International Journal of Scientific Research in

Multidisciplinary Studies
Vol.9, Issue.4, pp.23-28, April 2023
E-ISSN: 2454-9312 P-ISSN: 2454-6143
Available online at: www.isroset.org

Research Paper
Causes and Level of Truancy among Primary School Pupils: A Case Study
of Adjena United Basic School, Akosombo-Ghana

Bruce Offei Kwaku Essah1

1
Adjena Senior High Technical School, Akosombo, Ghana

Author’s Mail Id: bruceesssah@yahoo.com

Received: 28/Feb/2023; Accepted: 03/Apr/2023; Published: 30/Apr/2023

Abstract— The purpose of the study was to identify the causes and level of truancy among basic school pupils of Adjena United
Basic school in Asuogyaman District, Ghana. The research design used was a case study design. A simple random sampling was
used in selection of pupils from the primary classes in Adjena United Basic School. The sampling technique was purposive and
it was used to sample a population 120 of pupils from a target population of 90. Questionnaire was used to collect data. The
study revealed that causes such as the perspectives of students showed that they agreed to pupils that, peer group pressure is the
most rated cause of students’ truancy. On the whole, there was a high level of truancy among pupils in Adjena United Basic
School. Again, the regression analysis showed that there was effect of truancy on academic performance of pupils in Adjena
United Basic School. Based on the findings, it is recommended that counselling pupils effectively must be done by the
management of the school to understand background of pupils and thereby placing value and instilling confidence into the
pupils.

Keywords— Truancy, Classroom,, Performance, Causes, Pupils, Performance

1. Introduction extracurricular activities and hobbies, the prevalence of

Truancy has become a rising problem among students. It can
be described as the act of intentionally skipping one or more
classes or absenting oneself from school. According to [1],
truancy is the wilful absence of a student from school without
permission. He further said it can also be defined as escaping
and leaving during certain lesson times without authorization.
Primary school students' attendance and performance are of
great interest to every nations. Truancy is a valuable statistic
for evaluating potential national leaders' effectiveness.
According to [2] truancy is a delinquent and antisocial
behaviour. Truancy is a behavioural issue that affects a child's
time in school. Such a behavioural issue is displayed by a
youngster when he willfully skips class or other school events
without alerting his instructors, parents, or school
administrators. Truancy is caused by a number of self- and
environment-related factors, including one's degree of
physical and mental fitness, physical and mental ability,
inappropriate behaviour, and mistreatment by classmates,
older students, teachers, and school officials. Other causes
could be poor home environments, difficulties meeting basic
needs, tendency to avoid work and a desire, social and
emotional adjustments, and the desire to demonstrate strength
and courage by engaging in such negative behaviour. These
factors could be due to poor teaching techniques, a lack of
school indiscipline, and the negative effects of bad company.
Also, [3] stipulated that truancy destroys the achievement of
educational goals of among adolescents. A research
conducted in Ghana by [4] indicated that the influence of the
economy on elementary school attendance have been
estimated to be 88% of rural students who skip class to work
in economic such as fishing, seafood processing, net
mending, canoe water bailing, and product hawking at fishing
harbours. There haven't been many reports of primary school
students skipping class in Ghana, but it does happen,
particularly in rural public schools. Speaking with and
interviewing both students and teachers at Adjena United
Basic schools showed that students show a variety of
absences from school, which has affected students'
performance horribly. Consistent departures from school have
detrimental effects on both the communities in which the
absentees live and the children who display truancy, which
deforms society [5]. For this reason, any academic gathering
of the school is dominated by a student's increasing
performance and regular attendance. The conclusion that
could be made is that if these pupils skip class, it
unintentionally affects how well they perform in class and on
tests. This makes it possible to investigate the reasons for and
prevalence of truancy among Adjena United Basic School
pupils. The majority of pupils arrive at school and depart after

