CHUYEN BE 1. 50 ...................................................................

2
' A ,
Chu de 1. Bieu thuc so ................................................................................... 2

Chu d~ 2. Bieu thuc chua chCr ...................................................................... 12

CHUYEN BE 2. so .................................................................32

CHUYEN BE 3. TRiNH .......................................................................54

Chu d~ 1. PhU'ang trlnh b~c nhat mot §n ......................................................54

Chu d~ 2. PhU'ang trlnh b~c hai, h~ thuc Vi-et va ung dl)ng ........................ 60

Chu d~ 3. Cac phU'ang trlnh quy v~ b~c hai ..................................................79

CHUYEN BE 4. TRiNH ................................................................94

Chu d~ 1. H~ phU'ang trlnh b~c nhat hai an .................................................94

Chu d~ 2. Giai mot so h~ phU'ang trlnh thU'ang g~p .................................. 109

CHUYEN BE 6. .............................................. 1
Chu d~ 1. Bat dang thuc ............................................................................. 154

Chu d~ 2. Tim gia trjl&n nhat, gia tri nho nhat cua bieu thuc .................... 165

CHUYEN BE 1. H ....................... 1
Chu d~ 1. Binh If Ta-let ............................................................................... 176

Chu d~ 2. Tam giac dong d9ng ................................................................... 184

CHUYEN BE 2. ............................ .
CHUYEN DE 3. .................................................................................... 0

Chu d~ 1. Tong quan v~ dU'ang tron .......................................................... 21 o

Chu de 2. Vi trf tU'ang d6i cua dU'ang th~ng va dU'ang tron. Vi trf tU'ang d6i cua
hai dU'ang tr6n ............................................................................................ 221

Chu d~ 3. G6c v&i dU'ang tr6n .................................................................... 236

Chu de 4. Cung chLf'a g6c ........................................................................... 252

Chu de 5. TLf' giac n(>i ti~p .......................................................................... 258

Chu de 6. TLf' giac ngo~i ti~p. 8U'ang tron n(>i tiE§p ..................................... 277
CHUYEN £>E 4. H G
 Phan tfch cac s6 trong Rut gQn cac can th(!>c K~t lu~n.
dflu can nham xuM d6ng d<;~ng
hi$n binh phU'O'ng.

A =.)523- fJ23 + Jif3

A =6.J3
=5.J3 -3.J3 +4.J3

Vi d~;~ 1: Rut gon cac bieu th(fc sau:

a) A= -fl2 + J27- -/48. (l>e thi vao 10 tinh l>ak lak nam hQC 2013- 2014)
b) 8 =JB-JiB +2-J32. (l>e thi vao 10 tinh Ha Tinh nam hQC 2013- 2014)
c) C = 15 (120 - 15) + 1. (l>e thi vao 10 tinh Bac Giang nam hQc 2018 - 2019)

Giai chi tiet

a) Ta c6: A =-fl2 +J27 --/48 =~2 2 .3 +~3.3 2 -~3.4 2 =2-13 +3-13 -4-13 =-13.
V~y A =J3.
b)Ta c6:8=~2 2 .2 -~3 2 .2 +2~4 2 .2 =2J2 -3J2 +B.fi =7J2.
V~y 8 =7J2.
2
c) Ta c6: C = 15.120 - 15.15 + 1= fiOO - (15) + 1 = 10 - 5 + 1 = 6.
V~y C =6.

Vi d~;~ Rut gon cac bieu th(fc sau:

a) 120-145 + 3-fl8 + m. b) (F28 -2-13 +.fi)J7 +J84.
c) ( ~ + 15t - JfiO. d)
~1 H3
ft - --.fi
~2 2
4
2
~ 1
+-~2oo~r-.
5 ~ 8

Giai chi tiet

a) 120-145 + 3-fl8 + m = ~2 2 .5 - ~3 2 .5 + 3~3 2 .2 + ~6 2 .2
=215 -315 +9J2 +6J2 =(2-3)15 +(9+6)J2 =15)2. -15.
b) ( m -2-13 +.fi) J? +J84 = (~2 .7 -2-13 +.fi)J? +~2 .21
2 2

= 2J7.J7 - 2-13.)7 + J?.J? + 2ffi

= 2.7- 2ffi + 7 + 2ffi = 14 + 7 = 21.
c)(~ +15t -MD =6+2.J6.15 +5-~2 2 .30 =6+5+2$o -2$o =11.
 (21#2 3r;::;l4r;:;;:;:;J,1
2 5 8
(1-12 3r;::;
4~].1
d)- ----v2,--v2oo .-= -----v2+--v2.-to-
22 2
.-
5 8

= (_!_ J2- ~ -J2 + i .1 o12J .8 = (_!_- ~ + aJ .F2.8 = 54J2..

4 2 5 4 2

• Ap d~ng hang dang thli'c fA2 =IAI.

• N~u cac bieu thli'c c6 d<;mg m ± p-J(i (trong d6 p-/n = 2ab v&i a + b = m) thi deu vi~t
2 2

dLPQ'C dLP&i d<;mg binh phLPO'ng CUa m<)t bieu thli'c.

1: Tlnh gia tri cua cac bieu thli'c:

a) M=~(F5-1)' -$ 10 8-
b)N =~6+ 215 -~6-2-}5. 10 3- 4)

a) Ap d~ng hang dang thli'c fA2 =IAI va chu y Fs -1 > 0.

2
ab 215=2.1.15
6+2J5 ~ =(1+F5)'
~ 6=1 2
+(F5)'
a) M =l-15 -11-Fs =Fs -1-JS =-1.

b) N = ~ 6 + 2J5 - ~ 6 - 2JS = ~5 + 2JS + 1 - ~5 - 2JS + 1 = ~(15 + 1)2 - ~ ( J5 -1?

=115 + 11-1Fs -11 = Fs + 1- Fs + 1= 2.

bieu thli'c ~6 + 2J5 va ~6- 215 Ia hai bieu thli'c lien hqp.
Do vf).y tlnh tri cua N ta con c6 the tinh N 2 trLP&c roi suy ra gia tri cua N.

Chang h~n: N 2 = 6 + 215 -2.~( 6+ 2JS)( 6-2Fs) + 6-215 = 12-2J16 = 4 > o.

Vi 6+ >6- nen N > 0. Do d6 N = 2.

Tinh bieu thli'c:

a) A=~?-2)16 +JiO+_!_.Js.
2
b) B=21( )2+ .J3 +)3- J5)' -6( )2- J3 +)3 +J5)' -15.fl5
Phan tich d~ bid
a) 8U'a 7- 2.J10 ve d9ng b1nh phU'O'ng cua mot hi~u va hai can thCrc con 19i ta phan tich va
dU'a thCra s6 ra ngoai can.
b) DU'a thCra s6 2 vao trong can d~ bi~n doi cac can thCrc ve d9ng b1nh phU'ang.
Giai chi tiet
a) A =~,.--7--2-.flO-o +-J20 +!JS =~(J5 -12.)2 +2Fs +!.212.
2 2
=IJS- 121 + 2JS + .J2 = JS- .J2 + 2JS + .J2 = 3Fs.
b) B=~1 (J4+2~ +J6-215r -3(J4-2~ +J6+215r -15Ji5
=~CJ3 +1+J5 -1) -3(~ -1+J5 +1r -15Ji5 =~(~ +J5)
2 2
-15Ji5 =60.
2 2

can thCrc (y mau

Phan tfch thanh nhan tiY

Vi d~:t 1: Rut g<;m cac bi~u thCrc sau:

1
a) P = + 1 . (Dl! thi vito 10 tinh Hili PhOng niim hQc 2015 - 2016)
155-2 155 +2
b)Q=J3-J6_2+J8
1-12. 1+.J2'

Giai chi tiet

a) Ta c6: P = Fs + 2 + Fs- 2
(JS -2)(J5 +2) (JS +2)(J5 -2)
a) Nhan ca tll' va m~u v&i
=J5 +2+Fs -2 =2Fs. bieu thll'c lien hQ'p cua m~u.
VE}.y P =2J5. b) Ph an tfch tll' th~mh nhan
b) Q= ~ - J6 - 2 + J8 tll' roi rut gQn v&i m~u.
1-.Ji 1+12.
= ~ (1 - ../2) - 2 (1 + ../2) = ~ - 2.
1-.Ji 1+.J2
VE}.yQ=J3 -2.
 Rut gon cac bieu th(fc sau:
a) A= 1 115 -J12. b) B=-1-+_1_+2J2-J6
13+J2 Fs-2 . 13+1 13-1 J2
Giili chi tiet

a) Ta c6: A~ 1 115 -J12. .J3 -J2 2

../3( Fs - )
13 + J2 J5 - 2 (13 + J2) (13- J2) J5- 2
= 13 -J2 -13 = -J2.
V~y A=-J2.
b) B = 13 - 1+13 + 1 + J2( 2 -13) = 213 +2-13 = 13 +2-13 = 2.
(13 + 1)(13 -1) J2 3-1
V~y 8=2.

Vi 3: Khong SLP d~:~ng may Unh cam tay, Unh gia trj cua cac bieu th(fc sau:
1
a) A= r;::;
-v2+1 2- 5
../8 - : b) B ~ ,)77-2 .J66 J28 +../54.
c)C=---ffi +~.
2
d)O= 5 +J5 + J5 - 3J5 .
13-1 13 J5+2 Fs-1 3+Fs

Giai chi tiet

a) A=-1 - - ../8-JiO ~ J2- 1 J2( -Fs) ~J2-1-J2~-1.

2
F2+1 2-Fs (J2+1)(J2-1) 2-JS
V~y A=-1.
2 r;::;-;; r;::-; 2( ~ + J6) r=;-; ~ 2~ + 2J6
b) B =r-; ~- -v28 + -v54 = r-; ~ r-; ~ - -v7.4 + -v9.6 = 2~ + 3-)6
" 7 - "6 (" 7 - "6 )(" 7 + "6) 7- 6
=2~ +2J6 -2~ +3J6 =5J6.
V~y B=5J6.

c) c~ 2 1
(../3+ )
2 1
3../3+../3= (../3+ ) -2../3~../3+1-2../3~1-../3.
(13-1)(F3+1) 3-1
V~y C =1-13.
5 + Fs Fs 3Fs ( 5 + Fs) (Fs - 2) Fs (Fs + 1) - -:----------'.,...-:------'------,-
3Fs (3 - Fs)
d) D = +--- = +
JS + 2 Fs -1 3 + Fs (Fs + 2)( Fs- 2) ( Fs -1)( Fs + 1) (3 + Fs)( 3- Fs)

= 3J5- 5 + 5 + Fs - gJS - 15 = 3J5- 5 + 5 + J5 - gJS + 15 = 3J5 - 5 + 5 - 2Fs = Fs.

4 4 4
V~y D=J5.
ThU'ang g$p nhCPng bieu thCrc v!Ya c6 an hang dang th(rc trong can, v!Ya chCra can th(rc a mau.
8§ giai d~ng nay ta thU'ang ket hQ'p phU'O'ng phap giai iY d~ng 1' d~ng 2 va d~ng 3.

1: Rut gon cac bieu thCrc sau:

2 1r;-;;
a) A= -J2 +-.-v18. 10
2+2 3
b) B = 3 - ~ + f(J? - 2)2.
Jl-2 J7 ~

c
)c-(121J3 J7
- -1 +
110-.JSJ. 1
-J2 -1 . .fi -JS·
thi 10 5-

chi th3t

a) Ta c6: A= J2 + 192. = J2(J2 - 1) + 3)2 a) Nh:.!m v&i bieu thLI'c lien hqp cua
1+J2 3 2-1 3 m~u va dlfa thll'a sora ngoai can.

~ ~ ~
2-J2 +-v2=2--v2+v2=2. b) Tn,JC can thLI'c & m~u va ap dt,mg
=
1 hangdangthLI'c & =IAI.
c) Nhan v&i bieu thLI'c lien hqp cua
m~u va phan tfch tll' thLI'c de giim lf&c
v&i m~u.

V$y 8=0.

c) Ta c6 C =
F?(J3-1)
J3
Fs(-Ji-1)] (J7- .JS) = ( J7 + Fs)( J7- Fs) = 7-5 = 2.
+ -J2

V$y C=2.
r 3-1 2-1

Vi Rut gon cac bieu thCrc sau:

a) A= ( Fs 2)( Fs + 2)- J~~~. b) B= 2+J3 - 2-J3 .

~7- 4J3 -J7 + 4J3
c)C= 3)3-4_~)3+4
2J3 +1 5-2J3
 Giai chi tiet

a) A=(.J5f -2 2
- ~(F3-2
2
-.JJf =5-4- 2F3-2
-.JJ =1-(-1)=2.
V~y A=2.
b) B= 2+J3 _ 2-J3 = 2+J3 _ 2-13 =2+J3
~7- 4.J3 ~7 +4.)3 ~( 2- .J3f ~( 2+.J3f 2- .J3
(2+13f (2-F3f
(2- F3) (2+F3) (2 +F3) (2- F3) a) SLI' dt,mg h~ng d~ng thLI'c:
(a-b)(a+b)=a -b 2 2

=(2+F3f -(2-F3f va phan tfch 7- 4-Ji thanh blnh phU'O'ng.

b) Ph an tfch 7- 4.J3 thanh blnh phU'O'ng.
= ( 2+F3 +2- F3) (2 +F3 - 2+F3)
c) Nhan v&i bi€u thLI'c lien hqp cua m~u.
=4.2F3 =813.

(F3+4)(5+213)
52 -(2F3f
=J22-11.J3- 26+13.)3 =~2-.J3- ~2+ .J3 =J4-2.J3 -J4+2.J3
11 13 2 2

=~( ~( .J3 -1r _~( .J3 +1n =~(I.JJ -11- .J3 -1) =~ .(-2) =-F2.
V~y C =-J2.

Cau 1: Rut gQn cac biE§u thLl'c sau:

a) A= (3J50- 5-)18 + 3-JS )J2. ('De thi vao 10 tinh Hai nam 3- 4)
b) a=~ 4 _ 2)3 _ 1 &. (De vao 1o tinh lien Giang 8-
2
c) c = ( )5- Jif +KG. (De thi 10 tinh 8-

d) D = 5-JS + -J50- 2-JiB. (De thi vao 10 tinh 6)

e) E=2J32-sffi-4-J8+3F5. 10tinh nam 5- 6)

Rut gQn cac bi§u thLl'c sau:
a) A= f125- 4-J45 + 3)20- ~- b) B =(3J2 +)6)~6- 313.
10 tinh
Cau 3: Rut gQn cac bieu tht1c sau:
1 1
a) A= + . (£>~ thi vao 10 tinh Binh Thu~n nam hQC 2015- 2016)
3+-ti 3--ti
b) B = ~( .J3 + 2) + ~( .J3 _2)
2 2
. (£>~ thi vao 10 tinh HU'ng Yen nam hQC 2015- 2016)
3 3
c) C=(2+ +-J3J·(2- -.J3J .
.J3+1 13-1
d) D=(2+ s-.J5J·(2- S+JSJ .
.JS-1 .J5+1
e) E =(.J3 +1) 14 - 6-J3
5+-J3 .
 1
a) A= (3J50- 5Ji8 +3J8 )-!2 =(15-!2 -15-J2 +6-J2 )-!2 =6-J2.-!2 =12.
b) a= Kn
-1f -../3 =..f3 -1-../3 =-1.
c) C=(JS -F2f
+J46 =5-2Ji0 +2+2Ji0 =7.
d) o =5J9 +J5Q- 2Ji8 =1o-J2 +5-J2- 6-J2 =(1 o+5- 6)-J2 =9-J2.
e) E=2-J32 -5ffi -4J8 +3ffi =a-J2 -15F3 -B-!2 +15F3 =o.

a) A=5J5 -12J5 +6J5 -4J5 =-5JS.

b) B =(3-J2 +J6)~6 -3J3 =(3 +F3)~,....--12---6F3-=3
=(3+F3)J3- F3J =(3+F3)( 3- F3) =9-3 =6.

1 1 . 6 6
= + = = - =3.
3+F7 3- F7 32 - )72 9- 7
a) A

b) B=JF3 +2J+JF3 -2J=J3 +2-F3 +2=4.

1 1
c) c = (2+3+J3) _(2- 3- J3) =[2 +F3 (F3 + )J[2 - J3 (F3 - )]
l J3+1 l J3-1 F3+1 F3-1
F3)( 2- J3) = 1.
= (2 +

1 1
d)D= ( 2+ 5-JS)/ 2,- S+J5) =[2+ JS(JS- )][2- J5(J5+ )]
l JS-1 l Fs+1 JS-1 J5+1
= (2 + JS)( 2- JS) = -1.
r • 14-6J3 (14-6F3)(s-F3)
e) each 1. E =( J3 +1) S+../3 =(J3 +1) (s +J3)(s-J3)

=(J3 +1)~ =(..f3 +1)~4-2../3 =(J3 +1)(../3 -1)=2.

each 2: E= (F3 + 1) 14- 6_ff = (4+2../3)(14- e../3) 20 +4../3 =J4 =2.

5+ 3 5+F3 5+J3
 Thong thU'ang bai toan nay cho dU'&i d<~mg tong hqp gam:
·Mot cau hoi chfnh: Rut gon bieu thLrc.
• Cac cau hoi phl):
+Tim dieu ki~n de bieu th(rc c6 nghia (hay tim dieu ki~n xac dinh).
+ Tfnh gia tri cua bieu th(rc khi bi~t gia tri cua bi~n.
+ Ch(rng minh dang th(rc, bat dang th(rc.
+Tim gia tri nho nhat, gia tri l&n nhat cua bieu th(rc.
+Tim gia cua bi~n de bieu th(rc thoa man dieu ki~n cho trU'&c.

· fA dU'Q'c xac dinh khi va chi khi A 2 o.

• ~ dU'qc xac djnh khi va chi khi A* o.

1ft
,,
VI, dl} 1·. Cho b1'e~u thU''c M xJY -JY-r::::
yJX +JX . T'1m d.:.1eu k"'1~n , d'1n h va' ru't gQn M .
xac
1+\/XY
{£)e thi vao 10 tinh Khanh Hoa nam hQC 2015 - 2016)

Vi dlJ 2: Cho bieu th(rc N = ( ~

-vx -1
- JX J: ~ .Tim dieu ki~n xac dinh va rut gon N.
x-1 -vx +1
 x~O

n.}..
ui8U
~
k'IE;m: JX -1 =F 0 ¢::> {X ~ 0 .
x-1=~;0 x=~;1

1X+1=F0
V&i x~O,x=~;1 ta c6:

1 1
N = ( -- - JX
. /X-1 ()X-1)(£+1).
J (JX + 1) = ( (-!X-1)(£+1).
JX + - JX J (JX + 1)
1
= ( .JX -1) (Fx +1)"( Fx +1) = ~ -1·
1
V~y N = v&i x ~ 0, x =F 1.
c-
~X -1

Vid\1 Cho billu thlrc P = ( .JX + 1 - .JX1

l x-9 x+3
)(JX _3).
Tim dieu ki~n xac djnh va rut gQn P.

Cho billu thlrc Q =

X-
.JX J;t
X -2
Fx + 2.JX -
JX +1 JX -2.
1

Tim dieu ki~n cua x de bieu thuc Q c6 nghTa, khi d6 rut gon Q.
V&i dieu ki~n tren, ta c6:
A=. JX -11 _ JX +2JX -1 = JX -11 _ JX +2JX -1
x-JX-2 £+1 JX-2 (JX+1)(JX-2) £+1 JX-2
_ JX-11-JX(JX-2)+(2£-1)(£+1) _ JX-11-(x-2JX)+(2x+JX-1)
- (JX+1)(JX-2) - (JX+1)(JX-2)
X+ 4£ -12 (JX- 2)( JX +6) JX +6
=(JX+1)(JX-2) = (JX+1)(JX-2) = £+1.
Vq.y Q = JX
A
r
+ 6 VO'I X > 0 Va' X =t 4 •
T o
~
-vx +1

Rut gQn A Rut gQn x Thay xvaoA Ket lu~n

(neu c~n)

V,1 d ~;~:
1 T'mh g1ancua ~ th U'C
. ; t . .. b"1eu JX + 1 kh"IX=9.
, A =-c-,
-vx -1
Giai chi tiet
Thay
'
x=9 vaoA ta
J9+1 3+1 4
dU'Q'C: A=~=-=-=2.
-v9-1 3-1 2
V~y A= 2 khi x = 9.

~ th U'C
V1, d 1:1 2 : Ch o b"1eu , A =2x JX _ - 2 . T'mh g1a. , tn. cua
- 3 JX .. A kh"1x =4- 2-v3.
r;:;
2
(Thi thl.f THPT Thang Long- Ha N()i- L&n 1 nam hQc 2018- 2019)

Giai chi tiet

*
V&i x::::: 0, x 4 ta c6:
A=2x- 3£- 2 =(2x- 4£) +(JX - 2) =2JX (JX - 2) +(JX- 2)
JX-2 £~2 JX-2
= (~ -2)(2~ + 1) = 2~ + 1.
JX-2
Khi X=4-2J3 =(~f -2.~.1+1 2 =(J3 -1r
=> JX = J3 _-1, thay vao Ata dU'Q'c: Ta thay X = 4·- 2.J3 c6 the

2~ +1 = 2~( ,J3 -1)' + 1= 2(,J3 -1)+1 = 2,}3 -1.

rut gQn bang each dU'a ve
A= blnh phU'O'ng cua m<?t hi~u.
Do v~y, ta dm rut gQn x
V~y X=4-2J3 thl A=2J3 -1.
trU'&c khi thay vao bieu
th(rc A.

2 2
V ,I d \1 3: Ch 0 b.;t U'C: B = r+JX + r-JX , d.},
19U th' 19U k""
U~n X ;;::: 0, X i= 1.
-vx+1 -vx-1
a) Rut g<;m bi~u tht1c B.
b) Tinh gia tri B khi x = ~.--17_+_1_2_F2_2.
o
{De thi vao 1 tinh Ninh Thu~n nam hQc 2015 - 2016)

Gifli chi tiet

a) V&i x;;::: 0, x * 1 ta c6:
(2+JX)(JX -1) (2-JX)(JX +1) (x+JX -2)+(-x+JX +2) 2JX
B- + - ---
- (~+1)(JX-1) (JX+1)(JX-1)- x-1 - x-1
2
Vay B= ~ v&i x;;:::O,xi:-1.
· x-1
b) Ta c6: x = ~17 + 12J2 =~9+ 2.3.2J2 +8 = ~(3 +2J2)' = 3+2J2 (th6a man diflu ki~n
x;;::: O,x * 1). ·
~ =~3+2J2 =~2+2.J2.1+1 =~(J2 + 1)' =J2 +1.
' . - 2(F2+1) _2(F2+1)_
Thay ~ = J2 +1 vao B ta dU'Q'C. B- J2 - ( J2) -1.
3+2 2-1 2 1+ 2
V~y X=~17+12-J2 thl 8=1.

Vi Cho bi~u tht1c: c = xJX + 1 ~- 1 (v&i x * 1; x;;::: 0). Rut gQn C, sau d6 tinh gia
x-1 -vx+1
tri C -1 khi x = 2020 + 2-)2019.

Gifli chi tiet

V&i xi:-1;x;;:::O ta c6:
(;xr +1 X -1 ;xr
( +1 (JX -1) (~ + 1)
C=(~+1)(~-1f ~+1=(~+1)(~-1) ~+1
 = (JX +1)(x-JX +1) _ (JX -1)(JX +1) = x-JX +1_(JX _ )
1
(JX+1)(JX-1) JX+1 JX-1
2
x-JX+1-(JX-1) x-JX+1-(x-2JX+1) JX
= = =
JX-1 JX-1 JX-{
V~YC= f
-vx -1
v&ix:;z:1;x::::O.

JX-(JX-1) 1
SuyraC-1= r:: =~·
-vx-1 -vx-1
Ta c6 x = 2020 + 2~2019 thoa man dieu ki~n x :;z: 1; x:::: o.
C6 x = 2019 + 2~2019 + 1 = ( ~2019 r + 2.~2019.1 + 12 = ( ~2019 + 1r ::::;. JX = ~2019 + 1.
Thay v8o bi~u lhlPc C -1 ta dU'qc: C -1 = ~ ~.
2019 + 1-1 2019

VfJy C-1= ~ khi x=2020+2~2019.

2019

• ChCPng minh dang thCPc: Ta bien doi ve trai ve ve phai ho~c ve phai ve ve trai ho~c bien doi
ca hai ve ve bit§u thCPc trung gian.
• ChCPng minh bat dang thCPc A > m

1
Xet hi~u H =A-m ChCmg minh H > 0

Xet thU'ang T = ~ ChCmg minh T >1

m
(A, m > 0)

V,1 d 1:1 1 : Ch U'ng

, ~ va1, . x > 0 va' x :t 1 th'1 ~ - 1 r:: =
. h rang
m1n JX JXr::x+ 1·
-vx-1 x--vx -vx

Giai chi tiet

V&i X > 0 va X :;t 1 ta c6:
 VT = JX - 1 = JX - 1 = JX JX -1
JX-1 x-JX JX-1 JX(JX-1) JX(JX-1)
x-1 _(JX-1)(JX+1)_JX+1
JX(JX-1)- JX(JX-1) - JX .
V q.y
A
VO'I
I
0
JX -
x > 0 va' x =t- 1 th'1 --r-
1
r = JXrx+ 1.
-vx -1 x--vx -vx

Vi dl} 2: Cho bic§u thuc P= (Jxx-21--x-42-J.(.rx -1 .J£ 4J

+ +
x
(v&i X> 0 va X :,t: 4).

Chung minh rang P = JX + 3..

Gii!i chi tiet
V&i X> 0 va X :,t: 4 ta c6:

p =( Jx:; - ~ X 4 }(.jX -1 + ..r£ J 4

=[(fX+1)(~+2) __
2 ]·[(JX-1)JX +JX-4]
x-4 x-4 ~ JX
=x+2JX +~ +2-2. x-JX +~ -4 =x+3JX. x-4 =~(JX +3) =fX +3.
x-4 JX x-4 JX JX
V~y P=fX+3 v&i mQi X>0,x=t:4.

Vi dv 3: Cho bieu thuc P =(-1-+ ../a3../a +}a J[(../a; / -1] v&i a> o,a * 1.
a-1 a a-a- a+1 4 a
a) Rut gQn P.
b)£>~t O=(a-Fa +1)P. Chung minh 0>1.

Ghii chi tiet

a) V&i a > 0, a =t: 1 ta c6:

1 3fa+5 ] (a+2-J8+1)-4Fa [ 1 3fa+5 ] a-2Fa+1

P=[ a-1 +a( ../a -1)-(../a -1) · 4../a = a-1 +(a -1)( ../a -1) · 4../a
J8 -1 +3-Fa +5 (Fa -1 r
4-Fa +4 (-ra -1 4-Fa + 4 -ra -1
(a-1)(-Ja -1) · 4J8 (a-1)(-Ja -1)' 4Fa - a-1 · 4-Fa
r_
4(Fa+1) Fa-1 1
(Fa +1) (Fa -1 )' 4Fa =Fa .
VI (
V~y Q
J8 -1 r> 0 va J8 > 0, Va > 0, a :;t: 1 nen
> 1 v&i mQi a > 0, a :;t: 1.
Q -1 > 0 => Q > 1 .
 ~ (v&i x 2 o, x * 1) va B = ( 'Jx - - !Jx + J: c
4 1 2 3
1: Cho hai bieu thll'c: A =
-vx-1 x-2 x+1 -vx+1
(v&i x 2 O,x =F 4).
T'1m gta
. , t n. nhon
.. ha}{ t cua
.. b'1eu
;t , p =18
th U'C -.
. A.B
& N(}i- 1 8- 2019}

Phan tich de bai

, 18(~-1) ' ~
Rut gQn B va tfnh P. Ta thay P = ~ c6 d<~mg b~c tti thll'c bang b~c cua mau thll'c
X+2
(phLrang phap 3) nen phan tich tlr dll bi~n d6i P v~·d9n9 p = n + JXm .
X+2
Giai chi tiet
V&i x 2 O,x =F 4 ta c6:

-(~-1_ ~+2J· 3 - (~-1)(~+1)-(~+2)(~-2) ~+1

B- JX-2 £+1 .£+1- (JX-2)(£+1) . 3
x-1-x+4 ~+1 3 ~+1 1
(~-2)(~+1)'-3- (~-2)(~+1)' 3 - E-2·
18 18 (~ -1) 54
-::=;.P=-= =18- .
A.B ~+2 E+2
Vi x z o=> JX + 2 z 2 => }xX+2
4
,;
54
2
= 27 nen P =18- JxX+2 z
4
18 - 27 = -9

hay P 2 -9, \fx 2 0.

Dang thll'c xay ra khi va chi khi x = o.
V~y minP = -9 khi x = 0.

tiet
V&i x 2 0, x =F 1 ta c6:

1 x+2 ~ J·~-1 -(x+~+1)+x+2+~(~-1) 3

A= ( 1-JX+ x£ -1+ x+£+1 .-3-= (~-1}(x+E+1) ·~-1
2
- 3(~ -1) - 3 .
- (~-1f(x+~+1)- x+E+{
Vay A =
3
v&i X~ 0, X :;t: 1.
· x+-fX+1
A dc;lt gia tri l&n nhat <=> x + JX + 1 d<;1t gia tri nho nhat.
Vi X<: 0 nen X+ vlx + 1 <: 1=>A= 1 ,; 3.
Ta thay A c6 d9ng A = P (x)
(v&i m Ia hang so dlfO'ng,
+1 X+ X P (x) Ia m9t bieu thli'c
Bang th(rc xay ra <=> X= 0. V~y max A= 3 khi X= 0.
chli'a bien X), do V~Y ap
dl,mg phlfO'ng phap 2.

V,I d 1:1 3 : Ch 0 hal. b"leU th U'C

)t , P= X +3
JX ' Q = JX
Va r.: + -1 SJX -
2 ,.
VO'I
x-2 -vx+2 x-4
Tim gia tri. cua x de bieu th(rc Q
p dat
. gia tri. nho nhat.
(£>e thi vao 10 TP Ha N(}i nam h9c 2015- 2016)

Phan tich de bai

RUt gon bi~u thlPc Q va tfnh ~. Nh{ln th~y ~ = xJx3 c6 d;;~ng b{lc tlf l&n han b{lc m8u nen
dU'a v€J d;;~ng ~ = P, ( x) + Jx . Sau 06 ap d1,mg b~t d~ng thlPc C6-si d~ tim gia tri nh6 nh~t.
Giai chi tiet
V&i x > O,x :;t: 4 ta c6:

0
= JX -1 + sJX- 2 = ( JX -1)( JX- 2) + sJX- 2 = x- 3-[X + 2 + sJX- 2
-fX+2 x-4 x-4 x-4
X+2JX = JX(JX +2) _ JX
x-4 (JX +2)(-!X -2)- JX -2 ·
=> P = x ~ = JX +
3
~ ~ 213 (Do bat dang thCrc Co-si).
Q -vx -vx
88ng th(fc xfly ra khi vfx = Jx ¢?X= 3.

Vay p
. gia tri. nho nhat cua Q Ia 213 khi x = 3.

Vi d1,1 Cho bi~u thlPc P = 3

X +1
j§ + -
2 2
3-
vlx J!
X
3(3-!X -s)
x-2-JX -3 ·
a) Rut gon bieu thCrc P.
b) Tim gia tri nho nhat cua P.

Giai chi tiet

Bieu ki~n: x ~ o,x * 9.
a) V&i x ~ 0, x :;t: 9 ta c6:
 3fX + 2 2)X- 3 3 (3fX - 5)
p = + - -:-----'----:----:--------'------c-

JX+1 )X-3 (fX+1)()X-3)

- (3fX + 2) ()X - 3) + ( 2JX - 3) ()X + 1) - 3 (3fX - 5)
- ()X+1)(JX-3)
3x-9)X +2)X -6 +2x+2)X -3JX -3-9fX +15
- ()X+1)(JX-3)
_ 5x-17)X +6 _ 5x-15fX -2)X +6 _ (JX -3)(sJX -2) sJX-2
-(JX+1)()X-3)- (fX+1)()X-3) - (JX+1)(JX-3) fX+1.

~ P = sJX
Vq.y r -2 ,.
VO'I X ~
o, X =f:. 9 •
-vx + 1
b)Tac6 P=sJX- 2 = 5)X+S-? =5--7 -.
fX+1 )X+1 fX+1
VI _?_ > o nen P c6 gia tri nh6 nhat <=> ;._ l&n nhat <=> JX + 1 nh6 nhat <=> x = o.
)X +1 -vx +1
Khi d6 minP =5-7 =-2.
V~y minP = -2 khi x = 0.

Vi 5: Cho bieu tht1c P =(

X-
x
3
1xX +2
+1): 2X- 3:rx + 1 v&i x;,: O,x *~.x
X 4
,d,x * 4.

a) Rut gon bieu tht1c P.

10
? T =p +-
. t n. nh?o nhaj{t cua
b) V0'1 x ~ 5 , t'1m g1a
I. I
.
X

Gifli chi tiet

a) V&i x ~ O,x =t- ~,x =t- 1,x =t- 4 ta c6:
4

x- 4 1 j(,ix- 2)(,ix+ 2)+1l (fX-1)(2£-1)

P=(
x - 3fX + 2
+1)·
· 2x - 3fX + 1 l(fX -1) (JX - 2) ·

=( 1x:~ +1}(,IX -1)(2Fx 1) = (,IX+ 2+,IX 1)(2,/x -1) =4x -1.

V~y P =4x-1 v&i x:2: O,x*±·x * 1,x;<4.
I 10 10 2x 10 18x
b) Xet T =P+-=4x-1+-=-+-+--1.
X X 5 X 5
Ap dt.mg b§t d8ng thlrc CO-si ta c6: 2 + !Q;,: 2) 2x. 10
X = 4.
5 X 5 X

Dang th(rc xay ra <::> X = .!2_ <::>X= 5 (do X~ 0).

