School of Basic Sciences and Humanities

General Physics Lab

General Physics Lab

reports
Faisal Abunameh
General Physics Lab (PHYS106)
Spring 2020/2021
School of Basic Sciences and Humanities
General Physics Lab

Experiment 1
Measurements and Calculation of Errors (10/10)

Finding Density of a Cylinder

Data Table

Trial Mass (g) Height (cm) Diameter (cm) Volume (cm3) Density(g/cm3)
1 462.33 46.5 1.480 79.99563038 5.77944
2 462.35 46.7 1.455 77.64844244 5.95440
∆m = 0.01 g ∆h= 0.05 cm ∆D = 0.0025 cm

Calculations
1. Calculate the error in the density (∆ρ) for each trial.
Trial 1: [5.77944 ± 0.025864] g/cm3

Trial 2: [5.95440 ± 0.026965] g/cm3

2. Find the average value of the calculated densities and compare it with the
standard value of stainless steel density ( = 7.7 g/cm3)? [find the percent
difference]
Average densities: 5.86692 g/cm3
Percent difference: 23.8062337 %

3. Which quantity contributes more to the error in the density; the mass, the diameter
or the height? Why? (You can solve it for trial 1 or 2).
∆m/m= 2.162957195077109 x 10^-5 g
2∆D/D= 0.0033783783783784 cm
∆h/h= 0.0010752688172043 cm
Then the Diameter contributes more since it’s the bigger value. (I toke the first
trial)
School of Basic Sciences and Humanities
General Physics Lab

Experiment 2: Part A
Velocity and Speed (8/10)

Velocity of a Motorized Cart (Motion Sensor)

Data Table

Run Slope Y-intercept Time of Motion (s)

1 0.286 0.138 3.85
2 0.317 0.150 3.30
3 0.455 0.130 2.95

Data

Write an equation for each plot on your graph using the form y = mx + b. Include numbers
for the slope and y-intercept.

Run Equation (y = mx + b)
1 y = 0.286*x + 0.138
2 y = 0.317*x + 0.150
3 y = 0.455*x + 0.130

Sketch in Fig. 2A.1 your graph of Position versus Time (for all the three trials, and label
each one). Write the axis title and its units.

Position(m) Run 3

Run 2

Run 1

Time(s)
School of Basic Sciences and Humanities
General Physics Lab
Questions

1. Why is the time of motion different for each data run?

Due to the fact that the change in the travel distance related to the time between the carts.

2. Knowing the physical quantities represented by the slope and Y-intercept, what
variables could you put in your equation in place of ‘y’, ‘m’, ‘x’, and ‘b’ to make it more
specific for the motion of the cart?

y: Final position. m: Slope (Velocity).

x: Time. b: Initial position.

School of Basic Sciences and Humanities
General Physics Lab

Experiment 2: Part B
Linear Motion: Acceleration

Part 1: Constant Velocity and Constant Acceleration

Data

Sketch in Fig. 2B.1 your graph of Position versus Time for the motion of the two carts.
Write the axis title and its units.

Run 1

Position(m) Run 2

Time(s)

Questions: Cart Motion

1. Which cart was moving with constant velocity? What is the approximate velocity of
this cart?
The cart in run #2, the velocity of its cart was 0.162 m/s.

2. Is there a moment when each cart has travelled the same distance at the same time?
When?

Yes, at 2.25 seconds.

3.Examine the point on the graph where the two plots cross. Which cart was going
faster at that moment? How can you tell?

The cart in run #1 was going faster since the slope in run #1 is steeper than the
slope in run #2.
School of Basic Sciences and Humanities
General Physics Lab

 Select the plot of data for the fan cart’s motion. Click the ‘Fit’ button in the Graph
toolbar and select a curve fit that you think will match the plot of data. (If your
selection is not a ‘good fit’ for your data, try another curve fit.)

4. Which curve fit is the best for your data?

Run #1.

Interpret Graphs

EXAMPLE 1: The following graph represents

the motion of a cart. Write a description of the
motion by answering the questions.
1.What happens during the first 3 seconds of
motion?
It moves at constant velocity of 1 m/s.

2.What happens during the time

interval between 3 and 5 seconds?
It is at rest for 2 seconds.

