ACI in Mathcad - 4th Edition

INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY
Faculty of Science and Technology

__________________________________________________________________________________
Seun Sambath, PhD
Concrete Structures
(ACI 318-05)
in Mathcad
Fourth Edition
Phnom Penh 2009

___________________________________________________________________________________
Street 1984 & 1011, Sangkat Phnom Penh Thmey, Khan Sen Sok, Phnom Penh
Phone & Fax: 023 881623, HP: 017 926969, 016 203040
Web Site: www.iu.edu.kh, E-mail: iusabo@yahoo.com
Table of Contents
1. Unit conversion ....................................................................................................... 1
2. Materials ................................................................................................................ 3
3. Loads on structures (case of two-way slab) ................................................................ 9
4. Loads on structures (case of one-way slab) ................................................................ 13
5. Loads on staircase .................................................................................................. 16
6. Loads on tile roof ..................................................................................................... 18
7. ASCE wind loads .................................................................................................... 20
8. ACI moment coefficients .......................................................................................... 24
9. Design of singly reinforced beams ............................................................................ 27
10. Design of doubly reinforced beams ......................................................................... 43
11. Design of T beams ................................................................................................. 58
12. Shear design ......................................................................................................... 67
13. Column design ...................................................................................................... 76
14. Design of footings .................................................................................................. 110
15. Design of pile caps ............................................................................................... 120
16. Slab design .......................................................................................................... 128
17. Design of staircase ............................................................................................... 149
18. Deflections ........................................................................................................... 154
19. Development lengths ............................................................................................. 164
Reference .................................................................................................................. 168

1. Unit Conversion
Length
in = inch 1ft  12 in

ft = foot
1yd  3 ft 1yd  36 in
yd = yard
mi = mile 1mi  1760 yd 1mi  5280 ft
1in  25.4 mm 1cm  0.394 in

1ft  0.305m 1m  3.281 ft
1yd  0.914m 1m  1.094 yd
1mi  1.609 km 1km  0.621 mi
Mass
lb = pound
1lb  0.454kg 1kg  2.205 lb
Forces / Weight
lbf = pound force 1kip  1000 lbf

kip = kilopound
1tonf  2000 lbf
tonf = imperial (US) ton force
tonnef = metric ton force 1tonnef  1000 kgf
1lbf  0.454 kgf 1lbf  4.448N 1kgf  9.807N
1kip  0.454 tonnef 1kip  4.448 kN 1kN  101.972kgf


1tonf  2000 lbf 1tonnef  1000 kgf 1tonf  0.907 tonnef
Stress / Pressure
lbf
1psi  1
psi = pound per square inch 2
in
ksi = kilopound per square inch
1ksi  1000 psi
psf = pound per square feet
lbf
1psf  1 
2
ft
N N
1psi  6894.757 Pa 1Pa  1  1MPa  1 
2 2
m mm
3 kN kgf
1psi  6.895  10  MPa 1kPa  1  1MPa  10.197
2 2
m cm
1ksi  6.895  MPa
Page 1
kN kgf
1psf  0.048  1psf  4.882 
2 2
m m
Concrete strength
3000psi  20.684 MPa 20MPa  2900.755 psi
4000psi  27.579 MPa 25MPa  3625.943 psi
5000psi  34.474 MPa 30MPa  4351.132 psi
8000psi  55.158 MPa 45MPa  6526.698 psi
Steel yield strength
40ksi  275.79 MPa 235MPa  34.084 ksi
50ksi  344.738  MPa 285MPa  41.336 ksi
60ksi  413.685  MPa 390MPa  56.565 ksi
Live loads
kN kgf
40psf  1.915  200  40.963 psf
2 2
m m
kN kgf
60psf  2.873  250  51.204 psf
2 2
m m
kN kgf
100psf  4.788  600  122.89 psf
2 2
m m
Density
lbf
pcf  1 
3
ft
kN kN
1pcf  0.157  1  6.366  pcf
3 3
m m
kN kN
125pcf  19.636 145pcf  22.778
3 3
m m
User setting
Riels  1 USD  4150Riels
122USD  506300 Riels 100000Riels  24.096 USD
Page 2
2. Materials
A. Concrete
Size of standard concrete cylinder
Hight H  12in  304.8  mm H  300mm
Diameter D  6in  152.4  mm D  150mm
Compression concrete strength = strength at 28 day
f'c  3000psi f'c  20.684 MPa 20MPa  2900.755 psi
Age of concrete Strength ratio
7 days 0.67
14 days 0.86
28 days 1.0
3 months 1.17
6 months 1.23
1 year 1.27
2 years 1.31
5 years 1.35
Size of cylinder Relative

in  in mm  mm compression strength
2 4 50  100 1.09
3 6 75  150 1.06
6  12 150  300 1.00
8  16 200  400 0.96
12  24 300  600 0.91
18  36 450  900 0.86
24  48 600  1200 0.84
36  72 900  1800 0.82
Page 3
Height-diameter Strength Strength relative
ratio correction factor to standard cylinder
2.0 1.00 1.00
1.75 0.98 1.02
1.50 0.96 1.04
1.25 0.93 1.06
1.10 0.90 1.11
1.00 0.87 1.18
0.75 0.70 1.43
0.5 0.50 2.00
Compressive strength Strength ratio of

psi MPa cylinder to cube
1000 7.0 0.77

2200 15.5 0.76
2900 20.0 0.81
3500 24.5 0.87
3800 27.0 0.91
4900 34.5 0.93
5300 37.0 0.94
5900 41.5 0.95
6400 45.0 0.96
7300 51.5 0.96
Modulus of rupture (tensile strength)
fr = 7.5 f'c (in psi)
MPa
Metric coefficient 7.5psi  0.623  MPa
psi
fr = 0.623  f'c (in MPa)
Modulus of elasticity (Young's modulus)
1.5
Ec = 33 wc  f'c (in psi)
lbf
where wc = unit weight of concrete (in pcf = )
3
ft
Page 4
1.5
 kN 
 3 
33psi  
m MPa
Metric coefficient   44.011 MPa
 pcf  psi
1.5
Ec = 44 wc  f'c (in MPa)
kN
wc in
3
m
Ultimate strain of concrete
ε u = 0.003
Example 1
Concrete compression strength f'c  25MPa
kN
Unit weight of concrete wc  24
3
m
Modulus of rupture
f'c
fr  7.5psi fr  3.114  MPa
psi
f'c
fr  0.623MPa  fr  3.115  MPa
MPa
Modulus of elasticity
1.5
 wc  f'c 4
Ec  33psi    Ec  2.587  10  MPa
 pcf  psi
1.5
 wc  f'c
Ec  44MPa  
4
 Ec  2.587  10  MPa
 kN  MPa
 m3 
 
B. Steel Reinforcements
Steel yield strength = fy
Yield strength of deformed bar (DB) fy  390MPa
Yield strength of round bar (RB) fy  235MPa
Modulus of elasticity Es  29000000psi
Page 5
5
Es  2  10  MPa
Steel strain
fs fy
εs = εy =
Es Es
US Steel Re-bars
Bar no. (#)
T
no  ( 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 14 18 )
Bar diameter
no
D  in
8
T
D  ( 9.5 12.7 15.9 19 22.2 25.4 28.6 31.8 34.9 44.4 57.1 )  mm
Area of cross section

2
π D
A 
4
T 2
A  ( 0.71 1.27 1.98 2.85 3.88 5.07 6.41 7.92 9.58 15.52 25.65 )  cm
Weight of re-bar
kgf
W  A 7850
3
m
T kgf
W  ( 0.56 0.99 1.55 2.24 3.05 3.98 5.03 6.22 7.52 12.18 20.14 ) 
m
ORIGIN  1
n
n  1  9 Area  n  A
Page 6
Bar no. Diameter Area of cross section for the number of bars is equal to Unit weigth
(#) (mm) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 (kgf/m)
3 9.5 0.71 1.43 2.14 2.85 3.56 4.28 4.99 5.70 6.41 0.559
4 12.7 1.27 2.53 3.80 5.07 6.33 7.60 8.87 10.13 11.40 0.994
5 15.9 1.98 3.96 5.94 7.92 9.90 11.88 13.86 15.83 17.81 1.554
6 19.1 2.85 5.70 8.55 11.40 14.25 17.10 19.95 22.80 25.65 2.237
7 22.2 3.88 7.76 11.64 15.52 19.40 23.28 27.16 31.04 34.92 3.045
8 25.4 5.07 10.13 15.20 20.27 25.34 30.40 35.47 40.54 45.60 3.978
9 28.6 6.41 12.83 19.24 25.65 32.07 38.48 44.89 51.30 57.72 5.034
10 31.8 7.92 15.83 23.75 31.67 39.59 47.50 55.42 63.34 71.26 6.215
11 34.9 9.58 19.16 28.74 38.32 47.90 57.48 67.06 76.64 86.22 7.520
14 44.5 15.52 31.04 46.55 62.07 77.59 93.11 108.63 124.14 139.66 12.182
18 57.2 25.65 51.30 76.96 102.61 128.26 153.91 179.56 205.22 230.87 20.137
Metric Steel Reinforcements
Bar diameters
T
D  ( 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 25 28 32 36 40 ) mm
Area of cross section

2
π D
A 
4
n
n  1  9 Area  n  A
Unit weight of re-bar

kgf
W  A 7850
3
m
Page 7
Bar dia. Area of cross section (cm 2 ) for the number of bars is equal to Weight
(mm) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 (kgf/1m)
6 0.283 0.565 0.848 1.131 1.414 1.696 1.979 2.262 2.545 0.222
8 0.503 1.005 1.508 2.011 2.513 3.016 3.519 4.021 4.524 0.395
10 0.785 1.571 2.356 3.142 3.927 4.712 5.498 6.283 7.069 0.617
12 1.131 2.262 3.393 4.524 5.655 6.786 7.917 9.048 10.179 0.888
14 1.539 3.079 4.618 6.158 7.697 9.236 10.776 12.315 13.854 1.208
16 2.011 4.021 6.032 8.042 10.053 12.064 14.074 16.085 18.096 1.578
18 2.545 5.089 7.634 10.179 12.723 15.268 17.813 20.358 22.902 1.998
20 3.142 6.283 9.425 12.566 15.708 18.850 21.991 25.133 28.274 2.466
22 3.801 7.603 11.404 15.205 19.007 22.808 26.609 30.411 34.212 2.984
25 4.909 9.817 14.726 19.635 24.544 29.452 34.361 39.270 44.179 3.853
28 6.158 12.315 18.473 24.630 30.788 36.945 43.103 49.260 55.418 4.834
32 8.042 16.085 24.127 32.170 40.212 48.255 56.297 64.340 72.382 6.313
36 10.179 20.358 30.536 40.715 50.894 61.073 71.251 81.430 91.609 7.990
40 12.566 25.133 37.699 50.265 62.832 75.398 87.965 100.531 113.097 9.865
Bar Dia. RkLaépÞmxu kat;Edk (cm ) sMrab;cMnYnedImesμI

2 TMgn;
D (mm) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 (kgf/m)
6 0.28 0.57 0.85 1.13 1.41 1.70 1.98 2.26 2.54 0.222
8 0.50 1.01 1.51 2.01 2.51 3.02 3.52 4.02 4.52 0.395
10 0.79 1.57 2.36 3.14 3.93 4.71 5.50 6.28 7.07 0.617
12 1.13 2.26 3.39 4.52 5.65 6.79 7.92 9.05 10.18 0.888
14 1.54 3.08 4.62 6.16 7.70 9.24 10.78 12.32 13.85 1.208
16 2.01 4.02 6.03 8.04 10.05 12.06 14.07 16.08 18.10 1.578
18 2.54 5.09 7.63 10.18 12.72 15.27 17.81 20.36 22.90 1.998
20 3.14 6.28 9.42 12.57 15.71 18.85 21.99 25.13 28.27 2.466
22 3.80 7.60 11.40 15.21 19.01 22.81 26.61 30.41 34.21 2.984
25 4.91 9.82 14.73 19.63 24.54 29.45 34.36 39.27 44.18 3.853
28 6.16 12.32 18.47 24.63 30.79 36.95 43.10 49.26 55.42 4.834
32 8.04 16.08 24.13 32.17 40.21 48.25 56.30 64.34 72.38 6.313
36 10.18 20.36 30.54 40.72 50.89 61.07 71.25 81.43 91.61 7.990
40 12.57 25.13 37.70 50.27 62.83 75.40 87.96 100.53 113.10 9.865
Page 8
3. Loads on Structures (Case of Two-Way Slabs)
Preliminary Design
Grid dimension:
Short length La  4m
Long length Lb  6m
Page 9
Thickness of two-way slab
 
Perimeter  La  Lb  2
Perimeter
tmin  tmin  111.111  mm
180
t   1 1  L t  ( 133.333 80 )  mm
 
 30 50  a
We use t  120mm
Section of beam B1
Span length L  Lb  6 m
(For two-way slab beams)
h   1 1  L h  ( 600 400 )  mm h  500mm

 
 10 15 
b  ( 0.3 0.6 )  h b  ( 150 300 )  mm b  250mm
Depth of beam section:
 1  1  L
Girder h=  
 8 10 
h =    L
1 1
Two-way slab beam
 10 15 
h =    L
1 1
Floor beam
 15 20 
Section of beam B2
Span length L  La  4 m
h   1 1  L h  ( 400 266.667 )  mm h  300mm

 
 10 15 
b  ( 0.3 0.6 )  h b  ( 90 180 )  mm b  200mm
Page 10
Loads on Slab
kN kN
Floor cover Cover  50mm 22 Cover  1.1
3 2
m m
kN kN
RC slab Slab  t 25 Slab  3 
3 2
m m
kN
Ceiling Ceiling  0.40
2
m
kN
M&E Mechanical  0.20
2
m
kN
Partition Partition  1.00
2
m
Dead load DL  Cover  Slab  Ceiling  Mechanical  Partition

kN
DL  5.7
2
m
kN kN
Live load for private room LL  40psf  1.915  LL  2.00
2 2
m m
Factored load wu  1.2 DL  1.6LL
kN
wu  10.04 
2
m
Loads of Hollow Brick Wall
Void  30mm 30mm 190 mm 4
Wall10   120mm  Void   20 kN  1.648  kN

55
 2 3 2
 1m  m m
Wall20   220mm  Void

110  kN kN
 20  2.895 
 2  3 2
 1m  m m
Page 11
Loads on Beam B1
kN kN
SW  25cm ( 50cm  100mm)  25  2.5
3 m
La m
2 2 3
α   0.333 k  1  2  α  α  0.815
Lb
La kN
wD.slab  DL  2  k  18.578
2 m
La kN
wL.slab  LL  2  k  6.519 
2 m
kN
wwall  Wall10 ( 3.5m  50cm)  4.943 
m
kN
wD  SW  wD.slab  wwall  26.021
m
kN
wL  wL.slab  6.519 
m
kN
wu  1.2 wD  1.6 wL  41.654
m
Loads on Beam B2
kN kN
SW  20cm ( 30cm  100mm)  25  1
3 m
La m
2 2 3
α   0.5 k  1  2  α  α  0.625
La
La kN
wD.slab  DL  2  k  14.25 
2 m
La kN
wL.slab  LL  2  k  5 
2 m
kN
wwall  Wall10 ( 3.5m  30cm)  5.272 
m
kN
wD  SW  wD.slab  wwall  20.522
m
kN
wL  wL.slab  5 
m
kN
wu  1.2 wD  1.6 wL  32.627
m
Page 12
4. Loads on Structures (Case of One-Way Slabs)
Preliminary Design
Thickness of one-way slab
L  2m
L
tmin   71.429 mm
28
Page 13
Use t  100mm
Section of beam B2
L  4m
L
h min   190.476  mm h  300mm
21
b  ( 0.3 0.6 )  h  ( 90 180 )  mm b  200mm
Section of beam B1
L  16m
L
h min   1000 mm h  1000mm
16
b  ( 0.3 0.6 )  h  ( 300 600 )  mm b  500mm
Loads on Slab
kN kN
Floor cover Cover  50mm 22  1.1
3 2
m m
kN kN
Slab Slab  100mm 25  2.5
3 2
m m
kN
Ceiling Ceiling  0.40
2
m
kN
M&E Mechanical  0.20
2
m
kN
Partition Partition  1.00
2
m
Total dead load DL  Cover  Slab  Ceiling  Mechanical  Partition
kN
DL  5.2
2
m
kN
Live load LL  4.80
2
m
kN
Factored load wu  1.2 DL  1.6 LL  13.92 
2
m
Page 14
Loads on Beam B2
Span length L  4m
Section b  200mm h  300mm
Spacing of the beams S  2m
kN kN
SW  b  ( h  t)  25  1
3 m
m
kN
wD.slab  DL S  10.4
m
kN
wL.slab  LL S  9.6
m
kN
wD  SW  wD.slab  11.4
m
kN
wL  wL.slab  9.6
m
kN
wu  1.2 wD  1.6 wL  29.04 
m
Loads on Beam B1
Beam section b  500mm h  1000mm
kN kN
Self weight SW  b  ( h  t)  25  11.25 
3 m
m
Concentrated forces
PD  wD 4 m  45.6 kN
PL  wL 4 m  38.4 kN
Pu  1.2 PD  1.6 PL  116.16 kN
Distributed loads
kN
wD  SW  11.25 
m
wL  0
kN
wu  1.2 wD  1.6 wL  13.5
m
Page 15
5. Loads on Staircase
Dimension of run and rise G  300mm H  150mm
Number of steps n  12
Dimension of landing slab b  2.3m
Thickness of waist slab twaist  120mm
Thickness of landing slab tlanding  150mm
α  atan
H
Slope angle  α  26.565 deg
 G
Loads on Waist Slab
kN 1 kN
Cover Cover  50mm ( H  G)  22   1.65
3 G 2
m m
Page 16
G H kN 1 kN
Concrete step Step   24   1.8
2 3 G 2
m m
kN 1 kN
RC slab Slab  twaist 25   3.354 
3 cos( α) 2
m m
kN 1 kN
Renderring Renderring  0.40   0.447 
2 cos( α) 2
m m
kN
Handrail Handrail  0.50
2
m
Total dead load DL  Cover  Step  Slab  Renderring  Handrail

kN
DL  7.751 
2
m
kN
Live load LL  4.80 (for public use)
2
m
kN
Factored load wu  1.2 DL  1.6 LL  16.982
2
m
Loads on Landing Slab
kN kN
Cover Cover  50mm 22  1.1
3 2
m m
kN kN
RC slab Slab  tlanding 25  3.75
3 2
m m
kN
Renderring Renderring  0.40
2
m
kN
Handrail Handrail  0.50
2
m
Total dead load DL  Cover  Slab  Renderring  Handrail

kN
DL  5.75
2
m
kN
Live load LL  4.8
2
m
kN
Factored load wu  1.2 DL  1.6 LL  14.58 
2
m
Page 17
6. Loads on Tile Roof
α  atan   28.61  deg