2
5 X
L<;~i c6: ~x :2: 18 (vi x ;,: 5) nen T :2: 4 + 18 -1 = 21 .
1

V~y minT= 21 khi x = 5.

Nh~n xet

T c6 chLI'a bieu thLI'c nghich dao Ia 4x va !Q nen ta se nghT den ap dvng bat dang thLI'c Co-si.
X .
NhU'ng neu ap dvng bat dang thLI'c Co-si cho hai so 4x va .:!_Q thl:
X

T =4X+!Q-1 ~ 2~4x.
10
-1 =4.J10 -1.
X X
~
£) ang th U'C
, xay ra .~
'>
10
4x =x-.~ x 2 =410 ~ x =2-!5 (khong th oa man d'1eu},_ k'
A '> -
1~n
A
x:::::: 5) .
TLI'c Ia 4.J10 -1 khong phai gia tri nh6 nhat cua T.

Bid toan 1. Tim x de bieu thwc A= m (m Ia hang so)

£>$t di~u ki~n xac su dt,mg trnh chM de Giai phliang trlnh vera £>oi chillu di~u ki~n va
djnh va rut gQn A lam m§t mau cua thu dU'qc de tim x. chQn nghi~m hqp If.
(nllu can) phU'ang trlnh.

Bai toan 2. Tim x de bieu thwc A < m (ho~c A > m ho~c A ~ m ho~c A 2m (m Ia hang so))

£>~t di~u ki~n xac Quy v~ b§t phU'ang trlnh Xac dinh Giai b§t phU'ang floi chillu di~u ki~n
djnh va rut gQn A A-m< 0. Quy dong mau d§u CU8 t(p trlnh tren de tim X. VEl ChQn nghi~m
(nllu can) th(rc (nllu can) de rut ho~c mau hqp If.
gQn vl! trai v~ dc;mg mot cua vl! trai.
phan thCrc dan gian ..

V'd 1eu th'U'C A-(xfX-1_xfX+1J.x-2fX+1

·Ch o b.)t
1 1:1 1• - r r · ·
x-~x x+~x x-1
a) Rut gon bieu thLI'c A.
b) Tim x de !AI> A.
c) T1m cac gia tri nguyen cua x de A co gia tri nguyen.
Giai chi tiet
a) 8ieu ki~n: x > O,x * 1.
A =(xJX -1 ~ xJX +1]: x-2-JX +1
x-JX x+JX x-1
= j(JX -1)(x + JX +1) _ (JX +1)(x- JX +1)J ~ (JX -1f
l JX(JX-1) JX(JX+1) '(JX-1)(1X+1)
x+fX+1-x+JX-1 fX+1 2(1X+1)
= JX 'JX-1= JX-1 .
2(1X+1)
V~y A= fX v&i x>O,x:i=1.
X -1
2(-JX +1)
b) IAI >A<=>~< 0 <=> JXX -1 < 0 <=> JX -1 < 0 <=>X< 1.
Ket hQ'p v&i dieu ki~n ta dU'Q'C 0 <X< 1 thi IAI >A.
'· _2(1X+1)_ 4
c) Taco. A- JXx-1 -2+--c-. '\,/X-1

Be A nguyen thl ( JX -1) ~ U'(4) hay JX -1 E {-1;1;-2;2;-4;4}.

Ta c6 bang sau:

Fx-1 -4 4

-3 5

9 25
x,(x >O,x * 1) loc;li
(thoa man) !(thoa man)
1

V~y X E {4;9;25}.
Nh~n xet

Mu6n tim cac gia tri nguyen cUa x dll billu thLPc A=~~:\ ITIII"'II"1III'"IIil'll

d;;tl gi8 trj nguyen tac~n ph8n tich A = A, ( x) + Q(x) v&i m 18 h~ng s6.
Khi d6 A nguyen ¢> o(x) nguyen ¢> Q( x) 18 U'&c cUa m.

Ch 0 b 19U
.~ th'U'C a-(1X+1_
- r.: 2-JX
r.: + 51X+2J·. 3-fX-'-x
r.: .
'\,1 X - 2 '\,1 X +2 4- X X +4'\,1 X + 4
a) Rut gQn bi~u there
b) Tim x de B = 2.
c) Tim cac gia. trj cua x deB c6 gia tri am.
Giili chi ti§t
* *
Dieu ki~n: x > O,x 4,x 9.
* *
a) V&i x > 0, x 4, x 9 ta c6:

8 ( JX + 1 2-!X 5-IX + 2 J.JX (3 - JX)

=l.JX- 2 - .JX + 2 + (2 - .JX) (2 + .JX) . (.JX + 2 )'
(JX + 1)( JX + 2) _ 2-/X ( JX _2) _ (5-/X + 2) ( JX + 2 r
(JX - 2) (JX + 2) .JX (3- JX)
x+2JX + ;x + 2 -2x + 4/X -5JX -2 ( JX + 2 f
(JX- 2 )( JX + 2) . JX (3- JX)

-X+2-fX -fX+2 JX(2-JX) JX +2 - JX +2

JX -2 . JX(3--/X) JX- 2 JX) - JX- 3 .
. JX (3 -

V9Y
~ B = JX
t.: +
2 , . X > 0, X =F 4 , X =F 9 •
VO'I
-vx -3

b) 8 =2 ¢'> .J_fx + 2 =2 ¢'> .JX + 2 =2.JX- 6¢'> .JX = 8 ¢'> x = 64 (th6a man di€lu ki~n).
x-3
-IX+2 r , r
c) B < 0 <=> JX < 0 <=> -v x- 3 < 0 (v1 -v x + 2 > 0 ).
x-3
¢:> JX < 3 ¢:>X< 9. Ket hQ'p v&i dieu ki~n ta dU'Q'C 0 <X< 9 va X* 4.

x .JX- Jx
d~:~3: Cho bieu th(fc P= ( X .JXX-4 J: (.rx -2+ 7;-x)
1
Vi + .JX v&i
X 3 X-6 X+2 X+2
x > O,x * 4.
a) Rut gon bieu th(fc P.
b) Tim cac gia tri nguyen cua x de bieu th(fc Q = ( -JX -1).P dq.t gia tri nguyen.
(Phong & H~u - fl!nh - lan 1 nam hQC 2018 - 9)

Giili chi tiet

a) V&i x > 0, x * 4 ta c6:

p
=
( X 6 1 (JX 2 10 - X
x/X-4-/X- 3-/X-6 + fX+2 · x- + -IX+2
J. J
( X 6 1 J (X-4+10-X)
=l.JX(x-4)- 3(..fX-2) + .fX+2 : .fX+2

JX 2 1 J JX +2
= ( (JX -2)(-!X +2)- JX -2 + JX +2 . 6
 JX-2(-!X+2)+1X-2 fX+2 -6 JX +2
(JX-2)(-!X+2) 6 (JX-2)(-!X+2)" 6
-1
V~y P= JXx-2 v&i x>O,x:t:4.
b) V&i x > O,u 4 ta c6: 0=(-,JX -1).P = (-.JX -1). £x-21 = ~x-21 =1
+
3
+ ;IX
x-2
.

£>~ Q nguyen thi ;IX3 E z <=:>;IX- 2 E U'(3) hay ;IX- 2 E { -1;1; -3;3}.
x-2
Ta c6 bang:

V~y x E { 1; 9; 25} thi Q nh~n gia tri nguyen.

3 a = IX+ 3 5-JX + 12 ,.
V,I d U 4: Ch 0 b'leU t h,U'C A = JX
:it
r + Va· r + VO'I X :2: o, X :;t: 16 •
· -vx -4 -vx +4 x-16
a) Rut gon bi~u thCrc B.
b) Tim m d~ phll'ang trinh ~ = m + 1 c6 nghi~m.
Chi- 8- 9)

Giai chi ti~t

,
a) Taco: B =
JX + 3 + 5)X + 12 = (JX + 3) ( JX - 4) 5-!X + 12
+-:------;---;-----:-

JX+4 x-16 (JX+4)(JX-4) (JX-4)(JX+4)

x-JX -12+5-fX +12
-------,-------,--
x+4JX JX - --=-
(JX-4)(1X+4) -(JX-4)(1X+4)- JX-4·

Va B=
.Y
IX
JX-4 v&i x:2:0,x:t:16 .

, A fX+3 JX fX+3
b) Ta co: - = m+ 1 <::> c : r = m+ 1 <=> r = m+ 1
B -vx-4 -vx-4 -vx
JX + 3 - JX (m+ 1) -mJX + 3
¢:> Fx = 0 ¢:> Fx = 0.

£)~ phll'ang trinh ~ = m+1 c6 nghi~m thi phll'ang trinh -m!fx + 3

= 0 c6 nghi~m. tlrc Ia:
 !
! !
X> 0 ->0 m>O
X> 0 3
-m'!Jx + 3 = 0 c6 nghii;im <=> -mJX + 3 = 0 <=> JX = 1._ <=> m <=> { 3.
x m 3 m:t:-
x:t:16 -:t:4 4
x:t= 16 m
Vf!.y m>O,m*~ thl phll'ang trlnh ~ =m+1 c6 nghii;im.

C au 1 : R u, t gQn b'teu
A ;t th U'c:
, B= + 1 J:-c-
(XJX- JX - JX JX JX + 1 vat,. x > 0, x * 1.
x-1 X+ x -vx
Tinh gia tri cua B khi x = 12 + 8J2.
(De thi vao 10 tlnh Binh OU'O'ng nam hQC 2018 - 2019)

Cau 2 : Ch o b';t
A th'
teu U'C A =
x+JX JX
r - + sJX
JX + 1 va' B = '\/X
1
r -
8 ,.
vat x > 0, x * 4, x* 16.
. X - 4 - 2 2-v X - X
a) Tfnh gia tri cua A khi x = 25.
b) Rut gQn bieu there B.
c) ChoP= A.B. So sanh P v&i 2.
(Thi thw Qu~n Hai TrU'ng nam hQC 2018- 9)

... 3 : Ch o b'teu
Cau , A = xr + 3
;t th U'C va' B = (X + 3JX - 2 - r
1 J
. JX
3 "
r - vat x ~ 0, x * 9 .
-vx +3 x-9 -vx +3 -vx +1
a) Tinh gia tri cua A khi x = 16.
b) Rut gQn bieu th(rc B.
c) Cho P = ~. Tlm gia tr! nhO nhilt ella P.

(Thi thw THCS Thai Th!nh nam hQC 8- 2019)

Cau 4: Cho bieu th(rc P= [ JXJX - 2(JX+12)J .JX

JX+S v&i x ~ O,x * 9,x * 64.
x+3 x-9 x-8
a) Rut gQn bieu there P.
b) Tim dieu ki~n cua X de P ~ 1.
(Phong GO & DT Giao Thuy- Nam Dinh nam hQc 2018- 2019)

... 5 : Ch
Cau . o hat. b.;t
teu th,U'C A= JX
r - va' B=
1
r
1 JX
+ --r-- JXr 4 , · x ~ o, x * 1.
vat
'\/X +3 '\/X +3 '\/X -1 X+ 2-v X - 3
16
a) T ,tn h gta
. , t n. cua
, b'teu
;t th,U'C A kh'1 x=g-·

b) Rut gQn bieu there B.

c) Tim x de A - 1 ~ - _!.
B 2
(THPT Nhan Chinh - Ha NQi nam hQc 2018 - 2019)
Cau 6 : Ch o b'A
A
1eu t hU'c: A = (2Fx + 1
r
c 1 J : ~·
1 T'1m x = x2011 + x2o1s + 2 .
x-1 '\IX +1 -vx -1

A 1
C au : Ch o b'A
1eu th'U'C A= -IX+1 va' B= Fx 1-Fx
+--=- Fx+4 x~O,x=t=
-/X-2 Fx+1 Fx-2 x-Fx-2
a) Tinh gia tri cua A khi X= 7 + 4.J3.
3
b) Ch(l'ng minh rang: B = c.
2--vx
8
c)Timxde <-1.
A

Cau Cho bieu th(l'c A =Ilx-5Fx+6

2 Fx - 9 Fx+
Fx-2
3 2-JX + 1]. x- 3Fx.
3-Fx xFx+1
a) Rut gQn bieu thuc A.
b) Tinh gia tri cua bieu th(l'c A khi x = ~3 + 2J2 + ~11- 6J2 + 12.
c) Tinh gia tri l&n nh§t cua A.

9: Cho hai billu th(J>c A= JX7

x+B
va B = 1
x-3
+
2
../X- 24
x-9
v&i X:;. 0, X* 9.

a) Tinh gia tri cua bieu th(l'c A khi x = 25.

b) ChUng minh B = 1x +
B
X+3
c) Tim x de bieu th(l'c P = A.B co gia tri Ia s6 nguyen.

•A thU'C p = vJ.:
C ho bleU r
X- (
jX J
1 : (Fx-1 1--/XJ
jX + X+ jX .
a) Chung minh rang P > 0,\/x > O,x =t: 1.

b) Tinh gill tri ella P bi~t x = +

2
2
../3 .
c) Tim gia tri x th6a man: PJX = 6Fx- 3- -J x- 4.
 B=(£- Jx}~x;/=x;/1: 1 =£- 1 .
V&i X= 12 + 8-fi thay vao B ta dU'Q'C:
B = ~12 + a../2 -1 = ~..--(2-+-2-J2_2_r -1 = 2 + 2-fi -1 = 1+ 2-fi.

a) Thay x =25 (thOa man di€lu ki~n) vao A ta dll'qc: A= 25 Jif! +1=31.
4

b) B =
JX -1 - siX - 8 = JX -1 siX - 8 = --'-------'--'-----,------~
.fX (.JX -1) - (siX - 8)
JX -2 x-2.JX .fX -2 JX(JX -2) JX(JX -2)
X- jX - SJX + 8 _ X- 6fX + 8 _ ( jX- 2) (.jX- 4) _ jX- 4

JX(JX-2) - JX(JX-2)- JX(.JX-2) - JX .

c) ~•a co.
'· P=AB=x+.fX+1
. r:: . fX-4
r:: =x+fX+1r::
-vx -4 -vx -vx
2

( JX --
r.: r.: 1) 3
+-
X'tP-2=x+-vX+1_2=x--vx+1= 2 4
e JX JX JX 0 \-1
>,vX>. 0

V~y P> 2 v&i x > 0, x :;t: 4, x :;t: 16.

a) Thay x = 16 (thOa man di€lu ki~n) vao A ta dll'qc: A= ~++33 ~

l X+ 3fX- 2 1 J jX- 3
b)B= (£-3)(£+3f £+3 '£+1 = (£-3)(£+3) '£+1
_ x + 2JX + 1 JX _3 _
[X+ 3.{X- 2 - ( jX- 3)

( JX + 1r .rx _3 _ .rx + 1
J jX- 3

- (1X-3)(1X+3)' .fX+1- (1X-3)(1X+3)' fX+1- fX+3.

, A x+3 .fX+1 x+3 r.: 4
c) Taco: P=-= JX : JX = JX =-vx+1+~-2.
B X+3 X+3 X+1 -vx+1
Ap d1,mg b.1t di\ng thlrc C6-si cho hai s6 £ + 1 > 0 va £ 4+ > 0 ta dU'qc:
1
4
p = .[X + 1+ r.: - 2 2 2 (.JX + 1). : - 2 = 2 => p 2 2.
-vx+1 -vx+1
4
Dang thCrc xay ra <=>.[X+ 1= r:: <=> x = 1 (thoa man).
-vx + 1
V~y min P = 2 khi x = 1.
 '· -( -IX 2(-5+12)] -5+5_( -IX 2(-5+12) J -5+5
a) Taco. P- .JX + 3- x- 9 · .JX- 8- .JX + 3- (.JX + 3)( .JX- 3) · .JX- 8
-IX (-IX- 3)- 2-!X- 24 -JX +s _ x- s-IX - 24 -IX+ s
(-IX+ 3)(-IX- 3) .-IX- 8- (-IX+ 3)(-IX- 3)'-IX- 8
(-5+3)(-5-8) -IX+s_-5+5
(-5+3)(-!X-3)'-IX-8- Fx-3·
V~y p = 'Jx-3
x + 5 v&i xz O,x * 9,x * 64.
b) Ta
,
CO P ~ 1<=>
Fx+5
-fX ~ 1<=> -5+5
-fX -1 ~ 0 <=> -fX8 r::
~ 0 <=> \I X - 3< 0 <=> X < 9
x-3 x-3 x-3
Ket hQ'p v&i di~U ki$n ta dU'Q'C 0 ~X< 9 va X =f. 64.
v~Y v&i o ~ x < 9 va x * 64 th 1P ~ 1.

9
16
a) Thay x = - (thoa man d1eu k1en) vao b1eu thLPc A co: A=
?

.
- • }. "' ' • ~ , ,

R
{16 -1
~9
9 1 13 1
16 =3- :3- =13-
-+3
9

. , A-1 1
Kh1 do: - - ~ -- <=> - - - +- ~ 0 <=>
4 1 fx-7
~
r::
0 <=> -v x- 7 ~ 0 <=> 0 ~ x ~ 49
B 2 fx+1 2 2(-5+1)
(v1 2( -IX+ 1) > 0).
 JX 2
RU, t g<;>n d U'Q'C b'18U
;t th,U'C A = jX ++ VO'I,. X '?. 0, X =F 1.
1

Ta c6: VT =A= 'Yx 2

+ = 1+ )
x+1 -vx+1
1
,; 1 + r,:;
-v0+1
= 2 (vi x 2 0).

Vi x '?. 0 nen VP = x 2017 + x 2018 + 2 '?. 2. Do d6 VT = VP = 2. V$y x = 0.

a) Ta c6 x = 7+ 4.J3 = (2 + .J3f => JX = 2 + .J3, thay vao A ta dU'qc: A = .J3 + 1.

b) HS tl! rut g<;>n bieu thCrc B.
B < -1 <=>
c) A JX < 2. Tim X va doi chieu v&i di~u kien . 0 ~X< 4.
. ta dU'O'C

,
a)f) ap £.
SO: A= JX
r. VO'I ,. X'?. 0,X=F 4,X=F 9 .
x--vx+1
b) Ta c6: X= ~3 +2J2 + ~11-6)2 + 12 = ~.--(1+_J2._2_r +~(3 -.J2f +12 = 16.

Thay x = 16 v<io A ta dU'C;rc: A =

1~ .
c) Khi x = 0 th i A = 0.
Khi x '?. 0, x * 4, x * 9 ta c6: A = ~ 1
1
.
x--vx +1 r
-vx-1+-
£
Ap dt,mg bat dang thCrc Co-si ta c6:
r 1 r 1 1
-vx+ r-::'?.2<:::>-vX+ r.-1'?.1<:::> ~1<:::>A~1.
1
-vx -vx .JX +--1
JX
Bang th(rc xay ra ¢> JX = Jx ¢> x = 1 (th6a man).
V$y max A = 1 khi x = 1.

a) A=!_.
13
b) HS tl! rut g<;>n bieu thCrc B.
, 7 £+8 7
c) Ta co: P = A.B = .fX .JX JX .
X+8 X+3 X+3

Bll P nh~n gi<i tri nguyen thi JX + 3 E U'(7) hay JX + 3 E {-1;1;-7;7} ¢> xE { ~ ;16 }·
J3-1.
 2
Ham s6 y = ax , (a * o) xac dinh
v&i mQi s6 thl)'c x.

Neu a> 0 th1 ham s6 dong bien

khi x > o, nghich bien khi x < o.
Neu a < 0 th1 ham dong bien khi
khi x < o, nghich bien khi x > o.

*
Do thi ham s6 y = ax , (a o) Ia
2

mot parabol nh~n goc tQa dQ 0

lam dinh, nh~n trvc tung lam
trvc doixCmg.

f)o thi nam phia tren trvc

hoanh va c6 b~ 16m quay
len tren.

£)o thi nam phfa dU'&i trvc

hoanh va c6 b~ 16m quay
xuong dU'&i.

X
0 X

I
 D6ng bi~n tn3n 1R khi a> 0.
Nghjch bi~n tren 1R khi a< 0.
A(x0 ;y0 ) thu()c d6 thi khi Yo= ax0 +b.

a>0 " Ham so d6ng bi~n khi x > 0.

" Ham so nghich bi~n khi x < 0.
,.. a<O
" Ham so d6ng bi~n khi x < 0.
" Ham so nghich bi~n khi x > 0.
A(x0 ;y0 ) thu()c d6 thi khi Yo =ax~.

1: Cho ham so y (a+ 1) x 2 • Tim a de ham so nghjch bi~n khi x < o va d6ng bi~n
khi X> 0.
thi 10 tinh hQC - 2019)

Ham songhich bi~n khi x < 0 va d6ng bi~n khi x > 0 <=>a+ 1 > 0 <=>a> -1.
Vf;.ya>-1.

2: Cho dU'ang thang d : y = ( m -1) x + n. Tim cac gia tri cua m va n de dU'ang thang
d di qua c.~em A(1;-1) va c6 h~ so
g6c bang -3.
thi 10 tinh Thll'a Thien Hu~ nam hQC 2018- 2019)

£hPang thang d co h~ so g6c bang -3 nen m 1 = -3 <=> m = -2.

DLP<Yng thang d di qua diem A ( 1; -1) nen -1 = -3.1 + n <=> n = 2.
Vf;.y m = -2, n = 2.
 Cho ham so y =ax+ b co d6 thi Ia (D). T1m a, b biet rang (D) di qua hai diem
A(5;1) va B( -1;-1).

Giai chi tiet

Thea gia thiet (D) di qua hai diem A(5;1) va B( -1;-1) nen ta c6:

{1-1 =5a-a++b b ~ {6ab = a2-1 ~ [ab=--

= = ~
2
= .

Thay vao phU'ang trinh cUa ham s6 ta dU'qc: y = ~x - ~.

V9-Y ph U'O'ng t nn
A ' h d U'O'ng
' ~ can
th ang 2
}. t'1m Ia' y = 1 x- 3·
3
Vi dl:;l 4: T1m t~t ca cac gia trj cua m de ham soy= (m 2 - m + 2017)x + 2018 d6ng bien
tren ~-
(ae thi 10 tinh nam hQc 2018 -

Giai chi tiet

Ham so d6ng bien tren JR <=>a> 0 <=> m 2 - m + 2017 > o, v&i moi m.
2
1 8067 ,
<=> ( m- 2) + -
o o A ,

- > 0, VO'I mQI m (luon dung).

4
V~y v&i moi gia tri cua m th1 ham so luon d6ng bien tren ~.

Xac djnh m de dU'ang thang y = ( 2- m) X+ 3m- m t9-0 v&i tr~:~c hoanh mot g6c
2

a= 60°.
10

Giai chi tiet

2
8U'<Jng thang y = ( 2 - m) X+ 3m - m t90 vai tri)C hoanh mot g6c a = 60°
<=> 2-m = tan 60° <=> m = 2- tan 60° = 2- .J3.
V~y m = 2- .J3.

Cho dU'ang thang (d): y = 2x + m -1.

a) Khi m = 3, t1 m a de diem A (a; -4) thuoc dU'ang thang (d).
b) Tim m de dU'ang thang (d) cat cac trvc toa do Ox, Oy Ian IU'Q't t9i M va N sao cho
tam giac OMN c6 di~n tich bang 1.
10 2-
Gic!li chi tiet
a) Khi m = 3 a~ ai~m A( a;-4) thu¢c dU'ang thang (d) th1 -4 = 2.a + 3-1 ~a= -3.
V~y a=-3.

b) ElU'Cmg C
th~ng (d) c<1t cac tn,Jc lQa dQ Ox, Oy h~n IU'qt t<;~i M va N th1M ~m ,0) va
N(O,m-1) nen SMNo =iMO.NO=il(m-1)-c~mJI.

Ma SMNo=1~ 11 (m-1). (1-mJI

2 - - =1~(m-1) 2 =4~ [m=3
2
m=-f

V~y m=3, m=-1.

• Ve do thi ham so b~c nhat:

+Do thi ham soy= ax Ia dU'ang thang di qua goc toa a¢ va ai qua ai~m M ( 1; a).
+ £>6 !hi h8m s6 y =ax+ b 18 dU'l'Yng th~ng qua A(O;b) va qua a(-~;0}
ChU y: C6 thll thay dillm a( -~;0) v&i mQt dillm C khac bilng each cho x b&i mQt gia tr!

nguyen nao d6 roi xac djnh y.

• Ve do thi ham so y = ax 2 (a =t:- 0):
+ L~p bang gia tri.
+ ve ao thi.

Vi d~:~1: Trang m~t phang toad¢ Oxy, cho parabol (P): y = 2x2 • Ve do thi parabol (P).
(f>e thi vao 10 tinh Vinh long nam hQC 2017 - 2018)

Giai chi tiet

Bang gia trj giCi'a X va y:

X 0 1 2

2 8

Do thi ham so aa cho c6 d~ng nhU' h1nh ve.

X
 d\1 a) Ve do thi ham so y = 3x + 2.
b) G<;>i A, B Ia giao diem cua do thi ham so tren v&i trvc tung va trvc hoanh. Tinh
di$n tich tam giac OAB.
{£>~ thi vao 10 tinh Hoa Binh nam hQC 2012- 2013)

Giili chi tiet

a) Ve do thj ham soy =3X+2.

D6 th! di qua A(0;2) va a( ~ ,o}

2

, 1 11 -213 32
b) Taco S 0 A8 = -OA.OB =- 2.- = -.
2 2
1 X

2
Vi d\1 3: Cho parabol (P): y = x va dU'ang thang (d): y = 4x + 9.
a) Ve do thi (P).
b) Viet phU'ang trlnh dU'ang thang ( d1 ) biet ( d 1 ) song song v&i dU'ang thang (d) va
tiep xuc (P).
{£)~ thi vao 10 tinh Binh Dt~ang nam hQC 2017- 2018)

Ghii chi tiet

a) Ve do thi (P): y = x 2

8o thi ham so c6 d9ng nhU' hlnh ve.

-2 1 2 X
b) G<;>i phU'ang trlnh dU'ang thang ( d 1 ) c6 d9ng: y =ax+ b.
4
VI ( d 1 ) song song v&i (d) nen ta c6: {a = => (d 1 ): y = 4x +b.
b=t9
PhU'ang trlnh hoanh dQ giao diem cua (P) va ( d 1 ) Ia:
x 2 = 4x + b <=> x2 - 4x- b = 0 (*).
VI ( d 1 ) tiep xuc v&i (P) nen (*) c6 nghi$m kep <=> L1' = o <=> 4 + b = o <=> b = -4 (th6a man).
Vf).y phU'ang trlnh dU'ang thang ( d 1 ) Ia: y = 4x- 4.
Gia sll' M(x0 ;y0 ) Ia di§m D~t dieu ki~n Bien doi (*) ve d<~mg Ket lu~n
co djnh ma dU'ang thang Yo = axo + b (*) Am+B=O Vm
(d): y =ax+ b luon di qua. dung v&i mQi m. A=O
<=> { .
8=0

Vi d~:~1: Cho dU'ang thang: (m-1)x+(m-2)y =1 (v&i m Ia tham so). Ch(rng minh rang
dU'ang thang lu6n di qua mot diem co djnh v&i mQi gia tri cua m.

Giai chi ti~t

Gia sll' M(x0 ;y0 ) Ia diem co dinh thuoc dU'ang thang da cho. Ta c6:
(m-1)x0 +(m-2)y0 =1 v&i mQi m <=> m(x0 + y 0 )-(x0 +2y0 +1)=0 v&i mQi m
Xo+Yo=O {Yo=-1
<=> { <=> .
X0 +2y0 +1=0 X0 =1
V~y dU'ang thang da cho luon di qua diem M ( 1; -1) v&i mQi m.

Vi d~:~ 2: Trong m~t phang tQa do Oxy, cho hai dU'ang thang:
(d1 ): y = -mx+m+1, (d2 ): y = _!_x-1-~ (v&i m Ia tham so khac 0).
m m
Tim diem co djnh ma dU'ang thang ( d 1 ) lu6n di qua. Ch(rng minh rang giao diem cua hai
dU'ang thang lu6n thuoc mot dU'ang co djnh.
thw Nc?i a- 9)

Giai chi ti~t

Gia sll' M(xM;yM) Ia ctiem co dinh ma duong thang ( d 1) luon di qua. Ta c6:
y M = -mxM + m + 1 v&i mQi m <=> m ( 1- xM) + (1- y M) = 0 v&i mQi m
1- XM = 0 {XM = 1
<=> { <=> .
1 YM = 0 YM 1

V~y dU'ang thang (d1 ) luon di qua diem M(1;1) co dinh.

Gia sti N(x0 ;y0 ) Ia giao diem cua (d1 ) va (d2 ). Khi d6:

Yo = -mx0 + m + 1 !Yo -1 = m (1- X0 ) (1)

1 5 q 1
{y
mo -1--
o =-X m y o +1=-(x
m o -5) (2)

Nhan theo ve cua (1) va (2) ta dU'Q'C:

(Yo+ 1)(y0 -1) = (1- X 0 )( X0 5) ¢:? y; -1 = -x; + 6x 0 - 5 ¢:? ( X 0 -
2
3) + y; = 5.
sti 1(3;0) thu{)c m$t phang tQa d¢. Ta c6 IN= )(x 0 -3) +y; = J5
2
Gia khong doi.
V~y N thu{)c dLP<Yng tron tam I ban kinh JS.

Chwng minh ba di~m thang himg

Tim phU'O'ng trinh Chll'ng minh dU'ang K~t lu~n.

dU'cmg thang di qua thang con l9i thu(>c
hai di~m. dU'ang thang d6.

Chwng minh ba dU'i>'ng thang dbng quy

Tim tQa dQ giao di~m Chll'ng minh M thu(>c ( d 3 ) K~t lu~n.

M cua { d1 ) va (d2 ) .

1: Trang m~t phang tQa d9 Oxy, cho cac dLPang thang c6 phU'ang trlnh:
( d 1 ) : Y = X+ 2; ( d2 ) : y = -2; ( d 3 ) : y ( k + 1) X+ k.
Tim k cac dU'ang thang tren dong quy.
~~ 10 8-
Do d6 cac dU'ang thang tn§n dong quy ~ ( d3 ) di qua diem ( -4; -2)
2
~ -2 = -4(k+ 1)+ k ~ 3k = -2 ~ k = --.
3
Vf).y k = -~ thi cac dLPO>ng th~ng d8 cho dbng quy.

Vi dt;~ 2: Trong cung m{>t h~ to9 dQ Oxy cho ba diem A ( 2; 4), B ( -3; -1) va C ( -2; 1).
Chfrng minh ba diem A, B, c khong thang hang.
("De thi vao 10 tinh Quang Ngai nam hQC 2011- 2012)

Giai chi tiet

Gia sll' dU'ang thang di qua A(2;4) va B( -3;-1) c6 phU'ang trinh Ia y =ax+ b.
Khi do: {2a+b=4 ~{a=1.
-3a + b = -1 b =2
Suy ra phU'ang trinh dU'ang thang di qua Ava B Ia y = x + 2 (d).
Ma C( -2; 1) khong thu<)c dU'ang thang (d) vi 1 :t= -2 + 2 hay ba diem A, 8, C khong
thang hang.

Chu y: Ngoai ra, ta c6 the chfrng minh ba diem A, B, C khong thang hang bang each chfrng
minh AB =t= BC +A C ho~c BC khac AB +A C ho~c A C khac AB + BC.
Khoang each giua hai diem Ava B Ia AB = ~( -3- 2t + (-1- 4)
2
= 5-J2.
Khoang each giua hai diem B va CIa BC = ~[ -2-( -3)J + [1-( -1)J = -Jf + 22 = JS.
AC = ~( -2-2) +(1-4) = ~( -4) + (-3) = 5.
2 2 2 2

Ta c6: BC + AC = J5 + 5 > 5-J2 = AB. TU'ang tl)', ta c6 BC khac AB + AC va AC khac AB + BC.

Suy ra ba diem A, B, C khong thang hang.
TU'O'ng tv, de ch&ng minh ba diem A, B, c
thang hang ta c6 the ch&ng minh AB = BC + A c
(ch&ng minh tong hai dofjn bang dt) dai mt)t dofjn con /gi).

Vi d~:~ 3: Tim gia tri cua m de hai dU'crng th~ng (d1 ): mx + y = 1 va (d2 ): x -my= m + 6
c~t nhau tGti mot diem M thu()c dU'crng th~ng (d): X+ 2y = 8.
(De thi vao 1o tinh Quang Ninh nam hQc 2016- 2017)

· Phan tich de bai

Tim toa d9 giao diem M cua ( d1 ),( d 2 ). ViM thuoc dU'ang thang (d) nen toa d9 M thoa man
phU'O'ng trinh cua (d).

Giai chi tiet

Be hai dU'ang thang ( d1 ),( d2 ) cat nhau thi m :t= -
1
- ~ m 2 :t= -1 luon thoa man v&i mQi m.
1 -m
TQa dQ giao diem M cua ( d1),( d2 ) Ia nghi~m cua h~ phU'ang trinh:
 mx+ y = 1 {y
=1- mx = 1-mx {y [x =-~m_+_;-::.-~
{ x-my = m + 6 ¢'> x-m(1-mx) = m + 6 ¢'> (1 + m')x = 2m+6 ¢'> y = -m' -6m+ 1'
m 2 +1
VIM thu(>c dU'ang thang (d) nen:
2m+6 -m 2 -6m+1
--
2
+2. 2
=8 <=>2m+ 6-2m 2 -12m+2 =8m 2 +8
1
0
1+ m m + ¢'> 1Om' + 1Om = 0 ¢'> 1Om ( m + 1) = 0 ¢>.> [m = .
m=-1
V~y v&i m = 0 ho~c m = -1 thl hai dU'ang thang ( d1) va ( d 2 ) cat nhau t<?i m(>t diem M thu(>c
dU'ang thang (d).

