
• Use is the command of the Will to make use of the means
elected to carry out the intention, such as when the student
makes up his mind to stay in the library to study.
• Fruition is the enjoyment of the Will due to the attainment
of the intention. The student may feel satisfied about the
prospect of learning the lesson and being prepared for the
class.
• Commanded acts are the mental and bodily actions per­
formed under the command of the Will. These are either
internal, external and mixed actions.
 
• Internal actions are those performed mentally, such as
reasoning, recalling, imagining, and reflecting.
 
• External actions are those performed bodily, such as
walking, dancing, talking, and writing. All external actions
derive themselves from the internal acts, since every
deliberate act is first thought of and decided mentally.
 
• Mixed actions. This is the combination of the internal and
external acts as the word suggests. For example, when
studying, one uses the mind and the body.
Moral Distinctions
• On the basis of their conformity or non-conformity with the norm
of morality, human acts are either moral, immoral, or amoral. 
• Moral actions are those in conformity with the norm of morality.
They are good and permissible actions, such as working,
studying, paying debts, telling the truth, loving someone,
etcetera.
• Immoral actions are those which are not in conformity with the
norm of morality. They are evil and prohibited actions, such as
cursing, cheating, stealing, lying, etcetera.
• Amoral actions are those which stand neutral or indifferent to
the norm of morality. These acts are neither good nor evil, but
they may become evil because of circumstances. Playing
basketball becomes morally wrong when it causes a student to
miss his class. Drinking wine is amoral, but excessive drinking is
wrong.
• Voluntariness
• Voluntariness, or volition, comes from the Latin "voluntas",
which means the Will. An act is voluntary because it is done
under the control of the will. Voluntariness is either perfect
or imperfect, either simple or conditional.
• Perfect voluntariness is possessed by a person who is
acting with full knowledge and complete freedom. We act
with perfect voluntariness when, for instance, we are
eating our favorite ice-cream, or when we are telling a story
to a friend.
• Imperfect voluntariness is possessed by a person who acts
without full understanding what he is doing, or without
complete free­dom. We act with imperfect voluntariness
when we perform an act which we dislike.
• Simple voluntariness is the disposition of a person
perform­ing any activity regardless of his liking or not
liking it. Simple voluntariness is either positive or
negative. It is positive when the act requires the
performance of an activity, such as taking the train,
going for a walking, or caring for a sick person. It is
negative when it requires the omission of an activity,
such as refraining from talking, or not taking prohibited
drugs.
• Conditional voluntariness is disposition of a person who
is forced by circumstances to perform an act which he
would not do under normal conditions. A person who
gives up his money to the robber is acting with
conditional voluntariness.
Sources of Morality

The Morality of Human Acts depends on:

 
• The Object
• The end of intention of the agent
• The Circumstances
 Moral Accountability
• A morally good act requires the goodness of the
object, of the end and of the circumstances together.
An evil end corrupts the action even if the object is
good in itself such as praying and fasting in order to be
seen by men.
• Human acts, because they are voluntary, are
accountable acts. Actions are imputed on the doer as
its principal cause and, therefore, deserving of either
reward or punishment. Human acts, because they are
voluntary, are accountable acts. Actions are imputed
on the doer as its principal cause and, therefore,
deserving of either reward or punishment.
•  
Sanctions and Penalties
• The penal laws of the country provide for a system of
punishment for wrongdoings, ranging from fines to
imprisonment. The capital punishment or death penalty is
reserved for "heinous crimes".
• Unless also prohibited by the laws of the land, no punishments
are imposed on immoral acts. However, immoral acts carry with
them the burden of guilt, remorse and shame. The Scriptures
speaks of death as the punishment for sins. It means both
physical and spiritual death. The medical science traces many
illnesses to immoralities and spiritual disorientation. Evil acts and
habits cause suffering and unhappiness, not only to the victims,
but to the perpetrator and his relatives. The shamefulness of
such actions is shared by all the members of the family of the
guilty. And there is the risk of being ostracized, losing a job, or
being abandoned by loved ones.
 ETHICS
 
MIDTERM
 
Norm Of Morality
• Man is an animal. That is, there are actions and
activities of man in common with other forms of
animals. Such actions are eating, heating,
tasting, smelling, etc. These are called acts of
man.
• On the other hand, all of the other forms of
animals man alone is endowed with rationality.
Man alone has the capacity to think and to
decide the actions proper to him as a rational
being. Human Acts are actions or activities that
are originate from the rationality of man.
• This is what we have learned about the human
act:
 
1) They are voluntary acts.
2) They are accountable acts.
3) They are motivated acts.
4) They are either moral, immoral, or amoral.
A norm is a standard of measurement. We measure the size,
the weight, the length, the duration, the intensity, the
quantity, and the depth of something. We measure objects,
events, emotions, and persons.