3m
Slope angle 
 5.5m 
kN 1 kN
Srokarlinh tile Tile  30mm 20   0.683 
3 cos( α) 2
m m
kgf
Hollow rectangular w20x20x0.8  ( 20mm 20mm  18.4mm 18.4mm)  7850
3
m
kgf
w20x20x0.8  0.482 
m
1 kN
Purlins Purlin  w20x20x0.8   0.054 
100mm cos( α) 2
m
kgf
Hollow rectangular w40x80x1.5  ( 40mm 80mm  37mm 77mm)  7850
3
m
kgf
w40x80x1.5  2.755 
m
1 kN
Rafter Rafter  w40x80x1.5   0.041 
750mm cos( α) 2
m
kN 1m kN
Roof beam Beam  20cm 25cm 25   0.455 
3 11m 2
m 1m m
4
kN 1.5m kN
Roof column Column  20cm 20cm 25   0.136 
3 11m 2
m  4m m
4
Total dead load wD  Tile  Purlin  Rafter  Beam  Column
Page 18
kN
wD  1.369 
2
m
kN 1 kN
Live load wL  0.50   0.57
2 cos( α) 2
m m
kN
Factored load wu  1.2 wD  1.6 wL  2.554 
2
m
Page 19
7. ASCE Wind Loads
Exposure category Classification of building Importance factors
 A   1   I   1   0.87 
 B   2  II   2 Importance  
1.0 
C 3  III  3  1.15 
D 4  IV  4  1.15 
         
ORIGIN  1
 457m   5.0 
Vzg  
366m 
Vα  
7.0 
 274m   9.5 
 213m   11.5 
   
km m
Basic wind speed V  150 V  41.667 V  93.206 mph
hr s
Exposure category Exposure  B
Classification of building Class  II
Topographic factor Kzt  1
Gust factor G  0.85
Importance factor I  Importance 1

Class
Wind directionality factor Kd  0.85
Velocity pressure coefficients
zg  Vzg zg  366 m
Exposure
α  Vα α 7
Exposure
2
α
Kz( z)  2.01 
max( z 4.6m) 
 Kz( 10m)  0.719
 zg

Page 20
Static wind pressure
2
  
N V kN
q s  0.613  q s  1.064 
2 m 2
m   m
 s 
Velocity wind pressure
kN
q z( z)  q s I Kz( z)  Kzt Kd q z( 10m)  0.65
2
m
Design wind pressure
 
p z z Cp  q z( z)  G Cp
Dimension of building
Width B  6m 3
Long L  4m 5
L
Aspect ratio λ  λ  1.111
B
External wind pressure coefficients
Cp.windward  0.8
Cp.side  0.7
 0   0.5  
   0.5  
 1    
Cp.leeward  linterp 2   0.3  λ Cp.leeward  0.478
 4   0.2  
    
 40   0.2  
Page 21
Floor heights Width of loading
 3.5m 
  Bwindward  6m
 3.5m 
 3.5m 
H   3.5m 
Bleeward  6m
 
 3.5m  Bside  4m
 3.5m 
 3.5m 
 
Number of floors n  rows( H)  7
i H
  24.5 
i
i  1  n a  H 
i k 2  22.75 
k1  
 19.25 
 15.75 
a
n 1

H reverse ( a)  
 12.25
m

 8.75 
H
i  5.25 
b  a 
i i  
2  1.75 
h 
 H  24.5 m
Concentrated forces on the floors
i  1  n
a
 i 1
Pwindward  Bwindward 
i a
p z z Cp.windward dz  
i
Pleeward  Bleeward p z h Cp.leeward  a

i

i 1
a
i  
i

Pside  Bside p z h Cp.side  a
i 1
a
i  
 5.933 3.581 3.497 
 
 11.472 7.161 6.995 
 10.888 7.161 6.995 
reverse  augment Pwindward Pleeward Pside    10.214 7.161 6.995   kN
 
 9.404 7.161 6.995 
 8.365 7.161 6.995 
 7.463 
 7.161 6.995 
Page 22
i 
Prectangle  Bwindward p z b Cp.windward  a
i 
i 1
a
i 
  
p z a Cp.windward  p z a Cp.windward
i 1  a  a
 i1 i
i
Ptrapezium  Bwindward
i 2
 5.933 5.996 5.933 

 
 11.472 11.475 11.466 
 10.888 10.892 10.881 
reverse  augment Pwindward Prectangle Ptrapezium    10.214 10.219 10.203  kN
 
 9.404 9.413 
9.386
 8.365 8.383 8.328 
 7.463 
 7.436 7.579 
Page 23
8. ACI Moment Coefficients
Discontinuous end
 Wall  0
 Beam   1 End  Column
   
 Column  2
Span length Ln  6m  500mm  5.5 m
kN
Uniform distributed load wu  41.654
m
Moment coefficients
1
Cext  0 if End = Wall Cext 
16
1
if End = Beam
24
1
otherwise
16
1 1
Cpos.1  if End = Wall Cpos.1 
11 14
1
otherwise
14
Bending moments
2
M neg.ext  Cext wu  Ln M neg.ext  78.752 kN m
2
M pos.1  Cpos.1 wu  Ln M pos.1  90.002 kN m
1 2
M neg.int.1   wu  Ln M neg.int.1  126.003  kN m
10
1 2
M neg.int.2   wu  Ln M neg.int.2  114.549  kN m
11
1 2
M pos.2   wu  Ln M pos.2  78.752 kN m
16
Page 24
Shears
wu  Ln
V1  1.15 V1  131.731  kN
2
wu  Ln
V2  V2  114.549  kN
2
Diagram of bending moment and shear
0   Mneg.ext   Mneg.int.2 
   
VX   0.5   Ln VM1   M pos.1  VM2   M pos.2 
   M   M 
1   neg.int.1   neg.int.2 
VS1  pspline ( VX VM1 ) VS2  pspline ( VX VM2 )
M1( x )  interp( VS1 VX VM1 x ) M2( x )  interp( VS2 VX VM2 x )
M ( x )  M1( x ) if 0  x  Ln

M2 x  Ln  if Ln  x  2  Ln
0 otherwise
Ln
x1  0   2  Ln
4
2
Bending moment diagram

200
 M ( x)
100
kN  m
 M ( x1)
kN m 0
 100
0 5 10
x x1

m m
Page 25
 0  L  1  L
VX1    n VX2    n
1 2
 V1   V2 
VV1  VV2 
 V1   V2 
V1( x )  linterp( VX1 VV1 x ) V2( x )  linterp( VX2 VV2 x )
V( x )  V1( x ) if 0  x  Ln
V2( x ) if Ln  x  2  Ln
0 otherwise
Shear diagram
200
V ( x) 100
kN
0
V ( x1)
kN
 100
 200
0 5 10
x x1

m m
Page 26
9. Design of Singly Reinforced Beams
1. Stress Distribution
Actual distribution of stresses:
Resultant of concrete stress C = α f'c c b
Location of the resultant β c
where the coefficients α and β are following
f'c 4000psi 5000psi 6000psi 7000psi 8000psi
α 0.72 0.68 0.64 0.60 0.56
β 0.425 0.400 0.375 0.350 0.325
Page 27
For equivalent (rectangular) distribution of concrete stress
a
= β c and C = α f'c c b = γ f'c a b
2
Thus,
a = 2  β c = β1  c β1 = 2  β
c α α
γ = α = =
a 2 β β1
f'c 4000psi 5000psi 6000psi 7000psi 8000psi
β1 0.85 0.80 0.75 0.70 0.65
0.72 0.68 0.64 0.60 0.56

γ  0.847  0.85  0.853  0.857  0.862
0.85 0.80 0.75 0.70 0.65
Conclusion
γ = 0.85
β1 = 0.85 if f'c  4000psi 4000psi  27.6 MPa
0.65 if f'c  8000psi 8000psi  55.2 MPa

f'c  4000psi
0.85  0.05 otherwise 1000psi  6.9 MPa
1000psi
2. Stress Analysis
Equilibrium in forces
X = 0
C=T
0.85 f'c a b = As fs (1)
Page 28
Equilibrium in moments
M = 0
M n = C  d 
a  a
 = T  d  
 2  2
M n = 0.85 f'c a b   d  
a
(2.1)
 2
M n = As fs  d  
a
(2.2)
 2
Equations = 2
X = 0 M = 0
Unknowns = 3 a As fs
Additional condition fs = fy (Economic requirement)
Conditions of Strain Compatibility
εs dc
=
εu c
dt  c
When d = dt εt = εu is a net tensile strain
c
From which
εu εu
c = d = dt (3)
εu  εs εu  εt
Page 29
3. Steel Ratios
From (1)
0.85 f'c a b
As fy f'c a
ρ= = = 0.85 
b d b d fy d
f'c c f'c c d t
ρ = 0.85 β1   = 0.85 β1   
fy d fy d t d
From (3)
f'c εu f'c εu dt
ρ = 0.85 β1   = 0.85 β1   
fy ε u  ε s fy ε u  ε t d
Balanced Steel Ratio
fy
fc = f'c fs = fy εs = εy =
Es
f'c εu f'c 600MPa

ρb = 0.85 β1   = 0.85 β1  
fy ε u  ε y fy 600MPa  fy
where
5
ε u  0.003 Es  29000000psi  2  10  MPa ε u  Es  600  MPa
Maximum Steel Ratio
5
For fy  390MPa Es  2  10 MPa
fy
ε y   0.002
Es
If ε s  0.004
f'c εu
ρmax = 0.85 β1  
fy ε u  0.004
Page 30
f'c εu
0.85 β1  
ρmax fy ε u  0.004 εu  εy
= =
ρb f'c εu ε u  0.004
0.85 β1  
fy ε u  ε y
fy εu  εy
For ε y   0.002  0.707
Es ε u  0.004
In ACI 1999 ρmax = 0.75 ρb
Minimum Steel Ratio
3 f'c 200
ρmin =  (in psi)
fy fy
f'c psi f'c MPa
3psi 3  MPa   
psi MPa MPa psi
Metric coefficient =
fy fy
psi MPa
3   0.249
MPa psi
200psi  1.379  MPa
0.249  f'c 1.379

ρmin =  (in MPa)
fy fy
1
 f'c
4 1.4
ρmin =  (in the code)
fy fy
Page 31
4. Strength Reduction Factors
Strength condition Strength reduction factor
Tension-controlled 0.90
Compression-controlled
Spirally reinforced 0.70
Others 0.65
Shear and torsion 0.75
Page 32
5. Determination of Flexural Strength
Given: b  d d t As f'c fs
Find: ϕMn
Step 1. Checking for steel reinforcemnts
As
ρ=
b d
ρ  ρmin : Steel reinforcement is not enough
ρ  ρmax : Steel ratio is too big
ρ = ρmax As = ρmax b  d
ρmin  ρ  ρmax :Steel ratio is OK
Step 2. Depth of compression concrete
As fy a
a= c=
0.85 f'c b β1
Step 3. Flexural strength
M n = As fy   d  
a
 2
dt  c
εt = εu
c
ϕ= 0.9 if ε t  0.005
0.65 if ε t  0.002
1.45  250  ε t
otherwise
3
The flexural strength is ϕMn
Page 33
Example 9-1
Concrete dimension b  250mm h  600mm
d  h   30mm  8mm  20mm 

40mm 
  522  mm
 2 
d t  h   30mm  8mm 
20mm 
  552  mm
 2 
2
π ( 20mm) 2
Steel reinforcements As  5   15.708 cm
4
Materials f'c  25MPa fy  390MPa
Solution
Steel ratios
β1  0.85 if f'c  27.6MPa β1  0.85
0.65 if f'c  55.2MPa
f'c  27.6MPa
0.85  0.05 otherwise
6.9MPa
ε u  0.003
f'c εu
ρmax  0.85 β1    0.0198
fy ε u  0.004
 f' 
 0.249MPa c 
 MPa 1.379MPa 
ρmin  max 
   0.00354
 fy fy

Page 34
As
ρ   0.012 ρmin  ρ  ρmax  1
b d
Depth of compression concrete
As fy a
a   115.315  mm c   135.665  mm
0.85 f'c b β1
Flexural strength
M n  As fy   d    284.461  kN m

a
 2
dt  c
ε t  ε u   0.00921
c
ϕ  0.9 if ε t  0.005 ϕ  0.9
0.65 if ε t  0.002
1.45  250  ε t
otherwise
3
Design flexural strength is equal to ϕ M n  256.015  kN m
6. Determination of Steel Area
Given b  d d t M u f'c fy
Find As
Calculate a relative depth of compression concrete
a 0.85 f'c a b As fy fy As ρ fy

w= = = =  =
d 0.85 f'c b  d 0.85 f'c b  d 0.85 f'c b  d 0.85 f'c
Flexural resistance factor
As fy   d  
a
Mn
 2 As  ρ fy 
 fy   1 
1 a
R= = =   = ρ fy   1  
b d
2
b d
2 b d  2 d
 1.7 f'c

Page 35
ρ fy  ρ fy

= w  1   w
R 1 1
or = 1   
0.85 f'c 0.85 f'c
 2 0.85 f'c
  2 
The quadratic equation
2 R
w  2 w  2 =0
0.85 f'c
R R
w1 = 1  1  2 1 w2 = 1  1  2 1
0.85 f'c 0.85 f'c
ρ fy ρmax fy fy f'c εu εu 3  β1
w=  =  0.85 β1   = β1  =
0.85 f'c 0.85 f'c 0.85 f'c fy ε u  0.004 ε u  0.004 7
3  β1 3  0.85
w=  = 0.364
7 7
ρ fy R
w= =1 1  2
0.85 f'c 0.85 f'c
0.85 f'c  R 
ρ= 1  1  2 
0.85 f'c
fy
 
Step 1. Assume ϕ = 0.9
Mu
Mn =
ϕ
Step 2. Steel area
Mn
R 
2
b d
0.85 f'c  R 
ρ= 1  1  2 
0.85 f'c
fy
 
ρ  ρmax : the beam is doubly reinforced
ρ  ρmax : the beam is singly reinforced

As  max ρ ρmin  b  d  is a required area of steel reinforcements
Page 36
Step 3. Checking for flexural strength
As fy
a= ( As is a provided area of steel reinforcements)
0.85 f'c b
dt  c
 
a
c= εt = εu ϕ = ϕ εt
β1 c
M n = As fy   d  
a
 2
M u  ϕMn : the beam is safe
M u  ϕMn : the beam is not safe
Mu
Safet factor FS = 1
ϕMn
Example 9.2
Required flexural strength M u  114.5kN m
d  h   30mm  6mm  20mm 

40mm 
  424  mm
 2 
d t  h   30mm  6mm 
20mm 
  454  mm
 2 
Materials f'c  25MPa
fy  390MPa
Solution
Steel ratios
β1  0.85 if f'c  27.6MPa β1  0.85
0.65 if f'c  55.2MPa
f'c  27.6MPa
0.85  0.05 otherwise
6.9MPa
ε u  0.003
Page 37
f'c εu
ρmax  0.85 β1    0.0198
fy ε u  0.004
 f' 
 0.249MPa c 
 MPa 1.379MPa 
   0.00354
 fy fy

Steel Area
Assume ϕ  0.9
Mu
M n   127.222  kN m
ϕ
Mn
R   2.831  MPa
2
b d
f'c  R   0.00782
ρ  0.85 1  1  2 
0.85 f'c
fy
 
ρmin  ρ  ρmax  1 : the beam is singly reinforced
2
As  ρ b  d  8.288  cm
2 2
π ( 16mm) π ( 14mm) 2
As  2   3  8.639  cm
4 4
Checking for flexural strength
As fy a
a   63.423 mm c   74.616 mm
0.85 f'c b β1
M n  As fy   d    132.176  kN m

a
 2
dt  c
ε t  ε u   0.015
c
ϕ  0.9 if ε t  0.005 ϕ  0.9
0.65 if ε t  0.002
1.45  250  ε t
otherwise
3
Mu
Safety factor FS   0.963
ϕ M n
Page 38
7. Determination of Concrete Dimension and Steel Area
Given: M u f'c fy
Find: b  d As
Step 1. Determination of concrete dimension
Assume ε t  0.004 (Typically ε t = 0.005)
f'c εu  ρ fy 
ρ = 0.85 β1   R = ρ fy   1  
fy ε u  ε t 1.7 f'c
 
Mu
 
ϕ = ϕ εt Mn =
ϕ
2 Mn
bd =
R
From which
Mn
R
b=
2
d
Mn
R
d=
b
3
Mn
b R
For =k d= b = k d
d k
Step 2. Determination of steel area
Mn
R=
2
b d
f'c  R 
ρ = 0.85 1  1  2 
0.85 f'c
fy
 

As = max ρ ρmin  b  d 
Page 39
Step 3. Checking for flexural strength
As fy a
a= c=
0.85 f'c b β1
M n = As fy   d  
a
 2
dt  c
εt = εu
c
ϕ = ϕ εt  
Mu
FS =
ϕMn
Example 9.3
Required flexural strength M u  114.5kN m
fy  390MPa
Solution
Determination of Concrete Dimension
Assume ε t  0.008
ε u  0.003
f'c εu
ρ  0.85 β1    0.013
fy ε u  ε t
 ρ fy 
R  ρ fy   1    4.355  MPa
1.7 f'c
 
ϕ  0.9 if ε t  0.005 ϕ  0.9
0.65 if ε t  0.002
1.45  250  ε t
otherwise
3
Mu
M n   127.222  kN m
ϕ
Page 40
b
Aspect ratio of section k = k  0.6
d
3
Mn
d   365.148  mm b  k  d  219.089  mm
R k
h  d   30mm  10mm  20mm 

40mm 
  445.148  mm
 2 
d  h   30mm  10mm  20mm 

40mm 
h  Ceil( h 50mm)  450  mm 
 2 
b  Ceil( b 50mm)  250  mm d  370  mm
 b    250   mm
Concrete section    
 h   450 
Steel Reinforcements
Mn
R   3.717  MPa
2
b d
f'c    0.011 R
ρ  0.85 1   1  2
0.85 f'c
fy
 
 f' 
 0.249MPa c 
 MPa 1.379MPa 
   0.00354
 fy fy

 
As  max ρ ρmin  b  d  9.762  cm
2
2
π ( 16mm) 2
As  5   10.053 cm
4
Checking for Flexural Strength
d  h   30mm  8mm  16mm 

40mm 
  376  mm
 2 
d t  h   30mm  8mm 
16mm 
  404  mm
 2 
As fy a
a   73.802 mm c   86.825 mm
0.85 f'c b β1
M n  As fy   d    132.951  kN m

a
 2
Page 41
dt  c
ε t  ε u   0.011
c
ϕ  0.9 if ε t  0.005 ϕ  0.9
0.65 if ε t  0.002 ϕ M n  119.656  kN m

1.45  250  ε t
otherwise
3
Mu
Safety factor FS  FS  0.957
ϕ M n
Page 42
10. Design of Doubly Reinforced Beams
Condition for doubly reinforced beam ρ  ρmax
1. Strength Analysis
X = 0 C  Cs = T
0.85 f'c a b  A's f's = As fs
M = 0 M n1  M n2 = M n
M n1 = Cs ( d  d') = A's f's ( d  d')
M n2 = C  d 
a  a
 =  T  Cs   d  
 2  2
M n2 = 0.85 f'c a b   d   = As fs  A's f's   d  

 
a a
 2  2
Conditions of strain compatibility

εs dc εu
= c = d
εu c εu  εs
dc
fs = Es ε s = Es ε u 
c
Page 43
ε's c  d' εu
= c = d'
εu c ε u  ε's
c  d'
f's = Es ε's = Es ε u 
c
Unknowns = 5: a As A's fs f's
Equations = 4
From economic condition fs = fy
2. Steel Ratios
A's
Compression steel ratio ρ' =
b d
Tensile steel ratio
As As fy 0.85 f'c a b  A's f's