Cho dU'ang thang (d): y =ax+ b( a,b * 0), ta c6:

+ d nOx =A(-~;0)~ OA =I-~~ X

+ d n Oy = B ( 0; b) => OB = jbj.
+ GQi H Ia chan dU'ang vuong g6c ke tll' o den dU'ang thang d. Khoang each tll' g6c
tQa d(> o den dU'ang thang d, thea h~ th(rc IU'Q'ng trong tam giac vuong Ia:
1 1 1
- - = -2 + -2
OH2 OA OB •

1: Trong m~t ph~ng toa dQ Oxy; cho parabol (P) c6 phU'O'ng trinh y = ~ x' va hai
diem A, B thu(>c (P) c6 hoanh d(> lan IU'Q't Ia xA = -1; x8 = 2.
a) Tlm tQa d(> cua hai diem A, B.
b) Viet phU'ang trlnh dU'ang thang (d) di qua hai diem A, B.
o
c) Tfnh khoang each tll' diem (g6c tQa d(>) t&i dU'ang thang (d).
(£>e 10 tinh Phu ThQ nam hQC 2017 - 2018)

Giai chi tiet

a) VI A, B thuoc (P) nen: yA =__!x! =_!_(-1) =__!; y8 =__!x~ =_!_.2 2 =2.
2

. 2 2 2 2 2

V~y A(-1;n 8(2;2).

b) GQi phU'ang trlnh dU'ang thang (d) Ia: y =ax+ b. Ta c6 h~ phU'ang trlnh:
-a + b = -1 { 3a = -3 { a = -1
2 ¢::> 2 ¢::> 2.
{
2a + b = 2 2a + b = 2 b=1

V~y (d): y =~X+1.

c) (d) cat trl)C Oy tc;li diem c (0; 1)va cat trl)C Ox tc;li diem D ( -2; 0).
Ta c6: oc = 1 va OD = 2. GQi h Ia khoang each ter 0 t&i d.
Ap dl)ng h~ thfrc ve Cc;lnh va dU'ang cao trong tam giac vuong OCD,
tac6: _1 =-1-+_1_=_!_+_1 =~=>h=2J5
h 2 oc 2 OD 2 f 22 4 5 ·

Vi dl;l 2: Cho dU'ang thang (d): y = ( m -1) x + 3 (v&i m Ia tham so). Tim m de:
a) Khoang each tCr goc toa d<) 0 den dU'ang thang (d) bang J2.
b) Khoang each ter goc toa d9 o den dU'ang thang (d) Ia I nhat. an
Giai chi tiet
a) Cho 0 thl y = 3. Suy ra (d) cat trl)C Oy tc;li diem 8(0;3).
X=
3
Cho y = 0 thl X= - 1 ( m =I= 1). Suy ra (d) cat trl)C Ox tc;li diem
-m
3
1-m
A(--;oJ.
3
Ta c6: OA = - - - , 08 = 3. Goi h Ia khoang each ter 0 den dU'ang thang (d).
1
1-m1
1
=>-=- +-=
1 1 (1- m t +1 - =
m 2
2m + 2
----
-

h2 OA 2 08 2 9 9 9
9 2
Thea gia thiet, h = -J2 <==> h = 2 <==> 2
2
= 2 <==>2m 2 - 4m- 5 = o <==> m = ± Ji4
m -2m+2 2
b) Ta thay, khoang each tCr 0 den dU'ang thang d dc;1t gia tri l&n nhat
<==> m 2 -2m + 2 dc;1t gia tri nh6 nhat.
Ta c6: m -2m + 2 = ( m -1) + 1 ~ 1, \f m.
2 2

Dang thfrc xay ra <::> m = 1.

V~y hmax = 3 <::>
m = 1.

Nh?n xet
De thay diem 8 ( 0; 3) Ia diem co djnh ma dU'ang thang (d)
luon di qua. GQi H Ia hlnh chieu cua 0 len (d).
Ta c6: OH ~ OB.
=
Dang thfrc xay ra <::> H B <::> d l_ Oy tc;1i B <::> m = 1.
Do v~y OH l&n nhat bang 3 khi va chi khi m = 1.
Cho hai dU'ang thang (d) : y = ax+ b va ( d ') : y =a' x + b I.

+djjd'¢::> {a=a' . +d=d ¢::> {a=a .

1

b=t=b' b=b 1
+ d _L d' <;::> a.a' = -1. + d cat d I ¢;:> a :j; a I.

1: Cho hai dU'ang thang (d) : y = - x + m + 2 = +

(d) va ( d') song song v&i nhau.

Giili chi ti~t

2 2
.::.. .... x • I::..
D1eu ku;m de ha1 do th! song song Ia
• . • {-1=m -2 <;::> {m =1 <;::> {m=±1 <;::> m = -1.
m+2=t=3 m=t=1 m:;t:1
V~y m = -1 thi hai dU'ang thang da cho song song.

Tim gia tri cua tham :y=-X+2

d 2 : y = 2x + 3- k t~i

chi
Ta thay hai dU'ang thang d1 ; d 2 luon cat nhau:
+ DU'ang thang d 1 cat trl)c hoanh t~i diem A ( 2; 0).

+ f>U'Q>ng th~ng d2 c&t lrt,JC hofmh \9i diflm a( k; 3

;0}

+ f)e hai dU'ang thang d1; d2 cat nhau m(>t

k-3
2
V~y k =7.

V&i m =t= -1 hai d6 thi cat nhau A(-

m+
-2 ·, _ 2 1J.
+
+2(~J-3.
2
2 2
Ta c6: P=y +2x-3=(---1J
m+1 m+1
8~t t = __3_ ta dU'Q'C P
2 2
= (t -1) - 2t- 3 = t 2 - 4t- 2 = (t- 2 ) - 6 ~ -6.
m+ 1
2
Bang th(rc xay ra ¢::> t = 2 => - - = 2 ¢::> m = 0.
m+1
V~y m = o thl bieu th(rc P = y 2 + 2x- 3 d9t gia tri nho nhat.

Vi d1,14: Cho hai ham s6 y = 2x-1 va y =-ix +4.

a) Tim toa do giao diem M cua hai do thi ham trem. so
b) Goi N, PI an IU'Q't Ia giao diem cua hai do thi tren v&i trl)c tung. Tinh di$n tich tam
giac MNP.
(Thi thw THPT LU'O'ng The Vinh- Ha N9i 2018)

Giai chi tiet

a) Toa do giao diem M cua hai do thi ham so tren Ia
nghi$m cua h$ phU'O'ng trlnh:
y = 2x -1 {2x - y = 1 {x = 2
{ Y=-ix+4~ ix+y=4~ 23
y=3=>M( ; ).

b) N=dnOy=>N(0;-1); P=d'n0y=>P(0;4).
Goi H Ia hlnh chieu cua M tren Oy.
Ta c6 MH = xM = 2.

Di~n tich tam gi8c SMNP = iMH.NP = i.2.5 = 5(dvdt).

PhU'ang trlnh hoanh d() giao diem

Ax 2 = ax + b (*)
Hoanh d() giao diem Ia nghi$m cua (*).

¢::> (*) c6 hai nghi$m phan bi$t.

d tiep xuc (P) ¢::> (*) c6 nghi$m kep.
d kh6ng cat (P) ¢::> (*) v6 nghi$m.
Vi d\11: Tim toa dQ giao diem cua parabol (P): y = -x2 va dU'6'ng thang (d): y = -6x + 9.
{THCS Thai Th!nh nam 8- 9)

Giai chi ti~t

Xet phU'ang tr1nh hoanh d() giao diem cua (P) va (d):
2 2
-x = -6x + 9 <=> x - 6x + 9 = 0 <=> x = 3.
Thay x = 3 vao phU'ang tr1nh dU'<Yng thang (d) ta dU'Q'c y = -9.
V~y giao diem cua hai d6 thi Ia M (3; -9).

Vi d\1 2: Tlm toa dQ giao diem A, B cua d6 thj hai ham so y = x2 va y = x + 2. GQi D, C
lc~n IU'Q't Ia h1nh chieu vuong g6c cua A, B len trvc hoanh. Tinh di~n tich t(r giac ABCD.
{£)e thi vao 10 tinh Bac Ninh nam hQC 2018- 2019)

Giai chi ti~t

Xet phU'ang tr1nh: x 2 = x + 2 <=> x2
- x- 2 = o <=> [x = - 1.
X=2

Thay X= -1 va X= 2 vao phU'O'ng tr1nh y =X+ 2 ta l§n IU'Q't

dU'Q'C y = 1 Va y = 4.
V~y A( -1;1), 8(2;4). Suy ra D( -1;0), C(2;0).
T(r giac ABCD Ia h1nh thang vuong nen c6 di~n tfch Ia:
(AD+ BC).DC (1 + 4).3 15 X
SABCD = = =-.
2 2 2

Vi d\1 3: Tren m~t phang toad() Oxy cho dU'ang thang (d): y = -x + 6 va parabol
(P): y = x 2 •
a) T1m toad() cac giao diem cua (d) va (P).
b) GQi A, B Ia hai giao diem cua (d) va (P). Tinh di~n tich tam giac OAB.
fDe vao 10 -

Giai chi ti~t

a) PhU'ang tr1nh hoanh d¢ giao diem cua (d) va (P) Ia: x 2 + x- 6 = o.

L1 = 25 > 0 suy ra phU'ang tr1nh c6 2 nghi~m ph an bi~t x = 2, x = -3.
V&i x = 2 th1 y = 4, suy ra A(2;4).
V&i x = -3 th1 y = 9, suy ra B( -3;9).
V~y (d) cat (P) t9i 2 diem phan bi~t A(2;4) va B( -3;9).
b) GQi A', B' lan IU'Q't Ia h1nh chieu cua Ava B xuong
trvc hoanh.
Ta c6: sllOAB = SAA'B'B - s!lOAA'- sllOBB'"
1 1
AIBI=ix8 , -xA·i=xA, -x8 , =5, AA =YA =4,BB =y8 =9.
881 9 4 65
Ta c6: SAA'B'B = AA I+ .A I B 1 = + .5 = (dvdt).
2 2 2
S!lOAA' = _! AA I .OA I = _! .4.2 = 4 (dvdt). I
2 2 B'r
S 8088 , = -.!aa~ .oa~ = -.!.9.3 =
27 (dvdt). -3 x
2 2 2
V ~Y di~n tich tam giac OAB 18: SwAa = SAA'B'B - 65 2
S•oAA' - S0813 • = - 4- ; = 15 (dvdt).
2
Nhan xet
Ne~ tinh di~n tich tam giac OAB, bang each trl)'c tiep SaAa = -.!oa.AH, trong d6 AH Ia
2
dU'ang cao ke ter dTnh A. De thay c6 the tinh dU'Q'c d9 dai doc;m OB, nhU'ng g~p kh6 khan
trong vi~c tinh dU'ang cao AH. Do v~y, ta nghT den vi~c tinh di~n tich tam giac OAB bang
each gian tiep nhU' tren.

Vi d&:~ 4: Trang m~t phang tQa d¢ Oxy, cho parabol (P): y = x 2 va dU'ang thang
(d): y = 2(m -1) x- m 2 +3m.
a) V&i m = 3, t1m tQa d¢ giao diem cua (d) va (P).
b) T1m m de (d) cat (P) t~i hai diem phan bi~t c6 hoanh dQ lan IU'Q't Ia chieu dai va

. cua h1nh chiJ' nhat

chieu rong . tich bang !__
. c6 dien 4
(Th i th ll' TH PT SO'n N()i nam hQC 8- 9)

Phan tich de bid

a) Giai phU'ang tr1nh hoanh d¢ giao diem cua (d) va (P) trong trU'ang hqp m = 3, tll' d6
t1m dU'Q'C tQa dQ giao diem cua (d) va (P). .
b) 0 cau nay ta phai tra lai dU'Q'C hai cau hoi:
+ T1m m de (d) cat (P) t~i hai diem phan bi~t.
+ Hoanh d¢ giao diem lan IU'Q't Ia chieu dai va chieu r¢ng cua h1nh chiJ' nh~t c6 di~n
tich bang !__
4
Gia sll' (d) cat (P) t~i hai diem phan bi~t c6 hoanh dQ lan IU'Q't Ia X1, X 2 • Theo gia thiet x 1, x 2
Ia chieu dai va chieu r¢ng cua h1nh chiJ' nh~t c6 di~n tich bang !_nen x 1,x2 Ia cac so dU'ang
' 7 4
va x1 .x2 = .
4
Giai chi tiet
Xet phU'ang tr1nh hoanh d¢ giao diem cua (d) va (P):
2 2 2 2
x = 2 ( m -1) x- m +3m<=> x - 2 ( m -1) x + m -3m= 0 (1)
0
a) V&i m = 3 th1 phU'ang tr1nh (1) tro thanh: x 2 - 4x = o <=> [x = .
X=4
Thay X= 0' X= 4 lan IU'Q't vao phU'O'ng trlnh cua parabol (P): y = X 2 ta dU'Q'C y = 0, y = 16.
V~y v&i m = 3 thl (d) va (P) cat nhau tc;ti hai diem phan bi$t A(O;O),B( 4;16).
b) De (d) cat (P) tc;ti hai diem phan bi$t c6 hoanh dQ lan IU'Q't Ia chieu dai va chieu r()ng
cUa hinh chCr nh.;\t c6 di$n tich bang ~ thi phU'ang trinh (1) ph8i c6 hal nghi$m dU'ang
7
A b'1~At x , x va' th oa man x .X =
p han 1 2 1 2
"> -
.
4
PhU'O'ng trlnh (1) c6 hai nghi$m dU'O'ng phan bi$t

l
~' > o
2 2
[( m -1) - ( m 3m) > 0 lm + 1 > o
~ X1 +X2 >0~ 2(m-1)>0 ~ m>1 ~{::~~m>3(*).
X 1X 2 >0 m 2 -3m > 0 m (m- 3) > 0

m = !_ (thea man (*))

Ta c6: X1X2 = !_ q m 2 -3m=!_ q 4m 2 -12m- 7 = 0 q 2 .
4 4 [ m = _ ~ (khong thea man (*))
2
. m = !_
Vay 2 Ia gia tri. can tim.

Trang m~t phang tQa d9 Oxy cho dU'ang thang (d): y = ( m + 2) x + 3 va parabol
(P): y = x2 •
a) ChLI'ng minh (d) va (P) cat nhau t9i hai diem phan bi$t.
b) Tim t~t ca cac gia tri cua m de (d) va (P) cat nhau tc;ti hai diem phan bi$t c6 hoanh
d9 Ia cac so nguyen.
10 Ha 8- 9)

bai
a) (d) va (P) cat nhau tc;ti hai diem phan bi$t khi va chi khi phU'O'ng trlnh hoanh d9 giao
diem cua chung lu6n c6 hai nghi$m ph an bi$t v&i mQi m.
b) GQi x1,x2 Ia hoanh dQ giao diem cua (d) va (P). VI X1,X2 nguyen nen x1 + x2 va x1x2
cOng Ia cac so
nguyen.
tiet
a) HoEmh dQ giao diem cua (d) va (P) Ia nghi$m cua phU'O'ng trlnh:
x 2 = ( m + 2) x + 3 q x 2 - ( m + 2) x - 3 = 0. (1)
Ta c6: a = 1 :t: 0.
2 2
Xet ~=(m+2) +4.3=(m+2) +12>0,'v'mE~ (vi (m+2) ~O,'v'mE~).
2

Do d6 phU'O'ng trlnh (1) lu6n c6 hai nghi$m phan bi$t. V~y (d) va (P) cat nhau t9i hai diem
phan biet v&i moi m.
b) GQi
.
x1, x2
.
Ia nghi$m cua phU'O'ng trlnh (1 ). Theo dinh If Vi-et:
{X +X~ =m+2
1
•
x1x2 --3
De X1, X2 E z ma x 1x 2 = -3 nen {x1 : -i
x2 - 3
ho~c {xx1 : ~ 1 ho~c {xx1 : -13
2 - 2
-
x1 = 1
ho~c _ .
{ x2 - -3
Suy ra x1+ X 2 = 2 <=> [m + 2 = 2 <=> [m = 0 .
[ x + x = -2 m + 2 = -2 m = -4
1 2

V$y v?'i m = 0 ho~c m = -4 thl (d) va (P) cat nhau t~i hai diem phan bi~t c6 hoanh de) Ia
cac so nguyen.

Vi dt;~ 6: Cho parabol (P): y = x 2 va dU'ang thang (d): y = -2mx- 4m (m Ia tham so).
a) Tim m de (d) cat (P) t~i hai diem phan bi~t A, B.
b) Gia sll' x1, x 2 Ia hoanh de) cua A, B. Tim m de lx11 + !x2l = 3.

Giai chi tiet

a) 8e (d) va (P) cat nhau t~i hai diem phan bi~t thl phU'ang trlnh hoanh de) giao diem:
2
x + 2mx + 4m = 0 c6 hai nghi~m phan bi~t [m >
4
<=> ~' > 0 <=> m 2 - 4m > 0 <=> m (m - 4) > 0 <=> .
m<O

b) Th eo h~ t h U'C V'1-e't ta co: {x1 + x2 =-2m .

A r r

x1x 2 =4m

+ Xet m > 4 thl x1x 2 = 4m > 0, do d6:

Jx,J + Jx,J =3 <=? Jx, + x,J =3 <=? j-2mj =3 <=?2m= 3 <=? m =% (lo;;ti vim> 4).
+ Xet m < 0 thl x1x 2 = 4m < 0, do d6: lx11 + lx21 = 3 <=> lx1- X 21 = 3
m= ~ (lo~i vi m < 0)
2
<=> 2.Jm 2 - 4m = 3 <=> 4m 2 -16m - 9 = 0 <=>
[m = _2 (th6a man)
2
A 1
V ay m=--.
. 2

Nh~n xet
a cau b) da sll' dl)ng trnh chat: IaI+ lbl = Ia + bl <=> ab ~ o va IaI+ lbl = Ia- bl <=> ab ~ o.
Ngoai ra, ta c6 the lam nhU' sau:
2
Ta c6: lx11 + lx21 = 3 <=> (lx11 + lx21) = 9 <=> x; +xi+
2lx1x21 = 9
2 2
<=> (x1+ x2) -2x1x2 +2lx1x21 =9 <=>4m -8m+8lml-9 =0. (*)

+ Neu m > 4 thl (*) tr& thanh:

4m 2 - Bm + Bm - 9 = 0 <=> 4m 2 - 9 = 0 <=> m = ±~ (lo~i vi m > 4 ).
2
+ Neu m < o thl (*) tr& thanh:
m =~ (lo~i vim< 0)
2
4m 2 - Bm - Bm - 9 = 0 <=> 4m 2 -16m - 9 = 0 <=>
[m = _2 (th6a man)
2
Cau 1: Xac djnh cac h~ so a, b de do thi cua ham so y =ax+ b di qua hai diem A ( 2; -2) va
B( -3;2).
(De thi vao 1o tlnh Quang Ninh nam hQc 2018- 2019)
Cau 2: Cho parabol (P): y = X 2 va dU'ang thang (d): y = -x + 2.
a) Ve parabol (P) va dU'ang thang (d) tren cung m(>t m~t phang tc;>a d¢ Oxy.
b) Tim tc;>a d(> giao diem cua parabol (P) va dU'ang thang (d) bang phep tfnh.
(De thi vao 1o tinh Binh Phw&c nam hQc 2018- 2019)
Cau 3: Cho parabol (P): y = ax 2 • Tim a biet rang parabol (P) di qua diem A(3;-3). Ve (P)
v&i a vera tim dU'Q'C.
Cau 4: Cho parabol (P): y = -x 2 va dU'ang thang (d): y = 2./3x + m + 1 (m Ia tham so).
a) Ve do thi (P).
b) Tim tat ca cac gia tri cua tham so m de (d) cat (P) t9i hai diem phan bi~t.
(De thi vao 10 tlnh Binh DwO'ng nam hQc 2018- 2019)
Cau 5: Tim tat ca cac gia tri cua tham so k de dU'ang thang d1 : y = -x + 3 cat dU'ang thang
d2 : y =X+ 2- k t9i m(>t diem nam tren trl)C hoanh.
Cau 6: Tim cac gia tri cua tham so m de ham so b~c nhat y = ( m- 2) x + 3 dong bien tren ~­
(De thi vao 10 tlnh Bac Giang nam hQc 2011 - 2012)
Cau 7: Cho hai dU'ang thang ( d1 ): y = 2x + 5, ( d2 ): y = -4x + 1 cat nhau t9i /. Tim m de
dU'ang thang ( d 3 ) : y = ( m + 1) x + 2m - 1 di qua diem /.
(De thi vao 10 tinh Hai DLPO'ng nam hQC 2011- 2012)
1
Cau 8: Cho dU'ang thang (dm):y= -m x+(1-m)(m+2) (m Ia tham so).
m+ 2
a) Tim m ali dU'l'Yng thiing ( dm) vuOng g6c v&i dU'l'Yng thang (d) : y = ±X - 3 .
b) V&i gia tri nao cua m thi (dm) Ia ham so dong bi~n?
(De thi vao 10 tinh Kien Giang nam hQc 2011 - 2012)
Cau 9: Cho ham so: y = mx + 1 (1 ), trong d6 m Ia tham so.
a) Tim m de do thi ham so (1) di qua diem A(1; 4). V&i gia trim vera tim dU'Q'c, ham so (1)
dong bien hay nghich bien tren ~?
b) Tim m de do thi ham so (1) song song v&i dU'ang thang (d) co phU'ang trlnh: x + y + 3 = o.
(De thi 10 tinh Ninh Binh nam hQC 2011 - 2012)
Cau 10: Cho ham so b~c nhat y =ax- 2 (1). Hay xac dinh h~ so a, biet rang a> 0 va do thi
cua ham so ( 1) cat trl)c hoanh va trl)c tung Ian IU'Q't t9i hai diem A, 8 sao cho 08 = 20A (voi 0
Ia goc toa d¢ ).
(De thi vao 10 thanh ph6 Da Nang nam hQC 2013- 2014)

Ciiu 11: Trong m~t ph~ng v&i hi;l toa dQ Oxy, cho parabol (P): y = ~ x 2 va dU'bng th~ng

(d):y=_!_X+~.
4 2
a) Ve do thi cua (P).
 b) A(x1;y1 ) va B(x2 ;y2 ) lan ILPQ't Ia cac giao di~m cua (d) va (P). Tlnh gia tri bi~u
thuc T = x1 + Xz .
Y1 + Yz
1o tinh Can Tha nam hQc 2017 - 2018)

Cho parabol (P): y = ..:!_ X2 va dU'ang thang (d): y =X+ 4.

2
a) Ve do thi cua (P).
b) GQi A, B Ia cac giao di~m cua hai do thi (d) va (P). Biet rang dan vi do tren cac trvc tQa
d9 Ia xentimet, tlm tat ca cac di~m M tren tia Ox sao cho di~n tich tam giac MAB bang
30cm 2 .
(£)~ thi vao 10 Nang nam hQC 2016- 2017)
Cho parabol (P): y = x 2 va dLP<Yng thang d: y =(2m -1)x- m + 2 (m Ia tham so)
a) Chung minh rang v&i mQi m dLP<Yng thang (d) luon cat (P) t~i hai di~m phan bi~t.
b) Tim cac gia tri cua m d~ dLP<Yng thang (d) luon cat (P) t~i hai di~m phan bi~t A(x1;y1),
B(xz;Yz) thea man x1y1 + XzYz = 0.
thi vao 10 tinh Binh Djnh nam hQC 2017 - 2018)

Trong mi;it phl!ng t9a dQ Oxy, cho parabol (P): y = ~X

2
va dU'<'mg thl!ng
(d): y = x+m.
a) Ve (d) va (P) tren cung mot m~t phang tQa dQ khi m = 2.
b) Djnh cac gia tri cua m d~ (d) cat (P) t~i hai di~m phan bi~t Ava B.
c) Tim gia tri cua m d~ d9 dai do~n thang AB = 6J2.
(£)~ thi vao 10 tinh Ti~n Giang nam hQc 2018- 2019)
2
1 Cho parabol (P): y = x va dLP<Yng thang (d): y =(2m -1)x- 2m+ 2.
a) Xac dinh tQa dQ giao di~m cua (d) va (P) khi m = 0.
b) Tim m d~ (d) va (P) cat nhau t~i hai di~m phan bi~t C(x1;y1 ),D(x2 ;y2 ) thea man
3
x1 <2<Xz·
vao 10 tinh Ti~n Giang nam hQc 2018- 2019)

, so:
£) ap " 4 b = --.
a = --, 2
5 5

a) HS tl! lam.
b) PhLPang trlnh hoanh dQ giao di~m cua (d) va (P) Ia:
2 2 X= -2 => y = 4
X = -X + 2 ¢::> X + X 2 = 0 ¢::> (X + 2) (X -1) = 0 ¢::> •
[
X=1=>y=1
V?ytQad()giaodiem cua (d) va (P) Ia (-2;4),(1;1).
(P) di qua diem A(3;-3) nen ta c6 -3 = 32 .a <=>a=_!.
3
VC}.YP=--X.
~ 1 2
3

a) HS tl! ve hlnh.
b) Bap so: m < 2.

Ta thay hai dU'ang thang d1;d2 luon cat nhau:

+ 8U'6'ng thang d1 cat trl:JC hoanh tq.i diem A(3;0).

+ 8U'6'ng thang d2 cat trl:JC hoanh tq.i diem B(k- 2;0).

+ f)e hai dU'ang thang d1; d2 cat nhau t~i m(;)t diem tren trl:JC hoanh th1 k- 2 = 3 <=> k = 5.
V~y k=5.

Be ham so b~c nhat y = ( m- 2) x + 3 d6ng bien tren JR th1 m- 2 > o <=> m > 2.

-2

!
X=-
~ ,

Toa do /Ia ngh1em cua he

. .
• ~
.
? ~
.
{yY=-4X+1 <=>
= 2x + 5
11
3 .
Y=-
3
Do ( d 3 )
2
di qua diem I nen .!! = - ( m + 1) +2m -1 <=> m = 4.
3 3

a) Be dU'ang thang ( dm) vuong g6c v&i dU'ang thang (d) thl

1-m.!= _ 1 <=> {4m + 8 +1-m= 0 <=> m = _3 .

m+2 4 m:t2
1 1
b)Behamso Y= -m x+(1-m)(m+2) d6ngbienthl -m >0<=>-2<m<1.
m+2 m+2

a) Ta c6 y = mx + 1 di qua A ( 1; 4) khi va chi khi 4 = m + 1 <=> m = 3.

Khi d6 dU'ang thang y = 3x + 1 d6ng bien tren JR.
o
b) Ta c6 x + y + 3 = <=> y = -x- 3, d6 thi ham so (1) song song v&i dU'ang thang (d) khi
m=-1
{1 ::j: -3 .
V~y m =-1.
 cau 10
Ta c6 A(~.o} 8(0,-2), dli 08 = 20A ¢'> 4 = 4.; ¢'> a 2 = 4 =>a= 2.

cau 11
a) HS tl! ve.

-~2
2
b) PhU'ang tr1nh hoanh d<) giao diem cua (d) va (P) Ia: !x
2
_!x
2_
4
= 0 <::? lx =
X=--
3.
2

Giao diem cua (d) va (P) Ia A(2;2), a(-~;~J. V~y T = y1x, +X2 = 2+(-%J 4
2 8 + y2 2+~ 25
8
cau 12
a) HS tl! lam.
b) Giao diem cua (d) va (P) Ia A( -2;2), B( 4;8).
GQi M (m;O) thu<)c tia Ox (m > 0). GQi C( -2;0), D( 4;0) l§n IU'Q't Ia h1nh chi~u cua Ava B
tren Ox.
Xet hai trU'ang hqp:
Trli'<Yng hQ'p 1: M thu<)c doc;m 00: Ta c6:SAMa = SAaoc- SAcM- SaoM·
C6 ABDC Ia h1nh thang, AC = 2cm,BD = 8cm,CD = 6cm.
:::::> S ABDC = 30Cm2.
Suy ra S AMa < 30cm 2 (lo<;li).
Trll'ang hQ'p 2: M thu<)c tia Dx ( M *D)=> m > 4.
Ta c6: SAMa = SAaoc- SAcM +SaoM
S ABDC = 30Cm2
1 1 2
SAcM =-AC.CM=-.2.(m+2)=m+2(cm)
2 2
1 1 2
SaoM = BD.DM = .8.(m-4)=4(m-4)(cm )
2 2
2
:::::>SAMB =30cm <=?SACM =SaoM <=?m+2=4(m-4)<=?m=6.
V~y M(6;0).

cau 13
a) PhU'ang tr1nh hoanh d<) giao diem: x 2 - (2m -1) x + m- 2 = 0 (*).
Ta c6: ~=4m 2 - 8m + 9 = 4 ( m -1t +52 5 > 0 vai moi m .
V~y parabol luon cat dU'ang thang t9i hai diem phan bi~t.
b) V1 X1, X2 Ia nghi~m cua phU'ang tr1nh (*) nen theo h~ th(rc Vi-etta c6: {xx x ~
1

1 2
+
2 1
= m- .
-m-2
 A 1
V ay m=-.
. 2

a) HS tl)' lam.
1
b) PhU'ang trinh hoanh d9 giao diem cua (d) va (P) Ia: x 2 = x+ m~ x 2 - 2x- 2m= o (1)
2
(d) cat (P) t9i hai diem phan bi~t khi va chi khi phU'ang trlnh (1) c6 hai nghi~m phan bi~t
1
~ ~'>0 ~ 1+2m >0 ~ m >--.
2
c) Gia st:P A(x1;y1), B(x2;y2), v&i x1,X2 Ia hai nghi~m cua phU'ang trlnh (1). Thea dinh li
, {x1 + x2 = 2
. , t co:
V1-e
x1x 2 =-2m·
Ta c6: y 1 = x1 + m; y 2 = X2 + m.
Thea gia thi~t: AB = 6J2 ~ ~.---(x----x-)- 2 = 6J2 ~ ~2(x - x )2 = 6-J2
1 2
2
-+-(y----y--)
1 2 1 2
~ ~( x1- x2) = 6 ~ x1 - 2x1x2 + = 36 ~ ( x1 + X2)2 - 4x1X2 = 36
2 2 x;
~ 4 + Bm = 36 ~ m = 4 (thea man).

5
a) HS tl)' lam.
b) PhU'ang trlnh hoanh dQ giao diem cua (d) va (P) Ia:
x = (2m -1) x- 2m+ 2 ~ x -(2m -1) x +2m-2= 0 (1)
2 2

Nh~n thay a+ b + c = 1+[-(2m -1)] +(2m-2)= 0 nen phU'ang trinh (1) c6 hai nghi~m
x1 = 1; x2 = 2m - 2.
(d) cat (P) t9i hai diem phan bi~t khi va chi khi phU'ang trlnh (1) c6 hai nghi~m phan bi~t
3
~ X1 =f::. X2 ~ 1=f::. 2m-2 ~ m =f::.- (*).
2
~ 3 ' 3 7
De X1 < < X2 th 1 x 2 = 2m - 2 > <=> m > .
2 2 4

Kl!t hqp v&i di~u ki~n (*) suy ra m > ~.

~-
Sll' dvng quy tac bi§n doi tLPang dLPang:
• Nhan ca h8i ve v&i so
khac 0.
• Chuyen ve.

1: Giai phLPang tr1nh: 5x + 8 = 3 ( x- 4) ( 1).

Ghii chi th~t

( 1) <=> 5x + 8 = 3x -12 <=> 5x- 3x = -12- 8 <=> 2x = -20 <=> x = -10.
V~y nghi~m CU8 phLPang tr1nh Ia X= -10.
.... h t , h 3x + 2 1- 2x 4x + 1 3
VI G181 p LPO'ng nn : - - - - - = - - + - (2).
4 3 6 4

ti~t

( ) <=> 3(3x+2) _ 4(1-2x) = 2(4x+1) +~<=> 9x+6-4+8x = 8x+2+9

2
12 12 12 12 12 12
<=> 17 x + 2 = 8x + 11 <=> 9x = 9 <=> x = 1.
V~y nghi~m CU8 phLPO'ng trinh Ia X= 1.

G.181
.. . h t , h X+1 X +2 X+3 X+4
p LPO'ng nn : - - + - - = - - + - - (3).
2018 2017 2016 2015

(3) ~ (;0~~ +1) +(;o~~ +1) = (;o~! +1) +(;o~: +1) ~~~g ~~a~~~~~~~&~ci3) t6ng
X+2019 X+2019 X+2019 X+2019 (X+ 2019) nem CQng moi phan
¢::> + = + ? T )

2018 2017 2016 2015 thCrc v&i 1(cong c8 h8i ve v&i 2

¢::> X+ 2019 +X+ 2019 _X+ 2019 _X+ 2019 = O 1 1 1 1
Do--+--<--+---
2018 2017 2016 2015 2018 2017 2016 2015
2019 ( 1 1 1 1 )
Nen:
<=> (x+ ) 2018 + 2017-2016-2015 =O
¢::>X+ 2019 = 0 ¢::>X= -2019. __1_+_1___ 1___ 1_:;t:O.
2018 2017 2016 2015
Bai toan tim dieu ki~n cua tham so de phU'ang trinh c6 nghi~m, vo nghi~m ho~c vo so
nghi~m:

ax

Vi d~;~ 1: Giai phU'ang trinh sau v&i a Ia tham so: a ( x -1) = x -1- (a -1)
2
( 1).
Giai chi tiet
(1) <=> ax- x = -a 2 + 2a -1-1 + a
<=> (a -1) x = -a 2 + 3a - 2 (2)
• Neu a= 1 thi (2) tra thanh: O.x = 0 (luon dung). Suy ra phU'ang trinh (1) c6 vo so nghi~m.
nghi~m duy nh§t
2
3 2
• Neu a =t- 1 thi (2) <=> x = -a + a- = 2- a. PhU'ang trinh (1) c6
a-1
x = 2- a.
V~y, v&i a = 1 thi phU'ang trinh c6 vo so nghi~m;
V&i a =t- 1 thi phU'ang trinh c6 nghi~m duy nh§t x = 2- a.