© 2023, IJSRMS All Rights Reserved 23

Int. J. Sci. Res. in Multidisciplinary Studies
signing the register, while others just aimlessly wander
around the building. Notwithstanding all of these efforts to
improve the school's attendance issues, students continue to
skip class for no apparent cause. Despite the fact that the
school's management, PTA, and teachers monitor the pupils
to stop such attitudes, truancy remains an issue.
The objectives below were used for the study:
a. Determine the main causes of truancy among pupils of
Adjena United Basic School in Asuogyaman District
b. Identify the present level of truancy among pupils of
Adjena United Basic School in Asuogyaman District
c. Assess the effects of truancy on the academic performance
of pupils of Adjena United Basic School in Asuogyaman
District.
The study is briefly introduced in Section 1 of this research
paper, and the study's connected literature is reviewed in
Section 2. The research methodology is outlined in Section 3
and includes the following sections: (a) research design; (b)
sample size and sampling technique; (c) data gathering
instruments and procedure; and (d) data analysis and
interpretation procedure. Part 4 provides the study's findings
and analysis. Section 5 provides information on the study's
findings.
2. Related Work
Truancy was described by [6] as purposeful absence from
school, purposeful early dismissal, or purposeful class
skipping. According to [7], the fundamentals for designating
truancy as excused or unexcused have come under scrutiny
because different institutions have their own definitions of
excused and unexcused absences and accept a range of
excuses. Unexcused absences can be divided into three
categories, according to [8]: failure to provide a note or other
supporting paperwork explaining the absence; sending a note
for an absence that is not excused, showing up on school
premises without attending the scheduled class. As a result,
truancy affects the entire country and has a major negative
impact on the American educational system. Additionally,
1.5%, 1.8%, 2.0%, and 2.4% of all students in England,
Wales, Scotland, and Ulster, respectively, skip class without
permission [9] , and one in five students in Scotland are
recognized as truants every day, expanding the issue
internationally [10]. Around the world, less developed nations
have truancy at a higher rate than developed nations do.
These rates range from as high as 59% in Zambia [11], 32%
in Indonesia (World Health Organization [12], 31% in
Malaysia [13], 22% in Swaziland [3, 14]. Although the
Ghanaian government has prioritized ensuring equal access to
education for all of its citizens since the country's
independence in 1957, the public is deeply concerned about
the level of involvement and retention, particularly in semi-
urban and rural areas. Primary students' poor performance
and low attendance at school are a major worry for school
administration. According to a report from the Ministry of
Education from 1968, poor teacher quality in some regions of
the nation is one of the reasons affecting students' low school
attendance. The developments over the last five or so decades
© 2023, IJSRMS All Rights Reserved
Vol.9, Issue.4, Apr 2023
can be explained by shifts in household circumstances,
economic trends, and educational policies. In 1952, primary
and middle school education became completely free of
tuition. The primary school attendance did not, however,
show the expected increase in the outskirts of large cities and
towns after this introduction [15]. Also, [16] classified the
reasons for truancy into four major categories. Some of these
categories include family influences, educational influences,
health influences, and student influences:
Family Factor: Truancy may result from poor parental
oversight, an excessive amount of housework, and non-intact
households due to divorce, separation, or other family
problems. They went on to elaborate that another factor
contributing to parent illiteracy is misinformation. Such
circumstances are typical in Ghana. It is also recognized that
parenting practices may contribute to a child's tendency to
skip school, in addition to the parent's bad socioeconomic
situation. Authoritarian and laissez-faire parenting approaches
are also used when a child is given too much liberty.
School Influence: Among the primary institutions for
socialization, schools may also contribute to truancy through
the following mechanisms: unfavorable peer pressure,
unsuitable student enrollment, peer bullying, examination
failure-related boredom, overcrowding, unfavorable school
location, community influences, and unfavorable teaching
strategies on the part of teachers.
Student Factor: A slow learner's lack of interest in education
and emotional difficulties are common as a result of a sense
of inferiority; a lack of a desire to succeed, commonly
referred to as "No Future Ambition" (NFA he or she will stop
going to school because of poor marks, and he or she will be
scared to go because of learning difficulties. Peer pressure is
also a component in students' behavior. As a consequence,
students may decide to abuse drugs.
Health Factor: Along with illness, mental retardation, mental
illness attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD),
emotional well-being, social well-being, and post-traumatic
stress disorder, this is a propelling cause to truancy among
secondary school students. Another research by the Academy
for Educational Development found that in order to address
student absence issues, approaches must first grasp the root
causes of absenteeism and use attendance as a management
tool. Scholarships, food programs, school parent involvement
to ensure attendance, and accountability mechanisms can all
be used as strategies [17]. A study by [18] on the effects of
truancy and absenteeism on secondary school students'
academic performance revealed that students' lack of
commitment, their poor scholastic achievement, their poor
schoolwork and problematic behavior with authority figures
were all factors. Motivation theory is one theory that is
connected to this research, so it is possible to see how the
ideas discussed above relate to it. Primarily, due to the fact
that the research was entirely concerned with the students'
attendance and punctuality at school. Truancy and a lack of
motivation are linked. The term "motivation" is derived from
"motive". The inner mental condition that activates and
24
Int. J. Sci. Res. in Multidisciplinary Studies Vol.9, Issue.4, Apr 2023