3.What happens after 5 seconds? How is

the motion of the car after 5 seconds
different from the motion during the first
3 seconds?
It moves with -0.6m/s. So it returns to the original position.

EXAMPLE 2:
4.Find the speed of the cart at the moments:
t=2s, and t=4s. (Show your work on the
graph)
At time t = 2 s
2 – 0 = 2 m/s
2 – 1
At time t = 4 s
8 – 4 = 4 m/s
4–3

5. What is the cart doing in EXAMPLE 2?

It moves in a constant acceleration.
 Part 2: Graph Position, Velocity, and Acceleration of a Fan Cart

Sketch in Fig. 2B.2 your graph of Position, Velocity, and Acceleration versus
Time for the motion of the fan cart. Write the axis title and its units.

Velocity(m/s)
Position(m) Acceleration(m/s2)

Time(s) Time(s)
Time(s)
Questions

1. Consider the position versus time graph, describe the graph.

The curve of the graph which is between the position and time representing that
the cart is moving in linear velocity.
2. Consider the velocity versus time graph, describe the graph.
The linear graph which is between velocity and time shows that the cart is moving
in constant acceleration.

How to Find the Acceleration from

Position versus Time

1. In the plot.1 of Position versus Time, click

the highlight tool ( ) -and-drag the
shaded area to highlight a smooth part of
the position graph.
2. Find the slope of your data. By Click the ‘Fit
tool ( )’and select ‘Quadratic’ from the
menu.
3. The "A" is the coefficient of the squared
term in the curve fit formula. Record the
coefficient “A”.
A = 0.0215 m/s2
How to Find the Acceleration from
Velocity versus Time

1. In the plot of Velocity versus Time, click the

highlight tool ( ) -and-drag the shaded
area to highlight a smooth part of the
Velocity graph.
2. Find the slope of your data. By Click the
‘Fit tool ( )’and select ‘Linear' from
the menu.

The "m" value is the slope. Record

the slope as the acceleration,
m=
0.0535
m/s

Compare the Acceleration Values

Multiply the value of “A” number by "2" to get the acceleration based on
position versus time. Record the value of 2 x "A".
2 x A = 0.043 m/s2

Compare this value to the slope (“m”) of the Linear Fit for the velocity versus
time graph. (This is the acceleration based on velocity versus time.)

Verification

Compute the percent difference of your two values for acceleration.

% diff = (0.043 – 0.0535) x 100% = 19.62 %

0.0535
 Experiment 3: Part A (10/10)
Linear Motion with Constant Acceleration (g sinθ)

Data Table

Run Angle(degrees) Sin (Ѳ) Acceleration (m/s2)

1 13 0.22495 2.10
2 11 0.19080 1.83
3 9 0.15643 1.49
4 7 0.12186 1.16
5 5 0.08715 0.81
6 0 0 0.00
Table 3.A

Data
[Use Microsoft Excel] Plot the Acceleration vs. sin θ graph, and write the
axis title and its units. (Insert your graph below).
Questions

1. Describe the acceleration versus sin θ plot of the Graph display.

It is a linear graph, Acceleration increases with Sin(Ѳ).

2. Find the value of “g” using the acceleration of the cart.

9.4504 m/s2 (slope)

3. What is the percent difference between your measured value for “g” and
the accepted value for “g”?

% diff = |9.4506 - 9.8| x 100% = 3.5653 %

9.8
 Part B
Linear Motion, Free Falling Bodies
Part 1: Acceleration of a Freely Falling Ball

Data
Sketch in Fig. 3B.1 and Fig. 3B.2 your graph for position and velocity versus
time, write the axis title and its units.
1st rebound 1st rebound
Velocity
Position (m) (m/s)

Time (s)

Time (s)
Maximum height Maximum height

‘g’ (slope of velocity versus time) = 9.75 (m/s2)

Questions
1. Mark on both Figures 3B.1 and 3B.2, the position versus time and the
velocity versus time graphs, the point corresponding to the moment of the first
rebound and the moment when the ball was at its maximum height after its
first rebound.