Vi d~;~ 2: Cho phU'ang trinh v&i tham so a: a (ax+ 1)- 3 = x ( 4a- 3) (1).
Tim dieu ki~n cua a de phU'ang trinh
a) c6 nghi~m x = 1.
b) c6 nghi~m duy nhat.
c) vo nghi~m.
d) vo so nghi~m.
 Giai chi tiet
Ta c6: ( 1) <=> a2 x +a- 3 = 4ax- 3x <=> a2 x- 4ax + 3x = 3- a <=> (a2 - 4a + 3) x = 3- a ( 2 ).
a) De phU'ang tr1nh (1) c6 nghi~m x = 1 th1
{a' - 4a + 3) .1 = 3 - a ¢'> a 2 - 3a = 0 ¢'> a (a - 3) = 0 ¢'> [: : ~·
V~y v&i a= 0 ho~c a= 3 th1 phU'ang tr1nh (1) c6 nghi~m x = 1.
b) PhU'ang tr1nh (1) c6 nghi~m duy nhat khi a 2
- 4a + 3 :;to<=> {a* .
1
a:;t3
3-a -1
Khi d6: X= 2 4 3 --1·
a - a+ a-
V~y v&i a :;t 1 va a :;t 3 thi phU'ang trinh (1) c6 nghi~m duy nhat x = -
1
.
a- 1

c) PhU'ang tr1nh (1) vo nghi~m <=> {a3-a:;t:O

2
4a+ 3
- =
0 <=> j[:: ~¢'>a=
a:;t3
1.

:;:::~::t:i~:i ~::::: t:::i;~: {n:,h~~: 3-a=O

+ 3 = 0 ¢'> j[::~ ¢'>a = 3.
a=3
V~y v&i a= 3 th1 phU'ang tr1nh (1) vo so nghi~m.

Cau 1: Giai cac phU'ang tr1nh sau

2 2
a) 0,5(3x+1)-2=3,5-x; d) ( 2 + 3x ) -5 ( x -1) ( x- 3) = ( 2x + 1) ;
b) 7x+2 = 3x-1. e) 5x+3 _ x-2 = 3 X_ 7 .
5 4 ' 2 4 '
C) X + 3 + 2X - 7 = X + 11. 3 3 2
f) (X - 2) + (X + 2) = 2 (X + 3) ( X - 3 X + 9).
6 3 2 '
Cau 2: Giai cac phU'ang tr1nh sau
a) X -1 +X- 3 =X+ 5 +X+ 7.
35 37 29 27 '
b) x-1_ x+1 + x-2 _ X+2 + x-3 _ x+3 =O.
99 101 98 102 97 103
Cau 3: Giai phU'ang tr1nh v&i a Ia hang so: a ( x- a -1) = x- 2.

Cau 4: Tim a de
phU'ang tr1nh a2 ( x -1) +a= x(3a- 2)
a) c6 nghi~m x = 2.
b) vo nghi~m.
c) vo so nghi~m.
d) c6 nghi~m duy nhat nh6 han 2.
 cau 1
a) Rut gQn dU'qc: 2,5x = 5. Dap so: x = 2.
b) Rut gQn dU'qc: 13x = -13. Dap so: x = -1.
c) Rut gQn dU'qc: 2x = 44. Dap so: x = 22.
d) Khai trien hang dang th(rc, rut gQn dU'a phU'ang trinh v~ phU'ang trinh b~c nhat mot an.
Rut gon
. dU'ac:
. 2Bx = 12. Dap so: x = !!_.
7
e) Rut gQn dU'qc: 3x = 36. Dap so: 12.
f) Khai trien cac hang dang th(rc ta dU'qc:
3 2 3 2 3
(x -6x +12x-8)+(x +6x +12x+8)=2(x +27).
Rut gon . 24x =54.
. dU'ac: Dap so: x = ~.
4
cau 2
a) Gong 1 vao moi phan th(rc ta dU'Q'C:
X+34 + X+ 34 = X+ 34 + X+ 34 ¢:> (X+ 34 ) (-1 + _1 __1 __
1 = O. J
35 37 29 27 35 37 29 27
V~y x = -34.
b) Them bat 1 vao tling ph an so
x-1 x+1 x-2 x+2 x-3 x+3
---1---+1+---1---+1+---1---+1=0
99 101 98 102 97 103

~ ( x9~1_ 1 J -( ~;11_ 1 ) +( x9~2 _ 1)-( ~;22 _ 1)+( x9;3 _ 1)-( ~;: _ 1) = 0

X -1 00 X -1 00 X -1 00 X -1 00 X -1 00 X -1 00 __ O
¢:> + +---
99 101 98 102 97 103
1 1 1 1 1 1)
<=>(x- 100) ( 99+98+97-101-102-103 =O.
V~y nghi~m cua phU'ang trinh Ia x = 100.
cau 3
Bien doi phU'ang trinh v~: (a -1)x = a2 +a- 2 (2).
TH1: a= 1 thi (2) tr& thanh: 0 = 0. Suy ra phU'ang trinh c6 v6 so nghi~m.
(a -1)(a + 2)
TH2: a:;t1 thi (2)<=>x= =a+2.
(a -1)
PhU'ang trinh c6 nghi~m duy nhat x =a + 2.
cau 4
PhU'ang trinh da cho tU'ang dU'ang v&i
<=> a2 x - a2 + a = 3ax - 2x <=> a2 x - 3ax + 2x = a2 - a
2
<=> ( a - 3a + 2) x = ( a2 -a)<=> (a -1) (a- 2) x =a (a -1) (2 ).
a) De phU'ang trinh (1) c6 nghi~m x = 2 thi
(a-1)(a-2)2 =a(a-1) ~ (a-1)(a -4) = 0 ~ [: ::·
 (a -1) (a - 2) = 0
b) PhU'ang trinh (1) v6 nghi~m <=> <=>a= 2.
{a(a -1) * 0
(a -1) (a - 2) = 0
c) PhU'ang trlnh ( 1) v6 so nghi~m <=>
{a ( a-1 ) =0 <=> a = 1.

d) PhU'ang trlnh (1) c6 nghi~m duy nhat <=> (a -1)( a- 2) * o<=>{a* 1 (*).
a*2
Khi d6: x =_a_.
a-2
Xet _a_< 2 <=> a- (2a- 4) < 0 <=> -a+ 4 < 0 (**)
a-2 a-2 a-2

• TH1: a- 2 > 0 =>a> 2, khi d6 (**)-a+ 4 < 0 <::>a> 4. Suy ra a> 4.

• TH2: a - 2 < 0 => a < 2, khi d6 (**)-a + 4 > 0 <::> a < 4. Suy ra a < 2.

Ket hqp v&i (*) ta dU'Q'C a> 4 ho~c 1 *a< 2; th1 phU'ang trlnh c6 nghi~m duy nhat x < 2.
 ~< 0 ~'<0
PhU'ang trlnh v6 nghi~m. PhU'ang trlnh v6 nghi~m.

~=0 ~'=0

PhU'ang tr1nh c6 nghi~m kep: PhU'ang trlnh c6 nghi~m kep:

b b'
X =X=--. X =X=--.
1 2 2a 1 2 a

PhU'O'ng trlnh c6 hai nghi~m PhU'ang trlnh c6 hai nghi~m

phan bi~t: phan bi~t:
-b'-5-.
x1 = '
X = -b-.fi; a
1
2a -b'+5'
X2=---
[X = -b+.fi a
2
.
2a
Neu phU'ang tr1nh

PhU'ang tr1nh c6 hai nghi$m

trai dau khi va chi khi ac < o.

Neu hai so u va v thoa man

th1 hai so d6 Ia cac nghi$m cua phU'ang tr1nh
 Xac djnh cac h$ s6 a, b, c K€lt lu~n nghi$m.
trong phU'ang trinh a ::f:. 0

,,
Vi dv 1: Giai phU'crng trlnh x 2 - 4x + 4 = o.
Giai chi tiet
each 1:Ta c6: a=1; b'=-2; c=4; ~'=(-2) -4=0.
2

V~y phu>ang trinh c6 nghi~m kElp x = -(~2 ) = 2.

each 2: X2 - 4X + 4 = 0 <=> (X- 2t = 0 <=>X- 2 = 0 <=>X= 2.
V~y phU'crng tr1nh c6 nghi~m x = 2.

Vi dv 2: Giai phU'crng tr1nh 3x2 - 7x + 2 = o.

Giai chi tiet
Ta c6 ~ = ( -7) - 4.3.2 = 25 > 0.
2
-( -7) + J25
PhU'crng tr1nh c6 hai nghi~m phan bi~t Ia X1 = . = 2;
23
-(-7)--125 1
X=
2 =-·
2.3 3

Vi dv 3: Giai phU'crng tr1nh 2x + ( 2- -J3) x- -J3 = o

2

Giai chi tiet

Ta c6 a = 2; b = 2 - -J3; c = --J3.
Nh~nth§ya-b+c=2-2+-J3--J3=0. J33
V~y phu>ang trinh c6 hai nghi~m philn bi~t x1 = -1; x2 =
2

Vi dv 4: Giai phU'crng tr1nh 4x 2

- 7x -1 = 0

a) Chll'ng minh rang phU'crng tr1nh luon c6 hai nghi~m x1 ,x2 phan bi~t.
b) Khong giai phU'crng tr1nh, tiay tinh gia tri cua cac bieu thll'c.

e = ( X1 - 4) ( X 2 - 4 ).
C = ( x1- 4 )( x2 - 4) = x1x2 - 4 x1- 4 x2 + 16
= x1X2 - 4 ( x1+ x2) + 16

=(-~)-4.: +16
35
4'
7
D -__1 + _1 -- x1 +x2-- 4 --7·
- '
x1 x2 x1x2 _ _!
4
t
E = x; + x; = (x1+ x2 -3x~x2 -3x1x;
= ( x1t -3x1x2 ( x1 + x2)
+ x2

=(~J -3.(-~}~
427
64

Vi d~;~ 5: Cho phU'ang trinh x2 -1 Ox- 8 = 0 c6 hai nghi~m x1 , x2 •

Khong giai phU'ang trinh, hay trnh gia tri cua cac bieu th(fc:
C = ( x1 - x2) ( x; - x; ) = ( x1 - x2) ( x1 - X2) ( x1+ X2)
= ( x1 - x2 )2 ( x1 + x2 )
=(x; +x; -2x1x2 )(x1 +x2 )
= [ 116- 2( -8)] .1 0 = 1320;
=x; +x; -2x1x 2 =>0 2 =132.
2 2
D=lx1 -x2 I=>D =(x1 -x2 )

=> D = 2)33 (Vi D > 0).

E = x14 + x24 = x14 + x24 + 2x12 x22 - 2x12 x22
=( x; + x;t -2 (x 1X 2 )
2

2
=116 2 -2.(-8) =13328.
5 5
F = x1 + x2
t
x; +x; =(x1 +X2 -3x1x 2 (x1+x2 )=10 3 -3.10.(-8)=1240
F = x15 + x25 = ( x12 + x22)( x13 + x23) - x12 x23 - x13 x22
= ( x; + x; ) ( x; + x; ) - x; x; (X1+ X2)
= 116.1240 - ( -8 t 10 = 143200.

a~nh li vi-et dao

Tfnh tong va tfch u, vIa hai nghi~m cua phll'ang trlnh

U+V=S X2 -SX +P =0.
uv =P

1: L~p phU'ang trinh c6 hai nghi~m 2 + .J3 va 2- .J3.

Ta c6: S = x1 + x2 = (2 + .J3) + ( 2- .J3) = 4.

P = X1X2 = ( 2 + 13). (2 - v/3) = 4 - 3 = 1.
PhU'ang trlnh c6 hai nghi~m 2 + .j3 va 2- .J3 Ia: x 2
- 4x + 1 = 0.

Tim hai so u, v trong cac trU'ang hqp sau

a) u + v = 5 va uv = 4.
b) u2 + v2 = 34 va uv = 15.
Giai chi
a) Ap dl)ng djnh II Vi-et dao th1 u, vIa nghi~m cua phU'ang tr1nh:
X 2 -sx +4 =O
2
L1 = ( -5) - 4.4 = 9 > 0 suy ra phU'ang tr1nh c6 hai nghi~m phan bi~t:
5+3 5-3
x1 = 2 =4; x2 =-2-=1.
V$y cac c$p so ( u; v) thea man Ia ( 4;1), (1;4)

b) Ta co
,
u2 + v2 = 34 <=> ( u + v) 2 - 2uv = 34 <=> (u + v) 2 = 34 + 2uv = 64 <=> [u + v = 8 ·
U+ V = -8
TrU'ang hqp 1: u + v = 8 va uv = 15
Ap dl)ng dinh II Vi-et dao th1 ( u; v) Ia nghi~m cua phU'ang tr1nh:
X 2 -8X +15=0
2
L1 = ( -8 ) -4.15 = 4 > 0 suy ra phU'ang tr1nh c6 hai nghi~m ph an bi~t:
x1 = 8 + 2 = s· x2 = 8 - 2 = 3.
2 ' 2
Cac c$p so (u;v) thea man la(5;3), (3;5).
TrU'ang hqp 2: u + v = -8 va uv = 15
Ap dl)ng dinh II Vi-et dao th1 ( u; v) Ia nghi~m cua phU'ang tr1nh:
X 2 +8X +15=0
2
L1 = 8 - 4.15 = 4 > 0 suy ra phU'ang tr1nh c6 hai nghi~m phan bi~t Ia
-8+2 -8-2
x1 =-2-=-3;X2 =-2-=-5.

Cac c$p so(u;v)th6a manIa (-5;-3), (-3;-5).

V$y cac c$p so(u;v)th6a manIa (5;3), (3;5), (-5;-3), (-3;-5).

Vi Cho phU'ang tr1nh x 2 - 2 ( m- 2) x- 6 = 0 (m Ia tham so) c6 hai nghi~m x1, x 2.

L$p phU'ang tr1nh c6 hai nghi~m x2 va ~.
x1 x2
chi tiet
PhU'ang tr1nh x 2 - 2 ( m- 2) x- 6 = 0 c6 ac < 0 nen phU'ang tr1nh c6 hai nghi~m x 1, x 2
phan bi~t.
,
Ap dl)ng djnh li Vi-et, ta dU'qc:
{X + X
1
_
= 2 ( m - 2)
2
.
x1x2 - -6
£>at u = x2 v = ~ ·
. x1 ' x2 '
Ta c6 s = u + v = x2 + ~ = x; + X~ = ( x1 + x2 )2 - 2x1x2 = [ 2 ( m - 2)
x 1 x2 x 1x 2 x1x 2 -6
r
+ 12 = -2m2 + Bm -14
3
X2 X1
P=U.V=- . - =1
x1 x2
PhU'ang tr1nh c6 hai nghi~m x 2 va ~ Ia:
x1 x2

X2 - -
2 2
m + :m - 14
X+ 1 = 0 <=> 3X2 +(2m 2 - 8m+ 14)X +3 = 0.
 Bi~n lu~n theo m s6 nghi~m cua phU'ang trinh ax +bx +c = 0
2

b=C=O

a=O
b=O, c :;t:Q

Tim m d~ phU'ang trinh c6 nghi~m thoa man di~u ki~n (*) cho tm&c

Tfnh ~ hoc;lc ~· ChLI'ng minh PT luon Bi~u di~n (*)qua t6ng Giai di~u ki~n (*). So sanh m vera
c6 nghi~m hoc;lc dc;lt va tfch cac nghi~m rbi tim dU'Q'C v&i (**)
di~u ki~n d~ PT c6 quam. va k~t lu~n.
nghi~m (**). Ap dt,tng Vi-et.

Vi d~;t 1: Cho phU'O'ng trinh x 2 - 5x + m + 1 = 0 (m Ia tham so).

a) Tim m de
phU'O'ng trinh c6 mot nghi~m bang 2.
b) Tim m de
phU'O'ng trinh c6 nghi~m kep.
c) Tim m de
phU'O'ng trinh c6 hai nghi~m phan bi~t x 1, x2 sao cho lx x 1< 5.
1- 2

Giid chi tiet

a) PhU'O'ng trinh c6 mot nghi~m bang 2 khi va chi khi 22 - 5.2 + m + 1 = 0 ¢=> m = 5.
V~y vcri m = 5 thi phU'O'ng trinh c6 mot nghi~m bang 2.
b) PhU'ang trlnh c6 nghi~m kElp <=>A= 0 <=> ( -5)
2
- 4( m + 1) = 0 <=> m = ~1 .
c) PhU'O'ng trlnh c6 hai nghi~m phan bi~t
2 21
¢=> L1 > 0 ¢=> ( -5) - 4 ( m + 1) > 0 ¢::>21-4m> 0 ¢::> m < .
4
 A, p d ~;Jng d'1n h I,1v·1-e,t , t a co:
, {x + x
1 2 = 5
x1x 2 =m+1
Theo de bai ta c6:
2 2
lx1 - x21 < 5 <:::> ( X1 - x 2) < 25 <:::> x~
+xi - 2x1x 2 < 25 <:::> (x1 + x 2) - 4x1x2 < 25
<=> 25- 4 ( m + 1) < 25 <:::> -4 ( m + 1) < 0 <:::> m + 1 > 0 <:::> m > -1.
Ke~th ap
. ha1'd'>..
1eu k'"
. ta dU'ac:-
1en .
21
1 < m <-.
4
V ay- 1 <m<-·
A 21
. 4

Vi dl}2: Cho phU'ang trinhx2 -(m+2)x+3m-3 =0 (1) v&i x Ia an, m Ia tham so.
a) Giai phU'ang trlnh (1) khi m = -1.
b) Tim cac gia tri cua m de phU'ang trlnh (1) c6 hai nghi~m phan bi~t x1, x2 sao cho x1, x2
Ia do dai hai c~nh g6c vuong cua mot tam giac vuong c6 do dai c~nh huyen bang 5.
(£>e thi vao 10 tinh Bac Giang nam hQC 2018 - 2019)

Giai chi tiet

a) V&i m = -1 th1 phU'ang tr1nh (1) tr& thanh x 2 - x- 6 = 0.
Ta c6: ~ = ( -1) - 4. 1. (-6) = 25.
2

1 1
Ph U'ang t n' nh co, ha1. ng h'"
u;~m ph"
an b'"t
1~ X1 = +ffs = 3; X2 = -ffs = - 2 ·
2 2
V~y v&i m = -1 th1 phU'ang tr1nh c6 hai nghi~m phan bi~t x1 = 3; x 2 = -2.

b) Yeu cau cua bai toan Ia tim dieu ki~n cua tham so m de phU'ang tr1nh (1) c6 hai nghi~m
phan bi~t Xv x2 Ia do dai hai c~nh g6c vuong cua mot tam giac vuong c6 do dai c~nh huyen
bang 5 tll'c x~ + x~ =52.
PhU'ang tr1nh (1) c6 hai nghi~m phan bi~t x 1,X2 dU'ang khi va chi khi

¢> !(
2
il > 0 m - 4) > 0

{
m+2>0 m >-2 ¢>{:::.
3m-3>0 m>l
,
Ap d~;Jng dinh If Vi-etta c6:
{x + x
1 2 = m+2
.
x1x2 = 3m- 3
2
Ta c6: x~ +xi= 52 <:::> ( x1 + x2) - 2x1x 2 = 25
2 M¢t s6 dang thlJ'c c~n nh&
<:::> ( m + 2) - 2 (3m - 3) = 25
xi+ x~ = (x 1 +X 2 ) -2x1X2
2
2
<:::> m - 2m -15 = 0

<=> [m = 5 (thoa man)

x; + x~ = (x +x t -3X X (x +X
1 2 1 2 1 2)

m = -3 (lo~i)
V~y m=5.
Vi dl} 3: Cho phU'ang trlnh: x 2 + 2mx + m 2 + m = 0 ( 1)
a) Giai phU'ang trlnh (1) khi m = -1.
b) Tim gia tri cua m de phU'ang trlnh (1) c6 hai nghi$m phan bi$t.
c) Tim gia tri cua m de phU'ang trlnh (1) c6 hai nghi$m phan bi$t x 1, x 2 thea man dieu
ki$n: (x1 -x2 )(x~ -xi)=32. ·
o
(Trich e~ tuyen sinh vao lop 1 tinh Thwa Thien Hue nam 2018- 2019)

Giai chi tiet . [X = 0

a) V&i m = -1 thl phU'ang trlnh (1) tr& thanh x 2 - 2x = 0 <=> x( x- 2) = 0 <=> ·
X=2
V~y m = -1 thl phU'ang trlnh c6 hai nghi$m phan bi$t x 1 = 0 vax2 = 2.
b) PhU'ang trlnh (1) c6 hai nghi$m phan bi$t khi va chi khi
L1' >0 <=> m 2 -(m 2 +m) >0 <=> -m >0 <=> m < 0.
V~y v&i m < 0 thl phU'ang trlnh (1) c6 hai nghi$m phan bi$t.

c) V&i m < 0 phU'ang trlnh (1) c6 hai nghi$m phan bi$t x 1, x 2 •

, , {x1 +x2 =-2m
Ap dt,mg djnh li Vi-et ta c6: ·
2
x1x2 =m +m
Ta c6:
( X1 - X2) (X~ - xi )= ( X
1 - X2) ( X1 - X2) ( X1 + X2)
2
= ( X1 - X2) ( X1+ X2)

=(x~ +xi -2x1x2)(x1+x2)

2
= [ ( x1+ X2) - 4 x1X2 J(X1+ X2)
= [ (-2m t - 4 ( m2 + m) J(-2m)
2

:=
= ( -4m)( -2m)= 8m ;
Theo d~ bfli, ta c6: (x,- x2 )(x~ -xn = 32 ¢>8m 2 2
=32 ¢> m =4 ¢> [ :
2
·
Ma m < onen m = -2 thea man.
V~y v&i m = -2 thl phU'ang trlnh thea man de bai.

Vi dl} 4: Cho phU'ang trlnh: x 2 - mx + m- 4 = 0 (1) (x Ia an so, m Ia tham so).

a) Giai phU'ang trlnh khi m = 8.
b) Chung minh rang phU'O'ng trlnh luon c6 hai nghi$m phan bi$t X1, x2 v&i mQi m. Tim
tat ca cac gia tri nguyen dU'O'ng cua m de ( 5x1 -1) ( 5x2 -1) < 0
(Trich e~ thi vao 10 tinh Ninh Binh nam 2018-- 2019)

Giai chi tiet

a) V&i m = 8 thl phU'ang trlnh (1) tr& thanh x 2 - Bx + 4 = o.
2
Ta c6 L1' = ( -4 ) - 4 = 12. PhU'ang trlnh c6 hai nghi$m ph an bi$t Ia
x1 = 4 + .fi2; x2 = 4 - .fi2.
V~y v&i m = 8 thl phU'ang trlnh c6 hai nghi$m phan bi$t Ia x1 = 4 + .fi2; x 2 = 4- .fi2.
 2 2 2
b) PhU'ang trinh (1) c6 Ll = (-m ) -4 ( m- 4) = m 2 - 4m + 16 = m - 4m + 4 + 12 = ( m- 2) + 12
=> Ll > 0, Vm. PhU'ang trinh (1) luon c6 hai nghi~m phan bi~t x 1, x2 v&i moi m.
Ap dl)ng dinh If Vi-et ta c6: {X1 + ~ = m .
x 1x 2 -m-4
Ta c6: (5x1 -1)(5x2 -1) = 25x1x 2 - 5x1 - 5x2 + 1
=25x1x 2 -5(x1 +x2 )+1
= 25(m -4)-5m +1 =20m -99;
99
Thea de bai, ta c6 (5x1 -1)(5x2 -1) < 0 <=>20m- 99 < o<=> m < ·
20
Ma m Ia so nguyen dU'ang nen m E {1; 2; 3; 4}·
VE}.y mE {1;2;3;4}·
M<Y r9ng:
• Bai toan tim dieu ki~n cua tham so m de x 1 <a< x2 thi
x1 <a {x1 -a< 0
<::> <=> ( x1 - a) ( x2 - a) < 0.
{ x >a x -a> 0
2 2

• Bai toan tim dieu ki~n cua tham so m de x 1 < x2 <a thi
x1 < a <=> {x1 - a < 0 <=> {( x1 - a) ( x2 - a) > 0.
{x <a X2 - a < 0 x1 + x2 < 2a
2
• Bai toan tim dieu ki~n cua tham so
m dex2 > x 1 > athi
x1 >a <=> {x1 - a> 0 <=> {(x1 - a)( x 2 - a)> 0. ·
{X >a X2 - a>0 x1 + x2 > 2a
2

Cac bU'&c giai tiep thea ta ap dl)ng dinh li Vi-et lam tU'ang tl)' vr dl) 4.

Vi d~ Cho phU'ang trinh mx 2 - 2 ( m + 1) x + m- 4 = 0 ( 1) (m Ia tham so).

a) Tim m de phU'ang trinh c6 nghi~m.
b) Tim m de phU'ang trinh c6 hai nghi~m phan bi~t x 1, x2 thea man 4x1 + x 2 = 3.

Gifli chi tiet

a) TrU'ang hqp 1: m = 0 thi (1) <=> -2x- 4 = 0 <=> x = -2.
V&i m = 0 thi phU'ang trinh c6 nghi~m.
TrU'ang hQ'p 2: m =1= 0 thi (1) Ia phU'ang trinh bE}.c hai c6 nghi~m khi va chi khi

A':?: 0 ¢> [-(m+ 1)r -m(m-4):?: 0 ¢> 6m+1:?: 0 ¢> m:?: -i·
Kilt hgp 2 tmOng hgp thl m:?: -i·
V~y v&i m:?: -i thl phli'D'ng trlnh (1) c6 nghii;lm.

b) PhU'ang trinh (1) c6 hai nghi~m ph an bi~t x1, X2

0
<=> {
m =1= o {m =1= o
<=> <=>
{m *
1
.
Ll' > 0 6m + 1 > 0 m >-
6
 (2)
Bai toan tim m de phU'O'ng
(3) trinh c6 hai nghi~m phan bi~t
x1 ,x2 thoa man X 1 = kx2 ho~c
(4) x1 = kx~ ,... (*) thi ta di giai h~
xt + ~ = ...
Thay (4) vao (2) ta dU'Q'C:

x1 +3-4x1 =

=?
2(m+1)
m
x = 3 - 4(m-2) = 5m+8.
2
<=> -3x1 =
2(m+1)
m
m-2.
-3 <=> x1 = - - ,
3m l xtx2- ...
"' (*)
Giai 2 trong 3 phU'O'ng trinh
trong h~ tn3n timx1 ,X2 thea m
3m 3m roi thay vao phU'O'ng trinh
con l9i, ta dU'Q'C phU'O'ng trinh
m-
Th ay x1 = - - 2; x
2 = Sm + 8 , (3 ) ta d U'Q'c:
vao
chi con tham so m. Giai tim
3m 3m
dU'Q'C m.
m-2 5m+8 m-4
3m· 3m =rn [m=B
=> (m-2){5m+8) = 9m(m -4) ¢}2m -17m+8 =0 ¢} m =~·
2

Ket hO'p dieu kien suy ra

' ' ' m = 2.
m = B hoac 2
Vf!,y v&i m = 8 ho.;ic m = ~ thi phLJ'O'ng trinh c6 hai nghi~m phi\n bi~t x1, x2 th6a man

Chu y: + Neu bai toan yeu c§u thi ta thay dieu ki~n il > o
+ C6 the thay 11 trong cac dieu ki~n tren thanh 11'
c b
+ P=-·S=--
a' a
Vi d~:~ 1: Khong giai phU'ang trinh, hay xet dau nghi~m cua pti-U'ang trinh sau
2
a) (J5-1)x +2(4-JS)x+1=0.
b) x 2 - 2 (m - 2) x - 6 = 0.

Giai chi tiet

a) Ta c6:
~·=(4-JSr -(JS -1)=22-9)5 =vl484 -vf405 >0.
-2( 4- viS) . 1
S= J5 <0,
P=---r:=-->0.
5-1 -v5-1
V~y phU'ang trinh c6 hai nghi~m am phan bi~t.

b) PhU'ang trinh c6 ac = -6 < 0 nen phU'ang trinh c6 hai nghi~m ph an bi~t trai dau.

Vi d~:~ 2: Cho phU'ang trinh x 2- 5x +2m - 3 = 0 (1) (m Ia tham so).

a) Tim m d~ phU'ang trinh c6 hai nghi~m trai dau.
b)Tim m d~ phU'ang trinh c6 hai nghi~m dU'ang.

Giai chi tiet

a) PhU'ang trinh c6 hai nghi~m trai dau khi va chi khi
ac < 0 <=>2m-3< 0 <=> m < ~.
2
b) PhU'ang trinh c6 hai nghi~m dU'ang khi va chi khi:

[
~~0 ~(-5t -4(2m-3)~0 {37-8m~O ~m~ 37 3 37
<=> - < m ~ - .
8
P > 0 <=> 2m - 3 > 0 <=> 3 <=>
m>- 3 2 8
S>O 5>0 2 m>2

V~y v&i ~ < m ~ 37 thi phU'ang trinh c6 hai nghi~m dU'ang.

2 8

Vi dv 3: Cho phU'ang trinh x 2

- ( m- 5) x- 3m + 6 = o (m Ia tham so). Tim cac gia tri cua

m d~ phU'ang trinh c6 hai nghi~m am phan bi~t.

Giai chi tiet

Ta c6:
~=[ -(m-5)]
2 2
2
-4(-3m+6)=m 2 -10m+25+12m-24=m +2m+1=(m+1) ;

PhU'ang trinh c6 hai nghi~m am phan bi~t khi va chi khi

[m
[
~ >0
2
[( m + 1) > 0 :;t -1
1
P > 0 <=> -3m + 6 > 0 <=> m < 2 <=> {: : ; .
S<O m-5<0 m<5
V~y v&i m < 2 va m :;t -1 thi phU'ang trinh c6 hai nghi~m am phan bi~t.
 Tfnh ~ ho~c ~· ChLI'ng minh PT luon Ap dt,mg Vi-et tim Khll' m de dU'Q'C K~t lu~n.
c6 nghi~m ho~c d~t t6ng va tfch hai h~ thLI'c c~n tim.
di€lu ki~n de PT c6 nghi~m theo m. PP thtJ hoi{Jc
PP c{)ng ci~i s6
nghi~m (**).

Vi d~;~ 1: Cho phU'ang trinh x 2 - (2m+ 1) x + m- 7 = 0 (m Ia tham so). ChLI'ng minh rang
v&i moi gia tri cua m phU'ang trinh lu6n c6 hai nghi~m phan bi~t x 1, X2 • Tim h~ thLI'c lien
h~ gill'a x1 va x2 kh6ng phi.) thu()c m.

Giili chi tiit

2 2 2
Ta c6: L1 = [-(2m+ 1) ]- 4( m- 7) =4m + 4m +1-4m+ 28 =4m + 29 > 0, Vm.
PhU'ang trinh lu6n c6 hai nghi~m phan bi~t x 1, x 2 v&i moi m.
Ap dl)ng dinh li Vi-et, ta c6:
x 1+ x2 = 2m + 1 {x 1+x 2 = 2m + 1 _
=> =>X 1+x2 -2x 1x2 -15.
{x x =m- 7 2x x = 2m -14
12 12
V~y h~ thLI'c lien h~ gill'a hai nghi~m x 1, x2 kh6ng phi.) thu()c vao tham so m Ia
x 1+x2 -2x 1x2 = 15.

Vi d~;~ 2: Cho phU'ang trinh ( m - 2) x 2 - 2mx + m + 1= 0 (m Ia tham so).

a) Tim cac gia tri cua m phU'ang trinh c6 hai nghi~m phan bi~t.
b) Tim h~ thLI'c lien h~ gill'a hai nghi~m x1, x2 kh6ng phi.) thu()c vao tham so m.
Giai chi tiet
a) PhU'ang trinh c6 hai nghi~m phan bi~t khi va chi khi

~> 0 {~~;2 ~~m +1)(m-2) > 0

0
{: ¢> <o> {: : : > 0 <o> { : : =2·

2m
X1+X2=--
_ mm+~ .
2
b) Ap d1,mg d!nh li Vi-et, ta c6:
[ X1X2---
m-2
 2m - 4 + 4 2 ( m - 2) 4 4 [ _ 12

l
x 1+x2 = = +--=2+-- 3(x1 +x2 )-6+--
m-2 m-2 m-2 m-2 m-2
=> =>
m-2+3 m-2 3 3 12 ·
x 1 x2 = =--+--=1+-- 4x1x2 =4+--
m-2 m-2 m-2 m-2 m-2

TrCr tCrng veta c6: 3( x1 + X 2 ) - 4x1x2 = 2.

H~ th(rc lien h~ git}a hai nghi~m x1, x2 khong phv thu()c vao tham s6 m Ia
3(x1 +x2 )-4x1x 2 =2.