controls our behavior is sometimes referred to as our motive. more reliable for collecting information if the Cronbach's
It prompts us to act on an interior level, but we externalize the Alpha coefficient is above 0.700[24]. The calculated value for
action through our actions. According to [19], motivation is Cronbach's alpha was 0.811, proving the validity of the data
the willingness to work hard to achieve an objective. gathering method.

3. Methodology 3.4. Data analysis and interpretation process

3.1. Research Methods
This study used case study design approach. A researcher can
prudently study the data within a specific area by using case
study technique. A case study technique typically chooses a
small geographic region or an extremely small group of
people as the study's subjects.
3.2. Sample size and Sampling Technique
Participants or specimens needed for a study is known as the
sample size. The researcher used simple random sampling to
reach the population target. Because the research wanted to
choose a representative from the accessible population
without bias, simple random sampling was used [20]. The
rationale behind basic random sampling should result in
particular portion and remove bias from the selection process
[21]. By doing this, it was made sure that each person in the
target group had an equal and separate chance of being picked
for the sample. The researcher took into account the students
in the school and came to the conclusion used 90 students out
of the total 120 students. The researcher did this because she
wanted to include 90 students in her sample group at the
Adjena United Basic School in Ghana's Asuogyaman District.
The table that follows displays an example distribution for the
different groups.
Inspecting, amending, reorganizing, and transforming data in
order to extract valuable information from it is another way to
define data analysis. Before conducting any analysis, the
researchers put the data they had gathered into the Statistical
Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 23.0 software
after checking it for entry-level errors and recoding it to
eliminate outliers. Responses to identify the primary causes
for student truancy were analysed with mean and standard
deviation. A regression analysis was used to examine the
relationship between the variables used. Responses on the
present level of truancy among primary school pupils of
Adjena United Basic School in Ghana's Asuogyaman District
were also analysed using frequencies and standard deviation
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Demographic characteristics of respondents
Information on the gender and age of respondents are
presented in this section of the findings. The gender
breakdown of pupils are shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Gender distribution of pupils
Frequency Percent
Female 52 57.8