ρt = = =
b d b  d  fy b  d  fy
f'c c f's f'c εu dt f's

ρt = 0.85 β1    ρ' = 0.85 β1     ρ'
fy d fy fy ε u  ε t d fy
Maximum steel ratio
f's
ρt.max = ρmax  ρ'
fy
Minimum tensile steel ratio
f'c c f's f'c εu d' f's

ρt = 0.85 β1    ρ' = 0.85 β1     ρ'
fy d fy fy ε u  ε's d fy
For f's = fy ε's = ε y
f'c εu d'
ρt.cy = 0.85 β1     ρ'
fy ε u  ε y d
ρt  ρt.cy The compression steel is yield f's = fy
ρt  ρt.cy The compression steel will not yield f's  fy
Page 44
3. Determination of Flexural Strength
Given: b  d d' As A's f'c fy
Find: ϕMn
Step 1. Checking for doubly reinforced beam
As
ρ=
b d
ρ  ρmax The beam is singly reinforced
ρ  ρmax The beam is doubly reinforced
Step 2. Calculation of compression parameters
2.1. Assume f's = fy
2.2. Calculate
As fy  A's f's a

a= c=
0.85 f'c b β1
c  d'
ε's = ε u  f's.revised = Es ε's  fy
c
If f's.revised  f's then f's = f's.revised
Goto 2.2
Step 3. Flexural strength
M n = As fy  A's f's   d  

 
a
 2
dt  c
εt = εu
c
ϕ = ϕ εt  
The flexural strength is ϕ M n
Page 45
Direction Calculation
Case f's  fy
a
 d'
c  d' β1
As fy = 0.85 f'c a b  A's Es ε u  = 0.85 f'c a b  A's Es ε u 
c a
β1
2
 
0.85 f'c b  a  A's Es ε u  As fy  a  A's Es ε u  β1  d' = 0
2 A's f1  As fy A's f1  β1  d'

a  a  =0 where f1 = Es ε u
0.85 f'c b 0.85 f'c b
 a   A's f1  As fy   a   A's f1 β1  d' = 0

2
   
d 0.85 f'c b  d  d 
0.85 f'c b  d
2
2 a
w  2 p w  q = 0 where w=
d
1 A's f1  As fy
p= 
2 0.85 f'c b  d
A's f1  β1  d'
q=
2
0.85 f'c b  d
2 2
w1 = p  p q w2 = p  p q

a = d  p 
2
p q 
Checking for f's  fy
a c  d'
c= f's = Es ε u   fy
β1 c
Case f's = fy
As fy  A's fy
a=
0.85 f'c b
Page 46
Example 10.1
Concrete section b  400mm h  650mm

2
π ( 25mm) 2
Steel reinforcements As  8   39.27  cm
4
2
π ( 25mm) 2
A's  4   19.635 cm
4
d  h   30mm  10mm  20mm  25mm 

40mm 
  545  mm
 2 
25mm
d'  30mm  10mm   52.5 mm
2
Solution
Steel ratios
 f'c  27.6MPa  
β1  0.65 max  0.85  0.05  min 0.85  0.85
 6.9MPa  
ε u  0.003
f'c εu
ρmax  0.85 β1    0.0174
fy ε u  0.005
 f' 
 0.249MPa c 
 MPa 1.379MPa 
   0.00354
 fy fy

As
ρ   0.018 ρ  ρmax : the beam is doubly reinforced
b d
A's
ρ'   0.00901 ρt.max  ρmax  ρ'  0.026
b d
ρ  ρt.max : tensile steel ratio is ok
5
fy
Es  2  10 MPa ε y   0.002
Es
f'c εu d'
ρt.cy  0.85 β1     ρ'  0.022
fy ε u  ε y d
ρ  ρt.cy : compression steel will not yield
Page 47
Direct Calculation
f1  Es ε u  600  MPa
1 A's f1  As fy
p    0.038
2 0.85 f'c b  d
A's f1  β1  d'
q   0.021
2
0.85 f'c b  d

a  d  p 
2 
p  q  102.136  mm
a
 0.187
d
a
c   120.16 mm
β1
c  d'
f's  Es ε u   337.85 MPa
c
M n1  A's f's ( d  d')  326.709  kN m
M n2  As fy  A's f's   d    428.811  kN m

 
a
 2
M n  M n1  M n2  755.52 kN m
d t  h   30mm  10mm  20mm 

25mm 
  577.5  mm
 2 
dt  c
ε t  ε u   0.011
c
 1.45  250  ε t  
ϕ  0.65 max   min 0.9  0.9
 3  

ϕMn  ϕ M n1  M n2  679.968  kN m 
Iteration Technique
ORIGIN  1
Page 48
Compression ( ε )  f's  fy
for i  1  100
As fy  A's f's
a
0.85 f'c b
a
c
β1
c  d'
ε's  ε u 
c
f's.revised  min Es ε's fy 
f's.revised  f's
Δf 
f's
 f's 
 fy 
 
i  a

Z  d 
 f' 
 s.revised 
 fy 
 Δf 
 
( break) if Δf  ε
f's  f's.revised
 T
csort Z 4 
Z  Compression( 0.000001)
1 2 3 4
1 0.866 0.187 0.866 9.455·10-7
2 0.866 0.187 0.866 1.595·10-6
3 0.866 0.187 0.866 2.69·10-6
4 0.866 0.187 0.866 4.536·10-6
5 0.866 0.187 0.866 7.651·10-6
6 0.866 0.187 0.866 1.29·10-5
7 0.866 0.187 0.866 2.176·10-5
Z
8 0.866 0.187 0.866 3.671·10-5
9 0.866 0.187 0.866 6.191·10-5
10 0.866 0.187 0.866 1.044·10-4
11 0.866 0.187 0.866 1.761·10-4
12 0.866 0.187 0.866 2.971·10-4
13 0.867 0.187 0.866 5.009·10-4
14 0.866 0.187 0.867 8.456·10-4
15 0.867 0.187 0.866 ...
Page 49
f's  Z  fy  337.851  MPa
1 1
a  Z  d  102.136  mm
1 2
a
c   120.16 mm
β1
M n1  A's f's ( d  d')  326.709  kN m
M n2  As fy  A's f's   d    428.811  kN m

 
a
 2
M n  M n1  M n2  755.52 kN m
d t  h   30mm  10mm  20mm 

25mm 
  577.5  mm
 2 
dt  c
ε t  ε u   0.011
c
 1.45  250  ε t  
ϕ  0.65 max   min 0.9  0.9
 3  

ϕMn  ϕ M n1  M n2  679.968  kN m 
4. Design of Doubly Reinforced Beams
Given: M u b  d d' d t f'c fy
Find: As A's
Step 1. Assume ε t
f'c εu dt
ρ = 0.85 β1   
fy ε u  ε t d
ϕ = ϕ εt  
Step 2. Checking for singly reinforced beam
As = ρ b  d
Page 50
As fy
a=
0.85 f'c b
M n  As fy   d  
a
 2
M u  ϕ M n : the beam is singly reinforced
M u  ϕ M n : the beam is doubly reinforced
Step 3. Case of doubly reinforced beam
M n2 = M n
Mu
M n1 =  M n2
ϕ
a
c=
β1
c  d'
ε's = ε u  f's = Es ε's  fy
c
M n1 A's
A's = ρ' =
f's ( d  d') b d
A's f's  0.85 f'c a b As

As = ρ=
fy b d
ρt.max = ρmax  ρ'
ρ  ρt.max : Concrete is not enough
Example 10.2
Required strength M u  700kN m
25mm
d'  30mm  10mm   52.5 mm
2
d  h   30mm  10mm  20mm  25mm 

40mm 

 2 
d  595  mm
Page 51
d t  h   30mm  10mm  20mm 
25mm 
  627.5  mm
 2 
Solution
Assume ε t  0.007
Steel ratios
 f'c  27.6MPa  
β1  0.65 max  0.85  0.05  min 0.85  0.85
 6.9MPa  
ε u  0.003
f'c εu
ρmax  0.85 β1    0.0174
fy ε u  0.005
 f' 
 0.249MPa c 
 MPa 1.379MPa 
   0.00354
 fy fy

f'c εu
ρ  0.85 β1    0.0139
fy ε u  ε t
 1.45  250  ε t  
ϕ  0.65 max   min 0.9  0.9
 3  
Case of singly reinforced beam
2
As  ρ b  d  28.935 cm
As fy
a   151.725  mm
0.85 f'c b
M n  As fy   d    585.823  kN m

a
ϕ M n  527.241  kN m
 2
M u  ϕ M n : the beam is doubly reinforced
Case of doubly reinforced beams
M n2  M n  585.823  kN m
Page 52
Mu
M n1   M n2  191.955  kN m
ϕ
a 5
c   178.5  mm Es  2  10 MPa
β1
c  d'
f's  min Es ε u  fy  390  MPa
 c 
M n1 2
2 π ( 18mm) 2
A's   9.073  cm 4  10.179 cm
f's ( d  d') 4
0.85 f'c a b  A's f's 2 π ( 25mm)

2
2
As   38.007 cm 8  39.27  cm
fy 4
5. Determination of Tensile Steel Area
Given: M u b  d d t d' A's f'c fy
Find: As
Step 1. Determintaion of compression parameters
1.1. Assume f's = fy ϕ = 0.9
1.2. Calculate
Mu
M n 
ϕ
M n1  A's f's ( d  d')
M n2  M n  M n1
M n2
R=
2
b d
f'c  R 
ρ = 0.85 1  1  2 
0.85 f'c
fy
 
As = ρ b  d
As fy
a=
0.85 f'c b
a
c=
β1
Page 53
dt  c
εt = εu
c
 
ϕ = ϕ εt
c  d'
f's.revised = Es ε u   fy
c
If f's.revised  f's then f's = f's.revised
Goto 1.2
If M u  ϕMn then Goto 1.2
Step 2. Calculate a tensile steel area
0.85 f'c a b  A's f's

As =
fy
As A's
ρ= ρ'  ρt.max = ρmax  ρ'
b d b d
ρ  ρt.max : the concrete is enough
ρ  ρt.max : the concrete is not enough
Example 10.3
Required strength M u  700kN m
25mm
d'  30mm  10mm   52.5 mm
2
d  h   30mm  10mm  20mm  25mm 

40mm 
  595  mm
 2 
d t  h   30mm  10mm  20mm 

25mm 
  627.5  mm
 2 
2
π ( 25mm) 2
Compression reinforcements A's  4   19.635 cm
4
Page 54
Solution
Steel ratios
 f'c  27.6MPa  
β1  0.65 max  0.85  0.05  min 0.85  0.85
 6.9MPa  
5
ε u  0.003 Es  2  10 MPa
f'c εu
ρmax  0.85 β1    0.017
fy ε u  0.005
 f' 
 0.249MPa c 
 MPa 1.379MPa 
ρmin  max   0.00354
 
 fy fy

A's
ρ'   0.0094 ρt.max  ρmax  ρ'  0.027
b d
ORIGIN  1
Compression ( ε )  f's  fy
ϕ  0.9
for i  1  100
Mu
Mn 
ϕ
M n1  A's f's ( d  d')
M n2  M n  M n1
M n2
R
2
b d
f'c  R 
ρ  0.85 1  1  2 
0.85 f'c
fy
 
As  ρ b  d
As fy
a
0.85 f'c b
a
c
β1
dt  c
εt  εu
c
 1.45  250  εt  
ϕ  0.65 max   min 0.9
 3  
f's.revised  min Es ε u 
c  d' 
fy
 c 
Page 55
y
 c 
 f's 
 fy 
 
ϕ
i  
A  a 
 d 
 
 f's.revised 
 fy 
 
f's.revised  f's
break if  ε  M u  ϕ M n
f's
f's  f's.revised
reverse A  T
Z  Compression( 0.0000001 )
1 2 3 4
1 0.871 0.9 0.173 0.871
2 0.871 0.9 0.173 0.871
3 0.871 0.9 0.173 0.871
4 0.871 0.9 0.173 0.871
5 0.871 0.9 0.173 0.871
6 0.871 0.9 0.173 0.871
7 0.871 0.9 0.173 0.871
Z 8 0.871 0.9 0.173 0.871
9 0.871 0.9 0.173 0.871
10 0.871 0.9 0.173 0.871
11 0.871 0.9 0.173 0.871
12 0.871 0.9 0.173 0.871
13 0.871 0.9 0.173 0.871
14 0.871 0.9 0.173 0.871
15 0.871 0.9 0.173 0.871
16 0.871 0.9 0.173 ...
Page 56
f's  Z  fy  339.732  MPa
1 1
ϕ  Z  0.9
1 2
a  Z  d  102.875  mm
1 3
Tensile steel area
0.85 f'c a b  A's f's 2 π ( 25mm)

2
2
As   36.723 cm 8  39.27  cm
fy 4
As
ρ   0.018
b d
Concrete  "is Enough" if ρ  ρt.max Concrete  "is Enough"
"is not Enough" otherwise
Page 57
11. Design of T Beams
1. Effective Flange Width
For symmetrical T beams:
L
b  b  b w  16 h f b S
4
where
L = span length of beam
S = beam spacing
2. Strength Analysis
Rectangular section b  d: T section:
a  hf a  hf
or M u  ϕMnf or M u  ϕMnf
where
 hf 
M nf = 0.85 f'c h f  b   d  
 2 
Page 58
X = 0
T = C  Cf (1)
T = As fs = As fy
C = 0.85 f'c a b w
 
Cf = 0.85 f'c h f  b  b w = Asf  fy
M = 0
M n = M n1  M n2 (2)
 hf   hf 
M n1 = Cf   d   = Asf  fy   d  
 2   2 
M n2 = C  d 
a  a
 = 0.85 f'c a bw  d  
 2  2
M n2 = T  Cf   d   = As fy  Asf  fy   d  
   
a a
 2  2
Condition of strain compatibility
εs dc
=
εu c
dc dt  c
εs = εu or εt = εu (3.1)
c c
εu εu
c = d or c = d t (3.2)
εu  εs εu  εt
3. Steel Ratios
As As fy
ρw = = = ρ  ρf
b w d b w d  fy
Page 59
Asf
ρf =
b w d
Maximum steel ratio in T beam:
ρw.max = ρmax  ρf
Steel reinforcement in T beam
As.min  As  As.max
where
As = ρw b w d
As.min = ρmin b w d
As.max = ρw.max b w d
4. Determination of Moment Capacity
Given: b w  d b h f d t As f'c fy
Find: ϕMn
Step 1. Checking for steel ratio
As
ρw =
b w d

0.85 f'c h f  b  b w 
Asf =
fy
Asf
ρf =
b w d
ρw  ρw.max : Concrete is not enough
ρw = ρw.max As = ρw b w d
ρw  ρmin : Steel reinforcement is not enough
ρmin  ρw  ρw.max : Steel ratio is OK
Page 60
Step 2. Checking for T beam
As fy  Asf  fy
a=
0.85 f'c b w
a  hf : The beam is rectangular
a  hf : The beam is tee
Step 3. The moment capacity of T beam
 hf 
M n1 = Asf  fy   d  
 2 
M n2 = As fy  Asf  fy   d  
 
a
 2
dt  c
 
a
c= εt = εu ϕ = ϕ εt
β1 c

ϕMn = ϕ M n1  M n2 
Example 11.1
Concrete dimension b w  250mm h  650mm
h f  100mm
Beam length L  8m
Spacing of beams S  4m
2
π ( 20mm) 2
Steel reinforcements As  5   15.708 cm
4
Solution
Effective flange width
b  min b w  16 h f S  1.85 m

L
4 
Steel ratios
 f'c  27.6MPa  
β1  0.65 max  0.85  0.05  min 0.85  0.85
 6.9MPa  
Page 61
ε u  0.003
f'c εu
ρmax  0.85 β1    0.014
fy ε u  0.005
 f' 
 0.249MPa c 
 MPa 1.379MPa 
   0.00354
 fy fy

Effective depth of beam
d  h   30mm  8mm  20mm 

40mm 
  572  mm
 2 
d t  h   30mm  8mm 
20mm 
  602  mm
 2 
Checking for steel ratio
 
0.85 f'c h f  b  b w 2
Asf   69.744 cm
fy
Asf
ρf   0.049
b w d
ρw.max  ρmax  ρf  0.063
As
ρw   0.011 ρmin  ρw  ρw.max  1
b w d
Case of rectangular beam b  d
As fy
a   19.479 mm
0.85 f'c b
a  hf  1 : the beam is rectangular
M n  As fy   d    344.447  kN m

a
 2
a
c   22.916 mm
β1
dt  c
ε t  ε u   0.076
c
 1.45  250  ε t  
ϕ  0.65 max   min 0.90  0.9
 3  
The moment capacity is ϕ M n  310.002  kN m
Page 62
Example 11.2
Concrete dimension b  28in  711.2  mm h f  6in  152.4  mm
b w  10in  254  mm h  30in  762  mm

2
π  in
10
Steel reinforcements As  6 
 8   47.504 cm2
4
d  26in  660.4  mm d t  27.5in  698.5  mm
Materials f'c  3000psi  20.684 MPa fy  60ksi  413.685  MPa
Solution
Steel ratios
 f'c  27.6MPa  
β1  0.65 max  0.85  0.05  min 0.85  0.85
 6.9MPa  
ε u  0.003
f'c εu
ρmax  0.85 β1    0.014
fy ε u  0.005
 f' 
 0.249MPa c 
 MPa 1.379MPa 
   0.00333
 fy fy

Checking for steel ratio
Asf 

0.85 f'c h f  b  b w   29.613 cm2
fy
Asf
ρf   0.018
b w d
As
ρw   0.028 ρmin  ρw  ρw.max  1
b w d
Case of rectangular beam b  d
As fy
a   157.162  mm
0.85 f'c b
Page 63
a  hf  1 : the beam is tee.
Case of T beam
 hf 
M n1  Asf  fy   d    715.669  kN m
 2 
As fy  Asf  fy a
a   165.734  mm c   194.981  mm
0.85 f'c b w β1
M n2  As fy  Asf  fy   d    427.446  kN m

 
a
 2
dt  c
ε t  ε u   0.00775
c
 1.45  250  ε t  
ϕ  0.65 max   min 0.90  0.9
 3  

The moment capacity is ϕ M n1  M n2  1028.803 kN m 
5. Determination of Steel Area
Given: M u b w  d b h f d t f'c fy
Find: As
Step 1. Checking for rectangular beam

 hf 
M nf = 0.85 f'c h f  b   d  
 2 
Assume ϕ = 0.9
M u  ϕ M nf : the beam is rectangular
M u  ϕ M nf : the beam is tee
Step 2. Case of T beam
Asf =