Cau1: Giai phU'ang trlnh

a) 3x 2 - ?x + 2 = 0 {De thi vao 10 tinh lra Vinh 2018- 2019)
2
b) x + 2J3.x + 2 = 0 {De thi vao 10 tinh An Giang 2018- 2019)
c) x 2 - 6x + 5 = 0 (De thi vao 10 tinh Quang lri 2018- 2019)
Cau 2: Cho phU'ang trlnh 3x2 - x -1 = 0 c6 hai nghi~m x1, x2• Khong giai phU'ang trlnh, hay tinh
gia trj cua bieu th(rc A = X~ + x;.
{De vao lap 10 lP. HCM nam 2018 - 2019)
Cau 3: Cho phU'ang trlnh 3x 2 - 2x- 2 = 0 c6 hai nghi~m x1, x2 • Tfnh gia tri cua cac bieu th(rc
sau A = x1 + x 2 , 8 = x~ + x;.
(De minh hQa mon loan thi vao lap 10 lPHCM nam 2018- 2019)
Cau 4: Cho phU'ang trlnh x 2 - 2x- 5 = 0 c6 hai nghi~m x , x2• Khong giai phU'ang trlnh, hay
1
tinh gia tri cua cac bieu thCrc sau: 8 = x~ + x;,
C = x; + x;.
Cau 5: Cho phU'O'ng trlnh b~c hai v&i an s6 X: X2 - 2 ( m -1) X+ 2m-3= 0 ( v&i m Ia tham
s6 ). Tim h~ thCrc lien h~ git}a hai nghi~m x 1, x 2 cua phU'ang trlnh khong phv thu()c vao tham
sam.
(De thi vao 10 Sa giao dl:IC va Dao t~o Hai Phong 2017- 2018)
Cau 6: Cho phU'ang trlnh x 2 - 2 ( m -1) x + m 2 - m = 0 (m Ia tham s6 ). Tim gia tri cua m de
phU'ang trlnh da cho c6 hai nghi~m x 1, x 2 thoa man ( 1+ x1 ) + (1+ x2
2
= 6. t
{De thi vao l&p 10 mon loan nam 2018 Sa GD&Dl Ha Tin h)
Cau 7: Cho phU'ang trlnh x 2 + 2(m -1)x + 4m -11 = o v&i m Ia tham s6. Tim tat ca cac gia tri
cua m de phU'ang trlnh c6 hai nghi~m phan bi~t x1, x2 thoa man h~ th(rc
2
2(x1 -1) +(6-x2 )(x1x2 +11)=72.
{De thi vao lap 10 Da Nang nam 2018)
Cau 8: Cho phU'ang trlnh x 2 - (m + 1)x + m- 2 = 0 (v&i m Ia tham s6).
a) ChCrng minh phU'ang trlnh luon c6 hai nghi~m phan bi~t v&i moi m.
b) Tim cac s6 nguyen m de phU'ang tr1nh c6 nghi~m nguyen.
{De thi vao 10 tinh lra Vinh 2018- 2019)
2 2
Cau Cho phU'ang trlnh x - 2(m + 2)x + m +3m-2= 0 (1) (m Ia tham s6).
a) Giai phU'ang trlnh (1) v&i m = 3.
b) Tim gia tri cua tham s6 m d~ phU'ang trlnh (1) c6 hai nghi~m phan bi~t x1, x2 sao cho
bieu thCrc A= 2018 + 3x1x2 - x~ -x;
d~t gia tri nho nhat.
(De 1o tinh Binh DU'O'ng nam 8- 2019)
Cau 10: T1m gia tri cua m d~ phU'ang tr1nh 2x2 - 5x +2m -1 = 0 c6 hai nghi~m ph an bi~t x 1,
- h ~~ th U'C
, man
x 2 th oa 1 1 5
, -+-=-·
x1 x2 2
(fle thi vao 10 toan Tay Ninh 2018- 2019)
2
Cau 11: Cho phU'ang tr1nh b~c hai x - 3x + m = 0 ( 1) (m Ia tham s6 ).
a) T1m m d~ phU'ang tr1nh c6 nghi~m bang -2. Tfnh nghi~m con lc;ti Ll'ng v&i m vt1a t1m dU'Q'C.
b) GQi x 1, x 2 Ia hai nghi~m cua phU'ang tr1nh da cho. T1m gia tri nh6 nhat cua A= x~ +xi -
(fle thi vao 10 loan hQC An Giang 2018- 2019)
Cau 12: Cho phU'ang tr1nh x 2 + 5x + m = 0 (*) (m Ia tham s6)
a) Giai phU'ang tr1nh (*) khi m = -3.
b) T1m m d~ phU'ang tr1nh (*) c6 hai nghi~m thea man 9x1 + 2x2 = 18.
Cau 13: Cho phU'ang tr1nh x 2 - 2mx +2m -1 = 0 ( 1) (m Ia tham s6 ).
a) Giai phU'ang tr1nh v&i m = 2.
b) T1m m d~ phU'O'ng tr1nh (1) c6 hai nghi~m x 1, x2 sao cho
(x~ - 2mx1+ 3) (xi - 2mx2 - 2) = 50.

(fle thi vao 10 tinh Binh PhU'cYC 2018- 2019)

Cau 14: Cho phU'ang tr1nh mx2 - (2m+ 3)x + m + 1 = 0 (m Ia tham s6). T1m m d~ phU'ang
tr1nh c6 hai nghi~m phan bi~t x 1, x2 • V&i dieu ki~n d6 cua m, t1m h~ thll'c giiJ'a x 1, x2 khong
phl) thu<)c vao m.

cau 1
a) fl = 25, phll'ang trinh c6 hai nghii;lm phi\n bii;\t x, i
=2; X2 =

b) L\.' = 1, phU'ang tr1nh c6 hai nghi~m phan bi~t x 1 = -J3 + 1; x 2 = -J3 -1.

cau 2
Ap dvng djnh If Vi-etta c6:
l _(_
c) a+ b + c = 0, phU'ang tr1nh c6 hai nghi~m phan bi~t x1 = 1; x 2 = 5.

1)
x1 + x2 = -3- = 3
-1
1

.
x1x2 =3
2
, A=x12 +X22 =. ( X1+X2)2 -2X1X2 = ( 1
Taco:
3
J -2. ( - 31J=g-·7
cau3
Ap d1,mg dinh li Vi-St ta c6: A = x1 + x 2 =~ ; x,x2 = -; ·

B=(x1 +xS -2x1x2 =(~J -2.( -~J=

16
Ta c6: .
9
Va
.Y
A=~3' 8=~
9
.
 cau4
B=x~ +xi =(x1 +X2 ) -2x1x 2 =14.
2

Muon tinh C = x; +X~ th1 can tfnh x; +X~ = ( X + X t- 3X X1 2 1 2 ( X1 + X2 ) = 38.

C= x; + x~ = ( x~ + xi) (X13 + x~) - x~ xi (X1 + X2 ) = 482.
cau5
i1'=(m-2) ~O,Vm.
2

, {x1 + x_2 = 2m - 2.
Ap dt:-~ng dinh If Vi-etta c6:
x 1x 2 -2m-3
H~ th(rc lien h~ hai nghi~m X1, x2 cua phU'O'ng tr1nh kh6ng phl) thu<)c vao tham so m Ia
x1 + x2 - x 1x 2 = 1.

cau6
PhU'O'ng tr1nh c6 hai nghi~m <:::> ~' ~ 0 <:::> m ~ 1.
,
Ap dvng dinh If Vi-et, ta c6:
{X + x 1 2 = 2 (m -1)
.
x 1x 2 =m 2 -m
Ta c6:
(1+x1 ) +(1+x2 ) =2+2(x1 +x2 )+x~
2 2 2
+xi =2+2(x +x )+(x +x 1 2 1 2)
2
-2x1x 2 =2(m -m+1)

( 1+ x1) 2 + ( 1+ x2 )2 = 6 <=> m2 - m - 2 = 0 <:::> [m = -1 .

m=2
Ket hqp dieu ki~n m ~ 1.
Vf).y m =-1.

PhU'O'ng tr1nh c6 hai nghi~m phan bi~t

<=> ~· > 0 <=> m 2 -6m+12 > 0 <=> (m-3) +3 > 0 (luon dung)
2

Ap dvng dinh If Vi-et, ta c6: {x, + ~ =-

2 (m - 1).
x 1x 2 - 4m-11
VI x1 Ia nghi~m cua phU'O'ng tr1nh nen
Ta c6:
2
X1 + 2 ( m -1) x 1 + 4m -11 = 0 <=> x~ = -2 ( m -1) x 1 - 4m + 11.

2 ( X1 -1t + ( 6 - X2 ) ( X1X2 + 11) = 2 ( x/ - 2x1 + 1) + ( 6 - X2 ) ( x 1x 2 + 11)

J
= 2 [ -2 ( m -1) x1 - 4m + 11 - 2x1 + 1 + ( 6 - x 2 ) ( 4m -11 + 11)
= 2[ -2mx1 -4m + 12] + 4m(6- x 2 )
=-4m(x1 +x2 )+16m+24
= 8m(m -1) +16m+ 24
2
=8m +8m+24;
2
Thea de bai: 2 ( x 1 -1) + ( 6- x 2 ) ( x 1x 2 + 11) = 72 <=>8m 2 + 8m- 48 = o<=> [m = 2 ·
m=-3
Vf).y m = 2 ho~c m = -3 thoa man yeu cau de bai.
 cau8
2
a) ~ = m 2 - 2m+ 9 = ( m -1) + 8 > 0, Vm. V~y phU'ang trinh luon c6 hai nghi~m phan bi~t
v&i mQi m.
b) LU'U y: Bai toEm yeu cau tim mE z dex E z. Ta dU'a ve bai toan tim X nguyen de m nguyen.
V~y tti phU'ang trinh ta tim m theo x.
x 2 - ( m + 1) x + m - 2 = 0 <=> m (1- x) = - x 2 + x + 2.
Neu x = 1 Ia nghi~m thay vao suy ra vo li, v~y x =F-1
x2 - x 2 2
~m= =X---
x-1 x-1

VIm E z nen ( x - - E z.
2
x-1
-J
2
Ma XEZ nen --EZ~(x-1)Elf(2).
x-1
V~y v&i m = 2 ho~c m = 0 thi th6a man yeu cau de bai.

9
2
a) Thay m = 3 vao (1) ta dU'Q'c: x -1 Ox+ 16 = 0.
~I= 9, phU'ang trinh c6 hai nghi~m phan bi~t x1 = 2; X2 = 8.
b) PhU'ang trinh c6 hai nghi~m ph an bi~t <=>~I> 0 <=> m+ 6 > 0 <=> m > -6.
,
Ap dl)ng djnh li Vi-et, ta c6:
{X1+ _2 = 2 (m + 2) .
X

x1x 2 - m2 + 3m - 2
A = 20 18 + 3x1x 2 - x 1 - x2 = 2018 + 5x1x 2 - ( x 1+ X 2 )2 = m 2 - m + 1992 = ( m- 2.
2 2 1 J + -7967-
2

4
2 2
V1, ( m--
2
J
1 ~0 Vm nen m--
'
A (

2
J 7967 7967 Vm
1 +--~--
4 4 '
Vf}.y gill tri nh6 nhftt ella A 1a 79 67 d<~t dU'Q'C khi m = ~ (th6a man m > -6).
4
cau 10

PhU'ang trlnh c6 hai nghiem

. phan biet
. <=> ~ > 0 <=> 33 -16m> o <=> m < 33
16 .

X1+X2 =~
Ap dl)ng djnh li Vi-et, ta c6:

Ta c6: _!_+_1 = x1 + x2 =-5- (m

x1 x 2 x1x 2 2m -1
! 2
2
,;_ .
x1x2 = 2
1

* -.!J.
' d},.e b'a1. ~ 5 5 3
TU' =- <=> m =- (th,oa man
- ).
2m-1 2 2
\fA
vay 3
. m=-·
2
 cau 11
a) PhU'ang tr1nh c6 nghi~m bang -2 nen ( -2t- 3.(-2) + m = 0 ¢::> m = -10.
Thea dinh If Vi-et ta c6 x1 + x2 = - b => ( -2) + x2 = 3 => x2 = 5.
a
Vf}.y v&i m = -10 th1 phU'ang tr1nh c6 nghi~m -2, va nghi~m con l<;1i Ia 5.
b) PhlPang trlnh c6 hai nghi~m khi va chi khi 11 ~ 0 ¢> ( -3 t - 4m ~ 0 ¢> m s; : .
3
Ap dvng dinh If Vi-et cho phU'ang tr1nh (1): {x1 + x2 = .
x1x 2 =m
2 2
Ta c6: A = x~ + x; -
3x1x2 = ( x1 + x2) - 2x1x2 - 3x1x2 = ( x1 + x2) - 5x1x2 = 9 -Sm.
",a Ia1. co:
, m ~ -9 => - 5 m ?:. -45
- ¢::> 9 - 5 m ?:. --.
9
. 4 4 4
=>A?:.-~-
4
Vay
. gia tri. nh6 nhat cua A Ia -~4 dat. dU'O'C
. khi m = ~-
4

cau 12
a) Thay m = -3 vao (1) ta dU'Q'C phU'ang tr1nh: x 2 + 5x- 3 = 0.
~=5 -4. ( -3) = 37. PhU'ang tr1nh c6 hai nghi~m ph an bi~t Ia
2

-5+ffi -5-ffi

m ; -s- m} ·
x1 = 2 ; x2 = 2 .
V ~GlY t~GlP ng h.~u~m cua
.. phU'O'ng t n,nh 1,a s = {- 5 +
2 2
b) PhlPO'ng trlnh (*) c6 hai nghi~m ¢> 11 ~ 0 ¢>52 - 4m ~ 0 ¢> 4m s; 25 ¢> m s; :.
2

,
Ap dvng dinh If Vi-et cho phU'ang tr1nh (*) ta c6:
{X + X= -5
1 2 (1)
.
. x1x 2 = m (2)
Thea de bai, ta c6: 9x1 + 2x2 = 18
1a1 h~.
G.... ~-
{x1 + X2 = -5 ¢::> {2x1 + 2x2 = -10 ¢::> {7x1 = 28 ¢::> {x1 = 4 ·
9 x1 + 2x2 = 18 9 x1 + 2x2 = 18 x1 + x2 = -5 x2 = -9
Thay x1 = 4; x2 = -9 vao (2) ta dU'Q'c m = -36 (thea man).
Vf}.y m=-36.

3
1
a) Thay m = 2 vao (1) ta dU'Q'C phU'ang tr1nh: x 2 - 4x + 3 = 0 ¢::> ( x -1)(x- 3) = 0 ¢::> [x = .
X=3
Vf}.y tf}.p nghi~m cua phU'ang tr1nh Ia S = {1;3}·
b) PhU'ang tr1nh (1) c6 hai nghi~m ¢::> ~' = m 2 -2m+ 1 = (m -1? ?:. 0 (luon dung). PhU'ang
tr1nh (1) luon c6 hai nghi~m x1,x2 v&i mQi m.
VI x1,x2 1a Ia hai nghi~m cua phU'ang tr1nh (1) nen ta c6:

{ xx~2 -- 2mx1 + 2m -1 = 0 ¢::> {x~ - 2mx1 + 3 = 4 - 2m .

2mx2 + 2m -1 = 0 x2 - 2mx2 - 2 = -1-2m
Thea de bai, ta c6: ( x~- 2mx1 + 3 )(x;- 2mx2 - 2) =50¢::> ( 4- 2m)( -1-2m)= 50
 2
<=>4m -6m-54 =0 <=> [:: t
Vay . m =~
. m = -3 hoac 2 th6a man yeu cau de bai.

14

PhLPO'ng tr{i~h*c; :i{~:i~m :han biet khi va c:k{h~ * <=> {m * 0 .

0
9
~>0 (2m+3) -4m(m+1)>0 8m+9 >0 m>-
8
Ap dt,mg dinh li Vi-et cho phLPO'ng tr1nh ta c6:
1.1. PhU'ong phap nham nghi~m dU'a ve
phU'ong trinh tich
• Xo Ia nghi~m cua phU'O'ng trinh A (X)= 0 khi va chi khi thayxo vao phU'O'ng trinh ta nh~n
dU'Q'C A(x0 ) = 0.
• N~u cac h~ so cua phU'O'ng trinh c(>ng l~i bang 0 thi phU'O'ng trinh c6 nghi~m x = 1.
• N~u tong cac h~ so cua bi~n b~c le bang tong cua cac h~ so cua bi~n b~c chan v&i h~
so tt,P do thi phU'O'ng trinh c6 nghi~m x = -1.

1.2. PhU'ong phap d~t an ph~:~ dU'a ve phU'ong trinh b~c hai ae + bt + c = 0
• 8U'OC 1: £)~t t = X 2 ( t 2 0), dU'a phU'O'ng trinh V~ d~ng phU'O'ng trinh b~c ba an t:
2
at + bt + c = 0
• BU'&c 2: Giai phU'O'ng trinh at 2 + bt + c = 0, lo~i cac gia tri t < 0.
• BU'&c 3: V&i t 2 0, giai x 2 = t ~ x = ±Ji Ia nghi~m cua phU'O'ng trinh. K~t lu~n.

• 8U'&c 1: Xet x = 0 thay vao phU'O'ng trinh suy ra: a= 0 (v6 If) .
• BU'&C 2: Chia ca hai v~ cho x 2 ta dU'O'C
2
ax + bx +C + ~+: 2 = 0 <c:> .a ( x
2
+ : 2 ) + b ( x + :) + c = 0 (1)

£)~t t = x + _.:!_ ~ t 2 = x2 + 2 + ~ ~ x2 + ~ = t 2 - 2
X X X
(1) tra thanh: a( t 2) + bt + c = o.
2
-

• BU'&c 3: Giai phU'O'ng trinh b~c hai theo an t.

• BU'&C 4: Thay t =X+_.:!_, Giai phU'O'ng trinh tim X va k~t lu~n nghi~m cua phU'O'ng trinh.
X

• BU'&c 1: Bi~n doi tU'O'ng dU'O'ng phU'O'ng trinh nhan ( x +a) (x +d) va ( x +b) ( x +c)
2 2
ta dU'Q'C: ( x + kx +ad)( x + kx +be)= A .
• 8U'&C 2: £)~t an ph~;J t = X 2 + kx +ad, ta dU'Q'C phU'O'ng trinh b~c hai an t. Giai phU'O'ng
trinh t1m dU'Q'C t.
• 8U'&C 3: Thay t vao t1m X. K~t lu~n nghi~m cua phU'O'ng trinh.
LLPU y: Ngoai ra, v&i m(>t so phU'O'ng trinh b~c ba, b~c bon khac ta ap d~;Jng linh ho~t ca
hai phU'O'ng phap trend~ tim nghi~m cua bai toan.
Vi d~;~ 1: Giai phU'ang tr1nh: x 3 - 6x 2 + 11x- 6 = 0.

Phan tich d~ bai

Ta thay tong cua cac h~ so cua phU'ang trlnh Ia 1 + ( -6) + 11 + (-6) = 0 nen phU'ang tr1nh
c6 m()t nghi~m x = 1.
Giai chi ti~t
Ta c6:
x3 - 6x 2 + 11x- 6 = 0 <=> x 3 - x2 - 5x2 + 5x + 6x- 6 = 0
2
¢:> X (X -1)- 5X (X -1) + 6 (X -1) = 0
<=> (X - 1) ( X2 - 5 X + 6) = 0
<=> ( x -1) ( x 2 - 3x- 2x + 6) = 0
¢:> (X -1) [x (X- 3)- 2 (X- 3)] = 0

<=> (x-1)(x-2)(x-3) =0 <=> [::~.

X=3
V~y nghi~m cua phU'ang trlnh Ia x E { 1; 2; 3 }.
Vi d~;~ 2: Giai phU'ang trlnh: x 3 + 2x 2 - 5x- 6 = o.

Phan tich d~ bai

Ta thay tong cua cac h~ so cua bi~n X c6 so mO le bang tong cua cac h~ so cua bi~n x
c6 so mO chan v&i h~ so tl)' do 1+ (-5) = 2+ ( -6) = -4 nen phU'ang tr1nh c6 m()t nghi~m
X=-1.
Giai chi ti~t
x 3 + 2x 2 - 5x - 6 = 0 <=> x 3 + x 2 + x 2 + x - 6x - 6 = 0
¢:> X2 (X+ 1) + X (X+ 1)- 6 (X+ 1) = 0
¢:> (X+ 1) ( X2 +X- 6) = 0
<=> ( x + 1) ( x 2 + 3x- 2x- 6) = 0
<=> (X+ 1) [x (X+ 3)- 2 (X+ 3)] = 0

(X+ 1)( X- 2)( X+ 3) = 0 ¢:> [ : :

¢:> ;~
X=-3
V~y nghi~m cua phU'O'ng tr1nh Ia X E {-3;-1;2}.
 3: Giai phU'ang trinh: 2x 3 -11x2 + 17 x- 6 = 0.

Giai chi th~t

2x 3 -11x 2 + 17 x- 6 = 0 <=> 2x 3 - 4x 2 - 7 x 2 + 14x + 3x- 6 = 0
¢::> 2X 2 (X - 2) - 7 X (X - 2) + 3 (X - 2) = 0
¢::> (X - 2) ( 2X 2 - 7 X + 3) = 0
2
<=> ( x- 2) ( 2x - 6x- x + 3) = 0
¢::> (X - 2) [ 2x (X - 3) - (X - 3)] = 0

~ (x-2)(x -3)(2x-1) = 0 ~[: :~ ·

V~y nghii;lm ella phU'ang trinh 18 x E H;2;3}

Vi Giai phU'ang trinh: x 3 + 3x2 + 3x- 2018 = 0.

Phan tich de bid

SlY d~:~ng may tfnh Casio tim nghi~m phU'ang trinh b~c hai ra cac so vo ti. Vi v~y, khong
nham dU'Q'C nghi~m cua phU'O'ng trinh.
Ta thay: x 3 + 3x2 + 3x + 1 = ( x + 1t. Tach ra thanh hang dang th(rc de giai phU'ang trinh.
Giai chi ti~t
x 3 + 3x 2 + 3x- 2018 = 0 <=> ( x 3 + 3x 2 + 3x + 1)- 2019 = 0
¢::> (X+ 1t = 2019 ¢::>X= -1 + -V2019.
V~y nghi~m cua phU'O'ng trinh Ia x = -1 + -V2019.

Giai phU'ang trinh: x 4 + 3x 2 - 4 =0 (1)

(De 10 tinh 8-
Giai chi ti~t
£)~tt = x 2 ( t ~ 0)
2
PhU'ang trinh ( 1) tr& thanh: t + 3t- 4 = 0 <=> t 2 + 4{- t- 4 = 0 <=> t ( t + 4)- ( t + 4) = 0
t -1
¢::> ( t 1) ( t + 4) = 0 ¢::> [ t :-4
X =1
Vi t ~ 0 => t = 1 => x 2 = 1 <=> [ ·
X=-1
V~y nghi~m cua phU'O'ng trinh Ia X E { -1; 1}.

Giai phU'O'ng trinh: (X+ 1)( X+ 3 )(X+ 5)( X+ 7) = 9.

chi ti~t
(X+ 1) (X+ 3) (X+ 5) (X+ 7) = 9 ¢::> (X+ 1) (X+ 7) (X+ 3) (X+ 5) = 9
<=> ( x 2 + 8 x + 7) ( x 2 + 8 x + 15) = 9 (1)
D~t: t = x 2 + 8x + 7;
PhU'ang tr1nh(1)tr& th~mh: t(t + 8) = 9 ¢:> t + 8t- 9 = 0 ¢:> t + 9t- t- 9 = 0
2 2

t=1
¢:> ( t -1) ( t + 9) = 0 ¢:> [ t = -9·

• V&i t = 1 => x 2 + 8x + 6 = 0

• V&i
~' = 10 PhU'ang trlnh c6 nghi$m Ia

t = -9 => X 2 + 8x + 16 = 0 ¢:> (X+ 4 )

l
2
x = -4+.J10
,;-;; ·
X= -4 -vt10

= 0 <=>X= -4.
PhU'ang trlnh c6 nghi$m Ia x E { -4- .flO; -4; -4 +.flO}.

Vi dl} 7: Giai phU'ang trinh: 2x 4 - 5x 3 + 6x 2 - 5x + 2 = 0 ( 1).

Ghii chi ti~t

Day Ia phU'ang trlnh doi xLI'ng.
• Neu x = o thl
( 1) ¢:> 2 = o (vo H).
Suy ra X* 0. Chia ca hai ve cho X2, ta dU'Q'C:
2x -5x+6- ~
2
+:, = 0 ~ 2(x + x~ )-5(
2
x+ :)+6 = 0 (2)

D~t t = x + _!_ => t2 = x 2 + 2 + _;_ => x 2 + _;_ = t 2 - 2, phU'ang trinh (2) tr& thanh:

2~12 -2)-51 + 6 =: ~ 21 2
-~+2 =0 ~ (21 -1)(1 -2) =0~ [: :~·
2
• V&i t = 2 =>X+_!_= 2 => X2 - 2x + 1 = 0 <=> (X -1) = 0 <=>X= 1
X

• V&i I =i ~ x+: =i~ 2x2 -x+2 = 0 (vO nghi~m vi ll = -15 < 0).
4 3
Vi dl} 8: Giai phU'ang trinh: ( x + 1) - 2 ( x + 1) -3 = o.
(Trich de thi vao 10 tinh Hoa Binh 2018- 2019)
Giid chi ti~t
£)~t t = (X+ 1).
Ta c6 phU'ang trlnh: t4 - 2t 3 -3 = 0
4 3 3 3 3 3 2
<=> t + t - 3t - 3 = 0 <=> t ( t + 1)- 3 ( t + 1) = 0 <=> t ( t + 1)- 3 ( t + 1) ( t - t + 1) = 0
<=> (t + 1) ( t 3
-
2
3t + 3t- 3) = 0
t = -1
<=> [ t 3 - 3t 2 + 3t - 3 = 0.
TrU'ang hqp 1: t = -1 thl x + 1 = -1 => x = -2.
TrU'ang hqp 2:
3 2
Ta c6: t - 3t + 3t- 3 = 0 <=> t 3 - 3t 2 + 3t -1-2 = 0 <=> (t -1t = 2 <=> t -1 = W.
¢:>t=W.+1¢:>x+1=W.+1¢:>x=W..
PhU'ang trlnh c6 nghi$m Ia x = W.; x = -2.
 1
Quy d6ng, khll' m~u. K~t lu~n.
Tim di~u ki~n xac djnh Giai phU'ang trlnh,
cua phU'O'ng trlnh. lo<;1i nghi$m.

3
Vi dl)1: Giai phuang trlnh: 4x + - - = 11.
x-1
(Trich ee thi vao 10 Nang 201s - 2019)

Ghii chi ti~t

8ieu ki~n xac dinh: x -1 =to~ x
=t 1.

4x+--=11~ x(x- ) +--= 11 (x- 1) ~ 4x(x-1)+3=11(x-1)

3 4 1 3
x-1 x-1 x-1 x-1
~=2
~ 4x 2 -4x+3=11x-11~ 4x 2 -15x+14=0~ (4x-7)(x-2) =0~ ~ 7
t=4
V q.y ng h.1~m cua phU'O'ng t nn
A A .., ' h Ia' x~
1\71 ~~;
7 2~
~·

Giai phuang trinh: 6 X + 22 - 2X + 7 = x +4

2
X +2 X +3 X + 5X + 6
Giai chi ti~t
8ieu ki~n xac djnh: ~X+ 2 ;tO~ ~X ;t - 2
~X + 3 :t 0 ~X :t -3

6x+22 2x+7 x+4 (6x+22)(x+3) (2x+7)(x+2) x+4

- ----- = ~ =-----:---:-
X +2 X +3 X2 + 5X + 6 (X + 2) (X + 3) (X + 2 )(X + 3) (X + 2 )(X + 3)
~ (6x+22)(x+3)-(2x+7)(x+2) =x+4

~ (6x 2 + 40x + 66) - (2x2 + 11x + 14) = x + 4

~=-3
~ 4x +28x+48=0~ 4(x+3)(x+4) =0~ ~=-4·
2

Ket hQ'p dieu ki~n ta dU'Q'C X= -4 Ia nghi~m cua phU'O'ng trinh.

Vi diJ 3: Giai phU'ang trlnh: 2x -1 2 = __1_
x3 + 1 - x 2 - x + 1 x +1

Gifli chi ti~t

Dieu ki~n xac dinh: X :;t -1.
2x -1 _ 2 = __1_ [gJ 2x -1 2 = 1
3 2
X +1 X - X +1 X +1 (X + 1)( X2 - X + 1) - X2 - X + 1 X +1
2x-1 2(x+1) x 2 -x+1
[gJ
2 2 = 2
(X + 1) ( X - X + 1) - (X + 1) ( X - X + 1) (X + 1) ( X - X + 1)

[gJ 2x -1 - 2 ( x + 1) = - ( x 2 - x + 1}
[gJ 2x -1 - 2x - 2 = - x 2 + x -1
2- [gJ)( = -1
[gJ X X- 2 = 0 [gJ (X + 1){X - 2) = 0 [gJ ~ = .
2
Ket hqp dieu ki~n ta dU'Q'c x = 2 Ia nghi~m cua phU'ang trlnh.

V' d 4 G" ~. h , h x2 + 1 3x 5
1 1J : 1a1 p U'O'ng tn n : ~ + x 2 + = .
1 2

Gild chi ti~t

Dieu ki~n xac dinh: x :;to.
!Kt = 2
D~lt = x~; 1
. Ta c6 ph U'ang trl nh: t + f=%~ 2t
2
- 5t + 2 =0 ~ ( 2t -1) (t - 2) =0 ~ ~ =~
x 2 +1
• V&i t = 2 [gJ -- = 2 [gJ x 2 - 6x + 1 = 0
3x
[glx =3 +212
!J.' = 8. PhU'ang trlnh c6 nghi~m Ia ~gJ ~ •
~ =3 -2-v2
2 1
• V&i t = _! ~gJ x + = _! ~gJ 2x 2 - 3x + 2 = 0 (v6 nghiem vi b.= -7).
2 3x 2 ·
PhU'ang trlnh c6 nghi~m Ia x[gl { 3- 212; 3 + 212}.

TrU'&ng hQ'p 1: A;::;: 0. Khi d6 !AI= A

{1) ~gJ A= B.
Trll'&ng hQ'p 2: A < 0. Khi d6IAI =-A
(1) ~gJ -A =B.
 2
Vi dl:J1: Giai phU'ang tr1nh: lx + 3x -11 = 3.

Giai chi tiet

2 2
2 ,_ 1\71 [glx + 3 X -1 = 3 1\71 [glx + 3 X - 4 = 0
I X + 3 X- 1 - 3 LaJ ~
2
LaJ ~
2
•
0X + 3x -1 = -3 W + 3X + 2 = 0
• X2 + 3X + 2 = 0 ~ X2 + 2x + X + 2 = 0 ~ X (X + 2) + X + 2 = 0 ~ (X + 1){X + 2) = 0 ~ ~=-1
~=-2·
• x 2 +3x-4= 0
~ = 32 +4.4 = 9 +16 = 25 > 0. PhU'ang trinh x 2 + 3x- 4= 0 c6 nghi~m ~ = 1 .
PhU'ang trlnh c6 nghi~m Ia S ={-2; -1; 1; - 4} . = -4
Vi dv Giai phU'ang tr1nh: IS- 2xl = 2x- s.

Giai chi tiet

Bay thu(>c trU'ong hqp IAI =-A~ A :=:; o.
IS - 2xl = 2x- S ~ S - 2x :=:; 0 ~ -2x :=:; -S ~ x;;:::-.
s
2
Vf).y x <:% Ia nghi~m ella phll'ang trinh.

dl:J 3: Giai phU'ang trlnh: lx + 91 = 2x + 3 (1}

Giai chi tiet

TrU'ong hqp 1: x + 9;;::: o~ x;;::: -9 thl
(1)~ x+9=2x+3~ x=6 (thoaman).
TrU'ong hqp 2: x + 9 < ~ x o < -9 th1
(1)~ -(x+9)=2x+3~ -x-9=2x+3~ 3x=-12~ x=-4 (kh6ngth6aman).
V~y nghi~m cua phU'ang tr1nh Ia x = 6.

Giai phU'ang trlnh: jx 2 - x + 2j = jx2 - 4xj.

Giai chi tiet

2
-X+ 2
I=X
I 2
-4X ~ ~
I [glx
2
- x+2=x
2
- 4x
~
IZBx = -2
[8L ~
~ = -~3
I
X
I\71Y
2
- X + 2 = - X2 + 4 X ~X
2
- SX + 2 = 0
1\71
LaJ
Lal'' ~Zx 2 - Sx + 2 = 0
~=2
2x 2 -Sx+2=0~ 2x 2 -4x-x+2=0~ 2x(x-2)-(x-2)=0_[81 (x-2)(2x-1)=0~ ~ 1
t=2
Vi dl;l 5: Giai phU'ang trinh: jx -11 + j2 xj = 2x (1).

Phan tich debai

PhU'ang trinh c6 hai bieu there c6 dau gia tri tuy$t doi.
De giai phU'ang trinh ta chia khoang pha dau tri tuy$t doi.
[8]2-x, khix~2 IX- 1l=[8][8Jx-1, khix~1
I [g]X- 2,
I2-X=[g] .
kh i X > 2 ' [8]1 - X, kh i X < 1
·

Giai chi tiet

, I
Ta co: 2 -
I
[8]2- x, khi x ~ 2
x = [8] ;
Ix - 1l= [8Jx
[8]
-1, khi x ~ 1
.
[g]X- 2, khi X > 2 [8]1- X, khl X< 1
TrU'ang hgp 1: V&i x > 2thi
( 1) [8] x -1 + x- 2 = 2x [8] -3 = o (vo li).
TrU'ang hgp 2: V&i 1 ~ x ~ 2 thi
1
(2)[8] x-1+2-x=2x[8] 2x=1[8] x= (kh6ngth6aman).
2
TrU'ang hgp 3: V&i x < 1 thi
(2) [8] 1- x + 2- x = 2x [8] 4x = 3 [8] x = ~ (thea man).
4
V~y nghi~m ella phU'ang trinh 18: x = ~.

a.A(x) +b.~A(x) +c =0
8~t t =~A ( x) (t ~ 0).
PhU'ang trinh tr& thanh at 2 + bt + c = 0

Giai phU'ang trinh tim t v&i di~u ki$n t ~ 0.

Thay t = ~ A(x), tim x.
 dl} 1: Giai phU'ang trlnh: ~ x 2 + x + 7 = 3.