2. How does your value for ‘g’ (slope of velocity versus time) compare to the
2
accepted value of the acceleration of a free falling object (9.8 m/s )? “Find the
percent error”
% diff = |9.75 - 9.8| x 100% = 0.5102 %
9.8
3. What factors do you think may cause the experimental value to be
different from the accepted value?
The factors may be air resistance or the motion sensor is not accurate.

Part 2: Acceleration of a Freely Falling Picket Fence

Questions
1. Find the slope of the velocity versus time. How does it compare to the
2
accepted value of the acceleration of a free falling object (g = 9.8 m/s )? “Find
the percent error”
|9.77 - 9.8| x 100 % = 0.30612 %
9.8

2. What factors do you think may cause the experimental value to be different
from the accepted value?
The factors may be air resistance or we toke the slope wrong.

3. Determine whether releasing the Picket Fence from just several centimeters
above the Photogate makes any difference in the value of the acceleration.
There is no difference due to the acceleration of free fall (9.8
m/s2) being constant.
 Experiment 6:
Projectile Motion
(8.75/10)

Part 1: Horizontal Launch (θ°= 0°)

Data Table

Range Initial Speed (m/s) Time of Flight (s)

Short 3.15 0.433
Middle 4.00 0.435
Long 5.00 0.429

Questions

1. Measure the height of the starting point and use it to compute the time of
flight.

Height of the starting point = 0.93 m

𝟐𝒅 𝟐∗𝟗.𝟑
t= √ =√ =0.43565 s
𝒈 𝟗.𝟖

2. Compare the value you found in the previous question with the
values in the table (average value); [find the percentage error].

|𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆𝒅−𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅| |𝟎.𝟒𝟑𝟐𝟑𝟑−𝟎.𝟒𝟑𝟓𝟔𝟓|
𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇% = * 100% = ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎% = 0.762 %
𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝟎.𝟒𝟑𝟓𝟔𝟓
Part 2: Launching with Angle θ°

1. Data Table

θ°= 38˚
*Measure the range and the time
**Please show your work in the table below

Short range Mid-range

Initial velocity (m/s) 3.01 4.00

Measured time (s) 0.38 0.49

𝟐𝒗 𝒔𝒊𝒏∅ 𝟐∗𝟑.𝟎𝟏∗ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝟖

= =0.378 𝟐∗𝟒∗ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝟖
Calculated time (s) 𝒈 𝟗.𝟖 =0.50258
𝟗.𝟖
19

(|0.38 -0.
(|0.49-0.50258|/(0.50258))*
Percentage error (%) 37819|/(0.37819))* 100%
100% =2.50308 %
=0.478595 %

Measured range (m) 0.98 1.55

Calculated range (m) 0.89703 1.58415

(|0.98-0.
(|1.55-1.58415|/(1.58415))*
Percentage error (%) 87903|/(0.89703))* 100%
100% =2.15573%
=9.249411 %
 2. Questions

1. Why would time of flight depend on the angle of launch?

Due to the distribution of the affecting force, so as much as the initial velocity is
against the gravity the time of flight will be longer, in other words it depends on
the acceleration on the x-axis whenever it increases the time of flight will
increase.
𝟐𝒗𝟎𝒚 𝟐𝒗𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽𝟎
𝒕= =
𝒈 𝒈
So the time increases as the 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽𝟎 increase.

2. Why would range depend on the angle of launch?

As time depends on 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽𝟎 , we can say that the range depends on the angle by
depending on the time by the equation below:
𝟐𝒗𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽𝟎 𝒗𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽𝟎 𝒗𝟐𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝜽𝟎
𝑹 = 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟎 = 𝒗𝟎𝒙 𝒕 = =
𝒈 𝒈

3. If you want to change the angle of launch (only) but you want your
projectile to land on the same point, what must be the new angle? Why?
The Complementary angle, and the angle will be 52o.
Because of the 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝜽𝟎 are equaled for both angles:
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐 ∗ 𝟑𝟖) = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟕𝟎𝟐𝟗𝟓
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐 ∗ 𝟓𝟐) = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟕𝟎𝟐𝟗𝟓

4. What are the quantities that differ between the cases when the angle that
was used during the experiment and the new angle in question (3)
above?
The time of flight will change by the angle change.
 Experiment: 5
Newton’s Second Law (9.25/10)

Part 1: Constant Mass, Changing Force

Data
Make a sketch in Fig. 5.1 your graph of acceleration versus time for the first
run of data, Write the axis title and its units.