• We make a value judgment when we measure the quality

of a thing. The physical qualities of objects are measured
with the use of a device such as clock, ruler, speedometer,
or thermometer. The moral qualities of human acts are
measured with the use of a norm or stan­dard to support a
judgment. The judges of a beauty contest, for ex­ample,
uses a criteria for scoring the contestants as to their
physical appearance, stage presence, costume, and
intelligence.
•  
The Norms of Morality
• The norms of morality "are the criteria of judgment
about the sorts of persons we ought to be and the
sorts of actions we ought to perform.
• Moral norms are the criteria for judging (1) the
quality of character, what sort of person one ought
to become and (2) the quality of an act, what sort
of action ought to be done.
• The word "ought" (must/should) implies a duty or
obligation. It means that a person or his action
should possess a certain quality or it falls short of
the standard.
The phrase "criteria of judgment" implies the
use of reason in determining the quality being
measured. The norm of morality is not a
blueprint for action, nor a set of laws, like the
Ten Commandments. It is a rational assessment
of the worthiness or unworthiness of a person
or an act on the basis of the given standard or
criteria.
Basis of Moral Judgment
• Moral judgment is based on norms of morality
— the eternal law, natural law, and conscience.
Eternal law is the ultimate (final/last) norm,
Natural law is the remote (isolated) norm, and
Conscience is proximate (nearby/close) norm of
morality. Since both natural law and conscience
are derived from Eter­nal Law, there is only one
and ultimate basis of morality — God who
created all creatures.
1. The Eternal Law
• Eternal law is the plan of God in creating all creatures, both
ani­mate (living) and inanimate non-living), giving to each of
them its respective nature.
2. The Natural Law
• Natural law refers to the operational tendencies of the
human nature — the chemical, biological, physiological,
psychological, and rational properties of man as an organism.
• Natural law is the tendency of human nature towards growth
and self-fulfillment. Accordingly, anything contributing to the
actualization of man's potential is morally good; and anything
that contradicts the self-realization of a person as person is
morally evil. While the morally good act contributes to the
integration of a person, the mor­ally evil act causes its
disintegration.
Characteristics of Natural Law
• It is universal—because it is the human nature which is
shared by all men, though realized differently according
to their re­spective cultures.
• It is obligatory — because the tendencies of our human
na­ture are the laws of our desires and actuations which
we can­not ignore without dire consequences.
• It is recognizable — because man, being self-reflexive, is
aware of his nature, of what he is and what he is capable
of and what is expected of him by his own kind.
• 4) It is immutable and unchangeable — because,
although change is a rule of life, human nature in its
essentiality and substanti­ality remains permanent and
unchangeable.
3. Conscience
• While natural law is the tendency towards good in
general, con­science is the choice of a particular good in a
given situation. People refer to conscience as "the voice
of God" — a whisper of admoni­tion.
• Conscience is the practical judgment of reason telling us
what should be done because it is good, or what should
be avoided be­cause it is evil. The judgment is "practical"
because it leads to a course of action. Conscience is
"judgment of reason" because it derives from our
understanding of what ought to be done as good and
what ought to avoided as evil. This is how actions are
said to be in accordance with dictate of reason. Moral
decisions may sometimes
Types of Conscience
As an intellectual faculty conscience needs education and train­ing.
• Correct conscience sees the good as good, the evil as evil.
Correct conscience comes from enlightenment; from refined
moral sensibility, or from the habit of doing good, "he correct
conscience is the result of sound upbringing, education, good
habits, and intelligent laws.
• Erroneous conscience sees evil as something good. Errone­ous
conscience comes from malice, ignorance, bad habits, and bad
influence.
• Doubtful conscience is a vacillating conscience, unsure of it­self.
• Scrupulous conscience is overly cautious, meticulous, and
fearful of committing a mistake.
• Lax conscience is indifferent, unmindful of right or wrong.
Formal and Material Norms
We distinguish two aspects of the moral norm : the
formal and the material norms.
• Formal norms relate to formation of character,
what kind of per­son we ought to be. These consist
of such directives towards charac­ter development,
such as "be honest", "be direct", "be respectful",
etcetera.
• Material norms relate to actions, what actions we
ought to do. Material norms determine are
whether an act on account of its nature «mi forms
or does not conform with the formal norms.
Physicalism vs Personalism:
There are two viewpoints on how moral acts are to be
judged on the basis of Natural Law.
• Physicalism suggests that the physical and biological
nature of man determines morality. Morality is in
accordance with the natural order in the universe.
Anything opposed to man's physical, physi­ological, or
biological tendencies is wrong and immoral. It maintains
that the criteria for moral judgment are written in man's
nature and all that is required is for man to read them off.
• Personalism suggests that reason is the standard for
moral judg­ment. Right reason, or "recta ratio, is the
dynamic tendency in the human person to know the
truth, to grasp the whole reality as it is.
Human Values
• According to Aristotle, the ultimate good of man consists
of an aggregate of goods which would help him attain
happiness in this life. Anything which contributes to
man's development, comfort, and well- being is a value.
• A value is anything which satisfies a human need. Value
is iden­tical to that which is good defined by Aristotle as
"fitting a function".
• Anything which enriches our experience of life is a value,
such as a person, a relationship, a feeling, an object, a
place, an event, an opportunity, a profession, a work, a
travel, or a state of being. Thus, parents regard their
children as their “treasure"; individuals care about their
friendship, and a community values peace and
cooperation. One's life and beliefs are values.
The Significance of Values
• Our ultimate happiness in this life, says
Aristotle, consists in the sum of earthly goods
essential to us. Accordingly, values relate to
our ultimate purpose, to that which would
make us completely happy. In this respect, our
actions are significant because they are the
means by which we attain happiness. Good
actions are those that bring happiness. Evil
actions are those that bring unhappiness.
To sum up:

(1) Values enrich our experience of life and bring

happiness;
(2) Actions are values because they are the
means we em­ploy to attain happiness, and
(3) Morally good actions bring happiness, while
immoral actions bring unhappiness.
Kinds of Values
• Biological values are necessary to the physical survival
and growth of man such as food, shelter, work,
pleasure, sex, sports, career, health, and medicines.
• Psychological values are necessary to the psychological
matu­ration of man such as companionship, friendship,
marriage, family life, and social interaction.
• Intellectual values are necessary to the mental
fulfillment ol man, such as truth, science, art, and
religion.
• Moral values are necessary for the development of
character.
• We also speak of cultural values —
those that are shared in a community
such as ideals, laws, customs, beliefs,
rituals, and cer­emonies. Some values
are described as religious, economic,
or aes­thetic.
 
• Social Dimension of Values
• The authenticity of values consists in their being
shared with others. The higher a value goes up the
ranking the more it becomes altruistic.
• The lower values are seen as competitive and
egotistic because they tend towards the
accumulation of material possession which man
finds difficult to share with others. Thus, man
would not easily share food and would wage war to
defend or acquire the source of food. On the other
hand, the psychological value of love lends itself to
shar­ing with others. Friendship, for instance, is
possible only with mutual respect and care.
Moral Values
• Moral values are those pertaining to the
functions of the intellect mid the will — our
choices, decisions, actions, and habits. Moral
values relate to our spiritual growth.
Characteristics of Moral Values
• Moral values have the following
characteristics:
1) They have intrinsic worth. This means that moral values
me in themselves good independent of our opinion of
them. The act "I feeding the hungry, for example, is a good
act regardless of the motive for it.
2) They are universally accepted by all people. None would
find fault with helping the needy, or testifying on the
truth of some­thing, or working honestly for a living. The
Bill of Rights is accepted by the community of nations.
3) (3)They are obligatory. This means that a person, when
so capacitated, is duty bound to do what is good when
the situation demands it. Thus, one is duty bound to
return to its rightful owner a lost - and- found property.
Likewise, one is duty bound to help accident victims.
This also means that every person is obliged to be
honest, to be respectful of others, to be diligent, and to
avoid doing what harms others.
• Choosing Values
• Since values have relative worth, a person has
to choose those which are relevant to him.
These guidelines serve a purpose:
1) Permanent or lasting values must be
preferred over temporary or perishable
ones. For example, education is
objectively better than leisure; moral
habit better than physical strength.
2) Values favored by the majority must be
preferred over those appealing only to a few. For
example, marriage is better than remain­ing single;
wealth better than staying poor.
3) Essential values must be preferred over the
accidental val­ues. For example, good reputation is
better than being pretty; attend­ing to parental
duties better than involvement in social gatherings
or parties.
4) Moral values must be preferred over the
physical values. For example, the practice of
religion is better than sports; feeding the orphans
is better than spending money for luxuries.
Moral Habits

Moral character is the sum of man's

good habits. Habit comes from the Latin
word "habere", meaning — to have or to
possess. Habits are either entitative or
operative.
Entitative habits predispose man to
acquire certain nature or qual­ity, like
being healthy, being beautiful, being
intelligent, or being rich.
Operative habits predispose man to
act readily towards a purpose, like
singing, dancing, playing basketball, or
helping others. The op­erative habit of
doing well is called virtue; that of doing
evil is vice.
Virtues pertaining to mental or intellectual operation are called
intellectual virtues', those pertaining to the will are moral virtues.
 