3.3. Data collection Male 38 42.2

Questionnaires were used for collecting data for the survey in
this research. According to [22], questionnaires reduce bias Total 90 100.0
that is likely to occur during data collection for the research.
The researcher used a standardized Likert scale surveys. Source: Field Survey, (2020)
Three demographic questions made up the first part, and
second section contained question that measured the primary Table 1 shows a distribution of Early Grade Pre-service
causes for student truancy in Asuogyman District, Ghana. teachers participated in the research. Table 1 shows that 57.8
The five response options for this portion were Strongly percent of the respondents were females and 42.2percent
disagree, Disagree, Neither agree nor disagree, Agree, and were males. This is suggests that only female pupils
Strongly Agree. There were a total of twelve (12) items in participated in the majority in the study.
this section. The third section was made of one (1) item
Table 2. Age distribution of pupils
question which rated present level of truancy among primary
Age(Years) Frequency Percent
school pupils of Adjena United Basic School in Ghana's
8-9 10 11.1
Asuogyaman District.
10-11 47 52.2
12-13 27 30.0
Before starting the study, participants gave their informed
14-15 4 4.5
permission. The survey, which had ninety (90) questions were
More than 15 2 2.2
distributed to participants on November 13th, 2022, by the
Total 90 100.0
researcher. The students were given enough time by the
Source: Field Survey, (2020)
researcher to finish the questionnaire. Data gathering took
place over the course of two weeks. Respondents were given According to Table 2, an analysis of the 90 respondents' ages
90 surveys, and 90 of them were returned. Cronbach's Alpha revealed that 11.1 percent of the respondents were between
was used to assess the reliability of the study questions. the ages of 8 and 9 years, 52.2 percent were between the ages
According to [23], reliability is the extent to which a survey, of 10 and 11, 30.0% were between the ages of 12 and 13, 4.5
test, observation, or other measurement method yields percent were between the ages of 14 and 15, and 2.2 percent
consistent results over time. The consistency of a metric is were older than 15 years. The results above showed that
what reliability is all about. Data collection instrument will be

© 2023, IJSRMS All Rights Reserved 25

Int. J. Sci. Res. in Multidisciplinary Studies Vol.9, Issue.4, Apr 2023

majority of the pupils who took part in the study were Table 3 above reveals that the means of the single parenthood
between the ages of 10-11years. is a cause of truancy and low intelligent quotient as
contributory factor of becoming a truant were 3.91 and 3.77
4.2. Research Objective one respectively. Standard deviations calculated for were 0.89 and
a) Determine the main causes of truancy among pupils of 1.17. The weighted mean of 2.11 and a standard deviation of
Adjena United Basic School in Asuogyaman District 1.88 meant that pupils disagreed with the view that, poor
teaching method is a contributory factor to student’s truancy.
This research question sought to find main causes of truancy The weighted mean of 3.75 and standard deviation of 1.01
among pupils of Adjena United Basic School the following imply that students' acknowledged lack of learning resources
parameters were used to evaluate the main causes of truancy. may cause truancy. Table 3 data showed a weighted mean of
The response options ranged from "Strongly agree" (1) to 4.66 and a standard deviation of 0.49, indicating that students'