Data Table 5.1

Masshanger= 45 g Massloaded (on cart) = 30 g Massempty cart = 500 g

Total mass of the system (MT) = 575 g = 0.575 kg

Data Table 5.2

m hanger Fdriving a experimental a theoretical Percent Diff.

Run (kg) (N) (m/s2) (m/s2) (%)
0 0 0 0
#1 0.045 0.441 0.70 0.7669 8.7234
#2 0.055 0.539 0.85 0.9373 9.3139
#3 0.075 0.735 1.20 1.2782 6.1179
 1. What happens to the value of the acceleration as you increase the
value of the driving force but the system's mass remains constant?
The acceleration increases as we increase the driving force while the
system’s mass is constant due to them being directly proportional.

2. [Use Microsoft Excel], Plot the Fdriving vs. aexperimental graph, and write the axis
title and its units (Insert your graph below).

3. Find the slope, what does it represent? Describe the graph.

The slope (m) = 0.6166
The slope represents the total mass of the system.
 Part 2: Constant Force, Changing Mass

Data Table 5.3

m hanger = 65 g = 0.065 kg (constant)

F driving = m hanger × g = 0.065 kg × 9.8 m/s2 = 0.64 N (constant)
M loaded → changing (0 g, 250 g, 750 g) ; MT = (m hanger + m cart) (changing)

Data Table 5.4

m loaded Total mass of MT of the aexp. athr. Percent Diff. 1/aexp.

Run (kg) the cart (kg) system(kg) (m/s2) (m/s2) (%) (s2/m)

#1 0.25 0.75 0.815 0.70 0.7852 10.8507 1.4285

#2 0.75 1.25 1.315 0.47 0.4866 3.4114 2.1276
#3 1.00 1.50 1.565 0.41 0.4089 0.2690 2.4390

Questions

1. What happens to the acceleration as you increase the mass of the object and
keep the driving force constant?
The acceleration decreases as we increase the mass while the
system’s force is constant due to them being inversely proportional.
 2. [Use Microsoft Excel], Plot mcart vs. 1/aexp. (Insert your graph below)

3. Find the slope, what does it represent?

The slope (m) = 0.6071
The slope represents the net force acting on the cart (net force).

4. Find the Y - intercept, what does it represent?

Y – intercept = 0.035

It represents the mass of the hanger.

Extension Problem
The motor of the toy cart shown has a thrust of F and a mass of
m
M. Other toys of mass m can be added to the cart and hence its
acceleration decreases since the acceleration is inversely
Proportional to the total mass. The Fig. 5.2 besides shows the
relation between the added mass and the inverse of
the acceleration of the cart. Use the graph below (m vs 1/a) to find:
a) F, the thrust of the cart’s motor.
b) M, the mass of the empty cart.

A) F is equal to the slope of the mass s

1/acceleration graph:
𝑚2−𝑚1 4 −0
f= 1 1 = 1.4 − 0 = 5 N
−
𝑎2 𝑎1

B) As the relationship is dependent

(increasing mass will decrease the
acceleration)
1 1
= = 1.67 ms-2
𝑎 0.6

F = ma
𝐹 5
m=𝑎 = = 2.99 kg
1.67
 Experiment 4: Part A
Friction (10/10)

Part 1: Coefficients of Static and Sliding (Kinetic) Friction

Data
Make a sketch in Fig. 6.1 of one run of the force versus time data. In your plot show
maximum static frictional force and kinetic frictional force and write the axis title and
its units.

Maximum
static
frictional
Kinetic
force
frictional force
Force(N)

Time (s)
Table 1

Material Name: Felt

Mloaded (kg) FN Normal Force (N) Fs Max. Static Friction (N) Fk Kinetic Friction (N)

0 0 0 0

0.35 4.255 2.8 1.9

0.55 6.215 4.2 2.6

0.95 10.135 5.5 3.3

  What happens to the friction force as the mass increased? Explain.

The friction force will increase since it is directly proportional with the mass. (F =
mg)

 [Use Microsoft Excel], plot the data in the table above, the static force
and kinetic force versus normal for your material, and write the axis
title and its units (Insert your graph below).