Moral virtues
There are four moral virtues: prudence, justice, fortitude, and
temperance.
1. Prudence enables a person to know the best means to em­ploy in
attaining a purpose. A prudent person weighs the pros and cons of a
situation and acts with reasonable caution.
2. Justice inclines a person to give to everyone what is due. A just person
pays his legal debts, honors his elders, observes the laws of society, and
worships God.
3. Fortitude gives a person the strength of the will to face dangers and
the problems in life. A person of fortitude is not easily discouraged and is
ready to stand by what is right.
4. Temperance moderates a person's instincts and emotions. A
temperate person is not given to inordinate anger, jealousy, desire, or
love.
Intellectual Virtues

There are four intellectual virtues: understanding, science, art and

wisdom.
1. Understanding is the habit or intuition of the first principles, such as
"the whole is greater than the sum of any of its parts", or that "doing
well is better than doing bad". This is also called common sense.
2. Science is the habit of proximate causes, why things are such because
of their nature or natural properties. Thus, we have the dif­ferent
sciences on different field of studies.
3. Art is the habit of making beautiful things, such as in litera­ture, in
architecture, and in the fine arts.
4. Wisdom is the habit of the ultimate causes, such as the inter­
dependence of created things in the eco-system; or how the negative
emotions of man — like hatred, anger, or sadness— are not signs of
weakness but are natural instincts for self-preservation and growth.
 
 Vices and Character
A vice is the opposite of virtue. Vice is
the habit of doing evil acquired through
the repetition of an evil act. One
immoral act does not constitute a habit
or a vice for that matter. But it is no less
unfor­tunate. The fact is every single evil
act speaks of an evil character.
A vice is evil either because of excess or of defect.

1) Vices opposed to prudence by excess are —

cautiousness, fraud, flattery, trickery; by defect —
imprudence, impulsiveness, carelessness, or stubbornness.
2) Vices opposed to justice by excess are — profligacy, idola­
try, fanaticism, and superstition; by defect are —disrespect
to el­ders, irreligion, and non payment of debts.
3) Vices opposed to fortitude by excess are — rashness,
bold­ness, recklessness; by defect — cowardice, timidity,
sensitivity, and depression.
4)Vices opposed to temperance by excess are —
rigorousness, lack of self-confidence, moroseness; by
defect—pride, lust, hatred, gluttony, and vanity.
Filipino Values

Filipino values are our cultural

values. They sum up our responses
to the meaning of human life in the
context of the cultural setting. They
show our strengths and weaknesses
as a people.
Filipino Cultural Values

Cultural values are "our distinctive way of becoming

human on this particular place and time.

Filipino values spring from our peculiar way of viewing

life—its origin, its meaning, and its purpose. Foremost
among our values is pananalig sa Maykapal. The Filipino
puts his trust entirely in God's hand. He believes that his
destiny, or suwerte, depends on God's wishes.
The Filipino expresses concern for others through
pakikipag- kapua, pagmamahal sa familia, and
pagmamahal sa bayan. He believes in himself and in his
abilities.
 