"Strongly disagree" (5) on a five-point Likert scale. truancy was believed to be caused by social pressure, which
According to the mean scores of 1, but less than 3, was supported by the majority of the class. A close
respondents appeared to disagree with the article. A mean examination from the perspectives of students show that they
score of 3 but less than 3.5 denotes that respondents were agreed with pupils that, peer group pressure is a cause of
neutral; they did not agreed or agreed with the causes of students’ truancy. This is in line with the theory that truant
truancy among pupils. A mean score of 3.5 and higher peer groups prefer to persuade other students to skip class to
denotes that respondents agreed of the causes of truancy play truancy [25]. In the same manner, means scores on the
among pupils issue of Bullying and corporal punishment are contributory
factors to truancy, Poverty can cause a student to be truant
Table 3 Causes of truancy among pupils and Divorce in family negatively affecting truancy were 4.01,
s/n ITEM MEAN STANDARD 4.12 and 3.11. Their standard deviations were 1.17, 1.08 and
DEVIATION 1.22 respectively. Single parents who fail to communicate
1 Single Parenthood is a cause 3.91 0.89 with the school are absent from school more and have higher
of truancy dropout risk compared to the others [26]. Again, the weighted
2 A students’ low intelligent 3.77 1.17 means for Feeling of inferiority, dislike of teachers causing
quotient is a contributory truancy, Strict school rules and discipline brings truancy and
factor of becoming a truant. Health issues were 3.28, 3.42, 3.82 and 4.11 respectively.
3 A teaching method that is poor 2.11 1.88 Their standard deviations were 1.17, 1.0, 1.18 and 0.91
can contribute to student’s respectively. The causes above are in agreement with [27]
truancy. who stated that peer pressure, parents who fail to meet their
4 Students who do not have 3.75 1.01 children's fundamental needs, and inadequate supervision by
learning materials tend to skip teachers and parents are the main causes of truancy. The
school. mean of mean score was 3.65 with a standard deviation of
5 Peer group pressure is a cause 4.66 0.49 1.07 implying positive influence of the causes on truancy.
of students’ truancy Generally, the mean of means signify that the pupils have
6 Bullying and corporal 4.01 1.17 positive stance or are in agreement with the views expressed
punishment are contributory in Table 3 on causes of truancy.
factors to truancy
7 Poverty can cause a student to 4.12 1.08 4.3. Research Objective two
be truant b) Identify the present level of truancy among pupils of
8 A family that has divorces 3.11 1.22 Adjena United Basic School in Asuogyaman District.
issues among parents causes This objective seeks to provide the present level of truancy
his truancy and negatively among pupils of Adjena United Basic School in Asuogyaman
affects student’s performance District in the Eastern Region, Ghana.
9 Feeling of inferiority among 3.28 0.89
Table 4 summarizes the level of truancy as perceived by the pupils.
peers brings truancy
Indicators for Frequency Percent Cumulative
10 When pupils dislike teachers 3.42 1.00
Percent
they become truant
measurement
11 Strict school rules and 3.82 1.18
discipline brings truancy very high 20 22.2 22.2
among pupils
12 Health issues make pupils 4.11 0.91 High 52 57.8 80.0
truancy Medium 12 13.3 93.3
MEAN OF MEANS 3.65 1.07
Low 5 5.6 98.9
Source: Field Data (2022) Note: 1.00-2.50 = Negatively, 2.51-3.50 very low 1 1.1 100.0
=Neutral, 3.51-5.00 =Positively
Total 90 100.0
Source: Fieldwork, (2022)