Data Table

Record the coefficient of friction (slopes) in the table below

Material Coefficient of Static Friction, µs Coefficient of Kinetic Friction, µk

Felt 0.5509 0.3285

Questions

1. Compare the two coefficients of friction: static and kinetic. Which is

greater? Do you expect this coefficient of friction to be greater in most
situations?

The coefficient of static friction is greater than the coefficient of

kinetic friction. Since the static friction requires more energy to
 move the object. And we can say that, the smoother the object
and the smoother the surface the smaller the difference between
the amount of static friction and the amount of kinetic friction.

2. Think about your experience with the friction trays. When a car skids to a stop
(with wheels “locked”), which friction force is at work? How do you know?
Kinetic friction, since the car is moving and this type of friction is responsible for
decreasing the speed and therefore stopping sliding objects.

Prediction: If the mass of the block is increased, will the force of kinetic friction
increase? Will the coefficient of kinetic friction increase? Explain.
The force of kinetic friction will increase when the mass increases due to the force
of kinetic friction is directly proportional to the mass (fk = µk * N). But the coefficient
of kinetic friction is a constant depending on the material and the surface.
 Part B
Momentum and Collisions

Part 1: Momentum in an Inelastic Collision

Observations

1. Describe the motion of the two carts in the inelastic collision.

Before the collision, the carts were moving in opposite directions, and when the
collision has happened, they have started moving in the same direction while they
are sticked together. They have sticked when they have crashed into each other.

Calculations

Use the mass and the change in velocity of each cart to calculate the momentum
of each cart before collision. Find the total momentum before the collision.
The momentum after collision is the product of the combined mass and the
velocity after collision. Use the total mass and the final velocity to determine the
momentum of both carts after collision.

Data Table

Before Collision

Mass Initial Velocity Momentum Before Total Momentum Before

Cart
(kg) (m/s) (kg.m/s) (kg.m/s)
1 0.75 -0.36 - 0.27

2 0.75 0.32 0.24 - 0.03

 After Collision

Mass Final Velocity Momentum After

(kg) (m/s) (kg.m/s)
Cart1+Cart2 1.5 0.03 0.045

Questions

1. How does the momentum before the collision compare to the momentum
after the collision in the value and the sign? Explain why?
The momentum before and after collision are very close to each
other since the momentum is conserved. They are supposed to be
equal but the system is not closed. After the collision they started
moving together like a 1 object and that explains why the signs are
the same before and after the collision.

Part 2: Momentum in an Elastic Collision

Observations

1. Describe the motion of the two carts in the elastic collision.

The carts don’t stick together into one object and move in opposite directions after
the collision, due to that both of the carts at the end of them each one has magnets
and they have the same charge.
Calculations

Use the mass and the change in velocity of each cart to calculate the change
in momenta of Cart 1 and Cart 2.

Data Table

Change in velocity Change in momentum

Cart Mass (kg)
∆v (m/s) ∆P (kg m/s)

1 0.75 0.20 0.15

Run #1
2 0.75 - 0.21 - 0.1575

Questions

1. How does the change in momentum of Cart 1 compare to the change in

momentum of Cart 2 in the value and the sign? Explain why?
They are close in values, but the opposite in direction has the negative sign (due

to the negative velocity).

2. What factors do you think may cause a difference between the momentum
before and the momentum after collision?
An external forces such as friction, air resistance, and the uncertainty in
the measurement of mass.
 Experiment 7
Charging and Charge Distribution (4.5/5)

Part One: Electrostatic Charging

Questions:

1. What polarity is the white Charge Producer? What polarity is the blue Charge
Producer?

 Sketch in the Fig. 7.1 the resulting graph.

White: Positive (+0.004)

Blue: Negative (-0.005)

Part Two: Electrostatic Charge Distribution on a Conductive Sphere:

 Sketch in the Fig. 7.2 your graph of Charge and time for different location of
sphere A:
Questions:

1. What happens to the charge on the Conductive Sphere when it is connected

to a source of charge such as the Electrostatic Voltage Source?
The conductive sphere becomes uniformly charged on its surface. (positively
charged)

Part Three: Charging a Conductive Sphere:

(Using the graph in the manual)

Charging a Conductive Sphere by Conduction:

1. What is the polarity of the charge on both

spheres? Sphere A: Positive
Sphere B: Positive

2. What is the relation between the values of the charge on each sphere?
They are both positive and equal in their values.