Filipino Moral Ideal

The Filipino believes moral integrity is the

essentiality of "be­coming human". It is above the
desire for material enrichment.
This moral expectation is similar, though with much
lesser signifi­cance, with such concepts as
"magpaka-lalaki", or "magpaka-babae", implying
that man and woman have different traits and
capabilities. Just as a man or a woman must act in
accordance with the demands ol their respective
gender, a person ought to live up to the demands of
his humanity or "pagkatao"pagpapakatao.
The Filipino moral ideal coincides with what
other people of any culture regard as the
greatest attribute of a human being. A
person must be caring, honest, hardworking,
and respectful of others. He must have an
impeccable character. Failing the moral
standard makes a person masamang, tao,
and is looked down as "hayop", or
"walanghiya", a shame­less beast.
 ETHICS FINAL
 Work Ethics
The right to life implies the right to work. Working is the means by
which man can preserve his life.
Working is both a right and a duty. Work is the legitimate use of
our mental and bodily powers for economic gain or profit.
Work is the use or application of our physical powers to
accomplish a task. It is "use" because nobody can own another
person's body nor can anyone sell his body, any part or function of
it. We say "legitimate use" because not every activity which
provides income, is not work in the moral and legal sense. Thus,
stealing is not work; neither is prostitution since it debases the
human body and dignity..
Work is for the purpose of obtaining an economic gain for the
worker. It belongs to the essence of work that it is compensated.
Such compensation is based on justice and takes the form of a
wage or salary. Any form of slavery or forced labor is immoral.
 The Right to Work
Working is both a right and a duty. The right to
work derives from the right to life. Man has basic
needs which must be satisfied in order for him to
survive. Therefore, the right to life implies that a
person has to right to private property, to those
means necessary for him to sustain himself and
his dependents. Pope Leo XIII makes states:
The Duty to Work
Work aims to promote life. It is a natural duty since every person is
endowed with bodily and mental powers to that he may take care
of himself and not become a burden to others. This obligation is a
great responsibility when one becomes the head of a family. “For
it is a most sacred law of nature", says Pope Leo XIII, "that a father
must provide food and all necessities for those whom he has
begotten; and similarly, nature dictates that a man's children, who
carry one, as were, and continue his personality, should keep
themselves from want and misery in the uncertainties of this
mortal life." (op. cit.)

Laziness is evil. A man who is habitually lazy does not deserve to

eat or to be fed, according to the Bible.
The Family Wage
The minimum wage may not necessarily commensurate for workers
to maintain a modest standard of living.
"In the present economy the great bulk of the country's land and
wealth are possessed by a small minority to whom the rest must
come for work. Such an economy can be justified only if this great
majority of the people can obtain in return for their work a wage that
will supply them with the minimum human standard of living which
we have defined above; a wage, namely, that will enable a man to
provide a sufficiency of decent food and clothing for himself and his
family, a decent home, security for sickness and old age, and the
means and leisure for moderate and wholesome recreation. To all of
these every man has strict right; and when the only means by which a
man can obtain them is in exchange for his labor, he must be able to
obtain them in exchange for his labor. In other words, a man's labor
must be worth at least a wage that guarantees him all these. Such a
wage we call "family wage"
• Unionism
• Every worker has a right to join a union in order to protect
his livelihood and to cooperate in building social order. The
Catholic Bish­ops declare that "it is morally wrong, and in our
country a crime punishable by law, for anyone to interfere with
this natural right either by threats or by discrimination against
those who join such associations "(Pastoral Letter on Social
Justice).
•  
• Labor, if it is unorganized, can have no effective voice to protect
lights and to bargain collectively with Capital. Therefore, for as
long as unions are peaceful and seek their objectives by lawful
means, they are beneficial to the members and to society as a
whole.
• Morality of Strike
• A strike is an organized cessation of work by workers for the in
pose of forcing management to meet their work related
demands, such as increase in wages and benefits, or improve
working conditions. For a strike to be legal, it must be in
accordance with the rules defined by the Department of Labor.
For it to be morally permissible, the following conditions must
apply:

• There is a sufficient and just reason for holding a strike. A strike

should not be resorted to unless all other means of conciliation
or dialogue with management had been tried.
• Basic Duties of Workers

• Work honestly and diligently

• Comply with all rules of the workplace.
• Respect the employer and officers.
• Allow time for vacation.
• Don't impose unjust rules.
 
• Love of Neighbor

• Neighbor is any person other than oneself -

parents, relatives, friends, officemates,
superiors and strangers. Even our enemies are
neighbor whom we ought to respect. In its
widest sense, it includes all creatures.
• Types of Justice
• We distinguish four applications of justice:
• Commutative justice regulates the rights of persons towards
one another in accordance with the principle of equality in
give and take. The object of commutative justice is the private
advantage or profit. It requires that one may not take
advantage of another person by violating his right, say, to his
life or interest.
• Distributive Justice regulates the rights of persons as mem­
bers of the community. It is due to distributive justice that, for
example, citizens of a given community do not pay the same
amount of taxes relative to their income.
• Legal Justice regulates rights of the community or those
charged with the welfare of the community. The aim of legal
justice is the promotion of the common good.

• Social Justice regulates of rights of persons towards the

weaker members of the community - those who are poor and
needy. Social justice, being concerned with the welfare of the
community, must at- lend to the needs of all its members,
especially those who are poor, weak, and disadvantage.