Giai chi tiet

£) .1eu
J. k.1~n xac a·1n h :
A ,
x 2+ x + 7 ~ o <=> ( x + 1J2 + 27 ~ 0 (luon dung v&i moi x).
2 4
~ x + x + 7 = 3 <=> x + x + 7 = 9 <::> x + x - 2 = 0 <=> x 2 + 2x - x - 2 = 0
2 2 2

<=:> (X+ 2) (X -1) = 0 <=:> [ ; : ~2 .

PhU'ang trlnh c6 nghi~m Ia x E { -2; 1}.

Vi dl} Giai phU'ang trinh: .J3x- 2 = .Jsx- 8.

Giai chi tiet

.J3x- 2 = .J5x- 8 <=> {

3x-2>0
_
3x 2 - 5x 8
= _ <=> {x>~
- 3
_ x=_
<=> {x>~
- 3 <=> x = 3.
x=3
2 6
PhU'ang trinh c6 nghi~m Ia x = 3.

Vi dl} 3: Giai phU'ang trinh: ~2x 2 + 17 x- 3 = 5- x.

Giai chi tiet

5
.J2x 2 + 17 X - 3 = 5 - X <=:> { - X ;:>: O
2

+17X{~:~ (5 - X)
2

XS 5 2x !X : :; 5 [X = 1
¢::>
{2X2+ 17 X- 3 = 25 -1 0 X + X2
¢::>
X2+ 27 X - 28 = 0
<::> [X = 1 ¢::>
X = -28
.
X=-28
PhU'ang trlnh c6 nghi~m Ia x E { -28; 1}.

dl} Giai phU'ang trlnh: .J x + 3 + .J3x + 1 = 4.

Giai chi tiet {X> -3

, {x+3 ~ 0 - 1
£)ieu ki~n XaC djnh: · O ¢::>
3 X+ 1 ~ X~--
1 ¢::>X~--.
3
3 a vi d~;~ 4, ta thi!C hi~n
bi~n doi blnh phU'ang hai
.J x + 3 + .J3x + 1 = 4 <::> ( .JX+3 + .J3x + 1 = 16 f v~ vl ca hai v~ cung
khong am.
<=> x + 3 + 3x + 1+ 2~(x + 3)(3x + 1) = 16 N~u phU'ang trinh c6
d9ng .jA(x) -.jB(x) =C
<::>2~(x+3)(3x+1) =12-4x thi ta phai bi~n doi de ca
<=> ~3x 2 + 1Ox+ 3 = 6- 2x hai v~ cung khong am,
ti~p d6 binh phU'ang.
<=> {6 - 2x ~ 0 <=> {x : : ; 3
2 2
3x 2 + 1Ox+ 3 = (6- 2x) x - 34x + 33 = 0
 3
<::::> [[xX,;;= 1 <=>X= 1.
X=33

K~t hqp diilu ki(ln x 2 -~. Vf)y nghi~m ella phU'ang trinh 18 x = 1.

Vi d~;~ 5: Giai phU'ang trinh: 2x 2 -11x + 8 = 3.J2x 2 -11x + 6 ( 1).

Giili chi tiet

Dieu ki$n xac dinh: 2x2 -11x + 6:?: 0
D$t t = .J2x2 -11x + 6 (dieu ki$n: t:?: 0 ). PhU'ang trinh (1) tr<Y thanh:

t 2 + 2 = 3t <=> t 2 - 3t + 2 = 0 <=> ( t -1) ( t- 2) = 0 ¢::> [t 1

= .
t=2

• V&i t = 1::::> 2x2 -11x + 6 = 1 <=> 2x 2 -11x + 5 = 0 <=> (2x -1)( x- 5) = 0 <=> [x ~­
=
X=5
• V&i t = 2 ::::> 2x2 -11x + 6 = 4 <=> 2x2 -11x + 2 = 0
L\ = 1 f -4.2.2 = 105
11+-JiOS
PhU'ang trinh c6 hai nghi$m phan bi$t x= 4 .
[ X= 11--JiOS
.
4
, d.}.. 11 ± -Ji05 ; 1 ;5} .
Th ay vao 1eu k'u;m, t an hc;1n d U'Q'C t 9P ng h 1~m cua p h U'O'ng t nn
A A A , h 1a:
·A , x E {
,

4 2

Cau 1: Giai cac phU'ang trinh sau

a) x 3 -3x 2 +2x=0. e) (X -1) (X- 2) (X+ 4) (X+ 5) = 112.
4
b) x - 4 x 3 + 8x + 3 = 0. 2
f) ( x + 3 x + 2) ( x + 7 x + 12) = 24.
2

c) 4 x 4 - 7x 2 - 2 = 0. g) 2x 4 -13x 3 +24x2 -13x+2=0.

6 3
d) x - 5x + 4 = 0. h) x 4 - 4x 3 - 9 x 2 + 8x + 4 = 0.
Cau 2: Giai cac phU'ang trinh sau
a) _1_+ x-1 = 2x+2
x +1 x - 3 x2 - 2x - 3
2
b) x +1 3 2x
x 2 + 2x + 4 - x - 2 = 8 - x 3 •
1 1 1 3
c) + + =-·
x(x+1) (x+1)(x+2) (x+2)(x+3) 10
2
d) x + x+5 + 5(2x+1) = 6.
2x+1 x 2 +x+5
Cau 3: Giai cac phU'ang tr1nh chLl'a dau tri tuy~t doi sau:
2
a) 12x2 - 5x + 41 = 2. d) l4x -11 = X + 3x -1.
2
b) lx + 2xl = l2x+ 91. e) 13 -2xl + lx-51 = 5x.
2 2
c) lx -4x+41 =-x +4x-4.

Cau 4: Giai cac phU'ang tr1nh vo tl sau:

a) .J2x
2
- 4x + 11 = 3. d) ~3X+ 7 -~X+1 =2.
b) ~=~4x-3. 2
e) 3x +21x+18+2.Jx + 7x+ 7 =2.
2

2
c) .J3x + 1 = 2x + 1.

cau 1
a) Nghi~m cua phU'ang tr1nh Ia: X E {0;1 ;2}.
b) GQ'i y: x 4 - 4 x 3 + 8 x + 3 = 0 <=> ( x + 1) ( x - 3) ( x 2 - 2x -1) = 0 (Bai to an 3 - D~mg 1.1).
Nghi~m cua phU'O'ng tr1nh Ia: X E { -1; 1± -J2; 3}.
c) Nghi~m cua phU'ang tr1nh Ia: x E {±-J2} (Bai toan 1 - D9ng 1.2).
d) 8clit t 3
= x . Nghi~m cua phU'O'ng trlnh Ia: X E { tV4}
e) GQ'i y: (x -1)( x + 4 )( x- 2)( x + 5) = 112 <=> ( x 2 2
+ 3x- 4 )( x + 3x -10) = 112.

8at t = x 2 + 3x- 4. Ta c6 phU'ang tr1nh: t 2

.
- 6t -112 = 0 <=> [tt 8
=- .
= 14
V&i t = -8 => X E 0.
3
V&i t = 14 =>[X= ·
X=-6
Nghi~m cua phU'ang trlnh Ia: x E {-6;3}.
f) GQ'i y: (X2 + 3x + 2) ( X2 + 7 X+ 12) = 24 <=> (X+ 1) (X+ 2) (X+ 3) (X+ 4) = 24.
Nghi~m cua phU'O'ng trlnh Ia: XE{-5;0}.

g) GQ'i y: 2x 4 -13x 3 + 24x 2 -13x + 2 = 0 => 2x 2 -13x + 24- ~ + ~ = 0

X X

~2(x2 + : )-13(x+ :)+24=0.

2

6
=~~:: ~i-·1:~ : 2:h::: ::~::131 +20 =0~ [:: i'
V&i t = 4 =>X= 2 ± -J3.
X=2
,. 5 .
VO'I t=-=> 1
2 [ x=·-
2
h) Cac h~ so cua phU'ang trlnh c()ng l<;ii bang 0 nen phU'ang trlnh nh~n x = 11a nghi~m.
x 4
- 4x 3
- 9 x 2 + 8x + 4 = 0 <=> ( x -1) ( x + 2) ( x 2 - 5x - 2) = 0

Nghi~m cUa phU'ang trlnh Ia: x E { -2;1;

5
±~}·

cau2
a) 8ieu ki~n xac dinh: x * -1;x * 3.
-1
1 2X + 2 X X- 3 (X -1) (X+ 1) 2X + 2
- +-- = 2 <=> + = -:-----:--:----:-
X+ 1 X- 3 X - 2X- 3 (X+ 1) (X- 3) (X+ 1)( X- 3) (X+ 1) (X- 3)
2
<=> X- 3 + X2 -1 = 2X + 2 <=> X2
6 = 0 <=> (X+ 2) (X- 3) = 0 <=> [X = - .
- X-
X=3
Ket hqp dieu ki~n thl nghi~m cua phU'O'ng trlnh Ia X= -2.
b) Bieu ki~n xac dinh: x * 2.
x +1 3 2x 2
x 2 +2x+4- x-2- 8-x3
2
( x + 1)( x- 2) 3 ( x + 2x + 4)
<=> - =
2
( x + 2x + 4) ( x - 2) ( x - 2) ( x 2 + 2x + 4) (x - 2) ( x 2 + 2x + 4)
~ X
2
- X- 2- 3X2 - 6X -12 = -2X 2 <=> -7 X = 14 <=> X = -2 (thea man).
V~y nghi~m cua phU'O'ng trlnh Ia X= -2.
c) Bieu ki~n xac dinh: x ~ {-3;-2;-1;0}.
1 1 1 3
-----,-----:-+ + =-
x(x+1) (x+1)(x+2) (x+2)(x+3) 10
(x+1)-x (x+2)-(x+1) (x+3)-(x+2) 3
<=> + + =-
x(x+1) (x+1)(x+2) (x+2)(x+3) 10
1 1 1 1 1 1 3
<=>---+-----+-----=-
X X+1 X+1 X+2 X+2 X+3 10
1 1 3
<=>----=-
X X+3 10
~ 10(x+3)-10x=3x(x+3)
5
<=> 3x2 + 9x- 30 = o <=> [x = - (thea man dieu ki~n).
X=2 .
V~y nghi~m cua phU'O'ng trlnh Ia X E {-5;2}.
d) Bieu kien xac dinh: x _:!_. *_
f)~t t =
x 2 .+ x + 5 . 2 5
. Ta c6 phU'ang trlnh t +- = 6 <=> t 2 - 6t + 5 = 0 <=> ( t -1) ( t- 5) = 0 <=>
[t =1
·
2x + 1 t t= 5
t = 1 ~ x + x + 5 = 1 <=> x 2 - x + 4 = 0 (vo~ ng h·1~m
~ ).
2
,·
V0'1
· 2x+1
t = 5 ~ x + x + 5 = 5 <=> x 2 - 9x = o <=> x( x- 9) = o<=> [x = ki~n).
2
0
V&i (thea man dieu
2x+1 x=9
V~y nghi~m cua phU'ang trlnh Ia X E { 0; 9}.
 3
2 2
a) [2x - 5x + 4 = 2 [2x - 5x + 2 = 0
2x2 - 5x + 4 = -2 <=> 2x 2 - 5x + 6 = 0

• 2x
2
- 5x + 2 =0 <=> (2x -1)( x - 2) =0 <=> [: : ~·
"' 2x2 - 5x + 6 = 0
~ = -23 < 0. PhU'ang tr1nh vo nghi~m.

Vf)y nghi~m cUa phll'D'ng trinh 18 x E H;2}

2 2
2 x + 2x = 2x + 9 [x = 9 .
b) x + 2x = 2x + 9 <=>
I I I <=> ·
I [x 2
+ 2x = -2x- 9 2
x + 4x + 9 = 0

"' x2 = 9 <=> [x = 3 .
X=-3
2 2
"' X + 4 X + 9 = 0 ¢:> (X + 2 ) + 5 = 0.

PhU'ang tr1nh vo nghi~m.

V~y nghi~m cua phU'O'ng tr1nh Ia X E { -3; 3}.

c) Ix
2 2
- 4 x + 41 = - ( x - 4 x + 4)
4X + 4 ~ 0 ¢:> (X- 2) ~ 0 ¢:>X- 2 = 0 ¢:>X= 2.
2 2
:::> X -

LU'u y: V1 A 2
~ 0 nem khi giai b§t phU'ang tr1nh A 2 ~ 0 tU'ang dU'ang A= 0.
2
d) j4x-1j=x +3x-1
TrU'CYng hqp 1: x ?> :.
0
Ta c6 phU'ang tr1nh: 4x -1 = x 2 + 3x -1 <=> x 2 - x = 0 <=> x (x -1) = 0 <=> [x = .
X=1
K~t hqp dieu ki~n suy ra x = 1.

Trll'<'>'ng hqp 2: x < ±·

Ta c6 phU'ang tr1nh: 1- 4x = x 2 + 3x -1 <=> x 2 + 7x- 2 = 0

~=57. PhU'ang tr1nh c6 hai nghi~m bi~t: [xph2m = -? +2Jffi ·

-7 -Jffi
X=---
2

KeJ.t hap d'"

1eu k'A -? -.Jffi ·
. . suy ra x =
1en 2

V 9Y ng h.1~m cua phU'O'ng t nn

A A ' h IaxE
' { -? -
, J57 ;1} ·
2
e) TrU'ang hqp 1: x ~ 5.
Ta c6 phU'ang tr1nh: 2x- 3 + x- 5 = 5x <=> x = -4(khong thoa man dieu ki~n).
TrU'ang hqp 2: %:s; x < 5.
Ta c6 phU'O'ng trlnh: 2x- 3 + 5- X= 5x ¢:>X=~ (kh6ng th6a man ditJu ki<(\n).

TmCrng hqp 3: x < %·

Ta c6 phU'O'ng trlnh: 3- 2x + 5- X= 5x ~X= 1 (thoa man dieu ki~n).
V~y nghi$m cua phU'O'ng trlnh Ia X= 1.

a) Dieu ki$n xac dinh: 2x2 - 4x + 11 ~ o (luon dung) .

~ 2x 2 - 4x + 11 = 9 ~ 2x 4x + 2 = 0 ~ 2( x -1) = 0 ~ x = 1.
2 2
.J2x 2 - 4x + 11 = 3 -

V~y nghi$m cua phU'O'ng tr1nh Ia X= 1.

7 - 2x > 0 {x < I_
b))7-2x=)4x-3~ - ~ -2.
{ 7 -2x=4-3x X=-
3
V~y nghi$m cua phU'O'ng tr1nh Ia X= -3
1 2
c) 'V3X + 1 = 2x + 1 ~
{2x + 1 0
~
lx
2
~<=>
[x = 0 (thoa man). ~ -!
2 2
3x + 1 = 4x + 4x + 1 x2 + 4x = 0 x = -4 (lo9i).

V~y nghi$m cua phU'O'ng trlnh Ia x = 0.

d))3x+ 7 -)x+1 =2.
.::.. k.
£) 1eu 1~n xac
A , . h : {3x + 7 ~ 0 ~ x ~ -1.
6 1n
X+1~0
)3x + 7 ) x + 1 = 2 ~ )3x + 7 = ) x + 1 + 2
~ 3x + 7 =X+ 1 + 4) X+ 1 + 4
~x+1=2)x+1
1
¢:. ("'X+ 1 - 2) "'X+ 1 = 0 ¢:. [ : : ; (th6a man).

V$y nghi$m cua phU'O'ng tr1nh Ia X E { -1; 3 }.

2 2
e)3x +21x+18+2.Jx + 7x+ 7 =2.

8ieu ki$n xac djnh: X 2 + 7x + 7 ~ 0.

D~t t = .Jx 2 + 7x + 7 (dieu ki$n: t ~ 0 ). PhU'O'ng tr1nh tr& thanh:

31
2
-
2
3 + 21 = 2 ¢:> 31 + 21 - 5 = 0 ¢:> (I -1) ( 31 + 5) = 0 ¢:> l: :~ ~.
VI t~0 nen t = 1 ~X 2
+ 7 X+ 7 = 1 ~ (X+ 1){ X+ 6) = 0 ~[X= - 6 .
X=-1

Thay X = -6 va X = -1 vao dieu ki$n thoa man.

V~y nghi~m cua phU'O'ng tr1nh Ia X E {-6;-1}.
 PhLPO'ng trinh b~c nhat hai an
luon c6 vo nghi~m.so

( c-ax)
X; b , X E JR, b "# 0.

ho~c
c-by
a ;y ) , y E JR, a =t 0.
(

Dtrang thang (d) Ia a6 thi ham so ax+ by= c

~'J £ (cb > 0; ca > 0)

01'~,'\,-~; X

8tr6'ng thang (d) song song ho~c trung v&i trl)c tung.
( cb > 0)

8tr6'ng thang (d) song song ho~c trung v&i trl)c hoanh.
y (ca > 0)

c
a
0 X
 So nghi~m cua h~ chinh Ia
so giao diem cua hai dU'ang thang: ..
(d) : ax+ by = c

(d'):a'x+b'y=c'

H~ phU'ang tr1nh c6 nghi~m duy nhat.

a b
-=F--
a' b'

H~ phU'ang tr1nh v6 nghi~m.

a b c
-=-=1:--
a' b' c'

H~ phU'ang tr1nh c6 v6 so nghi~m.

y a b c
-----
a' b' c'

X
 Nhan hai v~ cua phU'ang C<)ng ho~c trCP tCI'ng v~ Giai tim x, y. K~t lu~n.
trinh trong h~ v&i m<)t h~ cua hai phU'O'ng trinh d~
s6 thich hqp dU'Q'C phU'ang trinh chi
con X ho~C y.

PhU'ang phap the

1
TCP m<)t phU'ang trinh Th~ vao phU'ang Giai h~ phU'ang K~t lu~n.
CU8 h~ rut X theo y ho~C trinh con lc;ti trinh m&i
ytheo x.

1
f)~t di~u ki~n cua f)~t ~n phl,J, di~u ki~n Giai h~ m&i Thay gia tri vao ~n K~t lu~n.
trinh. cua ~n phi). tim ~n ph1,1. phl,l tim X va y.
8U'a h~ ban d~u v~ h~ m&i.

Neu h~ phU'O'ng trlnh c6 bi~u thU'c

chU'a din ho~c phan thU'c chU'a x
va y thl phai c6 dfeu ki~n xac djnh
cua h~.
 1 : G .... , h sau: {3x - 2y = 5 .
1a1 h"«? phU'O'ng tnn
2x+ y =8
10 7-

chi
3x-2y=5 (1)
{ 2x+ y =8 (2)
each 1: Giai bang phU'ang phap c()ng dc;ti so
Nh~n xet: Bang phU'ang phap c()ng dc;ti so, bai toan c6 hai hU'&ng lam:
CD£)~ h~ so X bang nhau ta nhan hai ve cua (1) v&i 2, nhan hai ve cua (2) v&i 3.
CD£)~ h~ soy bang nhau doi nhau ta nhan hai ve cua (2) v&i 2
a bai nay, lam theo hU'&ng 2:
3x- 2y = 5 {3x- 2y = 5
{ 2x + y = 8 <=> 4x + 2y = 16.
C()ng cac ve tU'ang (rng cua hai phU'O'ng tr1nh ta c6: 7x = 21 <=>X= 3.
Thay vao phU'O'ng tr1nh (2) ta dU'Q'C: 6 + y = 8 <=> y = 2.
V~y nghi~m cua h~ phU'ang tr1nh Ia (x;y) = (3;2).
each 2: Giai bang phU'ang phap the
Nh~n xet: Ta nen rut y theo X (y phU'ang tr1nh hai cua h~, v1 h~ so cua y Ia 1.
Tac6: (2)<=>y=8-2x.
Thay y = 8 - 2x vao ( 1) ta dU'Q'C: 3x- 2 ( 8 - 2x) = 5 ¢:> 7 X -16 = 5 ¢:> 7 X = 21 <=> X = 3.
V&i X= 3 th1 y = 8-2.3 = 2.
V$y nghi~m cua h~ phU'ang tr1nh Ia ( x; y) = ( 3; 2 ).

3x-2(2y -1)=0
Giai h~ phU'ang trlnh sau: ·
{ 3x+2y 2(7-x)

tiet
Nh$n xet: H~ phU'ang tr1nh chU'a c6 dc;tng b$c nhat hai an nen bU'cYC d~u tien chung ta rut
gQn cac phU'O'ng tr1nh CUa h~ dU'a V~ phU'O'ng tr1nh b~C nhat hai an.
3x-2(2y-1)=0 {3x-4y=-2 {3x-4y=-2 {3x-4y=-2
{ 3x+2y=2(7-x) <=> 3x+2y+2x 14 <=> 5x+2y=14 <=> 10x+4y=2S
C()ng cac ve tU'ang (rng cua hai phU'ang tr1nh ta c6: 13x = 26 ¢:> X= 2.
Thay X= 2 vao phU'ang tr1nh th(r hai: 5.2 + 2y = 14 ¢:> y = 2.
V~y nghi~m cua h~ phU'ang tr1nh Ia ( x; y) = (2; 2).
 l
(J2 -1)x- y=F2 (1)
Vi Giai he phU'ang tr1nh:
· x+(F2+1)y=1 (2)
Giai chi tic~t
Nhan ca hai V~ cua (1) v&i ( J2 + 1) ta dU'Q'C:
(_J2 -1) X - Y = _J2 <:=; l( J2 + 1) (J2 -1) X - ( J2 + 1) y = J2 (J2 + 1)
l x+(J2+1)y=1 x+(F2+1)y=1

<=> lx - (F2 + 1) y = 2 + F2
x+(F2+1)y=1

= 3 + -v~2L. <=> x = + F2 ·
3
C Qng cac ve t U'O'ng U'ng cua h a1 p h U'O'ng t'
nn h t a co: 2 x
0
A T };. T ? T

2
Thay X= 3+.J2 vao
' (1): (3+F2J( -v2~ -1 ) - y =-v2~ <=> y = (3+.J2J( -v2~ -1 ) --v2~ =- 1 .
2 2 2 2
3 1
V q.y
A h" h ~ t' h , h"" I' (
p U'O'ng nn co ng ) ( +F2 1~m J
a x;y = ;- .
2 2

Vida} Giai he phU'ang tr1nh: {( x + y) + (x + 2y) = -2 .

· 3(x+ y)+(x-2y)=1

Giai chi ti~t

(x+y)+(x+2y)=-2 <=>{x+x+y+2y=-2 <=>{2x+3y=-2 (1)
{3(x+y)+(x-2y)=1 3x+x+3y-2y=1 4x+y=1 (2)
(2)<=> y=1-4x.
Thay y = 1- 4x vao (1) ta duqc: 2x + 3(1-4x) = -2 <=> 10x = 5 <=>X=~·
V&i X=! thl y=1-4.!=-1.
V~y h$ phuang trinh c62 nghi$m Ia
2
( x;y) =
(
~;-1}

x (y + 5) + 2y = xy + 9
Giai he phU'ang trlnh: .
· {(3x + 1)(2y -1) = 6xy

Giai chi ti~t

x (y + 5) + 2y = xy + 9 H~ phU'O'ng trlnh chU'a co dc;mg
{( 3 x + 1) ( 2 y -1) = 6 xy b~c nhat hai an nen bU'&c dau
tien chung ta rut gQn cck phU'O'ng
<=> {xy + 5x + 2y = xy + 9 <=> {5x + 2y = 9 (1) trlnh cua h~ dU'a ve phU'O'ng trlnh
b~c nhat hai an. Rut gQn xy (y ca
6xy - 3x + 2y -1 = 6xy -3x + 2y = 1 (2)
hai ve cua hai phU'O'ng trlnh.
 l

Tn) cac vfJ tU'O'ng IYng cua hai phU'O'ng trinh ta c6: 8x = 8 ¢::?X= 1.
Thay x = 1 vao phU'ang trinh thiY nh§t: 5.1 + 2 y = 9 ¢=> y = 2.
V~y, h~ phU'ang trinh c6 nghi~m Ia (x;y) = (1;2).

VidiJ G"1a1 nn h : {4x -IY + 21 = 3

.,. h"~ p h U'O'ng t, ( 1) .
X+2ly+21 =3
(£>e thi vao lap 10 Thanh pho Ha NQi nam 2018 - 2019)

Giai chi tiet

8~t t = IY + 21 (dieu ki~n: t ~ O).
Ta c6 h~: VI ca hai phU'O'ng trlnh deu co IY+ 21 nen ta se
Slr dvng phU'O'ng phap d~t an phv d~ dU'a ve
4x-t=3 {8x-2t=6
h~ phU'O'ng trlnh b~c nhat hai an.
{ X + 2t = 3 ¢::> X + 2t = 3
H~ phli'O'ng trlnh co trj tuy~t doi nen ta co th~
chia hai trli'O'ng hQ'p d~ pha dau trj tuy~t doi
¢::? { 9x = 9 ¢::? {x=1 (tho a man). d~ dU'Q'C h~ phU'O'ng trlnh b~C nhat hai an
X+ 2t = 3 t=1
(nhU'ng each nay se dai hO'n each d~t an phv ).
y+ 2 = 1 [y = -1
V&i t = 1 thi IY + 21 = 1 ¢::? [y+2 =-1 ¢::? y =-3 .
V~y h~ phU'ang trinh c6 nghi~m Ia (1;-1);(1;-3).

. h h
">. h
G 1a1 ~ p U'O'ng trin :
A {~X -1 - 3~ y + 2 = 2 ·
2~x-1 +5~y+2 =15

Giai chi tiet

8ieu ki~n xac dinh: x ~ 1; y ~ -2.
f)~t a=~x-1;b=~y+2(a~O;b-c.O).
Ta c6 h~:
a - 3b = 2 {2a - 6b = 4 {11b = 11 {b = 1 (th ., _ )
{ 2a + 5b = 15 ¢=> 2a + 5b = 15 ¢=> a - 3b = 2 ¢=> a = 5 oa man .

a : 5 => {_j X -1 = 5 ¢::> {X -1 =_25 ¢::> {X : 26.

{ b-1 ~y+2=1 y+2-1 Y--1
V~y h~ phU'ang trinh c6 nghi~m Ia ( 26; -1).
1 4 11
--+--=-
lx+3l IYI-2 6 .
Giai h~ phU'ang trinh:
5 2 11
lx+3I-IYI-2 =5

Giai chi tiet

8ieu ki~n xac dinh:
x -3; y ±2. * *
f)~t
1 2
a=-l- -l;b=-l-(a>O;b>O).
x+3 y-2
1
Ta c6 h~:

a + 2b = .!.:!. !a + 2b = .!.:!. !11a = .!.:!. !a = ! !a = !

6<=> 6 <=> 2 <=> 2 <=> 2 (th6a man).
22
Sa - b = .!.:!. 1Oa - 2b = a + 2b = .!.:!_ 2b = .!.:!_ - ! b = ?:_
! 6 6 6 6 2 3
a=!<=> jx + 3j = 2 <=> [x + 3 = 2 <=> [x = -1.
2 X+ 3 = -2 X = -5

2 lrl-
b = 3 <=> 2 = 3 <=> lrl = s <=> [y-5
Y : -s·

V~y, h~ phU'ang trlnh c6 nghi~m Ia ( -1;5);( -1;-5);( -5;5);( -5;-5).

4 21 1
--;::::==- - - =-
~2x- y x+ y 2
Vi dlJ 9: Giai h~ phU'ang trinh:
3 + 7-x-y = 1
~2x- y x+ y
(£)~ thi th.:V vao lap 10 trU'ang THCS&THPT lU'ang The Vinh - Ha NQi nam - 2019)

Giai chi tiet

Nhan xet: Ca hai phU'O'ng trlnh deu c6
1
nen d~t dU'Q'C an phv.
· ~2x- y

1en dx01... 7-x-y = 7-(x+y) = -7- - 1. V"ay dvt

-..,a b'" 7 =b,
a -- 1 =a.
X+ y X+ y X+ y . . X+ y ~2X- y
£)ieu ki~n xac djnh: 2X > y va X -:f. -y.

4 21 1 4 21 1 4 21 1
--=- ----
~2x- y X+ y 2 ~2x- y X+ y 2 ~2x- y - x + y = 2
<=> <=>
3 + 7-x-y = 3 +7-(x+y)= 3 7
1 1 --====+---1 =1
~2x- y x+ y ~2x- y X+ y ~2x- y x+ y
4 21 1
--;::::==- - - - -
~2x- y x+ y 2
<=>
3 +-7-=2
~2x- y X+ y

£)~t 1 7

l l~
a= 1
; b = - -, (a> 0).
\J2x- y X+ y

Ta c6 h~: 1 1 13 a=- a=-

1 1
4a - 3b =- 4a - 3b =-
13a =- 2 2
2 <=> 2 <=> 2 <=> <=> (thoa man).
{3a + b = 2 {9a + 3b = 6 ta + b = 2 + b =2 b= %
 l
a = _21 => 1 1
-J2x- y 2 <=> {2x- y = 4 <=> {3x = 18 <=> {x = 6 (th..oa man
- ).
b=_! _7__ _! x+y=14 y=14-x y=8
2 X+ y 2
VF).y h~ phU'O'ng trinh c6 nghi~m Ia ( 6; 8).

each 1 Tim (x;y) theo m, roi tim dieu ki~n cua m.

ax+by = c H~ co ng h'A d hi._t a b

1~m uy n a <=> 8' *- b'.
A T

{ a'x+b'y=c'

He co vo so ng h'"'
A T I._a b c
1em <=> ---; = -b, = ---;.
A

· · a c

Vi dv 1: Cho h~ phU'O'ng trinh {x- my = 2 . Tim dieu ki~n cua m de phU'O'ng trinh c6
, mx+2y=1
nghi~m duy nhat.

Giai chi tiet

V&i m = 0 th1 h~ <=> {xy=-~ h~ c6 nghi~m.

= , Kh .l" , ,.., a b ,.., 'h ...
1 9P t1 so ~ :;t: b' neu a 09c

2 b' c6 tham so m thl ta phai xet

V&i m * 0. H~ c6 nghi~m duy nhat them trU'b'ng hQ'p a' = o ho~c
b'= o.
<=> __!_ * -m <=> -m * 2 <=> m * -2 (luon dung).
2 2
m 2
VF).y phU'O'ng trinh luon c6 nghi~m duy nhat v&i moi m.

Va'd v Cho h"~ phU'O'ng trin h{mx- 2Y = 2m . T1m

' d"\
1eu ..
ki~n ., m d;{e ph U'O'ng tnn
cua ' h co,
-2x+ y =m+1
nghi~m duy nhat va tim nghi~m duy nhat d6.

chi tiet
mx-2y =2m (1)
He
· { -2x+ y=m+1 (2)
 He" co, ng h'" a <=> -m
1em d uy nhj{t -2 4
. . -2 =t= - 1 <=> m =t= •
TLI' phU'ang trlnh (2) ta c6: y = 2x + m + 1. Thay vao phU'ang trlnh (1) ta dU'Q'C:
4m+2
mx- 2 ( 2x + m + 1) =2m <=> ( m- 4) x = 4m + 2 <=> x = , ( m =t= 4)
m-4
2

=>Y= 2 . ( 4m+2J +m+ 1 = m + 5m .

m-4 m-4
" VO'I
V q.y , · m =t= 4th'1h"~ p hU'O'ng t'
nn h co, ng h'"
1~m d uy n hj{t
4
m-4
2
a 1'a ( x; y ) = ( m + ; m + Sm .
m-4
2
J
Vi dt;~ 3: Cho h~ phU'ang trlnh 3 2 3
{ x- y = m+ (m Ia tham so).
x+2y=3m+1
a) Giai h~ phU'ang trlnh v&i m = 2.
b) Tim m de
h~ phU'ang trlnh c6 nghi~m ( x; y) thoa man x 2 + y 2 = 5.

Giai chi ti~t

a) V&i m = 2, ta c6 h~:
3x-y=7 ¢=>{6x-2y=14 <=>{7x=21 <=>{x=3.
{ X+ 2y = 7 X+ 2y = 7 3X- y = 7 y =2
Vf).y v&i m = 2 h~ phU'ang trlnh c6 nghi~m Ia (3;2).

b) Vl ~ * ~1 nen he phll'ang trlnh lu6n c6 nghiem duy nhfit (x;y).

3x- y=2m+3 {6x-2y=4m+6 {7x=7m+ 7 {x=m+1
{ x + 2y =3m+ 1 <=> x + 2y =3m+ 1 <=> 3x- y =2m+ 3 ¢=> y = 3 ( m + 1)- 2m-3= m.

H~ phU'ang trlnh c6 nghi~m ( x; y) = ( m + 1; m ).

T:(~:~;~ ::~::: :::::+2m-4 ~ 0 ~ 2(m-1)(m+ 2) ~ 0 ~ [m =

m=-2
1 ·

Vf).y m = 1 ho~c m = -2 thl phU'ang trlnh c6 nghi~m thoa man d@ bai.

Vi dt;~ 4: Cho h~ phU'ang trlnh {x + ay = 3a (!) (a Ia tham so).

-ax+ y=2-a 2
a) Giai h~ phU'ang trlnh v&i a= 1.
b) Tim a de
h~ phU'ang trlnh c6 nghi~m duy nhat (x;y) thoa man + 2
X +3
Ia so nguyen.

(£)e thi vao lap 10 mon toan tinh Lao Cai nam 2018- 2019)

Giai chi ti~t { =3 {2 =4 { =2

a) V&i a= 1, ta c6 h~: x + Y <=> y <=> Y .
-X + y =1 X =3- y X =1

Vf).y v&i a= 1 h~ phU'ang trlnh c6 nghi~m Ia ( 1;2).