0.85 f'c h f  b  b w  ρf =
Asf
fy b w d
 hf 
M n1 = Asf  fy   d  
 2 
Mu
M n2 =  M n1
ϕ
Page 64
M n2 f'c  R 
R= ρ = 0.85 1  1  2 
0.85 f'c
b w d
2 fy
 
As2  fy
As2 = ρ b w d a=
0.85 f'c b w
0.85 f'c a b w  Asf  fy
As =  As.min = ρmin b w d
fy
As
ρw =
b w d
ρw  ρw.max : concrete is not enough
ρw  ρw.max : concrete is enough
Example 11.3
h f  3in  76.2 mm L  24ft  7.315 m
S  47in  1.194 m
b w  11in  0.279 m d  20in  508  mm
M u  6400in kip  723.103  kN m
f'c  3000psi  20.684 MPa fy  60ksi  413.685  MPa
Solution
Steel ratios
 f'c  27.6MPa  
β1  0.65 max  0.85  0.05  min 0.85  0.85
 6.9MPa  
ε u  0.003
f'c εu
ρmax  0.85 β1    0.014
fy ε u  0.005
 f' 
 0.249MPa c 
 MPa 1.379MPa 
   0.00333
 fy fy

Effective flange width
b  min b w  16 h f S  1193.8 mm

L
4 
Checking for rectangular beam
Page 65
 hf 
M nf  0.85 f'c h f  b   d    751.538  kN m
 2 
Assume ϕ  0.9 ϕ M nf  676.385  kN m
The_beam  "is rectangular" if M u  ϕ M nf The_beam  "is tee"
"is tee" otherwise
b 0  b if The_beam = "is rectangular" b 0  279.4  mm

b w otherwise
Calculation of steel area

0.85 f'c h f  b  b 0  2
Asf
Asf   29.613 cm ρf   0.021
fy b w d
 hf 
M n1  Asf  fy   d    575.646  kN m
 2 
Mu
M n2   M n1  227.801  kN m
ϕ
M n2
R   3.159  MPa
2
b0 d
f'c  R   0.00848
ρ  0.85 1  1  2 
0.85 f'c
fy
 
2
As2  ρ b 0  d  12.042 cm
As2  fy a
a   101.408  mm c   119.304  mm
0.85 f'c b 0 β1
0.85 f'c a b 0  Asf  fy 2

As   41.655 cm
fy
2
As.min  ρmin b w d  4.731  cm
As

As  max As As.min  41.655 cm  2
ρw 
b w d
 0.029
Concrete  "is enough" if ρw  ρw.max Concrete  "is enough"
"is not enough" otherwise
2
π  in
Bar
No( n Bar)  n 
 8  4 No 12  45.604 cm
2
4
Page 66
12. Shear Design
Safety provision
Vu  ϕVn
where
Vu = required shear strength (shearing force)
ϕ = 0.75 is a strength reduction factor for shear
Vn = nominal shear strength
ϕVn = design shear strength
Required Shear Strength
Page 67
Nominal shear strength
Vn = Vc  Vs
where
Vc = concrete shear strength
Vs = steel shear strength
Vc = 2  f'c b w d (in psi)
Vc = 0.166  f'c b w d (in MPa)
or
 ρw Vu  d 
Vc =  1.9 f'c  2500   bw d  3.5 f'c b w d (in psi)
 Mu

 ρw Vu  d 
Vc =  0.158  f'c  17.237   bw d  0.291  f'c b w d (in MPa)
 Mu

MPa
1.9psi  0.158  MPa
psi
2500psi  17.237 MPa
MPa
3.5psi  0.291  MPa
psi
Av  fy  d
Vs =
s
where
2
π Dv
Av = area of stirrup Av = n 
4
fy = yield strength of stirrup
s = spacing of stirrup
ϕVc
Vu  : stirrup is not required
2
ϕVc
 Vu  ϕVc : stirrup is minimum
2
Vu  ϕVc : stirrup is required
Page 68
Vs  4  Vc : concrete is enough
Vs  4  Vc : concrete is not enough
Minimum Web Reinforcements
b w s b w s
Av.min = 0.75 f'c  50 (in psi)
fy fy
b w s b w s
Av.min = 0.062  f'c  0.345  (in MPa)
fy fy
MPa
0.75psi  0.062  MPa
psi
50psi  0.345  MPa
Maximum Spacing of Stirrup
Av  fy Av  fy
smax =  (in psi)
0.75 f'c b w 50 b w
Av  fy Av  fy
smax =  (in MPa)
0.062  f'c b w 0.345  b w
Case Vs  2  Vc
d
smax =  24in = 600mm
2
Case 2  Vc  Vs  4  Vc
d
smax =  12in = 300mm
4
Required stirrups
Diameter of stirrup
 1  1   D
Dv =  
3 4
D = diameter of main bar
Page 69
Required spacing of stirrup
Av  fy  d
s=  smax
Vs
Vu
Vs =  Vc
ϕ
Example 12.1
Spacing of beam S  4m
kN
2
m
Loads on slab
Slab thickness t  100mm

kN kN kN kN
Dead load DL  50mm 22  t 25  0.40  1.00
3 3 2 2
m m m m
kN
DL  5 
2
m
kN
Live load LL  2 
2
m
Loads of wall
Void  30mm 30mm 190 mm 4
Brickhollow.10   120mm  Void

55  kN kN
 20  1.648 
 2 3 2
 m  m m
kN
wwall.10  Brickhollow.10  ( 3.5m  65cm)  4.696 
m
Loads on beam
kN kN
wbeam  25cm ( 65cm  t )  25  3.438 
3 m
S m
2 2 3
α   0.25 k  1  2  α  α  0.891
L
S kN
wD.slab  DL  2  k  17.813
2 m
S kN
wL.slab  LL  2  k  7.125 
2 m
Page 70
kN
wD  wbeam  wwall.10  wD.slab  25.946
m
kN
wL  wL.slab  7.125 
m
kN
wu  1.2 wD  1.6 wL  42.535
m
Shears
wu  L
V0   170.139  kN
2
Shear diagram V
Shear design
Concrete shear strength
b  250mm h  650mm
d  h   30mm  10mm 
20mm 
  600  mm
 2 
ϕ  0.75
f'c
Vc  0.166MPa   b  d  124.5  kN
MPa
Location of no stirrup zone

ϕVc
Vu 
2
Vu ( x )  V0  wu  x
ϕ Vc
V0 
2
x   2.902 m
wu
Minimum stirrup
Page 71
2
π ( 8mm) 2
Av  2   1.005  cm fy  235MPa
4
 Av  fy  Av  fy
smax.1  min   273.91 mm

 f'c 0.345MPa  b 
 0.062MPa b 
 MPa 
smax.2  min 600mm  300  mm

d
2 
 
smax  Floor min smax.1 smax.2 10mm  270  mm  
Shear strength of minimum stirrup
Av  fy  d
Vs   52.5 kN
smax
Location of minimum stirrup zone
x 

V0  ϕ Vc  Vs   879.034  mm
wu
Required stirrups
Vu  V0  wu    d  135.048  kN
450mm
 2 
Vu
Vs   Vc  55.564 kN
ϕ
Av  fy  d
s   255.109  mm
Vs
  
s  Floor min s smax 10mm  250  mm 
Page 72
Example 12.2
Design of stirrup for data given in example 12.1
Stirrups in support parts:
Required shear
Vu  V0  wu    d  135.048  kN
450mm
 2 
Concrete shear strength
ϕ  0.75
f'c
Vc  0.166MPa   b  d  124.5  kN
MPa
Stirrup  "is minimum" if Vu  ϕ Vc
"is required" otherwise
Stirrup  "is required"
Spacing of stirrup
Vu
Vs   Vc  55.564 kN
ϕ
2
π ( 8mm) 2
Av  2   1.005  cm fy  235MPa
4
Av  fy  d
s   255.109  mm
Vs
Page 73
Maximum spacing of stirrup
 Av  fy Av  fy

smax.1  min    273.91 mm
 f'c 0.345MPa  b 
 0.062MPa b 
 MPa 
min 600mm if Vs  2  Vc
d
smax.2 
2 
min 300mm otherwise
d
4 
smax.2  300  mm
Actual spacing of stirrup
   
s  Floor min s smax.1 smax.2 10mm  250  mm
Stirrups in midspan parts:
Required shear strength
L
Vu  V0  wu   85.07  kN
4
Spacing of stirrup
Stirrup  "is minimum" if Vu  ϕ Vc
"is required" otherwise
Stirrup  "is minimum"
  
smax  Floor min smax.1 smax.2 10mm  270  mm
Page 74
Page 75
13. Column Design
Columns:
- Axially loaded columns: M=0
- Eccentric columns: M 0
Short columns: Pu M u
Long (slender) columns: Pu M u  δns
13.1. Axially Loaded Columns
Safety provision
Pu  ϕPn.max
where
Pu = required strength
ϕPn.max = design strength
ϕ = strength reduction factor
Pn = nominal strength
Pn.max = maximum (allowable) strength
For tied columns:
 
ϕPn.max = 0.80 ϕ 0.85 f'c  Ag  Ast  Ast  fy
 
with ϕ = 0.65
For spirally reinforced columns:
 
ϕPn.max = 0.85 ϕ 0.85 f'c Ag  Ast  Ast fy
 
with ϕ = 0.70
where
Ast = area of steel reinforcement
Page 76
Ag = b c h c = area of gross section of column
Ac = Ag  Ast = area of concrete section
Column steel ratio:
Ast
ρg = = 1%  8%
Ag
Lateral ties
According ACI 7.10.5 the diameters of lateral tie are
For longitudinal bar D  32mm: Dv  10mm
For longitudinal bar D  32mm: Dv  12mm
The spacing of tie
s  16D s  48Dv s  bc
In practice
 1  1  D
Dv =  
3 4
s = 100mm  150mm  300mm
Page 77
Spirals
According ACI 7.10.4 the diameter of spiral: Dv  10mm
Clear spacing of spiral: 25mm  s  75mm
Determination of concrete section

Pu
0.80 ϕ
Ag =

0.85 f'c 1  ρg  fy  ρg 
Determination of steel area

Pu
 0.85 f'c Ag
0.80ϕ
Ast =
0.85 f'c  fy
Example 13.1
Tributary area B  4m L  8m
Loads on slab
kN kN kN kN kN
DL  50mm 22  100mm 25  0.40  1.00  5
3 3 2 2 2
m m m m m
kN
LL  2.00 (for classroom)
2
m
Reduction of live load

2
AT  B L  32 m (tributary area)
KLL  4 (for interior column)
2
AI  KLL AT  128  m (influence area)
4.572 kN
αLL  0.25   0.654 αLL LL  1.308 
AI 2
m
2
m
Loads of wall
Void  30mm 30mm 190 mm 4
Page 78
Brickhollow.10   120mm  Void   20 kN  1.648  kN
55
 2 3 2
 1m  m m
Loads on column
PD.slab  DL B L  160  kN
PL.slab  LL αLL B L  41.863 kN
kN
PB1  25cm ( 65cm  100mm)  25  L  27.5 kN
3
m
kN
PB2  20cm ( 35cm  100mm)  25  B  5  kN
3
m
Pwall.1  Brickhollow.10  ( 3.5m  65cm)  ( L  2m)  28.174 kN
Pwall.2  Brickhollow.10  ( 3.5m  35cm)  B  20.76  kN
kN
Pcolumn  35cm 45cm 25  ( 3.5m  65cm)  11.222 kN
3
m

PD  PD.slab  PB1  PB2 2.5  Pwall.1  Pwall.2 2  Pcolumn  5  1404.577 kN 
PL  PL.slab 5  209.316  kN
Pu  1.2 PD  1.6 PL  2020.397 kN
Verification
PL PD  PL kN
 12.97  %  10.087
PD  PL B  L 5 2
m
Pcolumn 5
 3.477  %
PD  PL
Column section
ρg  0.02 ϕ  0.65
Pu
0.80 ϕ 2
Ag   1357.338 cm

0.85 f'c 1  ρg  fy  ρg 
35cm Ag
k  h c   417.75 mm b c  k  h c  324.916  mm
45cm k
 
h c  Ceil h c 50mm  450  mm
Page 79
 b c   350 
 
b c  Ceil b c 50mm  350  mm
 h c   450 
  mm
2
Ag  b c h c  1575 cm
Steel area
Pu
 0.85 f'c Ag 2
0.80ϕ 2 π ( 16mm) 2
Ast   14.604 cm 12  24.127 cm
0.85 f'c  fy 4
450mm  50mm 2  5  16mm 350mm  50mm 2  3  16mm

 67.5 mm  101  mm
4 2
Lateral ties
D  16mm Dv  10mm
 
s  min 16 D 48 Dv b c  256  mm
s  Floor( s 50mm)  250  mm
13.2. Design of Short Columns
Safety provision
Pu  ϕPn
M u  ϕMn
X = 0
Page 80
Pn = C  Cs  T
where
C = 0.85 f'c a b
Cs = A's f's
T = As fs
M = 0
M n = Pn  e = C     Cs   d'  T  d  
h a h h
2 2 2   2
M n = 0.85 f'c a b      A's f's   d'  As fs  d  

h a h h
2 2 2   2
Conditions of strain compatibility

εs dc
=
εu c
dc dc
εs = εu fs = Es ε s = Es ε u   fy
c c
ε's c  d'
=
εu c
c  d' c  d'
ε's = ε u  f's = Es ε's = Es ε u   fy
c c
Unknowns = 5: a As A's fs f's
Equations = 4:
X = 0 M = 0 2 conditions of strain compatibility
Ast
Case of symmetrical column: As = A's =
2
Case of unsymmetrical column: fs = fy
A. Determination of Steel Area
Given: Pu M u b  h f'c fy
Ast
Find: As = A's =
2
Page 81
Pu
 0.85 f'c a b
ϕ
Functions AsN( a) =
f's( a)  fs( a)
Mu
 0.85 f'c a b    
h a
AsM( a) =
ϕ 2 2
f's   d'  fs  d  
h h
2   2
Answer: As = AsN( a) = AsM ( a)
Example 13.2
Required strength Pu  1200kN
M u  30kN m
Concrete dimension b  300mm

h  300mm

fy  390MPa
Solution
d  h   30mm  10mm 
20mm 
  250  mm
 2 
20mm
d'  30mm  10mm   50 mm
2
 f'c  27.6MPa  
β1  0.65 max  0.85  0.05  min 0.85  0.85
 6.9MPa  
5
Es  2  10 MPa ε u  0.003
a
c( a) 
β1
d  c( a)
fs( a)  min Es ε u  fy fs( 150mm)  250  MPa
 c( a) 
c( a)  d' 
f's( a)  min Es ε u  fy f's( 100mm)  345  MPa
 c( a) 
d t  d
Page 82
d t  c( a)
ϕ( a)  εt  εu ϕ( 90mm)  0.824
c( a)
 1.45  250  ε t  
0.65 max   min 0.9
 3  
Pu
 0.85 f'c a b
ϕ( a)
AsN( a) 
f's( a)  fs( a)
Mu
 0.85 f'c a b    
h a
AsM( a) 
ϕ( a) 2 2
f's( a)    d'  fs( a)   d  
h h
 2   2
a1  257.9mm a2  258mm
4
4.09 10
4
4.08 10
A sN( a)
4
4.07 10
A sM( a)
4
4.06 10
4
4.05 10
0.2579 0.25795
a
a
a  257.94mm  0.86
h
2 2
AsN( a)  4.071  cm AsM( a)  4.071  cm
2
Ast  AsN( a)  AsM( a)  8.141  cm
2
π ( 14mm) 2
6  9.236  cm
4
2
Ag  b  h Ag  900  cm
Page 83
h
Asteel( N)  Δa 
N
i  ORIGIN
for a  Δa Δa  Δa  h
f  f's( a)  fs( a)
( continue ) if f = 0
Pu
 0.85 f'c a b
ϕ( a)
AsN 
f
( continue ) if AsN  0
fd  f's( a)    d'  fs( a)   d  

h h
2   2
( continue ) if fd = 0
Mu
 0.85 f'c a b    
h a
AsM 
ϕ( a) 2 2
fd
( continue ) if AsM  0
AsM  AsN
ΔA 
AsN
 a 
 h 
 AsN 
i  
Z   Ag 
A 
 sM 
 Ag 
 ΔA 
 
ii1
 T
csort Z ORIGIN  3 
Z  Asteel( 10000 )
a  Z  h  257.94 mm
0 0
2
AsN  Z  Ag  4.071  cm
0 1
2
AsM  Z  Ag  4.071  cm
0 2
2
Ast  AsN  AsM  8.141  cm
Page 84
0 1 2 3
0 0.86 4.523·10-3 4.523·10-3 3.169·10-5
1 0.86 4.518·10-3 4.532·10-3 3.022·10-3
2 0.86 4.528·10-3 4.514·10-3 3.078·10-3
3 0.86 4.513·10-3 4.541·10-3 6.083·10-3
4 0.86 4.533·10-3 4.505·10-3 6.116·10-3
5 0.859 4.537·10-3 4.496·10-3 9.147·10-3
6 0.86 4.509·10-3 4.55·10-3 9.151·10-3
Z 7 0.859 4.542·10-3 4.487·10-3 0.012
8 0.86 4.504·10-3 4.559·10-3 0.012
9 0.859 4.547·10-3 4.478·10-3 0.015
10 0.86 4.499·10-3 4.568·10-3 0.015
11 0.859 4.552·10-3 4.469·10-3 0.018
12 0.86 4.494·10-3 4.577·10-3 0.018
13 0.859 4.557·10-3 4.46·10-3 0.021
14 0.86 4.489·10-3 4.586·10-3 0.022
15 0.859 4.562·10-3 4.451·10-3 ...
B. Interaction Diagram for Column Strength
Interaction diagram is a graph of parametric function M n Pn  
 
ϕPn ( a) = ϕ( a)  0.85 f'c a b  A's f's  As fs  ϕPn.max
ϕMn ( a) = ϕ( a)  0.85 f'c a b  

h a h   h 
   A's f's   d'  As fs  d  
 2 2 2   2 
dc
where fs( a) = Es ε u   fy
c
c  d'
f's( a) = Es ε u   fy
c
Example 13.3
16mm
d'  30mm  8mm   46 mm
2
d  h   30mm  8mm 
16mm 
  254  mm
 2 
Page 85
2
π ( 16mm) 2
Steel reinforcements As  3   6.032  cm
4
2
π ( 16mm) 2
A's  3   6.032  cm
4
fy  390MPa
Solution
2
Ag  b  h  900  cm
2
Ast  As  A's  12.064 cm
Case of axially loaded column
ϕ  0.65

ϕPn.max  0.80 ϕ 0.85 f'c Ag  Ast  fy  Ast
  
ϕPn.max  1029.588 kN
Case of eccentric column

 f'c  27.6MPa  
β1  0.65 max  0.85  0.05  min 0.85  0.85
 6.9MPa  
a
c( a) 
β1
5
ε u  0.003 Es  2  10 MPa
fs( a)  min Es ε u  fy

d  c( a)
fs( 200mm)  47.7 MPa
 c( a) 
f's( a)  min Es ε u  fy
c ( a )  d'
f's( 100mm)  365.4  MPa
 c ( a ) 
d t  d
d t  c( a)
ϕ( a)  εt  εu ϕ( 100mm)  0.773
c( a)
 1.45  250  ε t  
ϕ  0.65 max   min 0.9
 3  