• Vindictive Justice regulates the rights of the community or

State to restore public order by punishing criminals in
proportion to their guilt. The aim of vindictive justice is "the
furtherance of the common welfare and, if possible,
correction of the guilty.
• Duties towards Neighbor
• Because rights and duties are reciprocal, any
right we claim for our self becomes a duty
towards our neighbor. For instance, our right
to our life becomes our duty to respect and
protect the life of another person. We may
classify our duties towards the neighbor as:
• (1) those pertaining to his body,
• (2) those pertaining to his soul, and
• (3) those pertaining to his property.
• Capital Punishment
• Capital punishment, or the Death Penalty, is a
controversial topic. Some countries demand it,
others condemn it as an unjust and im­moral
punishment even for them whose guilt had
been established beyond any reasonable
doubt. The Philippine Constitution reserves
the death penalty for "heinous crime" as
defined by law (RA 7659).
• In Defense of the Death Penalty
• Esteban B. Bautista
• (Excerpt from an article published in the Philippine Star, March 26, 1990, by
the author who is then the Director of the Institute of Gov­ernment and Law
Reform, U. P. Law Center).
• Capital punishment is a form of self-defense. It is resorted to by society to
protect itself and its members and secure them from the destructive acts of
certain individuals or groups of individuals. These acts constitute a direct
assault on the life or security either of society itself or of that of its individual
members. The crime of treason goes to the very life of the state itself; while
the crimes of murder, rape and robbery with homicide, to give but a few
examples, constitute a direct attack on the life and security of its members.
• Capital punishment, Far from being just retributive, is therefore, based on
necessity. And this is no less than the necessity of self-pres­ervation of society
itself (both in its barest existence and as an or­dered and civilized
aggrupation) and the preservation of its members, who otherwise would live
intolerable lives subject to the constant threat of wanton destruction or
deprivation, bereft of security in their persons and property and of peace.
• Marriage
• Marriage is a special contract of permanent union, between a
man and a woman entered into in accordance with the law for
the establishment of conjugal and family life. (1988 Family
Code of the Philippines)

• Nature of Marriage
• Marriage is a moral and legal contract between a man and a
woman. It is a moral contract because it is entered to by both
parties, acting freely and voluntarily. It is legal contract because
it is solemnized in accordance with the law.
Word Problems in 1 variable:
Part 8 (Uniform Motion)

Online Tutorial Series

July 2014
 Definitions
• Uniform Motion – Speed is the same all
throughout the trip.
• Distance = (Speed)*(Time)
• 3 Cases of Uniform Motion Problems:
– Moving Towards Each Other
– Moving Away From Each Other
– Chase
 Sample Problem
Case 1: Moving Towards Each Other
Two trains travel towards each other. If their
initial distance is 2800m, and reaches each
other after 40s. Find their speeds if the first
one is 10m/s faster?
 Solution
R: Let x be the speed of the slower train
x+10 be the speed of the faster train
E: time*speed = distance
40(x+10) + 40(x) = 2800
S: 40x + 400 + 40x = 2800
80x + 400 = 2800
80x = 2400; x=30, x+10=40
I: The first train’s speed is 40m/s, and 30/s for the
second.
 Sample Problem
Case 2: Moving Away From Each Other
Two trucks, with the first one faster than the
second by 20kph travels away from each
other. Find their speeds if after 15 hours, they
are 1500km apart?
 Solution
R: Let x be the speed of the slower truck
x+20 be the speed of the faster truck
E: time*speed = distance
15(x+20) + 15(x) = 1500
S: 15x + 300 + 15x = 1500
30x + 300 = 1500
30x = 1200; x=40, x+20=60
I: The two trucks travel at speeds 40 and 60kph.
 Sample Problem
Case 3: Chase
A truck leave a toll gate at 5pm, with speed of
50kph. If a car leaves the same toll gate at
7pm, but with speed of 70kph, what time will
the car meet the truck?
 Solution
R: If the truck travelled at 5pm, then no matter
how much in (t) hours the car travels, he travel
(t+2) hours
t -> time travelled by car
t+2 -> time travelled by truck
E: When they meet, they should have covered
the same distance
50 (t+2) = 70 (t)
 Solution
… 50 (t+2) = 70 (t)
50t + 100 = 70t
100 = 20t
t=5hrs, or 5 hours after the car left
or t+2=7hrs after the truck left
I: They will meet at 12mn.