0
b) V&i a= othl he<=>
.
{x = , he c6 nghiem.
y=2 . .
 a* 0. H~ c6 nghi~m duy nhat ~ - * ~ ~ -a 2 * 1 ~ a 2 * -1 (luon dung).
1
1
V&i
-a
H~ phU'ang trlnh luon c6 nghi~m v&i m<;>i a.
x + ay = 3a {x = 3a- ay {x = 3a- ay {y = 2
{-ax+ y = 2- a 2 ~ -a (3a - ay) + y = 2- a 2 ~ ( a 2 + 1) y = 2a 2 + 2 ~ x = a ·
(VI a 2 + 1 > 0 nen rut g<;>n dU'Q'C ta c6 y = 2).
H~ phU'ang trlnh luon c6 nghi~m duy nhat ( x; y) = (a; 2).
't·
X e. A-~--
- 2 - 2 -
4

x +3 a +3
Ta c6: a 2 + 3 ~ 3, 'v'a => ~ ~ , 'v'a => 0 <A~
4
a +3 3 3
i.
Ma thea de bai dE§ A E z th i A = 1 => a 2 + 3 = 4 ~a 2
= 1 ~ [a = .
1
a=-1
V~y a= 1 ho~c a= -1 thea man de bai.

86i v&i bai toan tim a de bieu thCrc A nh~n gia tri nguyen thi ta di tim khoang gia tri cua bieu
th(rc A, tim cac gia tri nguyen cua A trong khoang nay roi thay vao tim a.
Phan bi~t v&i bai toan tim a Ia s6 nguyen de A nh~n gia tri nguyen thl khi d6 m&i c6
a 2 +3EU'(4).

mx-y=3-m
Vid~;~ Cho h~ phU'ang trinh (m Ia tham s6).
{ x-my=2m
Tim m de h~ phU'ang trinh c6 nghi~m duy nhat. Khi d6, h~ thCrc lien h~ gifra x va y khong
phl) thu<)c vao m.

Giai chi ti~t ·

V&i m = 0, ta c6 h~: { ~: ~3 . H~ c6 nghi~m duy nhflt.
m * 0, h~ phU'ang trinh c6 nghi~m duy nhat ~ m * - ~ m2 * 1 ~ m * ±1.
1
V&i
1 -m

v~:~&~~~;~ :i~~E;:;;~~~: :) ~:: :1i,~§::)::~: - ~ ~ ~:::

9

m (: m_3

X= _ ___!!!____ [X= -1+-1 m +1

~ m+1 ~ m+1
[ Y= -2m-3 1 ·
y=-2---
m+1 m+1
C<)ng hai ve cua hai phU'O'ng trinh ta khll' dU'Q'C tham s6 m. H~ th(rc c~n tim Ia X+ y = -3.
Cau 1: Giai cac h~ phU'ang trlnh sau:
x+4y=8
1 { (£>e thi vao lap 10 tinh Bac Giang nam 2018- 2019).
) 2x+5y = 13
9x+ y = 11
2 { (£>e thi vao lap 10 tinh Binh OU'O'ng nam 2018 - 2019).
) 5x+2y =9
2 (X + y) + 3 (X - y) = 4
3 {
) (x+y)+2(x-y)=5 ·
3(x+ 1) + 2(x+ 2y) = 4
4) (£>e thi vao lap 10 tinh Thili Nguyen nam 2018- 2019).
{ 4 (X+ 1)- (X+ 2y) = 9
3x (2y - 3) + 4 y = 6 ( xy + 1)
5)
{( 4 x + 5 )( y - 5) = 4 xy ·
(X + 3){ y - 2) = y (X + 1)
6)
{( 2x -1) (Y + 1) = 2xy ·
7) {X~ -3y=1 .
2x+ y~ =-2

Cau 2: Giai cac h~ phU'ang trlnh sau:

JX + 2~ y -1 = 5
1) (£>e thi vao lap 10 TP Ha Nc}i nam 2017- 2018).
{4/X -~y-1 =2
2 ) {3x + ~ y + 6 = 11 (£>e thi vao lap 10 TP Ha Nc}i nam 2017- 2018).
5x-~y+6=13

(
~+-2 =4
X y+1 (£>e thi vao lap 10 tinh Hoa Binh nam 2018- 2019).
3) 2 1
---=3
X y+1
3 5
--- =-1
X+Y jY-2 .
4
) 5+X+y + 7 =7
X+Y jY-2

5)

6)
! JXY--4 =3
JXY
x(1-y)+15=0

2 (X + y) + ~ y + 1 = 4
.
(£>e thi vao lap 10 tinh Nam £>inh nam 2018- 2019).

{(X + y) - 3~ y + 1 = -5
 X= 2 , ]{ ,
Cau 3: Cho h~ phU'ang trlnh (m Ia tham so). Tim m de x + y nh6 nhat.
{ mx+ y=m 2 +3

(E>e thi vao l&p 10 tinh Lao Cai nam 2017- 2018)

Cau 4: Cho h~ phU'ang trlnh {mx- Y = n (m, n Ia tham so).

nx+my =1
a) Kh6ng dUng may tinh c§m tay hay gi8i h~ phtJ'O'ng trinh khi m = -~;n = ~·
b) Xac djnh m, n biet rang h~ c6 nghi~m Ia ( -1;.J3).

Cau 5: Cho h~ phU'ang trlnh 3 2

{ x- y = m -
1
(m Ia tham so).
x+2y =3m+2
Tim m de h~ phU'ang trlnh c6 nghi~m duy nhat th6a man x 2 + y 2 = 13.
x-2y=3-m ,
Cau 6: Cho h~ phU'ang trlnh { ( ) (l)(m Ia tham so).
2X+ y= 3 m+ 2
a) Giai h~ phU'ang trlnh khi m = 2.
b) Tim tat ca gia tri cua m de (I) c6 nghi~m duy nhat.
c) Tim gia tri nh6 nhat cua A= x 2 + y~ trong d6(x;y) Ia nghi~m duy nhat cua (1).
(E>e thi vao l&p 10 tinh Vinh Phuc nam 2017- 2018)
mx-2y=3-m ,
Cau 7: Cho h~ phU'ang trlnh { (m Ia tham so).
2x-my=2m
Tim m de h~ phU'ang trlnh c6 nghi~m duy nhat. Tim m nguyen de A= y- 2x c6 gia tri nguyen.

!
1) Nghi~m cua h~ phU'ang trlnh Ia: ( 4; 1).
2) Nghi~m cua h~ phU'ang trlnh Ia: ( 1; 2).

3) 2 (X+ y) + 3 (X- Y) = 4 ¢:> {5X- y = 4 ¢:> X = 1 -2 .

{ (x+y)+2(x-y)=5 3x-y=5 Y=-~
2
Nghi~m cUa h~ phlPang trinh Ia: ( -~;- ; }
1

4)
3(x+1)+2(x+2y)=4 =>{5x+4y=1 <=>{x=1 .
{ 4(x+1)-(x+2y)=9 3x-2y=5 y=-1
Nghi~m cua h~ phU'ang trlnh Ia: ( 1; -1).
5)
3x(2y-3)+4y=6(xy+1) <=>{-9x+4y=6 <=>{x=-2.
{ (4x+5)(y-5)=4xy -20x+5y=25 y=-3
Nghi~m cua h~ phU'ang trlnh Ia: ( -2; -3 ).
6)
(x+3)(y-2)=y(x+1) ¢>{-2x+2y=6 ¢>{x=4.
{ (2x -1)(y + 1) = 2xy 2x- y = 1 y =7

Nghi~m cua h~ phU'ang tr1nh Ia: ( 4; 7).

7) Ng h .~
u~m cua A ' h I'a: ( - 6 +
.. h<? phU'O'ng t nn
8
J2 ; -1+-J2- J.
4
cau2
1) Dieu ki~n: x ~ o; y ~ 1.
D~t a= JX;b = ~Y -1 (a~ O;b ~ 0).
Ta c6 h~:
a + 2b = 5 ¢:> {a = 1 =;> {x = 1 (th oa - d'},.
.. man 1eu k'"
l<?n ).
{ 4a - b = 2 b=2 y =5
2) Dieu ki~n:y ~ -6.
D~t b=~y+6 (b~O).
Ta c6 h~:

3x + b = 11 =;> {x = 3 =;> {x = 3 (th oa - d'},.

.. man 1eu k'1en . A )

{ 5x- b = 13 b=2 y = -2 ·
Nghi~m cua h~ phU'ang tr1nh Ia: (3;-2).

3) Dieu ki~n: x * O;y * -1.

1
Dat a=_:!_. b = - - .
· x' y+1
Ta c6 he: { 1
a + 2b = 4
¢:>
{a = 2
=;>
x =-
2.
{ 2a - b = 3 b=1 Y=0
Nghi~m cua h~ phU'ang tr1nh Ia: ( 1; 5)
4) Dieu ki~n: X :;t: - y; y ~ 0 va y :;t: 4.
1 1
Dat a = - - · b = .
. X+y' -JY-2
Ta c6 h~:

3a - 5b = -1 {3a - 5b = -1 =
{ 5a + 1+ 7b = 7 <=> 5a + 7 b = 6 => b =
la ii <=> JY -
{x + Y = 2 {x = -14
2 = 2 <=> y = 16 ·
Nghi~m cua h~ phU'ang tr1nh Ia: ( -14; 16 ).
5) Dieu ki~n: xy > o.

! JXY --4-=3
JXY
x(1-y)+15=0
(1)

(2)

TLI' ( 1) ta c6: xy - 3/XY - 4 = 0 ¢:> ( JXY

+ 1) ( JXY -
4) = 0 ¢:> JXY
= 4 ¢:> xy = 16.
TLI' (2) ta c6: x - xy + 15 = 0 =;> x -16 + 15 = 0 ¢:> x = 1=;> y = 16.
6) Dieu ki~n: y ~ -1.
f)~t a= x + y; b = ~ y + 1 ( b ~ 0 ).
Ta c6 h~:
2a + b = 4 <:::? {a = 1 => {x + Y = 1 <:::? {x = -2.
{ a- 3b = -5 b =2 ~y + 1 = 2 y =3
Nghi~m cua h~ phU'O'ng tr1nh Ia: ( -2; 3).

X= 2 {X=2 {X
=2 .
{mx + y = m 2
+ 3 <:::? 2m+ y = m 2 + 3 <:::? y = m2 -2m + 3
H~ phU'O'ng tr1nh c6 nghi~m v&i mQi m.
2
Ta c6: A = x + y = m -2m + 5 = ( m -1t + 4
=>A~ 4, 'v'm.

Gia tri nho nhat cua X+ y Ia 4 d9t dU'Q'C khi m = 1.

a) Kh .lm=- 1 ; n= 1 th'1ng h"1~mcua h~a

I' ( x;y ) = (17;-21.
A , A0 22)
2 3
A , ng h"A
b) H~co 1~m 1 3 ) <:::? {-m-13 =n <:::? {m+n=-13
a, ( - 1;-v-'
r;:; <:::?
{m=-2+13.
-n + 13m = 1 13m - n= 1 n= 2- 213

3x- y = 2m -1 {6x- 2y = 4m - 2 {x = m
{ x + 2y = 3m + 2 <:::? x + 2y = 3m + 2 <:::? y = m + 1 .

2
Theo de bai x 2 + y2 = 13 <:::? 2m 2 + 2m + 1 = 13 <:::? m2 + m - 6 = o <:::? [m = .
m=-3

a) V&i m = 2 th1 nghi~m h~ Ia (x;y) = (5;2).

b) Ta th§y: ~ *~ 2
nen hi.\ (I) lu6n c6 nghii,lm duy nh§t.

x- 2y = 3 - m {2x- 4 y = 6 -2m {5 y = 5m
{ 2x + y = 3 ( m + 2) <:::? 2x + y = 3m + 6 <:::? x- 2y = 3 - m
{y = m .
<:::? x =m+3
~Th~:

2
2
.
A = x 2 + y 2 = m 2 + ( m + 3 ) = 2m 2 + 6m + 9 = 2 m +-
2
( 3) +-92 ·
2

2m+- 3) +-~-,Vm=>A~-,'v'm.
9 9 9
( 2 2 2 2

. gia tri. nho nhat cua A Ia ~

Vay 2 dat
. dU'O'C
. khi m = -~2 ·
 cau 1 {x=O
V&i m = 0 th1 ta c6 h$: { -2 2 ~=0 3 <=> _ 3. H$ c6 nghi$m duy nh~t.
X- Y--2
m -2
V&i m =t- 0, h$ c6 nghi$m duy nh~t khi va chi khi -
2
*-
-m
<=> m
2
=t- 4 <=> m =~: ±2.
Khi d6:
mx-2y =3-m<=> {2mx-4y = 6 -2m
{ 2x-my=2m 2mx-m 2 y=2m 2

-2m 2 -2m+6
{(m -4)y = 6 -2m -2m <c:> Y

l m -4
2 2 2
<=>
2
2x-my=2m -m -m
X=---
m2 -4
6
=>A=y-2x=--
m2 4
V&i m nguyen, de A nh~n gia tri nguyen th1 m2 - 4 E U'(6).
Ta c6 cac trU'ang hqp sau

. [m
...
2
4 =6 ~
-
~
= 10 [m 2

(loQi).
m 2 -4=-6 m 2 =-2

• [:: =: : ~ 3 <c:> [ : : : ~ <c:> m = ±1 .

. . [m
.,
2
- 4=2 ~ ~
[m= 6
2

(loQi).
m 2
- 4 = -2 m2 = 2
."'. [m 2
- 4 =1 ~
~
[m 2
=5 (loQi).
m 2
- 4 = -1 m2 = 3
V~y m = ± 1 Ia gia tri can tim.
H$ phU'O'ng tr1nh doi xLl'ng la9i I thea an x va y Ia h$ phU'O'ng tr1nh ma khi ta d6i vai tr6 cua
cac an X va y th1 h$ phU'O'ng tr1nh van khong thay df>i.

, {f(x,y)=O {f(x,y)=f(y,x)
H$ phU'O'ng tr1nh doi xLl'ng la9i I c6 d9ng , trang d6 ·
g( x,y) = 0 g( x,y) = g(y,x)
BU'&c 1: f)~t S = X + y; P = xy. Dit§u ki$n: S 2 2 4P.
BU'&c 2: Bien d6i h$ phU'O'ng tr1nh c6 hai an S, P, giai ra S va P (sll' dvng phU'O'ng phap the
ha~c c<)ng d9i so).
BU'&C 3: T1m dU'Q'C s va P, khi d6 X va y Ia nghi$m cua phU'O'ng tr1nh b~c hai:
X 2 -SX+P=0
Giai phU'O'ng tr1nh b~c hai thea an X.
BU'&c 4: Ket lu~n nghi$m cua h$ phU'O'ng tr1nh.

Neu (x0 ; y J Ia nghi$m cua h$ phU'O'ng tr1nh th1 (y0 ; x 0 ) cOng Ia nghi$m cua h$ phU'O'ng tr1nh.

V1, d~:~
.., . ~
1: G1a1 h~ phU'O'ng tnnh
, {x + y + 2 2
xy = 3
X+y=2 .

Giai chi ti~t

YtU'ang: Bien df>i phU'O'ng tr1nh (1) vt§ tf>ng va tfch cua X va y.
2 2 2 2
x + y + xy = 3 <=> {( x + y ) - 2xy + xy = 3 <=> {( x + y ) - xy = 3 .
{
X+y=2 X+y=2 X+y=2
D~t s = x + y;P = xy. Dieu ki$n: S 2
2 4P.

Ta c6 he:
S - P=3
. { S=2
<=>
2
=2
4-P=3
<=> {s =2
P=1
(thoa man) .
{s
x va y Ia nghi$m cua phU'O'ng tr1nh b~c hai: X - 2X + 1 = 0 <=> (X -1) = 0 <::> X= 1.
2 2

V~y h$ phU'O'ng tr1nh c6 nghi$m Ia ( 1; 1).

x 2 + y 2 = 10
Giai h$ phU'O'ng tr1nh { ( )( ) ·
X+1 y+1 =8

Giai chi ti~t

2 2 2
x + y = 10 {( x + y )
- 2xy = 10
{ (X + 1) ( Y + 1) = 8 ¢::> xy + X + y + 1 = 8 .

D~t s = x + y; P = xy. Dieu ki$n: S 2

2 4P.
Ta c6 h~:
2 2 2 2
S - 2P = 1o ¢:> {S - 2P = 1o ¢:> {S - 2 (7- s) = 1o ¢:> {S + 2s- 24 = o.
{ P+S+1=8 P=7-S P=7-S P=7-S
¢:> {s
P=3
= 4 hoac
.
{s =
P=13
-6.

s
Ma S2 ~ 4P => = 4, P = 3 thoa man.
Khi d6, x va y Ia nghi~m cua phU'ang trinh b~c hai
1
X 2 - 4 X + 3 = 0 ¢:> (X -1) (X - 3) = 0 ¢:> [X = .
X=3
V~y h~ phU'ang trinh c6 nghi~m Ia (1;3);(3;1).

V,1 d 1:1 2 : G'1a1

... h~ phU'O'ng t n' n h
A {JX + "Yr::y + 4"){~yY = 16 .
X+y=10

Giai chi tiet

Bieu ki~n xac dinh: x ~ O;y ~ o.
8~t S = +JX JY;P = fXY. 8ieu ki~n: S 2 ~ 4P va S ~ 0; P ~ 0.
Ta c6 h~:
s + 4P = 16 ¢:> {s + 4P = 16 ¢:> {s + 4P = 16
{ S2 - 2P = 10 2S 2 - 4P = 20 2S 2 + S - 36 = 0

~ {!: ~ (th6a man) j::

ho~c ~~ (lo~i).
Khi d6 JX va .JY Ia nghi~m cua phU'ang trinh b~c hai
X -1
X2 - 4 X + 3 = 0 ¢:> (X -1)( X - 3) = 0 ¢:> [ - .
X=3
V~y h~ phU'ang trinh c6 nghi~m Ia (1;9); (9;1).

H~ phU'O'ng trinh doi x(fng lo~i II theo an x va y Ia h~ phU'O'ng trinh ma khi ta d6i vai tro cua
cac an X Va y thi hai phU'O'ng trinh trong h~ se hoan d6i cho nhau.

H~ p h U'O'ng t nn
A ' h dj{. ,
01 XU'ng I0~1. II co, d ~ng {' (X, y) = 0 .
· f(y,x)=O
BU'&c 1: C()ng ho~c trll' hai ve cua hai h~ phU'ang trinh thu dU'Q'C phU'ang trinh. Bien d6i
phU'O'ng trinh nay Ve phU'O'ng trinh tfch, tim bi~U thLPC lien h~ giCI'a X Va y dO'n gian.
BU'&c 2: The X thee y ( ho~c y thee x) vao m()t trong hai phU'O'ng trinh cua h~ ban d~lU.
BU'&c 3: Giai va tim ra nghi~m x ( ho~c y). TLI' d6 suy ra nghi~m con l~i.
BU'&c 4: Ket lu~n nghi~m cua h~ phU'ang trinh.
 x 2 -3x = -2y (1)
Vi d~:~ 1: Giai h~ phU'ang trinh
{ y 2 -3y =-2x (2)
Giiti chi tiet
TrCr tCrng ve cua hai phU'ang trinh ta dU'Q'C:
2 2
X - y - 3X + 3 y = -2 y + 2X ¢:> (X - y) (X + y) - 5 (X - y) = 0 ¢:> (X - y) (X + y - 5) = 0

¢:>
X=Y .
[ X=5-y
0
V&i X= Y thay vao (1) ta dU'Q'C: y 2 - y = 0 <=> y(y -1) = 0 ¢:> [y = O=>X= .
y=1=>X=1
V&i x = 5- y thay vao (1) ta dU'qc:
-2 ( 5 - y) ¢:> y 2 - 3 y = -1 0 + 2y ( ~ h" ~ )
2
y - 3y =
2 vo ng 1em .
<=>Y- 5 y+ 10 = 0 .
V~y nghi~m cua h~ phU'ang trinh da cho Ia
( x; y) E {( 0; 0) ;(1; 1)} .

., . ~
3
, {x + 2x = y (1)
G1a1 h~ phU'ang tnnh •
y 3 +2y =X (2)

Giai chi tiet

TrCr tCrng ve cua hai phU'ang trinh ta dU'Q'C:
x3 - y 3 + 3x - 3 y = 0 <=> (x - y )( x 2 + y 2 + xy + 3) = 0

¢> (X- y { (X+

3
~ J 3~
+
2
+ 3] =0
¢> y = X.
V&i y = xthay vao (1) ta dU'qc: x + x = 0 <=> x = 0.
V~y nghi~m cua h~ phU'ang trinh Ia ( O; o).

Giai chi tiet { 0

Vi ve phai cua moi phU'O'ng trinh deu dU'O'ng nen ta c6 X> .
T Y >0
.a co:,
x 2 +2

!
3 x - -2 -
- y 3xy 2 = x 2 + 2 (1)
y = y 2 + 2 ¢> { 3yx 2 = y 2 + 2 (2) ·
3
x2
Tn) tll'ng ve cua hai phU'O'ng trlnh (1) va (2) ta dU'Q'C:
2 2 2 2
3 xy - 3 yx = X - y ¢:> 3 xy (Y -X) = (X- y) (X+ y) <=> (X- y )(3xy + X+ y) = 0.
VI x > 0, y > 0 => 3xy + x + y > 0
=>X= y.
V&i X= y thay vao (1) ta dU'Q'C:
2
3x 3 - x 2 - 2 = 0<=> (x -1)(3x + 2x + 2) = 0 <=> x 1 => y = 1.
V~y nghi~m cua h~ phU'ang trlnh Ia ( 1; 1).

Vi d~:~ 1: Cho h~ phU'ang trlnh {x + Y = m (m Ia tham so).

x2 + y2 = -m2 + 6
Hay tim cac gia tri cua m d~ h~ phU'ang trlnh c6 nghi~m ( x; y) sao cho bi~u th(rc
A= xy + 2 ( x + y) d9t gia tri nh6 nh§t. Tim gia tri nh6 nhat d6.-
(Trich de thi vao 10 tinh Cao Bang nam 2017- 2018)

Giili chi tiet

{x+ y =m
Ia h~ phU'ang trlnh doi xCrng lo9i 1.
A ,

Nh9n xet:
x 2 + y 2 =-m 2 +6
8$t S = X + y; P = xy. 8ieu ki~n: S2 2 4P.
=> X + y 2 = (X + y ) - 2xy = S2 - 2P.
2 2

.a co, he:
-r: A

.
{s =
S2 -
m
2P = -m 2 +6
<=> {s =
P = m2
m
- 3
·

H~ phU'ang trlnh c6 nghi~m ( x; y) khi va chi khi

S 2 4P <=> m 2 2 4m 2 -12 <=> 3m 2 ~ 12 <=> m 2 ~ 4 <=> -2 ~ m ~ 2.
2

2 2 2
Ta c6: A= xy+2(x+ y) = m -3+2m =m +2m+1-4 = (m+1) -4.
VI -2 ~ m ~ 2 <=> -1 ~ m + 1 ~ 3 <=> 0 ~ ( m + 1) ~ 9
2

=> -4~A ~5.

Gia tri nho nhat cua A Ia -4 d9t dU'Q'c khi m +1=0 <=> m = -1.
2
3a 1
-+ -= 1
Vi d~:i 2: Tfnh gia tri cua bi~u
2 3
2 2
th(rc M = a + b biet a, b th6a man: b b
3b 2
(- 2
+-=1
a2 a3
(Trich de thi vao 10 tinh Quang Ninh nam 2017- 2018)
GUti chi tiet
Di~u ki~n xac dinh: a* 0; b * 0.
3a 2

Taco:
1
, lJ2 + LJ3 = 1
<=>
{3a2b + 1 = b3 {b3- 3a2b = 1
3 <=> 3 ~
l(
b3 - 3a2b) = 1
·
2

2
( 3b + ~ = 1
a2 a3
2
3ab + 2 = a
2
a - 3ab = 2 ( a 3 _ 3ab 2 = 4 t
Gong tll'ng v~ cua hai phU'O'ng tr1nh ta dU'Q'C:
( b6 - 6a 2b 4 + 9a 4b 2) + (a 6 - 6a 4 b 2 + 9a 2b 4) = 5
6 2 4 4 2 6
<::> b + 3a b + 3a b + a = 5 <=> ( a + b
~a2 +b2 =~.
2
t
2 =5

2x+3y = xy+5
Vi d~:~ 3: Giai h~ phU'ang tr1nh

l 1
-+--=1
X
1
y+1
(Trich de
.

thi vao 10 tinh Nam Dinh nam 2017- 2018)

Giai chi tiet

£>i~U ki~n xac djnh: X =F 0 Va y-::/= -1.

l
2 3 5
x + Y = xy + {2x + 3 y = xy + 5 {xy = 2x + 3 y - 5 (1) .
1 1 ¢:> ¢:>
- +- = 1 y + 1+X= X (y + 1) XY = y + 1 ( 2)
X y+1
Trll' tl)ng v~ cua hai phU'O'ng tr1nh ta c6: 2x + 2y- 6 = 0 ¢:> X= 3- y.
Thay X= 3- y thay vao phU'O'ng tr1nh (2) ta dU'Q'C:
2
(3- y) y = y + 1 <=> y 2 - 2y + 1 = 0 <=> (Y -1) = 0 <=> y = 1
~X=2.
V~y nghi~m cua h~ phU'ang tr1nh Ia ( 2; 1).
 1: G.... , h {2x + y = x2 .
1a1 h~A phU'O'ng t nn
2y+X=Y2

Ca u
A Gia1
... h~A phU'O'ng tn, nh {x3 = 2y + x
.
y 3 =2X+ y

xy+x+ y=3
3: Giai h~ phU'ang tr1nh { 2 •
X Y+XY 2 =2
2 2
... A , {3x +8y +12xy =23
4: Gia1 h~ phU'ang tnnh .
x2 + y2 = 2

Cau 5: G1a1
A , h {x2 + 4 y2 = 5
.... heA phU'O'ng t nn ·
· (x+2y)(5+4xy)=27

2 1 X

!
X +-+-=27
y2 y
Cau 6: Giai h~ phU'ang tr1nh
1 X
X+-+-=15
y y
__:!_ + _! = ~
7: Giai h~ phU'ang tr1nh x y 6 ·
x 2y + xy 2 = 30
[

Cau 8: Giai h~ phU'ang tr1nh ~~ ~:: +~ Jx~~ = 2

( v&i x > ~; y > -5).
2
3x+2y=19
2
x +x = 2
Cau 9: Giai h~ phU'ang tr1nh

! Y
y2 1
x-+Y=2
.

H~ phU'ang tr1nh doi x(fng loc;1i II, tn) tCrng ve cua hai phU'ang tr1nh ta OU'Q'C
(X- y) (X+ y -1) = 0 ¢:>[X= y .
X=1-y

A ng h"A
Vc;1y 1~m cua hA
~ phU'O'ng t'
'> a ; , (33)
nn hi'(OO)
1
; , ( - +J5
1
- ; --
2 2
-JSJ ( 1
' - --15
2
-;-
1
+-15]
-
2
·
H$ phU'ang tr1nh doi x(rng lo~i II, tn)' tling ve cua hai phU'ang tr1nh ta dU'Q'C
( x - y) ( x + xy + y + 1) = 0 ~ x = y.
2 2

VE}.y nghi$m cua h$ phU'ang tr1nh Ia (0;0), (J3;J3), (-J3;-J3).

H$ phU'ang tr1nh doi x(rng lo~i I.

8~t s = x + y, P = xy (dieu ki$n: S 2 ~ 4P), ta dU'Q'c
P+S=3 ~[S=1; P=2.
{ S.P = 2 S = 2; P = 1.
Kat hqp dieu ki$n ===>S = 2; P= 1.
VE}.y nghi$m cua h$ phU'ang tr1nh Ia (1;1).

C(>ng tCrng ve cua hai phU'O'ng tr1nh ta dU'Q'C

2 [2x+3y =5
4x 2 +9y 2 +12xy = 25 ~ (2x+3y) = 25 ~ ·
2x+3y =-5
[X = 1; y = 1
v&i 2x + 3y = 5 ~ y = 5 T _2 2 2
thay vao X + y = 2 ta dU'Q'C X= !__. = .:!2.
.

13' y 13

X=-1; y =-1
-5-2x ·
V&i 2x + 3y = -5 ~ y =
2 2
3 thay vao x + y = 2 ta dU'Q'C X=_!__. y =_.!I_
[
13' 13

V~y nghililm cUa M phU'O'ng trinh 18 (1;1), (-1;-1), u3; ~;} (- 3;- ~;}
7
1

2 2 2 2 2
x + 4y = 5 {x + (2y) = 5 {(x + 2y) - 2.(2xy) = 5
{ (x + 2y)(5 + 4xy) = 27 ~ (x + 2y)(5 + 2.x.2y) = 27 ~ (x + 2y)(5 + 2.2xy) = 27

8~t a= x + 2y, b = 2xy (dieu ki$n: a 2 ~ 4b ), ta dU'Q'C

a 2 -2b =5
{ a ( 5 + 2b) = 27 ~ a = ; b = .
3 2

X va 2y Ia nghi$m cua phU'O'ng tr1nh bf}.c hai: X 2

. -
[X
=1
3X + 2 = 0 ~ X= 2.

V~y nghililm cUa h~ phU'O'ng trinh 18 (1;1), ( 2;~}

2
-r:
1 a ,
CO: X
2
+ y12 + yX = 27 ~ ( X+ y
1 ) - yX = 2 7.

Bieu ki$n: y *o
 .~
2
v
Data=
1
x + -, x ."
b =- (d1eu k1en: a ~ 4b ), ta dU'O'C
2 {a - b = 27
<::>
[a = 6; b = 9
·
· y y · · a+ b = 15 a= -7; b = 22
Ket hqp dieu ki~n => a = 6; b = 9.
X va ~ Ia nghi~m cua phU'O'ng trinh b~c hai: X2 - 6X + 9 = 0 ¢:> X= 3.

V~y :ghi~m ella h.;\ phU'ang trinh Ia ( 3;~}

cau7
Dieu ki~n: x * o; y * o.
1 1 5 .

D~t s = x + y, P = xy (dieu ki~n: S

!-+-=-
X
2
y 6
x y+xy
2
2
= 30
¢:>
{6(x+y)=5xy
xy ( x + y) = 30

~ 4P ), ta dU'Q'C
·

6S = 5P <=> [S = 5; P = 6 ~ man
(th oa - d'" ~ ).
1eu k'1~n
{ S.P=30 S=-5; P=-6

,.S
V 0'1 = 5; p = 6 => [X = 2; y = 3 .
X=3; y =2
1 6
V&i S = -5; P = -6 => [X = ; y = - ·
X= -6; y = 1
V~y nghi~m cua h~ phU'ang trinh Ia (2;3), (3;2), (1;-6), ( -6;1).

cau a
D~tt = px -3
y+5
(I> 0).
2 2 3
Ta c6 phU'ang trinh: t +! = 2 <=> ( t -1) = 0 <::> t = 1 => x- = 1 <::> 2x- y = 8.
t . y+5
~ {2x - y = 8 <=> {x = 5 ·
...-:1a co, he:
· 3x + 2y = 19 y=2
V~y nghi~m cua h~ phU'ang trinh Ia (5;2).

cau 9
Dieu ki~n xac dinh: X* 0 va y *0
D~t x = ky (dieu ki~n: k O). *
Ta c6 h~: k2 2
2
: + ky = 2 lk : + ky = 2 lky (k + 1) = 2
<=> y 1 <=> y 1·
- ( 1+ k) = -
2
y 1 - +y =-
-+ y=- ky 2 k 2
ky 2
Neu k + 1 = o<=> k = -1 thi h~ vo nghi~m.
2
Neu k + 1 -:t:- 0 <=> k-1, chia theo ve cua hai phU'ang trinh ta dU'qc: k = 4 <=> k = ±2.
-:t:-

V &i k = 2 => ( 2 + 2) y = 2 ¢:> y = => X = ~.

2 1
2
3 . 3
V&i k =-2 => [( -2) - 2 Jy = 2 <=> y = 1 =>X= -2.
V~y nghi~m ella hi\\ phU'ang trinh Ia ( ~;~} ( -2;1).
• each viet so
trong h~ th~p phan cua t8}' nhien: so
+So c6 hai chef so: ab = 10a +b.
+So c6 ba chef so: abc= 100a + 10b +c.
+ So c6 bon chef so: abed = 1oooa + 1OOb + 1Oc +d .
• Quan h~ chia het va chia c6 dU':
So a chia cho b dU'Q'C thU'ang bang c va c6 so dU' Ia r, dU'Q'C viet l~i Ia: a= b.c + r.
+ Neu a chia het cho b thl so dU' r = o.
+ Neu a khong chi a het cho b th 1 so dU' o < r < b.

Vi dt.~ 1: Tim hai s6 bi~t t6ng ella ehUng b8ng 9 va tling eae nghjeh d<lo ella ehUng b8ng
1~ .
Giai chi tiet
GQi hai so can tim Ia X, y. 8i~u ki~n: X, y * 0.
Tong cua hai so d6 Ia: x + y = 9. (1)
1 1 9
T ong
;t
cac
,
ng h'!Ch d..ao cua
.. c h,ung I'a:-+-=-. (2)
X y 14
X+ y = 9
Ta c6 h~ phU'ang trlnh: _!_ + _!_ = ~.
(
X y 14
TCP (1) c6: y =9- x, thay vao (2) ta dU'qc:
1 1 9 2
- + - - = - q 14(9-x)+14x = 9x(9-x) q 9x -81x+126 =0 q
[X= 2 (thea man).
X 9-X 14 X=7
V&i X= 2 thl y = 7.
V&i X= 7 thl y = 2.
VEJ,y hai so can tim Ia 2 va 7.

Vi Tim mot so c6 hai chef so, biet rang chef so hang chl)c l&n han chef so hang dan
vi Ia 5 va neu dem so d6 chia cho tong cac chef so cua n6 thl dU'Q'C thU'ang Ia 7 va dU' Ia 6.
 Giai chi tiet
GQi so c6 hai chCr so can tlm Ia ab v&i a,b E {0, 1,2,3,4,5,6, 7,8,9},a 0.*
Vl chCr so hang chl)c l&n han chCr so hang dan vi Ia 5 nen a- b = 5. (1)
Neu dem so d6 chia cho tong cac chCr so cua n6 thl dU'Q'C thU'ang Ia 7 va dU' Ia 6.
Dod6:ab=7(a+b)+6. (2)
TCr (1) va (2) ta c6 h~ phU'ang trlnh:

a- b=5 <=> {a - b = 5 <=> {a - b = 5 <=> {a - b = 5 <=> {a = 8.