ϕPn ( a)  minϕ( a)  0.85 f'c a b  A's f's( a)  As fs( a) ϕPn.max
  
ϕMn ( a)  ϕ( a)  0.85 f'c a b  

h a h   h 
   A's f's( a)    d'  As fs( a)   d  
 2 2  2   2 
Page 86
h
a  0   h
100
Interaction diagram for column strength

1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
ϕPn( a)
600
kN
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
ϕMn( a)
kN m
Page 87
C. Case of Distributed Reinforcements
n n
Pn = C 
 T = 0.85 f'c a b 
i  As if s i
i 1 i 1
n
M n = Pn  e = C     T   d  h 

h a
 i i 
2 2   2 
i 1
n
M n = 0.85 f'c a b      A  f   d  h 

h a
 s i s i  i 
2 2   2 
i 1

ε d c d c
s i i i
= ε = εu
εu c s i c
d c
i
f = Es ε = Es ε u  with f  fy
s i s i c s i
Unknows = 2  n  1 a A f

s i s i
Equations = n  2
X = 0 M = 0
n Conditions of strain compatibility
Page 88
Additional conditions
A = n A
s i i s0
Interaction Diagram for Column Strength
 n
h 
ϕMn ( a) = ϕ 0.85 f'c a b  
a A  f   d 

h
Abscissa     s i s i  i 
 2 2   2 
 i 1 
 n 
ϕPn ( a) = ϕ 0.85 f'c a b   s i s i  ϕPn.max
Ordinate
 A  f
 i 1 
Example 13.4
Steel reinforcements
 7   70 
7  177.5 
4  285 
   
 4  ( 32mm) 2  392.5 
As   4   π d   500  mm
4 4
 607.5 
   
4  715 
7  822.5 
 7   930 
Solution
ORIGIN  1
Case of axially load column
Ag  b  h  
n s  rows As ns  9
Ast

2
Ast  As Ast  386.039  cm ρg   0.055
Ag
ϕ  0.65
 
 
ϕPn.max  20984.038  kN
Page 89
 f'c  27.6MPa  
β1  0.65 max  0.85  0.05  min 0.85  0.724
 6.9MPa  
a
c( a) 
β1
5
ε u  0.003 Es  2  10 MPa
d  c( a)
i
fs( i a)  εs  εu fs( 2 200mm)  214.516  MPa
c( a)
  
sign ε s  min Es ε s fy 
d t  max( d ) d t  930  mm
d t  c( a)
ϕ( a)  εt  εu ϕ( 300mm)  0.794
c( a)
 1.45  250  ε t  
ϕ  0.65 max   min 0.9
 3  
  ns  
   
ϕPn ( a)  min ϕ( a)  0.85 f'c a b 
   
 Asi fs( i a)  ϕPn.max

  i 1  
 ns 
  a   h 

h
ϕMn ( a)  ϕ( a)  0.85 f'c a b      Asi fs( i a)   d i  
 2 2   2 
 i 1 
h
a  0   h
100
Page 90
25000
20000
15000
ϕPn( a)
kN
10000
5000
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
ϕMn( a)
kN  m
Determination of Steel Area
n n
 X=0 Pn = 0.85 f'c a b 

  A f
s i s i 
= 0.85 f'c a b  As0 
 ns if s i
i 1 i 1
Pu
0.85 f'c a b 
ϕ
AsN( a) =
n
 ns if s i

i 1
n
M n = 0.85 f'c a b      A  f   d  h 
 
h a
M=0  s i s i  i 
2 2   2 
i 1
n
M n = 0.85 f'c a b      As0  n  f   d  h 

h a
 s i s i  i 
2 2   2 
i 1
Page 91
Mu
 0.85 f'c a b  
h a
 
AsM( a) =
ϕ 2 2
n
n  f   d  h 
  s i s i  i
  2 

i 1
Example 13.5
Required strength Pu  19000kN
M u  300kN m
Concrete cover Cover  40mm
Diameter of stirrup Dv  10mm
Diameter of coner bar D0  32mm
Distribution of reinforcements
 7 
7
4
 
4
n   4 
4
 
4
7
 7 
Solution

2
Ag  b  h  0.7 m
ϕ  0.65
Pu
 0.85 f'c Ag 2
0.80 ϕ 2 π ( 32mm) 2
Ast   277.568  cm 48  386.039  cm
0.85 f'c  fy 4
Page 92
D0
d  Cover  Dv   66 mm
1 2
h  d 2
1
n s  rows( n )  9 Δ   108.5  mm
ns  1
i  2  n s d  d Δ
i i 1
d t  max( d ) d t  934  mm
 f'c  27.6MPa  
β1  0.65 max  0.85  0.05  min 0.9  0.724
 6.9MPa  
a
c( a) 
β1
d t  c( a)
ϕ( a)  εt  εu ϕ( 300mm)  0.797
c( a)
 1.45  250  ε t  
ϕ  0.65 max   min 0.9
 3  
d  c( a)
i
fs( i a)  εs  εu fs( 2 300mm)  347.354  MPa
c( a)
  
Page 93
hd
1
Asteel( No)  Δ
No
k1
for a  d d  Δ  h
1 1
ns
nf 
 nifs(i a)
i 1
( continue ) if nf = 0
Pu
0.85 f'c a b 
ϕ( a)
AsN 
nf
( continue ) if AsN  0
ns
n f ( i a)   d  h 
nfd 
 is

 i


2 
i 1
( continue ) if nfd = 0
Mu
 0.85 f'c a b    
h a
AsM 
ϕ( a) 2 2
nfd
( continue ) if AsM  0
ΔA  AsM  AsN
 a 
 h 
 
 AsN 
 A 
k
Z  
g
 AsM 
 
 Ag 
 ΔA 
 A 
 g 
kk1
 T
csort Z 4 
Z  Asteel( 20000 ) rows( Z)  766
a  Z  h  980.806  mm
1 1
2
AsN  Z  Ag  1.917  cm
1 2
Page 94
2
AsM  Z  Ag  1.918  cm
1 3
AsN  AsM
n
2
As   As  92.044 cm
2
2
Ast  277.568  cm
 
2
As  max As Ast 0.01 Ag As  277.568  cm
D. Design of Circular Column
Area and centroid of segment
 rc  a  Dc
α = acos  rc =
 rc  2
Radius  Arch rc rc 2  α 2

Asector = = = α rc
2 2
Page 95
Base  Height rc sin( α)  2  rc cos( α) 2
Atriangle = = = rc  sin( α)  cos( α)
2 2
2
Asegment = Asector  Atriangle = rc  ( α  sin( α)  cos( α) )
2
1 rc
dA =  r  r  dθ = dθ
2 c c 2
2  rc
xc =  cos( θ)
3
α

  rc
3 3
2  rc  sin( α)
 x c dA =   cos( θ) dθ =
  3 3
 
α

 x dA
 c 3
2  rc  sin( α) 2  rc sin( α)
 1
x sector = =  = 
A 3 2 3 α
α rc
2
x triangle =  r  cos( α)
3 c
x sector Asector  x triangle Atriangle

x segment =
Asegment
2  rc sin( α) 2 2  rc 2
  α rc   cos( α)  rc  sin( α)  cos( α)
3 α 3
x segment =
2
rc  ( α  sin( α)  cos( α) )
2  rc sin( α)
3
x segment = 
3 α  sin( α)  cos( α)
Location of steel re-bars
d = rc  rs cos α
i i   rs = rc  Cover
2 π
α =  (i  1)
i ns
ns = number of steel re-bars
Page 96
ns ns
Pn = C 
 T = 0.85 f'c Ac 
i  As if s i
i 1 i 1
ns
M n = Pn  e = C x c 
 Ti  di  rc
i 1
ns
M n = 0.85 f'c Ac x c 
 As i f s i  d i  rc
i 1
2
where Ac = rc  ( α  sin( α)  cos( α) )
2  rc sin( α)
3
xc = 
3 α  sin( α)  cos( α)

ε d c d c
s i i i
= ε = εu
εu c s i c
d c
i
f = Es ε = Es ε u   fy
s i s i c
Example 13.6
Required strength Pu  3437.31kN
M u  42.53kN m
fy  390MPa
Solution
ϕ  0.70
Assume ρg  0.025
Pu
0.85 ϕ 3 2
Ag  Ag  1.896  10  cm
0.85 f'c 1  ρg  fy  ρg 
Page 97
 Ag 
Diameter of column Dc  Ceil 50mm Dc  500  mm
 π 
π Dc
2
 4  3 2
Ag  Ag  1.963  10  cm
4
Pu
 0.85 f'c Ag
0.85 ϕ 2
Ast  Ast  43.514 cm
0.85 f'c  fy
Ast
ρg  ρg  0.022
Ag
Ds  Dc  2   30mm  8mm 
20mm 
 Ds  404  mm
 2 
2
π ( 20mm) 2
n s  14 As0  Ast  n s As0  43.982 cm
4
π Ds
s   90.657 mm
ns
 
  ϕPn.max  3447.594 kN
Case of Eccentric Column
Dc Ds
rc  rs 
2 2
360deg
i  1  n s αs   ( i  1)
i ns
d  rc  rs cos αs 
i i  
 f'c  27.6MPa  
β1  0.65 max  0.85  0.05  min 0.85  0.85
 6.9MPa  
a
c( a)  d t  max( d ) d t  452  mm
β1
d t  c( a)
ϕ( a)  εt  εu ϕ( 150mm)  0.879
c( a)
 1.7  200  εt  
ϕ  0.70 max   min 0.9
 3  
 rc  a 
α( a)  acos 
 rc 
2  rc sin( α( a) )
3
x c( a)  
3 α( a)  sin( α( a) )  cos( α( a) )
2
Ac( a)  rc  ( α( a)  sin( α( a) )  cos( α( a) ) )
Page 98
d  c( a)
i
fs( i a)  εs  εu
c( a)
  
  ns  
 
ϕPn ( a)  min ϕ( a)  0.85 f'c Ac( a) 
   s0 s  n.max
A  f

( i a )  ϕP
  i 1  
 ns 
 
ϕMn ( a)  ϕ( a)  0.85 f'c Ac( a)  x c( a) 
 As0 fs( i a)   di  rc

 i 1 
Dc
a  0   Dc
100
3000
ϕPn( a)
kN
2000
Pu
kN
1000
0
0 100 200 300
ϕMn( a) Mu

kN  m kN  m
Page 99
13.3. Long (Slender) Columns
Stability index
ΣPu  Δ0
Q=
Vu  Lc
where ΣPu Vu = total vertical load and story shear
Δ0 = relative deflection between the top and bottom of story
Lc = center-to-center length of column
Q  0.05 : the column is nonsway (braced)
Q  0.05 : the column is sway (unbraced)
Unbraced Frame Braced Frame

Shear Wall
Braced Frame
Brick Wall
Ties
Slenderness of Column
Column is short, if
k  Lu M1
For nonsway columns:  34  12  40
r M2
k  Lu
For sway columns:  22
r
where
Lu = unsupported length of column

I
r = radius of gyration of column section r=
A
Page 100
h
For rectangular column r= = 0.289  h
12
I A = moment of inertia and area of column section

M 1 = min M a M b  
M 2 = max M a M b 
M a M b = moments at the ends of column

k = k ψa ψb  is an effective length factor
ΣEIc
ψ= is a degree of end restraint
ΣEIb (degree of end release)
Page 101
For nonsway column
 π  2 tan π 
ψ a  ψb 2 ψ a  ψb    2 k 
 π

k   =1
  1   
4 k 2
 tan 
π
 π
 k  k
For sway column
2
ψa ψb  
π π
  36
k =
k

6  ψ a  ψb  tan 
π
k
Approximate values of k
In nonsway frames:
k = 0.7  0.05 ψA  ψB  1.0 

k = 0.85  0.05 ψmin  1.0
ψmin = min ψA ψB  

In sway frames:
Case ψm  2
20  ψm
k=  1  ψm
20
Case ψm  2
k = 0.9 1  ψm
ψA  ψB
ψm =
2
Case of column is hinged at one end
k = 2.0  0.3 ψ
ψ is the value in the restrained end.
Page 102
Case of Slender Column
Moment on column
M c = M 2  δns  M 2.min δns
where
M 2.min = Pu  ( 0.6in  0.03h ) = Pu  ( 15mm  0.03h )
δns = moment magnification factor
Cm
δns = 1
Pu
1
0.75Pc
M1
Cm = 0.6  0.4  0.4
M2
Pc = Euler's critical load
2
π  EI
Pc =
 k  Lu 
2
0.4 Ec Ig 1.2PD

EI = βd =
1  βd 1.2PD  1.6PL
Ec = concrete modulus of elasticity
Ig = moment of inertia of gross section of column
Page 103
Example 13.7
Design column
b c  18in  45.72  cm
h c  18in  45.72  cm
Lc  14ft  4.267  m Lu  13ft  3.962 m
Loads on column
PD  230kip  1023.091 kN PL  173kip  769.542  kN
M 2.D  2ft kip  2.712  kN m M 2.L  108ft kip  146.428  kN m
M 1.D  2 ft kip  2.712  kN m M 1.L  100ft kip  135.582  kN m
Materials
f'c  4000psi  27.579 MPa fy  60ksi  413.685  MPa
Upper column and beams
b a  18in h a  18in La  14ft
b a1  48in  1219.2 mm h a1  12in  304.8  mm La1  24ft  7.315  m
Page 104
b a2  48in  1219.2 mm h a2  12in  304.8  mm La2  24ft  7.315  m
Lower column and beams
b b  18in h b  18in Lb  14ft
b b1  48in  1219.2 mm h b1  12in  304.8  mm Lb1  24ft  7.315  m
b b2  48in  1219.2 mm h b2  12in  304.8  mm Lb2  24ft  7.315  m
Solution
Determination of column section

(Case of axially loaded column)
Pu  1.2 PD  1.6 PL  2458.977 kN
ρg  0.02
ϕ  0.65
Pu
0.80 ϕ 3 2
Ag   1.513  10  cm

0.85 f'c 1  ρg  fy  ρg 
b  Ag  389.019  mm h  b  389.019  mm
b  Ceil( b 2in)  16 in h  Ceil( h 2in)  16 in
3 2
Ag  b  h  1.652  10  cm
Pu
 0.85 f'c Ag 2
0.80 ϕ 2 π ( 20mm) 2
Ast   21.962 cm Ast  8   25.133 cm
0.85 f'c  fy 4
Slenderness of column
h
Radius of gyration r   0.117 m
12
Concrete modulus of elasticity
1.5
 wc  f'c
Ec  44MPa  
kN 4
wc  24   2.717  10  MPa
m
3  kN  MPa
 m3 
 
Page 105
Relative flexural stiffness of column and beam
3 3
b h
3 b a h a bb hb
EIc  Ec 0.70 EIa  Ec 0.70 EIb  Ec 0.70
12 12 12
3 3
b a1 h a1 b a2 h a2
EIa1  Ec 0.35 EIa2  Ec 0.35
12 12
3 3
b b1 h b1 b b2 h b2
EIb1  Ec 0.35 EIb2  Ec 0.35
12 12
EIc EIa EIc EIb

Σi ca   Σi cb  
Lc La Lc Lb
EIa1 EIa2 EIb1 EIb2
Σi ba   Σi bb  
La1 La2 Lb1 Lb2
Σi ca Σi cb
ψa   3.524 ψb   3.524
Σi ba Σi bb
Effective length factor for nonsway column

 π  2  tan π 
ψa  ψ b 2 ψa  ψ b    
F( k )   
π k  2 k   1
  1   
4 k 2
 tan 
π
 π
 k  k
ab
Bisection( a b ε )  c
2
return c if ba ε
return Bisection( a c ε ) if F( a)  F( c)  0
return Bisection( c b ε ) otherwise
k  Bisection( 0.5 1 0.000001) k  0.906
M a  1.2 M 1.D  1.6 M 1.L  213.677  kN m
M b  1.2 M 2.D  1.6 M 2.L  237.539  kN m
 
M 1  min M a M b  213.677  kN m
 
M 2  max M a M b  237.539  kN m
k  Lu  M1 
Column  "is Short" if  min 34  12 40
r
 M2

"is Long" otherwise
Column  "is Long"
Page 106
Required moment on column
1.2 PD
βd   0.499
1.2 PD  1.6 PL
1.5
 wc  f'c
Ec  44MPa  
kN 4
wc  24   2.717  10  MPa
m
3  kN  MPa
 m3 
 
3
b c h c 0.4 Ec Ig 4 2
Ig  EI   2.639  10  kN m
12 1  βd
 M1 
Cm  max 0.6  0.4 0.4  0.96
 M2

2
π  EI
Pc   20195.95 kN
 
2
k  Lu
 Cm 
δns  max 1  1.146
 Pu 
 1  
0.75 Pc
 

M 2.min  Pu  15mm  0.03 h c  70.612 kN m 
 
M c  max M 2 M 2.min  δns  272.18 kN m
Distribution of reinforcements
1 1 1 1 1
 
1 0 0 0 1
 π ( 20mm)
2
Bars   1 0 0 0 1 As0 
1 0 0 0 1
4
 
1 1 1 1 1
n s  cols( Bars)  5 5

 
i 2
i  1  n s n1 
i  Bars n  n1 n  2
2
 
d1  40mm  10mm 
20mm
 60 mm 5
1 2
Page 107
h c  d1  2
1
Δ   84.3 mm  60 
ns  1  
 144.3 
i  2  n s d1  d1 Δ d  d1 d   228.6   mm
i i 1
 312.9 
d t  max( d )  397.2  mm  
 397.2 
 f'c  27.6MPa  
β1  0.65 max  0.85  0.05  min 0.85  0.85
 6.9MPa  
a
c( a) 
β1
d  c( a)
i
fs( i a)  εs  εu
c( a)
  
 n  50.265cm
2
Ast  As0 
ϕ  0.65
 
ϕPn.max  0.80 ϕ 0.85 f'c Ag  Ast  fy  Ast  3033.321 kN
 
d t  c( a)
ϕ( a)  εt  εu
c( a)
 1.45  250  ε t  
ϕ  0.65 max   min 0.9
 3  
b  b c h  h c
  ns  
 
ϕPn ( a)  min ϕ( a)  0.85 f'c a b 
   s0 i s  n.max
A  n  f
( i a )  ϕP
  i 1  
 ns 
  a A  n  f ( i a)   d  h 

h
ϕMn ( a)  ϕ( a)  0.85 f'c a b       s0 i s  i 
 2 2   2 
 i 1 
Mc e
e   110.688  mm  0.242
Pu h
h
a  0   h
100
Page 108
3000
ϕPn( a)
kN
2000
Pu
kN
1000
0
0 100 200 300 400
ϕMn( a) Mc

kN  m kN  m
Page 109
14. Design of Footing
A. Determination of Footing Dimension
Required area of footing
PD  PL
Areq =
qe
where
PD  PL = required load of service condition
qe = effective bearing capacity of soil
kN
q e = q all  20 H
3
m
q ult
q all = = allowable bearing capacity of soil with FS = 2.5  4.0
FS
q ult = ultimate bearing capacity of soil
H = depth of foundation
kN
20 = average unit weight of soil and concrete
3
m
Checking for reaction of soil
q max  q u
Pu 6 e 
  1 
L
q max =  if e 
B L  L  6
4  Pu
otherwise
3  B  ( L  2  e)
where
B L = width and long of footing
Mu
e= = eccentricity of load
Pu
qu = design bearing capacity of soil
Page 110
1.2 PD  1.6 PL
q u = q all  Load_Factor = q all 
PD  PL
B. Determination of Depth of Footing
Safety provision for punching (two-way shear)
Vu  ϕVc
Safety provision for beam shear (one-way shear)
Vu1  ϕVc1
Vu2  ϕVc2
Punching shear