Charging a Conductive Sphere by Induction:

(Using the graphs in the manual)

1. For step 3 in the procedure above, draw schematic diagram for the
two spheres and determine the polarity on each sphere?
2.According to step 7 in the procedure above, what is the charge on both
sides of sphere B?

The charge on both sides is neutral.

3.According to step 10 in the procedure above. What is the polarity of the

charge on the sphere B?

Sphere B will be charged a negative charge.

4.According to step 10 in the procedure above. Is the charge on the sphere

permanent?
Yes, it will be permanent.

5.How does the result of charging by contact differ from the result of charging by
induction?

Polarity Permanent or Not

Conduction Positive Permanent

Induction Neutral Not permanent

 Experiment 8
Resistors and Resistors Connections (10/10)

Part (1): Ohm’s Law

Graph:
Make a sketch in the Fig. 8.1 of the Scope display screen for voltage and
current for the given Resistors.
R1

Voltage (V) R2

Current (A)

Questions & Calculations:

1. From your graphs use the Coordinate/Delta Tool to calculate the

resistance in each case.

Resistor (1) = 15 Ω | Resistor (2) = 8 Ω

2. Use the DMM to measure the values of R1 and R2 and consider that as the
accepted value for each resistor.

Resistor (1) = 16 Ω | Resistor (2) = 8.8 Ω

3. Calculate the percentage error for both resistors R1 and R2.

R1: R2:

|𝟏𝟔 − 𝟏𝟓| |𝟖.𝟖 − 𝟖|

%diff = ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎% = 𝟔. 𝟐𝟓% %diff = ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎% = 𝟗. 𝟎𝟗𝟎𝟗%
𝟏𝟔 𝟖.𝟖

Part (2): Resistors Connections

Graph:
Make a sketch in the Fig. 8.2 of the Scope display screen for voltage and current
for the series and parallel connections of the given set of resistors.

Series connection

Parallel connection
Voltage (V)

Current (A)

Questions & Calculations:

1. Use the smart tool to calculate the slope of each line in the graphs above.
Series connection: 25.2 Ω | Parallel connection: 6.1 Ω

2. Calculate the theoretical value of the equivalent resistance for the two types of
connections below. (Show your work)
Series connection: 𝑅 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 = 16 + 8.8 = 24.8 𝜴
1 1 1 1 1
Parallel connection: = + = + == 𝑅 = 5.677 𝜴
𝑅 𝑅1 𝑅2 16 8.8
3. Calculate the percentage error for both cases:

Series: Parallel:
|24.8 − 25.2 | | 5.677 − 6.1 |
%𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓 = ∗ 100% = 1.6129% %𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓 = ∗ 100% = 7.4511%
24.8 5.677
 Experiment 9
Kirchhoff's Laws (10/10)

Data:

* Measure the voltage across each resistor, and record the measured
values on the diagram 9.1 above.

* Measure the current across each branch then fill in the table below.

Ɛ1= 7 V Ɛ2= 4 V

R1= 60 Ω R2= 50 Ω R3= 100 Ω

VR1= 1.47 V VR2= 1.52 V VR3= 5.39 V

I1= 0.026 mA I2= 0.029 mA I3= 0.054 mA

Questions & Calculations:

1. Calculate the sum of the measured voltages around any two loops in the circuit
to verify Kirchhoff’s voltage law.

Loop 1: V1 – VR1 – VR3 = 7 – 1.47 – 5.39 = 0.14 ≈ 𝟎

Loop 2: V2 – VR2 – VR3 = 4 – 1.52 – 5.39 = - 2.91
For loop 2 it has to be zero.

2. Using your measured values of current and their direction of flow on one of
the nods, calculate the sum of currents entering the junction and the sum of
currents leaving the junction.