© 2023, IJSRMS All Rights Reserved 26

Int. J. Sci. Res. in Multidisciplinary Studies
Table 4 summarizes the analysis on the pupils’ present level
of truancy among pupils of Adjena United Basic School in
the Eastern Region, Ghana. Twenty (20) respondents
representing 22.2% indicated a very high level of truancy
among pupils. Fifty two (52) respondents representing the
majority indicated a percentage of 58.7%. This is an
indication of a high level of truancy among pupils in Adjena
United Basic School. Twelve (12) respondents representing
13.3% stated a Medium level of truancy among pupils. Five
(5) respondents representing 5.6% indicated a low level of
truancy among pupils. Also, a respondents representing 1.1%
showed a very low level of truancy among pupils. This study
revealed that majority of pupils indicated a High level of
truancy among pupils, it is inferred that the present level of
truancy is high.
4.4. Research Objective three
c) Assess the effects of truancy on the academic performance
of pupils of Adjena United Basic School in Asuogyaman
District
This research question sought to assess the effects of truancy
on the academic performance of pupils of Adjena United
Basic School in Asuogyaman District. The hypothesis that
there was no effects of truancy on academic performance of
pupils was tested using ANOVA.
Table 5 Assessing the effects of truancy on the academic performance of
pupils
ANOVA
Model Sum of df Mean F Sig.
Squares Square
Regression 2441.500 12 203.458 10.378 0.0001
Residual 1509.448 77 19.603
Total 3950.948 89
Source: Field Data (2022)
From the results presented above, the table 5 explains
whether variation in the dependent variables can be proved.
The table shows a significant value of the F-stat of 10.378 is
0.001 < 0.05, therefore we reject the null hypothesis which
says that there was no effects of truancy on academic
performance of pupils. This supports [27] who stated that
influence of truancy on students’ learning leads to poor
performance of students in academic work as well as internal
and external examination. Also, plans for school development
and improvement far too rarely prioritize attendance, despite
the fact that all available data indicates that when attendance
increases among students, their academic performance also
goes high. [28].
5. Conclusion
The focus of this research was to identify causes and levels of
truancy among primary school pupils of Adjena United Basic
School. To conclude, the study showed that respondents
considered Peer group pressure, Bullying and corporal
punishment, Single Parenthood, Poverty, Health issues, strict
school rules and discipline as significant causes of truancy.
Truancy has an impact on students' learning in that it lowers
© 2023, IJSRMS All Rights Reserved
Vol.9, Issue.4, Apr 2023
their efficiency. As a result, truancy is a serious danger to the
advancement of education, and measures should be taken to
prevent it. Truancy could be reduced to a bare minimum if
parents met their children's requirements and gave them
advice on the importance of focusing on their studies in order
to lead fulfilling lives in the future. Effective counselling
must be organized by school authorities in order to
comprehend student backgrounds, place value on them, and
inspire confidence in what is possible in their futures. This
will help to reduce poor attendance at the primary school
level. This will help the students avoid falling prey to social
pressure.
Conflict of Interest
I do not have any conflict of interest.
Funding Source
The work was solely financed by the researcher.
Authors’ Contributions
I reviewed, edited and approved the final version of the
manuscript.
References
[1] Adekunle, E. S, “Truancy among Public Secondary School
Students. Implications for Counselling”. Education, Nigeria, pp.
40-66, 2016
[2] Animasahun, R. A, “Psych demographic Predictors of School
Attendance Behaviour among Secondary School Students in Osun
State, Nigeria,” The Social Sciences Year, Vol. 4, No. 6, pp. 662-
672, 2009
[3] Siziya, S., Muula, S., & Rudatsikira, E, “Prevalence and correlates
of truancy among adolescents in Swaziland: Findings from the
Global School-Based Health Survey,” Child and Adolescent
Psychiatry and Mental Health, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 1-15, 2007
[4] Agezo, C. K., & Christian, G, “The impact of economic
environment on primary school: A case study,” Journal of
Educational Management, Vol. 5 No. 1,pp. 137-143, 2002
[5] Oluremi, F. D, “Truancy and Academic Performance of Secondary
School Students in Southwestern Nigeria: Implications for
Counselling,” International Journal for Cross-Disciplinary
Subjects in Education, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 1424-1428, 2013
[6] Henry, K, “Skipping school and using drugs: A brief report.,”
Drugs Education Prevention & Policy, Vol. 17, No. 5, pp. 650–
657, 2010
[7] Parrish, J. R, “A study of the effectiveness of a truancy reduction
programme for middle and high school students. PhD thesis.
Virginia: Virginia Commonwealth University, pp. 92-107, 2015
[8] Harnett, S, “Does peer group identify influence absenteeism in high
school students?,” The High School Journal, Vol. 1. No. 1, pp. 34 –
44, 2007
[9] U. S. Department of Education, “Truancy: A serious problem for
students, schools and society”, Texas, pp. 1-2, 2008
[10] Grant, G, “10,000 truants a day; parents blamed as pupils taken out
of school for holidays swells absentee rate”, Daily Mail, 8,
December 13, 2007
[11] Siziya, S., Rudatsikira, E., Babaniyi, O., Songolo, P., Mulenga, D.,
& Muula, A, “Prevalence and correlates of hypertension among
adults aged 25 years or older in a mining town of Kitwe, Zambia,”
Journal of Hypertens, Vol. 1, No. 105, pp. 2167-1095, 2012
[12] WHO, GSHS Fact Sheet. WHO Report, Thailand,pp. 34-35, 2008
[13] Yoep, N., Tupang, L., Jai, A. N., Kuay, L. K., Paiwai, F., & Nor,
N. S. M, “Prevalence of truancy and its associated factors among
school-going Malaysian adolescents: Data from global school-
27
Int. J. Sci. Res. in Multidisciplinary Studies Vol.9, Issue.4, Apr 2023