Vu = q u  A  A0 
A = B L
 
A0 = b c  d  h c  d 
where bc  hc = dimension of column stub
Punching shear strength
ϕ = 0.75
Vc = 4  f'c b 0  d (in psi)
Page 111
Vc = 0.332  f'c b 0  d (in MPa)
where b0 =  b c  d   h c  d  2
Beam shears
 L hc 
Vu1 = q u  B    d
2 2 
 B bc 
Vu2 = q u  L    d
2 2 
Beam shear strength
f'c f'c
Vc1 = 2psi  B d = 0.166MPa   B d
psi MPa
f'c f'c
Vc2 = 2psi  L d = 0.166MPa   L d
psi MPa
C. Determination of Steel Area
Steel rebars in L-direction

L hc
q1 = qu B L1 = 
2 2
2
q 1  L1
M u1 =
2
Design a section as singly reinforced of B  d
Page 112
Steel rebars in B-direction
B bc
q2 = qu L L2 = 
2 2
2
q 2  L2
M u2 =
2
Design a section as singly reinforced of L  d
Example 14.1
Loads on footing PD  1000kN PL  780kN
M D  0kN m M L  0kN m
Dimension of column stub b c  450mm  0.55m 2 h c  450mm  0.55m 2
Depth of foundation H  1.5m

kN
Allowable bearing capacity of soil q a  240
2
m
B
Aspect ratio of footing λ = λ  1
L
Solution
Determination of Footing Dimension
Effective bearing capacity of soil

kN kN
q e  q a  H 20  210 
3 2
m m
Required dimension of footing

PD  PL 2
Areq   8.476  m
qe
Areq
L   2.911 m B  λ L  2.911 m
λ
Use
L  Ceil( L 100mm) B  Ceil( B 100mm)
 B    3.00   m
   
 L   3.00 
Page 113
Checking for stress in soil
1.2 PD  1.6 PL kN
q u  q a  330.067 
PD  PL 2
m
Pu  1.2 PD  1.6 PL  2448 kN
M u  1.2 M D  1.6 M L  0  kN m
Mu
e  0
Pu
Pu
  1 
6 e  L kN
q max   if e  q max  272 
B L  L  6
m
2
4  Pu
otherwise q max
3  B ( L  2  e)  0.824
qu
Determination of Depth of Footing
Assume h  650mm
d  h   70mm  20mm 
20mm 
  550  mm
 2 
Punching shear
A  B L  
A0  b c  d  h c  d 
 
Vu  q u  A  A0  1515.009 kN
ϕ  0.75
b 0   bc  d    hc  d   2
f'c Vu
Vc  0.332MPa   b  d  7669.2 kN  0.263
MPa 0 ϕ Vc
Beam shears
 L hc 
Vu1  q u  B    d  173.285  kN
2 2 
 B bc 
Vu2  q u  L    d  173.285  kN
2 
2 
Page 114
Beam shear strength
f'c Vu1
Vc1  0.166MPa   B d  1369.5 kN  0.169
MPa ϕ Vc1
f'c Vu2
Vc2  0.166MPa   L d  1369.5 kN  0.169
MPa ϕ Vc2
Alternative Way
 
A0 ( d )  b c  d  h c  d 
b 0 ( d )   b c  d   h c  d  2

Vu ( d )  q u  A  A0 ( d ) 
f'c
Vc( d )  0.332MPa   b ( d)  d
MPa 0
 L hc 
Vu1( d )  q u  B    d
2 2 
 B bc 
Vu2( d )  q u  L    d
2 2 
f'c
Vc1( d )  0.166MPa   B d
MPa
f'c
Vc2( d )  0.166MPa   L d
MPa
20mm
Cover  70mm  20mm 
2
d  d  200mm  Cover
    
while Vu ( d )  ϕ Vc( d )  Vu1( d )  ϕ Vc1( d )  Vu2( d )  ϕ Vc2( d ) 
d  d  50mm
d
d  300  mm h  d  Cover  400  mm
Determination of steel reinforcements in L-direction
kN L hc
wu  q u  B  990.202  Ln    0.725 m
m 2 2
2
wu  Ln
M u   260.238  kN m
2
Page 115
 f'c  27.6MPa  
β1  0.65 max  0.85  0.05  min 0.85  0.85
 6.9MPa  
ε u  0.003
f'c εu
ρmax  0.85 β1    0.02
fy ε u  0.004
 f' 
 0.249MPa c 
 MPa 1.379MPa 
   0.00354
 fy fy

b  B  3000 mm d  300  mm
Mu
M n 
0.9
Mn
R   1.071  MPa
2
b d
f'c  R   0.00282
ρ  0.85 1  1  2  ρ  ρmin  1
0.85 f'c
fy
 
 
As  max ρ ρmin  b  d  31.823 cm
2
2
π ( 20mm) 2 b  2  Cover
n  19 n  59.69  cm s   155.556  mm
4 n1
19DB20,@150
Determination of steel reinforcements in B-direction
kN B bc
wu  q u  L  990.202  Ln    0.725 m
m 2 2
2
wu  Ln
M u   260.238  kN m
2
b  L  3000 mm d  300  mm
Mu
M n 
0.9
Mn
R   1.071  MPa
2
b d
f'c  R   0.00282
ρ  0.85 1  1  2  ρ  ρmin  1
0.85 f'c
fy
 
 
As  max ρ ρmin  b  d  31.823 cm
2
Page 116
2
π ( 20mm) 2 b  2  Cover
n  19 n  59.69  cm s   155.556  mm
4 n1
19DB20,@150
Top Reinforcements
ρshrinkage  ( return 0.0020) if fy  50ksi
( return 0.0018) if fy  60ksi
 return max 0.0018 60ksi 0.0014  otherwise

  
  fy

ρshrinkage  0.0018
b  1m
2
2 b π ( 16mm) 2
As  ρshrinkage  b  h  7.2 cm   13.404 cm
150mm 4
Page 117
Page 118
Page 119
15. Design of Pile Caps
A. Determination of Dimension of Pile Cap
Required number of piles
PD  PL
n req =
Qe
where
PD  PL = service load on pile cap
Qe = effective bearing capacity of pile
kN 2
Qe = Qa  20  H ( 3D)
3
m
Qa = allowable bearing capacity of pile
kN
20 = average unit weight of concrete and soil
3
m
H = depth of foundation
3D = spacing of pile
Spacing of pile s = ( 2  4 )  D
D = pile size
Distance from face of pile to face of cap = 100mm  200mm

maximum = 0.5 D
Reaction of pile
Pu Mx y My x
i i
Ri =    Qu
n n n
 yk  xk
2 2
k 1 k1
where
Pu M x M y = factored load and moments on pile cap
Qu = design bearing capacity of pile
1.2 PD  1.6 PL
Qu = Qa
PD  PL
x y = coordinates of pile location

i i
Page 120
B. Determination of Depth of Pile Cap
Case of Punching
Vu  ϕVc
where
Vu = punching shear
Vu =
 Routside
ϕVc = punching shear strength
f'c
ϕVc = 0.75 0.332 MPa  b d
MPa 0
b0 =  b c  d   h c  d  2
Case of Beam Shear
Vu1  ϕVc1
Vu2  ϕVc2
where
Vu1 Vu2 = beam shears
Vu1 = max

 RLeft  RRight
Vu2 = max

 RTop  RBottom
ϕVc1 ϕVc2 = beam shear strength
f'c
Vc1 = 0.166MPa   B d
MPa
f'c
Vc2 = 0.166MPa   L d
MPa
Page 121
C. Determination of Steel Area
In X-direction
  h c 
Mu =
 Ri  x i  
  2 
i
Design section is singly reinforced B  d
In Y-direction
  b c 
Mu =
 Ri yi  2


i
Design section is singly reinforced L  d
Example 1
Loads on pile cap

PL
PD  1078.88kN PL  180.89kN  14.359 %
PD  PL
M x  11.79kN m M y  4.07kN m
Dimension of column stub

b c  40cm h c  45cm
Depth of foundation
H  1.5m
Allowable bearing capacity of pile D  300mm
Qa  277.1kN
Materials
f'c  25MPa fy  390MPa
Solution
Determination of Pile Cap Dimension
Effective bearing capacity of pile

kN 2
Qe  Qa  20  H ( 3  D)  252.8  kN
3
m
Page 122
Number of piles
PD  PL
n   4.983
Qe
Pile location
 650   650 
   
 650   650 
X   0  mm Y   0  mm n  rows( X)  5
 650   650 
   
 650   650 
a  min 200mm  150  mm

D
Distance from face of pile to face of cap
2 
Dimension of pile cap
D D
x1  min( X)  a x2  max( X)  a
2 2
D D
y1  min( Y)  a y2  max( Y)  a
2 2
B  y2  y1 B  1900 mm
L  x2  x1 L  1900 mm
Reaction of pile
kN
Pcap  20  H B L  108.3  kN
3
m
 
Pu  1.2 PD  Pcap  1.6 PL  1714.04  kN ORIGIN  1
i  1  n  345.777 
 348.908 
Pu Mx Y
i
My X
i  
R    R   342.808   kN
i n n n
 336.708 
 Yk  Xk
2 2
 
k 1 k1  339.839 
1.2 PD  1.6 PL
Qu  Qa  348.435  kN
PD  PL
Verification
1  0.992 
0  1.001 
    
R  Qu   1 
R
  0.984 
1 Qu
 0.966 
   
1  0.975 
Page 123
 1   1 
   1 
1  L   B
Xcap   1   Ycap   1  
 1  2 1  2
   
 1   1 
 1   1 
   
 1  hc  1  bc
Xstub   1   Ystub   1  
 1  2 1 2
   
 1   1 
 1   1 
1  1 
i   D i   D
i  1  n Xpile  X   1   Ypile  Y   1  
i i
 1  2 1 2
   
 1   1 
 1   1 
   
 1   hc d   1   b c d 
Xpunching( d )   1      Ypunching( d )   1     
 1   2 2
1  2 2
   
 1   1 
d  445mm
Ycap 0.5
Ystub
Ypile 1  0.5 0 0.5 1
Ypunching( d)
 0.5
1
Xcap Xstub X Xpile Xpunching( d)
Page 124
Determination of Depth of Pile Cap
Punching shear
 
 hc d bc d
Inside( d )   X    Y   
 2 2 2 2
 
Outside ( d )  ( Inside( d ) )
Vu ( d )  Qu 
 Outside(d) Vu ( d )  1393.742 kN
ϕ  0.75 b 0 ( d )   h c  d   b c  d  2

f'c
Vc( d )  0.332MPa   b ( d)  d ϕ Vc( d )  1928.007 kN
MPa 0
Beam shears
 
  hc 
Left( d )  X    d
 2 

  hc 
Right( d )  X    d
 2 
 
  bc 
Lower( d )  Y    d
 2 

  bc 
Upper ( d )  Y    d
 2 
Vu1( d )  max
 Left(d)  Right(d) Qu

Vu1( d )  0  kN
Vu2( d )  max
 Lower(d)  Upper(d) Qu

Vu2( d )  696.871  kN
Beam shear strength
f'c
Vc1( d )  0.166MPa   B d ϕ Vc1( d )  526.324  kN
MPa
f'c
Vc2( d )  0.166MPa   L d ϕ Vc2( d )  526.324  kN
MPa
Page 125
Depth of pile cap
20mm
Cover  75mm  20mm 
2
d  d  300mm  Cover
    
while Vu ( d )  ϕ Vc( d )  Vu1( d )  ϕ Vc1( d )  Vu2( d )  ϕ Vc2( d ) 
d  d  50mm
d  495  mm h  d  Cover  600  mm
Determination of Steel Area
 f'c  27.6MPa  
β1  0.65 max  0.85  0.05  min 0.85  0.85
 6.9MPa  
ε u  0.003
f'c εu
ρmax  0.85 β1    0.017
fy ε u  0.005
 f' 
 0.249MPa c 
 MPa 1.379MPa 
   0.00354
 fy fy

In direction L  1.9 m
 
  hc 
M u.Left 
 Left( 0)  Qu     X
2 
M u.Left  296.17 kN m
 
  h c 
M u.Right 
 Right( 0 )  Qu  X  
2 
M u.Right  296.17 kN m

M u  max M u.Left M u.Right  M u  296.17 kN m
b  B  1900 mm d  495  mm
Mu
M n   329.078  kN m
0.9
Mn
R   0.707  MPa
2
b d
f'c  R   0.00184
ρ  0.85 1  1  2 
0.85 f'c
fy
 
 
2
As  max ρ ρmin  b  d  33.255 cm DB1  20mm
Page 126
 As  b  Cover 2
n 1  ceil   11 s1  Floor 10mm  160  mm
  n1  1
 
2
π DB1
 
 4 
In direction B  1.9 m
 
  bc 
M u.Bottom 
 Lower( 0)  Qu     Y
2 
M u.Bottom  313.592  kN m

  b c 
M u.Top 
 Upper ( 0 )  Qu  Y  
  2 
M u.Top  313.592  kN m

M u  max M u.Bottom M u.Top  M u  313.592  kN m
b  L  1900 mm d  495  mm
Mu
M n   348.435  kN m
0.9
Mn
R   0.748  MPa
2
b d
f'c  R   0.00195
ρ  0.85 1  1  2 
0.85 f'c
fy
 
 
As  max ρ ρmin  b  d  33.255 cm
2
DB2  16mm
 As  b  Cover 2
n 2  ceil   17 s2  Floor 10mm  100  mm
  n2  1
 
2
π DB2
 
 4 
Result of design
Dimension of pile cap

Lx, m Ly, m H, m
1.9 1.9 600
Direction NOS Dia., mm Spacing, mm
X 11 20 160
Y 17 16 100
Page 127
16. Slab Design
Types of slab:
La
One-way slabs:  0.5
Lb
La
Two-way slabs: 0.5  1
Lb
where La Lb = length of short and long sides
A. Design of One-Way Slab
Ln
Simply supported
20
Ln
One end continuous
24
Ln
Both ends continuous
28
Ln
Cantilever
10
Analysis of one-way slab
Analysis model: beam of section 1m  t
For continuous one-way slab:

2
wu  Ln
Negative moment M neg =
11
2
wu  Ln
Positive moment M pos =
16
Design of one-way slab
Section: singly reinforced rectangular beam 1m  t
Maximum spacing = min( 3  t 450mm)

Minimum spacing = 1.5 t
Link reinforcements: shrinkage reinforcments

Maximum spacing = min( 5  t 450mm)
Page 128
Example 16.1
6m
Center-to-center spacing of beam La   2m
3
Width of beam b  200mm
kN
Live load LL  250psf  11.97 
2
m
fy  390MPa
Solution
Ln  La  b  1.8 m
Ln
tmin   75 mm
24
Use t  100mm
Loads on slab
kN kN kN kN kN kN
DL  50mm 22  t 25  0.40  0.20  1.00  5.2
3 3 2 2 2 2
m m m m m m
kN
LL  11.97 
2
m
kN
wu  1.2 DL  1.6 LL  25.392
2
m
Bending moments
2
wu  Ln kN m
M neg   7.479 
11 1m
2
wu  Ln kN m
M pos   5.142 
16 1m
Top reinforcements
 f'c  27.6MPa  
β1  0.65 max  0.85  0.05  min 0.85  0.85
 6.9MPa  
ε u  0.003
Page 129
f'c εu
ρmax  0.85 β1    0.017
fy ε u  0.005
 f' 
 0.249MPa c 
 MPa 1.379MPa 
   0.00354
 fy fy

d  t   30mm 
10mm 
b  1m   65 mm
 2 
Mu
M u  M neg b  7.479  kN m M n   8.31 kN m
0.9
Mn
R   1.967  MPa
2
b d
f'c  R   0.0053
ρ  0.85 1  1  2  ρmin  ρ  ρmax  1
0.85 f'c
fy
 
2
π ( 10mm)
  2 b 2
As  max ρ ρmin  b  d  3.446  cm   3.927  cm
200mm 4
smax  min( 3  d 2  t 450mm)  195  mm
Bottom reinforcements
Mu
M u  M pos b  5.142  kN m M n   5.713  kN m
0.9
Mn
R   1.352  MPa
2
b d
f'c  R   0.00359
ρ  0.85 1  1  2  ρmin  ρ  ρmax  1
0.85 f'c
fy
 
2
π ( 10mm)
  2 b 2
As  max ρ ρmin  b  d  2.33 cm   2.618  cm
300mm 4
smax  min( 3  t 450mm)  300  mm
Shrinkage reinforcements

  
  fy

ρshrinkage  0.0018
2
2 b π ( 10mm) 2
As  ρshrinkage  b  t  1.8 cm   1.963  cm
400mm 4
Page 130
smax  min( 5  t 450mm)  450  mm
B. Design of Two-Way Slabs
La
Side ratio 0.5  1
Lb
Thickness of beam supported two-way slab
 
Perimeter
tmin = Perimeter = La  Lb  2
180
 1 1  L
t=  
 30 50  a
Load Distribution Method
Condition of load distribition
wa  wb = wu
4 4
wa La wb  Lb
fa = fb or αa = αb 
EI EI
Case αa = αb
4
wa Lb 1 La
= = where λ=
wb 4 4 Lb
La λ
4
Lb 1
wa = wu  = wu 
4 4 4
La  Lb 1λ
4 4
La λ
wb = wu  = wu 
4 4 4
La  Lb 1λ
4
1 λ
For λ  1  0.5  0.5
4 4
1λ 1λ
4
1 λ
For λ  0.9  0.604  0.396
4 4
1λ 1λ
4
1 λ
For λ  0.8  0.709  0.291
4 4
1λ 1λ
4
1 λ
For λ  0.7  0.806  0.194
4 4
1λ 1λ
Page 131
4
1 λ
For λ  0.6  0.885  0.115
4 4
1λ 1λ
4
1 λ
For λ  0.5  0.941  0.059
4 4
1λ 1λ
4
1 λ
For λ  0.4  0.975  0.025
4 4
1λ 1λ
Example 16.2
Dimension of slab La  4m  20cm  3.8 m
Lb  6m  25cm  5.75 m
fy  390MPa
kN
Live load for office LL  50psf  2.394 
2
m
Solution
Thickness of slab

