ETHIO NATIONAL SCHOOL

2020/21 G.C 1ST SEMESTER, WEEK 14 CHEMISTRY LESSON NOTE FOR GRADE 12

 Dear students: - Copy the note and do the given homework on your exercise book!
Monday, March 15, 2021- Saturday, March 20, 2021

Features of the titration curve for the titration of a strong acid with a
strong base.

* The pH is low at the beginning of the titration.

* The pH change slowly until just before the equivalence point.
* Just before the equivalence point, the pH rises sharply.
* At the equivalence point, the pH is 7.00.
* Just past the equivalence point, the pH continues its sharp rise.
* Further beyond the equivalence point, the pH continues to increase, but much less
slowly.
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 * Any indicator whose color changes in the pH range from about 4 to 10 can be
used in the titration of a strong acid with a strong base.
Wednesday/Thursday- March 17/18

Weak Acid-Strong Base Titrations

The titration of a weak acid by a strong base is slightly more complicated than the
titration of a strong acid by a strong base. The conjugate base of a weak acid will
undergo hydrolysis, which will affect the pH of the solution.
In contrast to the titration of a strong acid with a strong base, the titration of a weak
acid with a strong base has these features:
* the initial pH is higher because the weak acid is only partially ionized.
* At the half-neutralization, pH = pKa. The solution at this point is a buffer solution in
which the concentration of the weak acid and its conjugate base are equal.
* The pH is greater than 7 at the equivalence point because the anion of the weak acid
hydrolyzes.
*The color change of the indicator must occur in a basic solution.
Exercise
Draw the titration curve for the titration of 20 mL of 0.5 M acetic acid, CH3COOH,
with 0.5 M NaOH.
Friday/Saturday – March19/20
Unit 3
Introduction to Chemical Thermodynamics
COMMON THERMODYNAMIC TERMS
System is the part of the universe which is a concern of our study.
Surrounding is anything out of the system.
There are three types of thermodynamic systems based on the boundary between the
system and its surroundings.
An open system – is a system that can exchange mass and energy, usually in the form
of heat, with its surroundings.
A closed system – is a system which transfers energy, but not mass across its boundary
with its surroundings.
An isolated system – is a system in which neither the transfer of mass nor that of
energy takes place across its boundary with the surroundings.

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 * A system is said to be in a certain state if T, P, V, n (observable variables) do not
change with time. An equation that relates these observable variables are called
an equation of state. An ideal-gas equation is an example of equation of state.
 A thermodynamic function (expressed in quantity) that depends on the initial
and final state of a system, regardless of how that condition was achieved, is
called a state function. Examples are energy, volume, pressure, etc.
 Functions that depend on the path are path functions. Examples are heat, work,
etc.
 Intensive properties are those that do not depend on the amount of matter
present. Some examples include color, temperature, pressure and density.
 Extensive properties are those properties that depend on the amount of matter,
for example, mass, internal energy and volume.
 A spontaneous process is a process that occurs without external influence. Once
started, requires no action from outside in order to continue.
 Non-spontaneous process will not occur unless some external action is
continuously applied.
 An isothermal process is a process in which temperature remains constant, ∆T =0.
An alternative special case in which a system exchanges no heat with the
surroundings (∆q = 0) is called an adiabatic process. In an isothermal process, the
value of ∆T = 0 but ∆q ≠0, while in an adiabatic process ∆T≠ 0 but ∆q =0,
Internal Energy (E)
The internal energy (E) of a system is the total energy contained within a system, partly
as kinetic energy and partly as potential energy. When a chemical system changes
from reactants to products and the product return to the starting reactant, the internal
energy has changed. To determine this change, ∆E, we measure the difference
between the systems internal energy after the change (E final) and before the change
(E initial).
∆E = E final – E initial
The kinetic energy component of internal energy consists of various types of molecular
motion and the movement of electrons within molecules.
Potential energy is a factor of:
* attractive and repulsive interaction between molecules;
* attractive interactions between electrons and nuclei within molecules;
* repulsive interactions between electrons within molecules; and
* repulsive interactions between nuclei within molecule.