based health survey 2012,” Psychology (Irvine, Calif.), Vol. 7. No. AUTHORS PROFILE
8,pp 1053–1060, 2016 https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2016.78106 Mr. Bruce Offei Kwaku Essah has
[14] Vaughn, M. G., Salas-Wright, C. P., DeLisi, M., & Maynard, B. R, graduated with Bachelor of
“Violence and externalizing behaviour among youth in the United Science(Chemistry) and Master of
States: Is there a severe 5%?,” Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, Philosophy(Chemistry) from the University of
Vol. 12, No.1, pp. 3–21, 2014 Ghana and a Master of Education (Science)
[15] Ministry of Education, Government of Ghana. Tema: Ghana
from the University of Education, Winneba.
Publishing Corporation, pp. 3-15, 1968
He is currently a Ph.D student in chemistry at
[16] Rivers, Bill, "Truancy: Causes, Effects, and Solutions," Education
Masters. Paper 107, 2010
the University of Ghana. He works as a
[17] Academy for Education Development, “The untapped opportunity: Teacher at Adjena Senior High Technical
How public and private partnership can advance education for School, Akosombo-Ghana since 2016. He is currently the Head of
all”. New York: Academy for Education Development, 2006 Science department at Adjena Senior High Technical School,
[18] Musah. T. M, “Absenteeism and Truancy on Academic Akosombo-Ghana. He has published 6 research papers in reputed
Performance of Secondary School Students in Ogun State, International Journals which are available online. Mr. Essah is one
Nigeria,” Journal of Education and Practice, Vol. 5, No. 22,pp 1-8, of the editors of some reputed Journals online. His main research
2014 works focus on organic and inorganic compounds as possible
[19] Robbins, S. P., Kotze, R. S. & Coulter, M, “Management,” Canada: sensitizers for solar energy production, educational research in
Pearson Education., 2003 Science education, environmental chemistry, water analysis,
[20] Oso, W. Y. & Onen, D, “A General Guide to Writing Research and photochemistry and chemical analysis of pesticides. Mr. Essah has
Report” A Hand Book for Beginning Researchers, Second Edition, been in the teaching profession for 11years and also has 7 years of
Makerere University, Kampala, pp 34-39, 2008 research experience.
[21] Gravetter, F.J & Forzano, L.B, “Research Methods for the
Behavioural Sciences” Cengage Learning Press. pp.146, 2011
[22] B. O. K. Essah, “Students’ Misconception about Integrated Science
(Study In Adjena Senior High Technical School In Asuogyaman
District, Ghana),’’ International Journal Of Biology, Physics &
Mathematics, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 27 – 34, 2019
[23] B. Shyamalima ,K. Ramneek, K. Sukirat , A. A. Syed, “Validity
And Reliability Of A Questionnaire: A Literature Review,’’
Chronicles Of Dental Research , Vol 6, No. 2,pp 17-24, 2017.
[24] O. M, Mugenda, A. G. Mugenda, “Research Methods: Quantitate
And Qualitative Approaches’’Acts Press. Nairobi, Kenya, pp. 65,
1999
[25] Sekyere, E.A., (2012). Teachers‟ guide on topical issues for
promotion and selection interviews and general professional
update. Asuoyeboa, Kumasi: Afosek Educational Consult, pp. 23-
51, 2012
[26] Bayhan, G. & Dalgıç, G, “Liseyi terk eden öğrencilerin
tecrübelerine göre okul terki. İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi
Dergisi’’, Vol. 13, No. 3,pp 107-130, 2012
[27] Gyimah Henry & Yelkpieri D, “Truancy and its Influence on
Students’ Learning in Dormaa Senior High School,” Asian Journal
of education and training, Vol. 3, No. 1,pp 43-52, 2017
[28] Reid, K, “Raising School Attendance: a case study of good practice
in monitoring and raising standards, ” Quality Assurance in
Education, Vol. 14,No. 1,pp. 199-216, 2006

© 2023, IJSRMS All Rights Reserved 28

 Submit your manuscripts at
www.isroset.org
email: support@isroset.org

Call for Papers:

Authors are cordially invited to submit their original research papers, based on theoretical or experimental works for
publication in the journal.

All submissions:
- must be original
- must be previously unpublished research results
- must be experimental or theoretical
- must be in the journal's prescribed Word template
- and will be peer-reviewed
- may not be considered for publication elsewhere at any time during the review period