Perimeter  La  Lb  2 
Perimeter
tmin   106.111  mm
180
t   1 1   L  ( 126.667 76 )  mm
  a
 30 50 
Use t  120mm
Loads on slab
kN kN
Cover  50mm 20  1
3 2
m m
kN kN
Slab  t 25  3
3 2
m m
kN kN
Ceiling  0.40  0.4
2 2
m m
kN
Mechanical  0.10
2
m
Page 132
kN
Partition  1.00
2
m
kN
DL  Cover  Slab  Ceiling  Mechanical  Partition  5.5
2
m
kN
LL  2.394 
2
m
kN
wu  1.2 DL  1.6 LL  10.43 
2
m
Distribution of loads
La
λ   0.661
Lb
1 kN
wa  wu   8.76
4 2
1λ m
4
λ kN
wb  wu   1.671 
4 2
1λ m
Bending moments
2 2
wa La kN m wa La kN m
M a.neg   11.499 M a.pos   7.905 
11 1m 16 1m
2 2
wb  Lb kN m wb  Lb kN m
M b.neg   5.022  M b.pos   3.453 
11 1m 16 1m
 f'c  27.6MPa  
β1  0.65 max  0.85  0.05  min 0.85  0.85
 6.9MPa  
5
ε u  0.003 Es  2  10 MPa
f'c εu
ρmax  0.85 β1    0.017
fy ε u  0.005
 f' 
 0.249MPa c 
 MPa 1.379MPa 
   0.00354
 fy fy


  
  fy

Page 133
Top re-bars in short direction
d  t   30mm  10mm 
10mm 
b  1m   75 mm
 2 
Mu
M u  M a.neg b  11.499 kN m M n   12.777 kN m
0.9
Mn
R   2.271  MPa
2
b d
0.85 f'c  R   0.00617
ρ  1  1  2  ρmin  ρ  ρmax  1
0.85 f'c
fy
 
 
As  max ρ b  d ρshrinkage  b  t  4.63 cm
2
2
b π ( 10mm) 2
  4.909  cm
160mm 4
Bottom re-bars in short direction
Mu
M u  M a.pos b  7.905  kN m M n   8.784  kN m
0.9
Mn
R   1.562  MPa
2
b d
0.85 f'c  R   0.00416
ρ  1  1  2  ρmin  ρ  ρmax  1
0.85 f'c
fy
 
 
As  max ρ b  d ρshrinkage  b  t  3.122  cm
2
2
b π ( 10mm) 2
  3.272  cm
240mm 4
Top re-bars in long direction
Mu
M u  M b.neg  b  5.022  kN m M n   5.58 kN m
0.9
Mn
R   0.992  MPa
2
b d
0.85 f'c  R   0.00261
ρ  1  1  2  ρ  ρmin  1
0.85 f'c
fy
 
 
2
Page 134
2
b π ( 10mm) 2
  2.182  cm
360mm 4
Bottom re-bars in long direction
Mu
M u  M b.pos b  3.453  kN m M n   3.836  kN m
0.9
Mn
R   0.682  MPa
2
b d
0.85 f'c  R   0.00178
ρ  1  1  2  ρ  ρmin  1
0.85 f'c
fy
 
 
2
2
b π ( 10mm) 2
  2.182  cm 4m 0.3  1.2 m
360mm 4
Page 135
Moment Coefficient Method
Bending moments
2
M a.neg = Ca.neg wu  La
2 2
M a.pos = Ca.pos.DL wD La  Ca.pos.LL wL La
2
M b.neg = Cb.neg  wu  Lb
2 2
M b.pos = Cb.pos.DL  wD Lb  Cb.pos.LL wL Lb
where wD  1.2 DL wL  1.6 LL
wu = wD  wL
Ca.neg Cb.neg = tabulated coefficients for negative moments
Ca.pos.DL Cb.pos.DL = tabulated coeffiecients for dead load positive moments
Ca.pos.LL Cb.pos.LL = tabulated coeffiecients for live load positive moments
Page 136
Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4 Case 5
Case 6 Case 7 Case 8 Case 9
Table 12.3a
Coefficients for negative moments in short direction of slab
m Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4 Case 5 Case 6 Case 7 Case 8 Case 9
1.00 0.000 0.045 0.000 0.050 0.075 0.071 0.000 0.033 0.061
0.95 0.000 0.050 0.000 0.055 0.079 0.075 0.000 0.038 0.065
0.90 0.000 0.055 0.000 0.060 0.080 0.079 0.000 0.043 0.068
0.85 0.000 0.060 0.000 0.066 0.082 0.083 0.000 0.049 0.072
0.80 0.000 0.065 0.000 0.071 0.083 0.086 0.000 0.055 0.075
0.75 0.000 0.069 0.000 0.076 0.085 0.088 0.000 0.061 0.078
0.70 0.000 0.074 0.000 0.081 0.086 0.091 0.000 0.068 0.081
0.65 0.000 0.077 0.000 0.085 0.087 0.093 0.000 0.074 0.083
0.60 0.000 0.081 0.000 0.089 0.088 0.095 0.000 0.080 0.085
0.55 0.000 0.084 0.000 0.092 0.089 0.096 0.000 0.085 0.086
0.50 0.000 0.086 0.000 0.094 0.090 0.097 0.000 0.089 0.088
Table 12.3b
Coefficients for negative moments in long direction of slab
1.00 0.000 0.045 0.076 0.050 0.000 0.000 0.071 0.061 0.033
0.95 0.000 0.041 0.072 0.045 0.000 0.000 0.067 0.056 0.029
0.90 0.000 0.037 0.070 0.040 0.000 0.000 0.062 0.052 0.025
0.85 0.000 0.031 0.065 0.034 0.000 0.000 0.057 0.046 0.021
0.80 0.000 0.027 0.061 0.029 0.000 0.000 0.051 0.041 0.017
0.75 0.000 0.022 0.056 0.024 0.000 0.000 0.044 0.036 0.014
0.70 0.000 0.017 0.050 0.019 0.000 0.000 0.038 0.029 0.011
0.65 0.000 0.014 0.043 0.015 0.000 0.000 0.031 0.024 0.008
0.60 0.000 0.010 0.035 0.011 0.000 0.000 0.024 0.018 0.006
0.55 0.000 0.007 0.028 0.008 0.000 0.000 0.019 0.014 0.005
0.50 0.000 0.006 0.022 0.006 0.000 0.000 0.014 0.010 0.003
Page 137
Table 12.4a
Coefficients for dead load positive moments in short direction of slab
1.00 0.036 0.018 0.018 0.027 0.027 0.033 0.027 0.020 0.023
0.95 0.040 0.020 0.021 0.030 0.028 0.036 0.031 0.022 0.024
0.90 0.045 0.022 0.025 0.033 0.029 0.039 0.035 0.025 0.026
0.85 0.050 0.024 0.029 0.036 0.031 0.042 0.040 0.029 0.028
0.80 0.056 0.026 0.034 0.039 0.032 0.045 0.045 0.032 0.029
0.75 0.061 0.028 0.040 0.043 0.033 0.048 0.051 0.036 0.031
0.70 0.068 0.030 0.046 0.046 0.035 0.051 0.058 0.040 0.033
0.65 0.074 0.032 0.054 0.050 0.036 0.054 0.065 0.044 0.034
0.60 0.081 0.034 0.062 0.053 0.037 0.056 0.073 0.048 0.036
0.55 0.088 0.035 0.071 0.056 0.038 0.058 0.081 0.052 0.037
0.50 0.095 0.037 0.080 0.059 0.039 0.061 0.089 0.056 0.038
Table 12.4b
Coefficients for dead load positive moments in long direction of slab
1.00 0.036 0.018 0.027 0.027 0.018 0.027 0.033 0.023 0.020
0.95 0.033 0.016 0.025 0.024 0.015 0.024 0.031 0.021 0.017
0.90 0.029 0.014 0.024 0.022 0.013 0.021 0.028 0.019 0.015
0.85 0.026 0.012 0.022 0.019 0.011 0.017 0.025 0.017 0.013
0.80 0.023 0.011 0.020 0.016 0.009 0.015 0.022 0.015 0.010
0.75 0.019 0.009 0.018 0.013 0.007 0.012 0.020 0.013 0.007
0.70 0.016 0.007 0.016 0.011 0.005 0.009 0.017 0.011 0.006
0.65 0.013 0.006 0.014 0.009 0.004 0.007 0.014 0.009 0.005
0.60 0.010 0.004 0.011 0.007 0.003 0.006 0.012 0.007 0.004
0.55 0.008 0.003 0.009 0.005 0.002 0.004 0.009 0.005 0.003
0.50 0.006 0.002 0.007 0.004 0.001 0.003 0.007 0.004 0.002
Table 12.5a
Coefficients for live load positive moments in short direction of slab
1.00 0.036 0.027 0.027 0.032 0.032 0.035 0.032 0.028 0.030
0.95 0.040 0.030 0.031 0.035 0.034 0.038 0.036 0.031 0.032
0.90 0.045 0.034 0.035 0.039 0.037 0.042 0.040 0.035 0.036
0.85 0.050 0.037 0.040 0.043 0.041 0.046 0.045 0.040 0.039
0.80 0.056 0.041 0.045 0.048 0.044 0.051 0.051 0.044 0.042
0.75 0.061 0.045 0.051 0.052 0.047 0.055 0.056 0.049 0.046
0.70 0.068 0.049 0.057 0.057 0.051 0.060 0.063 0.054 0.050
0.65 0.074 0.053 0.064 0.062 0.055 0.064 0.070 0.059 0.054
0.60 0.081 0.058 0.071 0.067 0.059 0.068 0.077 0.065 0.059
0.55 0.088 0.062 0.080 0.072 0.063 0.073 0.085 0.070 0.063
0.50 0.095 0.066 0.088 0.077 0.067 0.078 0.092 0.076 0.067
Page 138
Table 12.5b
Coefficients for live load positive moments in long direction of slab
1.00 0.036 0.027 0.032 0.032 0.027 0.032 0.035 0.030 0.028
0.95 0.033 0.025 0.029 0.029 0.024 0.029 0.032 0.027 0.025
0.90 0.029 0.022 0.027 0.026 0.021 0.025 0.029 0.024 0.022
0.85 0.026 0.019 0.024 0.023 0.019 0.022 0.026 0.022 0.020
0.80 0.023 0.017 0.022 0.020 0.016 0.019 0.023 0.019 0.017
0.75 0.019 0.014 0.019 0.016 0.013 0.016 0.020 0.016 0.013
0.70 0.016 0.012 0.016 0.014 0.011 0.013 0.017 0.014 0.011
0.65 0.013 0.010 0.014 0.011 0.009 0.010 0.014 0.011 0.009
0.60 0.010 0.007 0.011 0.009 0.007 0.008 0.011 0.009 0.007
0.55 0.008 0.006 0.009 0.007 0.005 0.006 0.009 0.007 0.006
0.50 0.006 0.004 0.007 0.005 0.004 0.005 0.007 0.005 0.004
Example 16.3
Data for design given in example 16.2
Solution
Moment coefficients
La
Side ratio λ   0.661
Lb
Type of slab: Case 2
λ Ca.neg Cb.neg Ca.pos.DL Cb.pos.DL Ca.pos.LL Cb.pos.LL
0.70 0.074 0.017 0.030 0.007 0.049 0.014

0.65 0.077 0.014 0.032 0.006 0.053 0.012
λ  0.70
Ca.neg  0.074   ( 0.077  0.074 )  0.076
0.65  0.70
λ  0.70
Cb.neg  0.017   ( 0.014  0.017 )  0.015
0.65  0.70
λ  0.70
Ca.pos.DL  0.030   ( 0.032  0.030 )  0.032
0.65  0.70
λ  0.70
Cb.pos.DL  0.007   ( 0.006  0.007 )  0.0062
0.65  0.70
λ  0.70
Ca.pos.LL  0.049   ( 0.053  0.049 )  0.052
0.65  0.70
λ  0.70
Cb.pos.LL  0.014   ( 0.012  0.014 )  0.012
0.65  0.70
Bending moments
Page 139
2 kN m
M a.neg  Ca.neg wu  La  11.499
1m
2 kN m
M b.neg  Cb.neg  wu  Lb  5.053 
1m
2 2 kN m
M a.pos  Ca.pos.DL wD La  Ca.pos.LL wL La  5.892 
1m
2 2 kN m
M b.pos  Cb.pos.DL  wD Lb  Cb.pos.LL wL Lb  2.931 
1m
Direct Design Method (DDM)
Total static moment
2
wu  L2  Ln
M0 =
8
where
L2 = width of direction
L1 = Ln  Support = length of direction
Ln = clear span length of design direction
Longitudinal distribution of moment
M neg = Cneg M 0
M pos = Cpos M 0
Lateral distribution of moments
Page 140
M neg.col = Cneg.col M neg M pos.col = Cpos.col M pos
M neg.mid = Cneg.mid M neg M pos.mid = Cpos.mid  M pos
 
1
Width of column strip =  min La Lb
4
Example 16.4
Design of flat slab
Slab dimension La  5m Lb  6m
kN
2
m
fy  390MPa
Solution
Thickness of flat slab
 
Ln  max La Lb  50cm  5.5 m
 Ln 
tmin  max 5in  166.667  mm
 33 
Use t  180mm
Page 141
Loads on slab
kN
6 m 4  3.2m 1.65
2
kN kN kN m
DL  20mm 20  t 25  50mm 20 
3 3 3 6m 6 m
m m m
kN
DL  9.42
2
m
kN
LL  4.8
2
m
kN
wu  1.2 DL  1.6 LL  18.984
2
m
In long direction
L1  Lb  6 m L2  La  5 m
Ln  L1  50cm  5.5 m
Static total moment

2
wu  L2  Ln
M 0   358.916  kN m
8
M neg  0.70 M 0  251.241  kN m
M pos  0.52 M 0  186.636  kN m
Lateral distribution of moment
M neg.col  0.75 M neg  188.431  kN m
M neg.mid  0.25 M neg  62.81  kN m
M pos.col  0.60 M pos  111.982  kN m
M pos.mid  0.40 M pos  74.655 kN m
Width of column and middle strip
b col 

min L1 L2 
 1.25 m
4
b mid  L2  b col 2  2.5 m
Top rebars in column strip
Page 142
 f'c  27.6MPa  
β1  0.65 max  0.85  0.05  min 0.85  0.85
 6.9MPa  
5
ε u  0.003 Es  2  10 MPa
f'c εu
ρmax  0.85 β1    0.017
fy ε u  0.005
 f' 
 0.249MPa c 
 MPa 1.379MPa 
   0.00354
 fy fy


  
  fy

d  t   30mm  14mm 
14mm 
b  b col  1.25 m   129  mm
 2 
M neg.col Mu
M u   94.216 kN m M n 
2 0.9
Mn
R   5.033  MPa
2
b d
f'c  R   0.015
ρ  0.85 1  1  2 
0.85 f'c
fy
 
ρshrinkage  ρ  ρmax  1
2
2 b π ( 16mm) 2
As  ρ b  d  24.118 cm   25.133 cm
100mm 4
Bottom rebars in column strip
M pos.col Mu
M u   55.991 kN m M n 
2 0.9
Mn
R   2.991  MPa
2
b d
f'c  R   0.0083
ρ  0.85 1  1  2 
0.85 f'c
fy
 
2
2 b π ( 14mm) 2
As  ρ b  d  13.385 cm   13.744 cm
140mm 4
Page 143
Top rebars in middle strip
b  b mid  2.5 m
Mu
M u  M neg.mid  62.81  kN m M n 
0.9
Mn
R   1.678  MPa
2
b d
f'c  R   0.00449
ρ  0.85 1  1  2 
0.85 f'c
fy
 
2
2 b π ( 12mm) 2
As  ρ b  d  14.467 cm   14.881 cm
190mm 4
Bottom rebars in middle strip
Mu
M u  M pos.mid  74.655 kN m M n 
0.9
Mn
R   1.994  MPa
2
b d
f'c  R   0.00538
ρ  0.85 1  1  2 
0.85 f'c
fy
 
2
2 b π ( 12mm) 2
As  ρ b  d  17.344 cm   17.671 cm
160mm 4
In Short direction
L1  La  5 m L2  Lb  6 m
Ln  L1  50cm  4.5 m
Static total moment

2
wu  L2  Ln
M 0   288.32 kN m
8
M neg  0.70 M 0  201.824  kN m
M pos  0.52 M 0  149.926  kN m
Lateral distribution of moment
M neg.col  0.75 M neg  151.368  kN m
Page 144
M neg.mid  0.25 M neg  50.456 kN m
M pos.col  0.60 M pos  89.956 kN m
M pos.mid  0.40 M pos  59.97  kN m
Width of column and middle strip
b col 
min L1 L2 
 1.25 m

4
b mid  L2  b col 2  3.5 m
Top rebars in column strip
d  t   30mm  14mm 
14mm 
b  b col  1.25 m   129  mm
 2 
M neg.col Mu
M u   75.684 kN m M n 
2 0.9
Mn
R   4.043  MPa
2
b d
f'c  R   0.012
ρ  0.85 1  1  2 
0.85 f'c
fy
 
2
2 b π ( 16mm) 2
As  ρ b  d  18.706 cm   19.333 cm
130mm 4
Bottom rebars in column strip
M pos.col Mu
M u   44.978 kN m M n 
2 0.9
Mn
R   2.403  MPa
2
b d
f'c  R   0.00655
ρ  0.85 1  1  2 
0.85 f'c
fy
 
2
2 b π ( 14mm) 2
As  ρ b  d  10.569 cm   10.69  cm
180mm 4
Page 145
Top rebars in mid strip
b  b mid  3.5 m
Mu
M u  M neg.mid  50.456 kN m M n 
0.9
Mn
R   0.963  MPa
2
b d
f'c  R   0.00253
ρ  0.85 1  1  2 
0.85 f'c
fy
 
2
2 b π ( 10mm) 2
As  ρ b  d  11.408 cm   11.454 cm
240mm 4
Bottom rebars in middle strip
Mu
M u  M pos.mid  59.97  kN m M n 
0.9
Mn
R   1.144  MPa
2
b d
f'c  R   0.00302
ρ  0.85 1  1  2 
0.85 f'c
fy
 