I1= 0.026 mA I2= 0.029 mA I3= 0.054

mA

IEntering = I1 + I2 = 0.055 mA

ILeaving = I3 = 0. 054 mA

IEntering - ILeaving = 0

0.55 – 0.54 = 0.01 ≈ 𝟎

3. Using Kirchhoff’s laws calculate the currents (I 1, I2, I3), and insert your calculated
values in the table then calculate the percentage error. (Show your work)

Ɛ1 = 7 V Ɛ2 = 4 V

R1= 60 Ω R2= 50 Ω R3= 100 Ω

VR1= 1.47 V VR2= 1.52 V VR3= 5.39 V

I1= 0.026 mA I2= 0.029 mA I3= 0.054 mA

𝐼3 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 → 1 this is from KCL

60𝐼1 + 100𝐼3 = 7 → 2 This is from KVL for the 1st Loop

𝐼3 100 − 50𝐼2 − 4 = 0 → 3 And This is from KVL for the 2nd Loop

100𝐼1 + 50𝐼2 = 4 → 5

From Eq5:

100(0.025) + 100𝐼2 = 4 → 𝐼2 = 0.003 𝐴

From Eq1:

𝐼3 = 0.025 + 0.03 → 𝐼3 = 0.055

Quantity Measured Values Calculated Values percentage error

I1 0.026 0.025 4%

I2 0.029 0.03 3.33%

I3 0.054 0.055 1.8181%

 Experiment 10
Capacitors and Capacitors Connections (10/10)

Part (1) Capacitance of a single capacitor

From the V-t graph you got, write down the value of (t 1/2) for each

capacitor you have:

(t1/2) for capacitor (1) = 0.24 s | C1 = 230 μF | R = 1500 Ω

(t1/2) for capacitor (2) = 0.43 s | C2 = 410 μF | R = 1500 Ω

Questions & Calculations:

t1/2
1. 𝐂 = Use relation
R∗ln(2)

To calculate the capacitance of each capacitor:

Capacitance for capacitor (1) = 230.831 μF
Capacitance for capacitor (2) = 413.572 μF

2. Calculate the percentage error for each capacitor:

C1: C2:

| 𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆𝒅 − 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 | | 𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆𝒅 − 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 |

∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎% = ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎% =
𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍

| 𝟐𝟑𝟎. 𝟖𝟑𝟏 − 𝟐𝟑𝟎 | | 𝟒𝟏𝟑. 𝟓𝟕𝟐 − 𝟒𝟏𝟎 |

∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎% = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟔𝟎% ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎% = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟔𝟑𝟔𝟗%
𝟐𝟑𝟎. 𝟖𝟑𝟏 𝟒𝟏𝟑. 𝟓𝟕𝟐

3. What is the maximum theoretical charge (q0) each capacitor can have?
Q1 = C1 V1 = 230 * 4 = 920 μC
Q2 = C2 V2 = 410 * 4 = 1640 μC
 4. From your V-t Graph use the smart tool to determine τ (time needed for the capacitor to
charge to 63% of its maximum charge) for one capacitor.

τ = 0.36 s at 2.52 V | C = 230 μF

5. Calculate τ theoretically (τ = RC).

τ = R * C = 1500 * (230 x 10^-6) = 0.345 s

6. Calculate the percentage error for τ.

| 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 − 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 | | 0.36 − 0.345 |

∗ 100% = ∗ 100% = 4.347826%
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 0.345

Part (2) Capacitors connections

(a) Series Connection:

(t1/2) for the series connection of the given capacitors = 0.15 s

Questions & Calculations:

7. Using your V-t graph, calculate the equivalent capacitance of the two capacitors connected
in series.
𝑡1/2 0.15
𝐶= = = 144.269 μF
𝑅 ∗ ln(2) 1500 ∗ ln(2)

8. Calculate theoretically the equivalent capacitance the two capacitors connected in series.
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= + = → 𝑪𝒒 = 𝟏𝟒𝟕. 𝟑𝟒 𝛍𝐅
𝑪𝒒 𝟐𝟑𝟎 𝟒𝟏𝟎

9. Calculate the percentage error between the theoretical and the experimental value.

| 𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆𝒅 − 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 | | 144.269 − 𝟏𝟒𝟕. 𝟑𝟒 |

∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎% = ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎% = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟖𝟒𝟐𝟗%
𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝟏𝟒𝟕. 𝟑𝟒
 (b) Parallel Connection:

(t1/2) for the parallel connection of the given capacitors = 0.67 s

Questions & Calculations:

10. using your V-t graph, calculate the equivalent capacitance of the two capacitors
connected in parallel.
𝑡1/2 0.67
𝐶= = = 644.403 μF
𝑅 ∗ ln(2) 1500 ∗ ln(2)

11. Calculate theoretically the equivalent capacitance the two capacitors connected in parallel.

𝑪𝒒 = 𝑪𝟏 + 𝑪𝟐 = 𝟐𝟑𝟎 + 𝟒𝟏𝟎 = 𝟔𝟒𝟎 μF

12. Calculate the percentage error between the theoretical and the experimental value.
| 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 − 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 | | 644.403 − 640 |
∗ 100% = ∗ 100% = 0.68796%
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 640

13. What major factors of error do you think that could account for the percentage error in all
the experimental results?
a) Resistance of the wire

b) The voltage is not reaching the maximum value

 Experiment 11:
Magnetic Field in a Current-Carrying Coil
and Magnetic Induction (10/10)

Part 1: Magnetic Field of an N turn coil

Sketch in the Fig. 11.1 your graph of Magnetic Field Strength versus Current, Write the
axis title and its units.

X-axis : Output current (A)

Y-axis : Magnatic field strength (T)

Data:
Number of loops of wire: 200
Radius of coil (m): 0.105
Calculations:

1. Write down the value of the slope:

Slope (tesla/A): 12.1 × 10-4 tesla/A

2. Rearrange the equation (B = µ0NI /2R) to solve for the permeability of free space (μ0).
How can you relate the slope of your graph to this equation?

𝐵
2𝑅 ∗
µ0 = 𝐼 = 1.2705 ∗ 10−6 (𝑇 𝑚/𝐴)
𝑁

3. Substitute your value of slope into your equation and calculate μ 0

μ0 = 1.2705 ∗ 10−6 (𝑇 𝑚/𝐴)

4. Compute the percent error between your value and the accepted value
(μ0 = 1.26 x 10-6 T m/A).

|𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 − 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑| | 1.26∗10−6 −1.2705∗10−6 |

%𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓 = ∗ 100% = ∗ 100% = 0.833%
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 1.26∗10−6

5. If we changed the number of loops of the wire or the diameter of the wire. What do you
expect about how the value of μ0 will change?
It will not change since the value of μ0 is constant (it depends on the medium).

6. What are the sources of error in this experiment?

1- Human error of determining the center
2- The place of taking the slope is wrong
3- Surrounding magnetic field
 Experiment 12
Transformer Basics (10/10)

Data and Calculations:

Table (1.1)

Number of Turns

Primary Coil Secondary Coil Input Voltage (V) Output Voltage (V) Core
400 400 2.5 0.012 None
400 400 2.5 0.546 Iron rod
400 400 2.5 0.698 U-Shaped
400 400 2.5 2.29 Closed

Questions & Analysis

Part 1: The Effect of the core in the Transformer

1. Which core configuration gives the maximum transfer of

electromagnetic effect to the secondary coil? Explain.

The closed core gives the maximum transfer of electromagnetic effect, since the

ferromagnetic material it increases the magnetic flux and we get more of the

electromagnetic effect.
 Table (1.2) (Assuming Ideal Transformer)

Number of Turns Measured Input Current I1 = 0.149

Input Output Calculated
Primary Secondary
Voltage Voltage V1 / V2 N1 / N 2 Output
Coil (N1) Coil (N2) (V1) (V2) Current I2
400 200 5 2.311 2.163 2 0.298
400 400 5 4.655 1.074 1 0.149
400 800 5 9.322 0.536 0.5 0.0745

Questions & Analysis

Part 2: The effect of the number of turns in the secondary coil

1. Calculate the ratios V1 / V2 and N1 / N2 Then insert your results in

table 1.2. What conclusion do you figure out from your results? I1
Almost equals, when we increase the N the V (output voltage) increases.

2. State the major sources of error in this experiment?

The transformer doesn’t ideal since the magnetic field is lost.