2
2 b π ( 10mm) 2
As  ρ b  d  13.622 cm   13.744 cm
200mm 4
Page 146
Page 147
Page 148
17. Design of Staircase
Geometry of staircase
Run and rise of step G  300mm H  150mm
Number of steps n  12
Run and rise of staircase L1  n  G  3.6 m
h  n  H  1.8 m
Width of landing slab L2  2.3m
Thickness of waist and landing slabs t1  120mm t2  150mm
α  atan   26.565 deg

h
L1 
Slope of waist slab
 
L1
Length of waist slab L0   4.025 m
cos( α)
Geometry of staircase
Loads on staircase
Loads on waist slab

kN
50mm ( H  G)  22
3
m kN
Cover   1.65
G 2
m
Page 149
G H kN 1 kN
Step   24   1.8
2 3 G 2
m m
kN 1 kN
Slab  t1  25   3.354 
3 cos( α) 2
m m
kN 1 kN
Renderring  20mm 20   0.447 
3 cos( α) 2
m m
kN
Handrail  0.50
2
m
kN
SDL  Cover  Step  Renderring  Handrail  4.397 
2
m
kN
DL  SDL  Slab  7.751 
2
m
kN
LL  4.80
2
m
kN
w1  1.2 DL  1.6 LL  16.982
2
m
2
w1  1 m kN
w0   cos( α)  13.585
 1m2  m
2
 
 cos( α) 
Loads on landing slab
kN kN
Cover  50mm 22  1.1
3 2
m m
kN kN
Slab  t2  25  3.75
3 2
m m
kN kN
Renderring  20mm 20  0.4
3 2
m m
kN
Handrail  0.50
2
m
kN
SDL  Cover  Renderring  Handrail  2 
2
m
kN
DL  SDL  Slab  5.75
2
m
kN
LL  4.8
2
m
kN
w2  1.2 DL  1.6 LL  14.58 
2
m
Loads on staircase
Analysis of staircase by slope-deflection method
Page 150
kN
wc  24 f'c  25MPa
3
m
1.5
 wc  f'c
Ec  44MPa  
4
  2.587  10  MPa
 kN  MPa
 m3 
 
b  1
3 3
b  t1 b  t2 EI2
EI1  Ec EI2  Ec  1.953
12 12 EI1
4  EI1 4  EI2
r11  
L0 L2
2 2
w1  L1 w2  L2
R1p  
12 12
R1p 4
φB   7.284  10
r11
2
EI1 w1  L1 kN m
M A  2   φB   19.688
L0 12 1m
2 2
4  EI1 w1  L1 kN m 4  EI2 w2  L2 kN m
M B   φB   15.644  φB   15.644
L0 12 1m L2 12 1m
2
2  EI2 w2  L2 kN m
M C   φB   1.819 
L2 12 1m
MB  MA w0  L0 kN
VAB    28.345
L0 2 1m
kN
VBA  VAB  w0  L0  26.335
1m
MC  MB w2  L2 kN
VBC    22.778
L2 2 1m
kN
VCB  VBC  w2  L2  10.756
1m
2
VAB w0  x0 kN m
x0   2.086 m M max.AB  M A  VAB x0   9.881 
w0 2 1m
2
VBC w2  x0 kN m
x0   1.562 m M max.BC  M B  VBC x0   2.149 
w2 2 1m
Analysis of staircase by slope-deflection method
Page 151
Bending moments and shears in waist slab
kN m kN m kN m
M A  19.688 M B  15.644 M max.AB  9.881 
1m 1m 1m
kN kN
VAB  28.345 VBA  26.335
1m 1m
Bending moments and shears in landing slab

kN m kN m kN m
M B  15.644 M C  1.819  M max.BC  2.149 
1m 1m 1m
kN kN
VBC  22.778 VCB  10.756
1m 1m
Design of staircase
fy  390MPa
Steel ratios
 f'c  27.6MPa  
β1  0.65 max  0.85  0.05  min 0.85  0.85
 6.9MPa  
5
ε u  0.003 Es  2  10 MPa
f'c εu
ρmax  0.85 β1    0.017
fy ε u  0.005
 f' 
 0.249MPa c 
 MPa 1.379MPa 
   0.00354
 fy fy


  
  fy

Top rebars
d  t1   30mm 
14mm 
b  1m   83 mm
 2 
Mu
M u  M A  b  19.688 kN m M n   21.876 kN m
0.9
Mn
R   3.175  MPa
2
b d
Page 152
f'c  R   0.00886
ρ  0.85 1  1  2 
0.85 f'c
fy
 
ρmin  ρ  ρmax  1
2
2 b π ( 12mm) 2
As  ρ b  d  7.356  cm   7.54 cm
150mm 4
Bottom rebars
d  t1   30mm 
14mm 
b  1m   83 mm
 2 
Mu
M u  M max.AB  b  9.881  kN m M n   10.979 kN m
0.9
Mn
R   1.594  MPa
2
b d
f'c  R   0.00425
ρ  0.85 1  1  2 
0.85 f'c
fy
 
ρmin  ρ  ρmax  1
2
2 b π ( 12mm) 2
As  ρ b  d  3.53 cm   3.534  cm
320mm 4
Shrinkage rebars
b  1m t  t2  150  mm
2
2 b π ( 10mm) 2
As  ρshrinkage  b  t  2.7 cm   2.708  cm
290mm 4
Design of staircase
Page 153
18. Deflection
1. Immediate Deflection
Initial deflection in the midspan of continuous beam
2
5  M a  Ln
Δ = K
i 48 Ec Ie
where
Ma = applied moment at the support for cantilever and at the midspan for simple or
countinuous beam
Ln = span length of beam
Ec = concrete modulus of elasticity
Ie = effective moment of inertia of beam
K = deflection coefficient for uniform distributed load
1. Cantilever K = 2.40
2. Simple beams K = 1.0

M0
3. Continuous beams K = 1.2  0.2
Ma
4. Fixed-hinged beam
Midspan deflection K = 0.80
Max. deflection K = 0.74

using max.moment
5. Fixed-fixed beam K = 0.60
2
w L
M0 = is a simple span moment in the midspan.
8
2. Long-Term Deflection
ξ
Δt = λ Δ λ=
i 1  50 ρ'
A's
where ρ' =
b d
ξ = time-dependent coefficient
Page 154
Sustained load duration Value ξ
______________________________________
5 year and more 2.0

12 months 1.4
6 months 1.2
3 months 1.0
3. ACI Code for Deflection
4. Effective Moment of Inertia
Effective moment of inertia of cracked section
3
 Mcr 
Ie = Icr      Ig  Icr  Ig
 Ma 
where
Page 155
Ma is a maximum moment along the span in relation to the cracking moment M cr
Ig = moment of inertia of gross section
Icr = moment of inertia of cracked section
Case of continuous beam
For continuous span

Ie = 0.50 Im  0.25 Ie1  Ie2 
For beam with both ends continuous

Ie = 0.70 Im  0.15 Ie1  Ie2 
For beam with one end continuous
Ie = 0.85 Im  0.15 Icont.end
where
Im = midspan section Ie
Ie1 Ie2 = Ie for the respective beam ends
Icont.end = Ie of continuous end
Transformed Section

fc fs
εu = = εs =
Ec Es
Es
fs = fc = n  fc
Ec
Es
where n= is a modulus ratio
Ec
Axial force of section
 
P = Ac fc  As fs = Ac  n  As  fc = At fc
where At = Ac  n  As is an area of transformed section.
Page 156
Cracking moment
Iut
M cr = f (exact expression)
yt r
Ig
M cr = f (simplied expression)
yt r
where Iut = moment of inertia of uncracked transformed section
Ig = moment of inertia of gross section
yt = distance from neutral axis to the tension face
fr = modulus of rupture
f'c
fr = 0.623MPa 
MPa
Moment of Inertia of cracked section

εs dx dx
= ε s = ε c
εc x x
C=T
1
 f  x  b = As fs
2 c
1
 Ec ε c x  b = As Es ε s
2
Page 157
Es ε s dx
b  x = 2  As  = 2  As n 
Ec ε c x
2
b  x  2  As n  x  2  As n  d = 0
2
 x   2 As  n  x  2  As  n = 0
 
d b d d b d
2
k  2  ρ n  k  2  ρ n = 0
2
k = ρ n  ( ρ n )  2  ρ n
Moment of inertia on cracked section
3
b x 2
Icr =  n  As ( d  x )
3
where x = k d
Example
Span length Ln  9.8m  70cm  9.1 m
Beam section b w  30cm h  75cm
h f  120mm
 Ln 
b  min b w  16 h f 7m  2.22 m
 4 
2
π ( 25mm) 2
As.mid  5   24.544 cm A's.mid  0
4
d mid  h   30mm  10mm  25mm 

40mm 
  665  mm
 2 
25mm
d'mid  30mm  10mm  20mm   72.5 mm
2
2
π ( 25mm) 2
As.sup  6   29.452 cm A's.sup  0
4
d sup  h   30mm  10mm  20mm  25mm 

40mm 
  645  mm
 2 
Page 158
25mm
d'sup  30mm  10mm   52.5 mm
2
fy  390MPa
kN
Full live load wL  2.50
2
m
kN
Sustained live load wL.t  0.2 wL  0.5
2
m
Bending moments M D.sup  380.83kN m M L.sup  107.55kN m
M D.mid  287.02kN m M L.mid  85.48kN m
M sup  M D.sup  M L.sup  488.38 kN m
M mid  M D.mid  M L.mid  372.5  kN m
Solution
Modulus ratio
5
Es  2  10 MPa
1.5
 wc  f'c
Ec  44MPa  
kN 4
wc  24   2.587  10  MPa
m
3  kN  MPa
 m3 
Es  
n   7.732
Ec
Modulus of rupture
f'c
fr  0.623MPa   3.115  MPa
MPa
(a) Midspan Section
Centroid of uncracked T section

h
A1  b w h y 1 
2
hf

A2  b  b w  h  y 2 
2
As  As.mid A3  n  As y 3  d mid
Page 159
A1  y 1  A2  y 2  A3  y 3
y c   108.906  mm
A1  A2  A3
Moment of inertia of gross section
b w h
3
b  bw hf 3
I1  I2 
12 12
Ig  I1  A1  y c  y 1  2  I2  A2 yc  y22  A3 yc  y32  3.607  106 cm4

Cracking moment
d  d mid
y t  d  y c  0.556 m
Ig
M cr  fr  202.034  kN m
yt
Location of neutral axis of cracked section
f1 x  hf x  hf
= f1 = fc
fc x x
Cw  Cf = T
fc x fc  f1
2
 bw 
2
 
 h f  b  b w = As fs
 x  hf 
fc x  b w  fc 1    h f   b  bw = 2  As fs
 x 
fs Es ε s
2
  
b w x  2  x  h f  h f  b  b w = 2  As  fc
 x = 2  As
Ec  ε c
x
dx
2
  
b w x  2  x  h f  h f  b  b w = 2  As n   x
 x = 2  As n  ( d  x )
2
  2
b w x  2  h f  b  b w  As n  x  h f  b  b w  2  As n  d = 0
   
2
x  2 p x  q = 0

h f  b  b w  As n  2
 
h f  b  b w  2  As n  d
p  q 
bw bw
2
x  p  p  q  100.022  mm
Moment of inertia of cracked section
b w x
3
b  bw hf 3
I1  I2 
3 12
Page 160
Icr  I1  I2  A2  x  y 2  2  A3 x  y32  8.741  105 cm4
Effective moment of inertia
M a  M mid
 3 
  Mcr  
 M   g cr g  1.31  10  cm
6 4
Ie  min Icr    
 I I I
  a 
(b) Support Section
Centroid of uncracked section
h
A1  b w h y 1 
2
As  As.sup A2  n  As y 2  d sup
A1  y 1  A2  y 2
y c   399.815  mm
A1  A2
Moment of inertia of gross section

3
b w h
I1 
12

Ig  I1  A1  y c  y 1 2  A2 yc  y22
Cracking moment
y t  h  y c  350.185  mm
Ig
M cr  fr  107.228  kN m
yt
Location of neutral axis of cracked section
C  Cs = T
fc x
 b w = As fs
2
1 dx
 b  x  Ec ε c = As Es ε s = As Es ε c
2 x
1 dx
 b  x = As n 
2 w x
Page 161
2
b w x = 2  As n  ( d  x )
2
 x  = 2 ρ n  1  x
   
d  d
2 As
k  2  ρ n  k  2  ρ n = 0 d  d sup ρ 
b w d
2
k  ρ n  ( ρ n )  ρ n  0.245 x  k  d  158.021  mm
Moment of inertia of cracked section

3
b w x 2 5 4
Icr   n  As ( x  d )  5.795  10  cm
3
Effective moment of inertia of cracked section
M a  M sup
 3 
  Mcr  
 M    Ig  Icr Ig  5.861  10  cm
5 4
Ie1  min Icr 

  a 
5 4
Ie2  Ie1  5.861  10  cm
Calculation of deflection
Effective moment of inertia

6 4
Im  Ie  1.31  10  cm

Ie  0.70 Im  0.15 Ie1  Ie2  1.093  10  cm 6 4
Initial deflection due to dead and live loads
M a  M mid  372.5  kN m
M 0  M sup  M mid  860.88 kN m
M0
K  1.2  0.2  0.738
Ma
2
5  M a  Ln
ΔD.L  K  8.386  mm
48 Ec Ie
Long-term deflection due to dead load
Page 162
ξ
ρ'  0 ξ  2.00 λ  2
1  50 ρ'
M D.mid
ΔD  λ ΔD.L   12.923 mm
M D.mid  M L.mid
Short-term deflection due to live load
0.75 M L.mid
Δ0.75L  ΔD.L   1.443  mm
M D.mid  M L.mid
Long-term deflection due to sustained live load
0.25 M L.mid
Δ0.25L  ( 1  λ)  ΔD.L  1.443  mm
M D.mid  M L.mid
Total deflection
Δ  ΔD  Δ0.25L  Δ0.75L  15.81  mm
Deflection limitation
Ln Ln
 18.958 mm Δ 1
480 480
Page 163
19. Development Lengths
A. Development length of deformed bar in tension
Diameter of deformed bar d b  10mm
Steel yield strength fy  390MPa
Depth of concrete below development length H  300mm
Reinforcement coating
Type of concrete
Concrete cover c  1  d b
Clear spacing of re-bars s  2  d b
ψt  1.3 if H  300mm ψt  1
1.0 otherwise
ψe  1.0 if Coating = "Uncoated" ψe  1

otherwise
1.5 if c  3d b  s  6d b
1.2 otherwise
ψs  0.8 if d b  20mm ψs  0.8
1.0 otherwise
λ  1.3 if Concrete = "Lightweight" λ1

1.0 otherwise
Ktr  0 (for a design simplification)
  db s  db   cb  Ktr
 
cb  1.5d b max min c 
  2

2  
 
 min 2.5db   15 mm
db
 1.5
Development of tension bar in tension
Page 164
 fy ψt ψe ψs λ 
Ld  max   d b 300mm  375.79 mm
 f'c  cb  Ktr  
 1.107MPa MPa  d  
  b  
Ld
db
 37.579  
Ceil Ld 10mm  380  mm
B. Splice length in tension
Splice class
Lst
Lst  1.0 Ld if Class = "Class A" Lst  488.528  mm  48.853
db
1.3 Ld otherwise
 
Ceil Lst 10mm  490  mm
C. Development length of deformed bar in compression
Diameter of development bar d b  32mm
Development length in compression
 fy fy 
Ldc  max  d b   d b 200mm  601.156  mm
 f'c 22.983MPa 
 4.152MPa  
 MPa 
Ldc
db
 18.786  
Ceil Ldc 10mm  610  mm
Page 165
D. Development length of standard hook in tension
Diameter of development bar d b  10mm
Reinforcement coating
Type of concrete
Side cover cside  65mm
Cover beyond hook cbeyond  50mm
ψe  1.0 if Coating = "Uncoated" ψe  1

otherwise
1.5 if c  3d b  s  6d b
1.2 otherwise
λ  1.3 if Concrete = "Lightweight" λ1

1.0 otherwise
Page 166
Modified factor α    
0.8 if cside  65mm  cbeyond  50mm 
0.7 otherwise
α  0.7
Development length of standard hook in tension
 ψe λ fy 
Ldh  α max  d b 8d b 150mm  131.503  mm
 f'c 
 4.152MPa 
 MPa 
Ldh
db
 13.15  
Ceil Ldh 10mm  140  mm
E. Lap Splice Length in Compression
Diameter of splice bar d b  25mm
 fy 
Lap splice length in compression Lsc  max  d b 300mm if fy  60ksi
 13.79MPa 
 fy  
max  24  d b 300mm otherwise
 7.661MPa  
Lsc  707.034  mm  
Ceil Lsc 10mm  710  mm
Lsc
 28.281
db
Page 167
Reference
1. Reinforced Concrete / A Fundamental Approch. 5th Edition. Edward G. Nawy. - Pearson

Prentice Hall, 2005.
2. Design of Concrete Structures / Arthur Nilson, David Darwin, Charles W/ Dolan - 13 ed.
McGraw-Hill, 2003.
3. Structural Concrete: Theory and Design / M. Nadim Hassoun, Akthem Al-Manaseer. - 3rd
Edotion. John Wiley and Sons, 2005.
4. Reinforced Concrete: Mechanics and Design / James McGregor, James K. Wight. - 4th Edition.
Pearson Education, 2005.
5. ACI Code 318-05
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ACI in Mathcad - 4th Edition

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INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY

Faculty of Science and Technology

Seun Sambath, PhD

Phnom Penh 2009

1. Unit conversion ....................................................................................................... 1

3. Loads on structures (case of two-way slab) ................................................................ 9

4. Loads on structures (case of one-way slab) ................................................................ 13

5. Loads on staircase .................................................................................................. 16

6. Loads on tile roof ..................................................................................................... 18

7. ASCE wind loads .................................................................................................... 20

8. ACI moment coefficients .......................................................................................... 24

9. Design of singly reinforced beams ............................................................................ 27

10. Design of doubly reinforced beams ......................................................................... 43

11. Design of T beams ................................................................................................. 58

12. Shear design ......................................................................................................... 67

13. Column design ...................................................................................................... 76

14. Design of footings .................................................................................................. 110

15. Design of pile caps ............................................................................................... 120

16. Slab design .......................................................................................................... 128

17. Design of staircase ............................................................................................... 149

18. Deflections ........................................................................................................... 154

19. Development lengths ............................................................................................. 164

Reference .................................................................................................................. 168

in = inch 1ft  12 in

1in  25.4 mm 1cm  0.394 in

1lb  0.454kg 1kg  2.205 lb

lbf = pound force 1kip  1000 lbf

1lbf  0.454 kgf 1lbf  4.448N 1kgf  9.807N

1kip  0.454 tonnef 1kip  4.448 kN 1kN  101.972kgf

1tonf  2000 lbf 1tonnef  1000 kgf 1tonf  0.907 tonnef

3000psi  20.684 MPa 20MPa  2900.755 psi

4000psi  27.579 MPa 25MPa  3625.943 psi

5000psi  34.474 MPa 30MPa  4351.132 psi

8000psi  55.158 MPa 45MPa  6526.698 psi

Steel yield strength

40ksi  275.79 MPa 235MPa  34.084 ksi

50ksi  344.738  MPa 285MPa  41.336 ksi

60ksi  413.685  MPa 390MPa  56.565 ksi

Riels  1 USD  4150Riels

122USD  506300 Riels 100000Riels  24.096 USD

Size of standard concrete cylinder

Hight H  12in  304.8  mm H  300mm

Diameter D  6in  152.4  mm D  150mm

Compression concrete strength = strength at 28 day

f'c  3000psi f'c  20.684 MPa 20MPa  2900.755 psi

f'c  4000psi f'c  27.579 MPa 25MPa  3625.943 psi

f'c  5000psi f'c  34.474 MPa 35MPa  5076.321 psi

Age of concrete Strength ratio

Size of cylinder Relative

Compressive strength Strength ratio of

1000 7.0 0.77

Modulus of rupture (tensile strength)

fr = 7.5 f'c (in psi)

fr = 0.623  f'c (in MPa)

Modulus of elasticity (Young's modulus)

Ultimate strain of concrete

Steel yield strength = fy

Yield strength of deformed bar (DB) fy  390MPa

Yield strength of round bar (RB) fy  235MPa

Modulus of elasticity Es  29000000psi

Area of cross section

Metric Steel Reinforcements

Area of cross section

Unit weight of re-bar