{ ab=7(a+b)+6 10a+b=7(a+b)+6 3a-6b=6 a-2b=2 b=3
V~y so can tlm Ia 83.

Vi d~;~ 3: Cho mot so c6 hai chCr so. Neu doi cho hai chCr so cua n6 thl dU'Q'C mot so l&n
han so da cho Ia 63. Tong cua so da cho va so m&i t~o thanh bang 99. Tim so da cho.

Giai chi tiet

GQi so c6 hai chCr so can tlm Ia ab. f)it§u ki~n: a, bE rf; a, b s 9.
Neu doi cho hai chCr soda cho th l ta dU'Q'c so m&i Ia ba.

Theo de bai ta c6 h~ phU'ang trlnh: {ba- ab = 63 <=> {ab = 18.

ba + ab = 99 ba = 81
V~y so can tlm Ia 18.

~. Neu X gia (ho~c ngay) lam xong cong vi~c thl moi gia (ho~c ngay) lam dU'Q'C _.:!_X cong vi~c d6.
• Neu trong 1 gia (ho~c ngay) lam dU'Q'C _.:!_ cong vi~c thl a gia (ho~c ngay) lam dU'Q'C ~cong
vi~c d6. x x

,,
Vi d~;~ 1: Hai ngU'ai cung lam chung mot cong vi~c thl sau 3 gia 36 phut lam xong. Neu
lam mot mlnh thi ngU'ai thlJ' nhat hoan thanh cong vi~c sam han ngU'ai thLJ' hai Ia 3 gia.
Hoi neu moi ngU'ai lam mot mlnh thl bao lau xong cong vi~c.

Phan tich de bai

GQi an Ia thai gian ngU'ai thlJ' nhat lam mot mlnh xong cong vi~c va l~p bang:

Thai gian hoan thanh cong vi~c (gia) Nang suat lam trong 1 gia

Hai ngU'ai 18 5
5 18
1
X

X+3
X+3
Giai chi ti~t
8oi 3 gia 36 phut = 3~(h) =~(h).
5 5
GQi x (gia) Ia thai gian ngU'ai th(r nhat lam mot m1nh xong cong vi$c. £)ieu ki$n: x > 0.
Khi d6 thai gian ngU'ai th(r hai lam mot m1nh xong cong vi$c Ia x + 3 (gia).
Trang 1 gia:
+ NgU'ai th(r nhat lam dU'Q'C _1_ cong vi$c.
X

+ NgU'ai th(r hai lam dU'Q'C _ 1_ cong vi$c.

X+3
+ Ca hai ngU'ai lam dU'O'C ~ cong viec.
. 18 .

Ta c6 phU'ang tr1nh: _1_ + _ _ = ~

1
X X+3 18
1x =6 (thoa man)
<=> 18(x + 3) + 18x ~ 5x(x + 3) <=> 5x
2
- l
21x- 54~ 0 <=> x = -~{lo;;ti)

V~y ngU'ai th(r nhat lam mot m1nh th1 6 gia xong cong vi$c, ngU'ai th(r hai lam motm1nh
9 gia xong cong vi$c.

Vi d\12: Hai voi nU'&c cung chay vao mot be nU'&c c~m (khong c6 nU'&c) trong 1 gia 12 phut
thl day be. N§u voi th(r nhat chay trong 30 phut va voi th(r hai chay trong 1 gia thl dU'Q'C
!._be. Hoi n§u moi voi chay mot mlnh thl bao lau day be?
12 .
(Thi thtv THPT LU'ang The Vinh - Ha NQi nam hQc 2018 - 2019)

Giai chi ti~t

8oi 1 gia 12 phut =1_!=~(h), 3o phut =_!(h).
5 5 2
GQi thai gian voi th(r nhat va voi th(r hai chay mot m1nh day be lan IU'Q't Ia x, y (gia). 8ieu
k'"
IE~n:
6 6
X > S, y > S.

Trang 1 gia:
+ Voi th(r nhat chay dU'Q'C _1_ be.
X

+ Voi th(r hai chay dU'Q'C _1_ be.

y
6 5
+ Ca a1 vo1 c ay U'O'C :- =- bAe.
, h • '• h, d 1
. 5 6
S uy ra p hU'O'ng tn' n h : -1 +-
1 = -5 . (1)
X y 6
1
Trang 30 phut, voi th(r nhat chay dU'Q'C _1_: 2 = - be.
x 2x

b~.
7
Vi nllu v6i thll' nh.!H ch8y trong 30 phUt va v6i thll' hai ch8y trong 1 giO thi dU'qc
12
1 1
nen: - + = !_. (2)
2x y 12
 !
1 1 5 !1 1
TlP (1) va (2) ta c6 h~ phU'ang trlnh: x + Y =6 ¢:-
2 2
x = <=> {x = (thea man).
1- 1
1 1 7 y=3
-+-=- ---
2x y 12 y 3
V~y thai gian voi thLJ' nh§t chay mot mlnh day be Ia 2 gia, thai gian voi thLJ' hai chay mot
mlnh day be Ia 3 gia.

Vi dt:~ 3: De chuEm bi cho mot chuy~n di danh bat ca a Hoang Sa, hai ngU' dan dao Ly San
can chuyen mot so IU'ang thl)'C, thl)'C ph§m len tau. N~u ngU'ai thLJ' nhat chuyen xong mot
nLI'a so IU'ang thl)'c, thl)'c pham; sau do ngU'ai thLJ' hai chuyen h~t so con l9i len tau thl thai
gian ngU'ai thLJ' hai hoan thanh lau han ngU'ai thLJ' nhat Ia 3 gia. N~u ca hai cung lam chung

thl thai gian chuyen h~t so IU'ang thl)'c, thl)'c pham len tau Ia 20 gia. Hoi n~u lam rieng mot
7
mlnh thl moi ngU'ai chuyen h~t so IU'ang thl)'C, thl)'C ph§m do len tau trong thai gian bao lau?
(Sa Quang Ngai nam hQC 2014 - 2015)

Giai chi tiet

GQi X (gia) Ia thai gian ngU'ai thLJ' nhat mot mlnh lam xong ca cong vi~c.
y (gia) Ia thai gian ngU'ai thLJ' hai mot mlnh lam xong ca cong vi~c.

f) reu k"A
o}.. 20
ren: x, y > - .
. 7
Thea d~ bai, thai gian ngU'ai thLJ' hai lam dU'Q'C nLI'a cong vi~c lau han ngU'ai thLJ' nhat lam
dU'Q'C nLI'a cong vi~c Ia 3 gia. Do do: Y _ x = 3. (1)
2 2
Trang 1 gia:

+ NgU'ai thLJ' nh§t lam dU'Q'c _!_ cong vi~c.

X

+ NgU'ai thLJ' hai lam dU'Q'C _!_ cong vi~c.

y
+ C a.. har. ngU'ar
' . I' d 20 7
am U'Q'C 1:- = - cong
A

vr~c.
• A

7 20
1 1 7
Suyra -+-=-. (2)
X y 20

T(J' (1) vfl (2) ta C6 h~ phU'O'ng trinh:

_!_+_!_=]__
;
---=3
~
20
¢:>
!1
X+
y-x=6
1
y = 20
7
¢:> x:
{1

Y-X+6
1
x +6
7 4
= 20 ( )
(3)
!2 2
x =4 (thea man)
Xet phU'ang trlnh: ( 4) <=> 7 x + 2x -120 = 0 <=>
2
30 . .
[ X=- (1091)
7
V~y thai gian mot mlnh lam xong ca cong vi~c cua ngU'ai thLJ' nh§t Ia 4 gia, cua ngU'ai thLJ'
hai Ia 1 gia. o
 Vi d\1 Cho hai voi nU'&c cung luc chay vao rn()t be c~m. Neu chay rieng tung voi thl voi
th(l' nhat chay day be nhanh han voi th(l' hai 4 gia. Khi nU'&c day be, ngU'ai ta kh6a voi
thll' nhat va voi thll' hai l9i, dong thai rna voi thll' ba cho nU'&c chay ra thl sau 6 gia be
C9n nU'&C. Khi nU'&C trong be da C9n, rna ca ba voi thl sau 24 gia be 19i day nU'&C. Hoi
neu chi dung VOi th(l' nhat thl sau bao lau be day nU'cYC.

Phan tich de bili

GQi an Ia thai gian voi thll' nhat chay rn()t rnlnh day be.
"Khi nU'&C trong be da C9n, ma
ca ba voi" thl luc nay c6 voi th(l' nhat va voi th(l' hai chay
vao, con voi thll' ba chay ra. Sau 24 gia thl day be.
Ta xac dinh dU'Q'c thai gian voi thll' ba chay m()t minh c9n be Ia 6 gia.

Nang suat lam trong 1 gia

1
Voi 1 X

X+4
Voi 2
X+4
Voi 3 6
6
Ca ba voi
24 1
(Voi 1, 2 chay vao, voi 3
24
chay ra)

Giili chi tiet

GQi thai gian rna voi thll' nhat chay rieng day be Ia x (gia). Di~u ki~n: x > 0.
Khi d6 thai gian voi thll' hai chay rieng day be Ia x + 4 (gia).
Trong 1 gia:
+ Voi th(l' nhat chay dU'Q'C _.:!_ be.
X
1
+ Voi th(l' hai chay dU'O'C - - be.
. X+4

+ VOi thlr ba ch8y dU'Q'C ~ b~ (vi vOi thlr ba ch8y rieng 6 giCJ' c<;~n b~).
+ C a., ba vo1 , c h.,ay d U'O'C - 1 bAe.
, • cung
. 24
Vi ca ba voi cung chay thl sau 24 gia day be nen ta c6 phU'ang trlnh:
x= 8

l
(tho a man)
1 1 1
_!_ + - - - _!_ = - <=> _!_ + - - = 2_ <=> 5x 2 - 28x- 96 = 0 <=> 12 .
X X+4 6 24 X X+4 24 X=-S (109i)

VE).y chi dung voi th(l' nhat thl sau 8 gia be day nU'&C.
• Dl,l'a v8o c6ng thlrc S = vt ¢ v = ~ ¢ t = ~, trong d6 S 18 qu8ng dU'(Yng, v 18 v~n t6c v8
t Ia thai gian.
• Chuyen d<)ng ngU'Q'C chi~u va g~p nhau:

s, S2
Hai xe chuyen d<)ng cung m<)t luc va ngU'Q'C chi~u nhau tren quang dU'ang s, v&i v$n toe
Ian IU'Q't Ia v 1, v2 , sau thai gian t hai xe g~p nhau. Ta c6:

S=S1 +S2 =Vl+V/<=> t = - -

s
v1 +V2
• Chuyen d<)ng cung chi~u va duoi kip nhau:

Hai xe cung xuat m<)t luc t~i hai dja diem Ava B each nhau m<)t khoang S, cung di v~ phia
C. Sau m<)t khoang thai gian thai xe g~p nhau. Ta c6:

s= v,t _ v2t ¢? t= : ¢? v,- v2 = s 1

.
I
v1 v2 t.
• Mot ca no chuyen d<)ng tren dong nU'&c v&i v$n toe thl)'c v:

--+
-v
Vo

+ V$n toe xuoi dong =v + v$n toe dong nU'&C.

+ V$n toe ngU'Q'C dong =v- v$n toe dong nU'&C.
, 1 , ,
+ V$n toe dong nU'&c =2 (v$n toe xuoi dong- v$n toe ngU'Q'C dong).
 1: Quang dU'ang AB dai 50km. Hai xe may kh&i hanh cung mot luc tll' A d~n V~n
toe xe thli' nhat l&n han v~n toe xe thli' hai 1Okm/h nen xe thli' nhat d~n B trU'&c xe thli'
hai 15 phut. Tinh viitn toe cua moi xe.

d~ bfd
GQi an Ia viitn toe cua xe thli' nhat, hi d6 bieu dien viitn toe cua xe thli' hai theo an.
Sau d6 liitp bang:

Viitn toe (km/h) ' 1n gian (h) Quang :km)

50
Xe thCr nhat X - 50
X

50
Xe thli' hai x-10 -- 50
x-10

TLI' gia thi~t, xe thli' nhat d~n B trU'&c xe thli' hai 15 phut, suy ra phU'ang trlnh.
Gh1i chi ti~t

£l6i 15 phUt = ±(h).

Goi viitn toe cua xe thCP nhat Ia x (km/h). 8ieu ki~n: x > 1o.
o
Khi d6 v~n toe cua xe thCP hai Ia x -1 (km/h).

Thai gian xe thCP nhat di hi A d~n B Ia 50

(h).
X

Thai gian xe thCP hai di hi A d~n B Ia ~(h).

x-10
VI xe thCP nhat d~n B trU'&c xe thCP hai 15 phut nen ta c6 phU'ang trlnh:
50 50 1 [x = 50 (thea man)
- - - - = <=> X2 -1 Ox- 2000 = 0 <=> (X- 50) (X+ 40) = 0 <=>
X -10 X 4 X= -40 (l09i) .
V~y v$n toe cua xe thCP nhat Ia 50km/h; v$n toe cua xe thCP hai Ia 40km/h.

Hai b~n song Ava Beach nhau 60km. Mot ca nodi xuoi dong tll' A
ngU'Q'C dong tll' B Thai gian di xuoi dong it han thai gian ngU'Q'C dong Ia
Tinh v$n toe ngU'Q'C dong cua ca no, bi~t v$n toe xuoi dong l&n han v$n
cua ca nola 6km/h.
Phan tich de bai
L~p bang:

Thai gian (h) Quang dU'ang (km)

60
Xuoi dong 60
X+6
60 60
NgU'Q'c dong X
X

Dl)'a vao gia thiet thai gian di xuoi dong it han thai gian di ngU'Q'C dong Ia 20 phut de l~p
phU'ang trlnh.
Giai chi tiet
Doi 20 phut =_!.(h).
3
GQi v~n t6c ngU'Q'c dong cua ca no Ia x (km/h). Dieu ki$n: x > o.
V~n t6c xuoi dong cua ca no Ia x + 6(km/h).
Thai gian ca no di xuoi dong ter A den B Ia ~ (h).
X+6
Thai gian ca no di ngU'Q'C dong ter B den A Ia 60 (h).
X
VI thai gian di xuoi dong it han thai gian di ngU'Q'C dong Ia 20 phut nem ta c6 phU'ang tr1nh:
60 60 _ 1 180(x+6) 180x x(x+6)
- - - - - - ¢:::> ----
X x+6 3 3x(x+6) 3x(x+6) 3x(x+6)
¢:::> 180 (X+ 6) -180x =X (X+ 6)

¢:::>
2
x + 6x -1 080 = 0 ¢:::>
[x
= 30 (thoa man)
(I ') .
X=-36 0~1
V~y v~n t6c ngU'Q'C dong cua ca no Ia 30km/h.

Vi d~:~ 3: Mot o to di tCr A den 8 each nhau 260km, sau khi o to di dU'Q'c 120km v&i v~n
t6c dl)' dinh th1 tang v~n t6c them 1Okm/h tren quang dU'ang con lc;1i. Tinh v~n t6c dl)' dinh
cua 0 to, biet xe den 8 sam han thai gian dl)' dinh 20 phut.
(THCS Archimedes nam hQc 2017- 2018)

Phan tich debai

GQi ~n Ia v~n t6c dl)' d!nh cua o to va l~p bang:

V~n t6c (km/h) Thai gian (h) Quang dU'ang (km)

260
l)' dinh X - 260
X

120
X - 120
X
l)'c te ;

140
X+10 -- 140
X+10
'~~~
TCP d6 suy ra phU'O'ng tr1nh.
Gilt~ tiet
Doi 20 phut =!(h).
3
Goi v~n toe dl! dinh cua 6 to Ia x (km/h). Di~u ki~n: x > 0.
260
Thai gian 6 to dl! dinh di tCP A den B Ia (h).
X
120
Thai gian 6 to di het 120km d§u tien Ia (h).
X
Quang dU'ang con lc;1i 6 to phai di Ia: 260-120 = 140 (km).
V~n toe cua 6 t6 tren quang dU'ang con lc;1i Ia x + 10 (km/h).

Thai gian 6 to di het 140km Ia ~.

X+10
V1 6 t6 den B sam hO'n 20 phut so v6'i dl! dinh nen ta c6 phU'O'ng trlnh:
260 120 140 1 140 140 1
x=x+ X+10 +3<=?X- X+10 =3<=?140.3(x+10)-140.3x=x(x+10)

2 [x = 60 (tho a man)
<::? x + 1Ox- 4200 = 0 <::? (I ')
X=-70 0<;11 •
V~y v~n toe dl! dinh cua 6 to Ia 60km/h.

Vi dl} M<)t ca no xu6i dong 78km va ngU'Q'C dong 44km mat 5 gia v6'i v~n toe dl)' djnh.
Neu ca n6 xu6i 13km va ngU'Q'C dong 11 km v6'i cung v~n toe dl)' djnh d6 th 1 mat 1 gia.
Tinh v~n toe rieng cua ca n6 va v~n toe dong nU'6'C.

tich
GQi hai Em Ia v~n toe rieng cua ca no va v~n toe dong nU'6'C.
y: V~n toe xu6i dong =v~n toe thl)'C cua ca n6 + v~n toe dong nU'6'C.
V~n toe ngU'Q'C dong =v~n toe thl)'C cua ca n6- v~n toe dong nU'6'C.
L~p bang:

V~n toe (km/h) Thai gian (h) Quang dU'ang (km)

78
Xu6i dong X+Y 78
X+Y

Luc dau 44
NgU'Q'c dong x-y 44
x-y
13
Xu6i dong x+y 13
X+Y
Luc sau
11
NgU'Q'c dong x-y 11
x-y
Giai chi ti~t
Goi v~n toe rieng cua ca no Ia x (km/h). Dieu ki~n: x > o.
GQi v~n toe cua dong nU'&c Ia y (km/h). Dieu ki~n: Y > 0.
Ca no xuoi dong di v&i v~n toe x + y(km/h).
Di do~n dU'ang 78km nen thai gian di Ia ~ (gia).
X+Y
Ca nodi ngU'Q'C dong v&i v~n toe x- y(km/h).
Di do~n dU'ang 44km nen thai gian di Ia ~ (gia).
x-y
Tong thai gian xuoi dong Ia 78km va ngU'Q'C dong Ia 44km mat 5 gia nen ta c6 phU'ang tr1nh:

~+~=5. (1)
X+ y X- y
Ca no xuoi dong 13km va ngU'Q'C dong 11 km th1 mat 1 gia nen ta c6 phU'O'ng tr1nh:
~+-1_1_=1. (2)
X+Y x-y
TLI' (1) va (2) ta c6

l X:Sy
13 11
--+--=1
X+ y X- y
h~

+X l
phU'ang tr1nh:

~ y = 5 ~ X~ y = 2~ ~
4

1
--=-
X- y
1
22
{X+ y = 26 <=> {X = 24
x- y = 22
, _
y = 2 (thoa man).

V~y v~n toe rieng cua ca no Ia 24 km/h va v~n toe cua dong nU'&c Ia 2km/h.

a
Vi d~:t 5: Mot o to va mot xe may hai dja diem Ava Beach nhau 180km, kh&i hanh cung
mot luc di ngU'Q'C chieu va g~p nhau sau 2 gia. Bi<3t v~n toe cua o to l&n han v~n toe cua
xe may 10km/h. Tinh v~n toe cua moi xe.
(Sa Ngh~ An nam hQC 2014- 2015)

Giai chi ti~t

GQi v~n toe cua 0 to Ia X (km/h), v~n toe cua xe may Ia y (km/h). Dieu ki~n: X> y > 0, X> 10.
Ta c6 phU'ang tr1nh: x- y = 10. (1)
Sau 2 gia o to di dU'Q'c quang dU'ang Ia 2x (km ).
Sau 2 gia xe may di dU'Q'C quang dU'ang Ia: 2y (km).
Sau 2 gia hQ g~p nhau nen ta c6 phU'O'ng tr1nh: 2x + 2y = 180 hay X+ y = 90. (2)

TLI' (1 ), (2) ta c6 h~ phU'ang tr1nh:

·
{x- Y
X+
=
10
y = 90
{x 50
<=> = (th6a man).
y = 40
V~y v~n toe cua o to Ia 50 km/h va v~n toe cua xe may Ia 40km/h.

Vi d~:t 6: Mot xe may di tll' A den B. Sau d6 1 gia, mot o to cOng di tll' A den B v&i v~n toe
l&n han v~n toe cua xe may Ia 1Okm/h. Biet rang o to va xe may den B cung mot luc. Tfnh
v~n toe cua moi xe, v&i gia thiet quang dU'ang AB dai 200km.
(Sa Ninh Binh nam hQC 2014- 2015)
Giai chi ti~t

GQi v~n toe cua xe may va 0 to IEm IU'Q't Ia X va y (km/h). Dieu ki~n: X, y > 0.
V~n toe cua o to l&n han v~n toe cua xe may 1Okm/h nen y- x = 1o. (1)
Thai gian xe may di hi A d~n B Ia AB = 200 (h).
X X
Thai gian o to di hi A d~n B Ia AB = 200 (h).
y y
VI o to xuat phat sau xe may 1h rna 2 xe d~n nai cung luc, do d6 thai gian di cua o to It han
200 200
xe may Ia 1h. Ta c6 phU'ang trlnh: _ = 1. (2)
X y
TCP (1) suy ray= x + 10, thay vao (2) ta dU'qc:

200- 200 = 1 <=> 200(x + 10)- 200x = 1 <=> 200x + 2000- 200x = x2 + 1Ox
x x+10 x(x+10)

<=> x 2 + 1Ox_ 2000 = 0 <=> [x = 40 (thoa man)

X = -50 (lo9i) .
V~y v~n toe cua xe may va o to lan IU'Q't Ia 40km/h va 50km/h.

Ta can chu y: Khi giai cac bai toan lien quan d~n nang suat thllien h~ giCI'a ba d9i IU'Q'ng Ia:
IU'Q'ng cong vi~c = nang suat lao dong X thai gian

a day, nang su~t lao d()ng chinh Ia so san pham rna moi ngay (gia) lam dU'Q'C.

1: De phl)C Vl) cho Festival Hu~ 2018, mot CO' sa

san xuat n6n Ia dl)' ki~n lam ra
300 chi~c n6n Ia trong mot thai gian da dinh. Do dU'Q'C b6 sung them nhan cong nen moi
ngay ca sa d6 lam ra dU'Q'C nhieu han 5 chi~c n6n Ia so v&i dl! kien ban dau, vl v~y ca
sa san xuat da hoan thanh 300 chiec n6n Ia s&m han 3 ngay so v&i thai gian da djnh.
Hoi theo dl! kien ban dau, moi ngay CO' sa
d6 lam ra bao nhieu chiec n6n Ia? Biet rang
so chiec n6n Ia lam ra moi ngay Ia bang nhau va nguyen chiec.
9)

tich bili
De bai hoi "Thea dl! kien ban dau, moi ngay lam dU'Q'C baa nhieu chiec n6n Ia?", tll'c Ia ta
phai tlm nang suat theo dl! kien. Do d6 ta se gQi an Ia nang suat dl! kien.
L~p bang:

Nang suat Thai gian Khoi IU'Q'ng cong vi~c'

(chiE§c/ngay) (ngay) (chi§c)

300 300
X
X

300
X+5 300
X+5

Tll' d6 suy ra phU'ang trlnh.

chi tiet
Goi X Ia so chiec n6n Ia lam ra trong moi ngay theo dl)' kien ban dau. £)i~u ki~n: X E ~(.
300
Thai gian lam xong 300 chiec non Ia theo dl)' dinh Ia (ngay).
X
300
Thai gian thl)'c te lam xong 300 chiec non Ia Ia (ngay).
X+5
V1 thl)'c te ca sa da hoan thanh 300 chiec non Ia s&m han 3 ngay so v&i thai gian da dinh
nen ta c6 phU'O'ng tr1nh:
300 300
- =3<::>300(x+5)-300x=3x(x+5)
X X+5
2
<=> 3x + 15x -1500 = 0 <=>
[x = 20 (thea man)
(I .)
X=-25 0<;11 .

Vf).y theo dl)' kien ban dau th1 moi ngay CO' sa d6 lam dU'Q'C 20 chiec n6n Ia.

De a
ch& het 80 tan qua t~ng dong bao ngheo vung cao don Tet, mot d9i xe dl)'
djnh dung m(>t so xe cung lo<;ii. Luc sap khai hanh c6 4 xe phai di~u di lam vi~c khac. V1
v~y moi xe con l<;ii phai cha nhi~u han dl)' djnh 1 tan hang m&i het. Tinh so xe luc dau
cua dQi biet ding khoi IU'Q'ng hang cac xe cha dU'Q'C nhU' nhau.
(THCS M~c Dinh Chi - Ha N()i nam hQc 2018- 9)

Phan tich de bai

L~p bang:

Moi xe cha dU'Q'C (tan) So xe (xe) So hang cha dU'Q'C (t~m)

80
X 80
X

80
Thl)'c te x-4
x-4 80

Thl)'C te moi xe phai cha nhieu han 1 tan hang nen suy ra phU'O'ng trlnh.
Giai chi tiet
Goi so xe luc dau cua d¢i Ia x (xe). £>ieu ki~n: x > 4,x EN.
 80
Moi xe dl,J' dinh ch& dU'Q'c (tan).
X
So xe ch& hang thl)'c t~ cua doi Ia x- 4 (xe ).
Moi xe thU'C t~ ch& dU'aC ~ (tan).
· · x-4
Vi moi xe con l<;li phai ch& nhieu han dl,J' djnh 1 tan hang nen ta c6 phU'ang trlnh:

. ~- 80 =1<:::>80x-80(x-4)=x(x-4)<=>x 2
-4x-320=0<=>[x=
20
(thoa man)
x-4 x x=-16 (lo(;li) ·
V~y so xe luc dau cua doi Ia 20 xe.

Vi d~:~ 3: HU'&ng (rng phong trao trong cay vi moi trU'ang xanh, SGlch, d~p; mot chi doan
thanh nien dl,J' djnh trong 240 cay xanh trong mot thai gian quy dinh. Do moi ngay chi
doan trong nhieu han dl,J' dinh 15 cay nen khong nhfrng hQ hoan thanh cong vi~c s&m
han dl,J' dinh 2 ngay rna con trong them dU'Q'C 30 cay xanh nfra. Tfnh so cay ma chi fJoan
dl,J' dinh trong trong mot ngay.
Nhan Chinh nam 2018)

Phan tich de bai

L~p bang:

So cay trong dU'Q'C trong Thai gian hoan thanh So cay trong dU'Q'C
mot ngay (cay) (ngay) (cay)

Dl,J' djnh 240

270

Dl,J'a vao gia thi~t "hQ hoan thanh cong vi~c s&m han dl,J' dinh 2 ngay" de suy ra phU'ang trlnh.
Giai chi ti~t
GQi so cay ma chi doan dl,J' djnh trong trong mot ngay Ia X (cay). 8ieu ki~n: X E r:(.
So cay ma chi doan trong dU'Q'C trong mot ngay thea thl,J'c t~ Ia x + 15 (cay).
So cay trong dU'Q'C thea thl,J'c t~ Ia 240 + 30 = 270 (cay).
240
Thai gian trong 240 cay xanh thea dl,J' djnh Ia (ngay).
X

Thai gian trong 270 cay xanh thea thl)'c t~ Ia

270
(ngay).
X+15
Do hQ da hoan thanh cong vi~c s&m han dl,J' djnh 2 ngay nen ta c6 phU'ang trlnh:

x-
240 270
X+
15
=2<:::>240(x+15)-270X=2x(x+15)

2 [x = 30 (thea man)
<=> 2x + 60x- 3600 = 0 <=> (I .)
X=-60 O<;ll ·

V~y so cay ma chi doan dl,J' dinh trong trong mot ngay Ia 30 cay.
 Thang gieng hai to san xuat dU'Q'C 900 chi tiet may; thang hai do cai tien ky thu~t
to I VUQ't m(pc 15o/o va to II VU'Q't m(fc 10% so v&i thang gieng, vi v~y hai to da san xuat
dU'Q'C 1010 chi tiet may. Hoi thang gieng moi to san xuat dU'Q'C baa nhieu chi tiet may?
8-

L~p bang:

To 1 (chi tiet) To II (chi tiet) ca hai to

Thang gieng X y 900

Thang hai X+X.15%> y+ y.10%> 1010

TCr d6 suy ra h~ phU'O'ng trlnh.

Giai chi
GQi so chi tiet may thang rieng rna t6 I va t6 II san xu at dU'Q'C Ian IU'Q't Ia x, y (chi tiet). 8i~u
ki~n: x,y E ~(.
Thang gieng ca hai to san xuat dU'Q'C so chi tiet may Ia: X+ y = 900. (1)
ThEmg hai to I san xuat dU'Q'C so chi tiet may Ia: X+ x.15o/o = 1, 15x.
Thang hai to II san xu at dU'Q'C so chi tiet may Ia: y + y.1 0% = 1, 1y.
Thang hai ca hai t6 san xuat dU'Q'C so chi tiet may Ia: 1, 15x + 1, 1y = 1010 (2)
, (1) va, (2) t a co,
T U' h~~ p h U'O'ng t,nn h : {X+ y = 900
¢::> {X= 400 (th, - ).
oa man
1, 15x + 1, 1y = 1010 y = 500
V~y thang gieng to I san xuat dU'Q'C 400 chi tiet may, t6 II san xuat dU'Q'C 500 chi tiet may.

M(>t d9i may xuc dU'Q'C thue dao 20000m 3 dat de m& r(>ng h6 Dau Tieng. Ban
dau d9i dt! dinh moi ngay dao mot IU'Q'ng dat nhat dinh de hoan thanh c6ng vi~c, nhU'ng
khi dao dU'Q'C 5000m 3 thi d(>i dU'Q'C tang CU'Crng them m(>t SO may XUC nen moi ngay dao
them dU'Q'C 1OOm3 , do d6 da hoan thanh cong vi~c trong 35 ngay. Hoi ban dau d9i dl!
dinh moi ngay dao baa nhieu m 3 dat?
(Sa Tay Ninh nam hQc 2018- 2019)

Phan tich bai

De bai hoi: "ban dau d(>i dl! dinh moi ngay dao baa nhieu m dat?". Do d6 ta gQi an Ia IU'Q'ng
3

dat d9i dl)' djnh dao moi ngay. Sau d6 l~p bang:
 Thai gian haEm thanh Khoi lliQ'ng cong vi~c
Nang suat
(ngay) (m 3 )

X 20000
Dl! djnh 20000
X

X
5000 5000
X
Thl)'C te

X+100 15000 15000

X+100

Boi hoan thanh c6ng vi~c trong 35 ngay, hi d6 suy ra phU'ang trlnh.
chi ti~t
GQi IU'qng dat doi dl)' djnh dao moi ngay Ia x (m 3 ). 8ieu ki~n: x > 0.
LU'Q'ng dat doi dao dU'Q'C moi ngay luc sau Ia X+ 100 (m 3 ).
'. g1an
. d'ao 5000 m 3 d£.t 5000 ( ' )
Th 0'1 a d},.au t'A
1en I'a ngay .
X
LU'Q'ng dat con l9i can dao Ia: 20000-5000 = 15000 (m 3 ).
15000
Thai gian dao 15000m3 dat con l<;1i Ia (ngay).
X+100
5000 15000
Do tong thai gian dao Ia 35 ngay nen ta c6 phU'ang trlnh: + = 35
X X+100
1000 3000
<=> -X-+ X + OO = 7 <=> 1000 (X + 100) + 3000x = 7 X (X + 100)
1
x = 500 (thea man)
<=> 7 x 2 - 3.300x -100000 = 0 ¢=> 200 (I ') ·
[ X = - - 0<;11
7
VEJ,y ban dau doi dl! djnh moi ngay dao 500m 3 dat.

a) Ia so tien lai chi tfnh tren so tien goc ma kh6ng tinh tren so tien lai do so tien
goc sinh ra.
Vi dl): Khi ta gLl'i tiet kiet ki~m 100 (tri~u dong) vao mot ngan hang v&i lai suat 8°/o/nam th1
sau mot nam ta nhEJ,n dU'Q'C so tien lai Ia: 100.8o/o = 8 (tri~u dong).
+ So tien lai nay nhli nhau va dU'Q'C cong vao hang nam. Kieu tfnh lai nhli nay dlJQ'C gQi Ia

+ Sau hai nam so tien ca goc lan lai Ia: 100 + 2.8 = 116 (tri~u dong).
+ Sau n nam th1 so tien ca goc lan lai Ia: 100 + n.8 (tri~u dong).
VEJ,y, c6ng thll'c tfnh lai danIa: lr = A(1 + r.n )I
Trang d6:
r: s6 tien ca g6c Ian lai sau n k1 h9n;
A: Tien gll'i ban d§u;
n: s6 k1 h9n tfnh lai;
r. Lai suat djnh k1, tinh theo 0/o.
b) Lai kep: Ia s6 tien lai khong chT tfnh tren s6 tien g6c rna con tfnh tren s6 tien lai do tien
g6c d6 sinh ra, thay doi theo tll'ng dinh k1.
Vf dv: Khi ta gll'i tiet ki~m 100 (tri~u dong) vao mot ngan hang v&i lai suat 8o/o/nam th1 sau
mot nam, ta nh~n dU'Q'C s6 tien ca g6c lan lai Ia: 100 + 8 = 108 (tri~u dong).
+ Toan be) s6 tien 108 (tri~u dong) sau nam dau tien dU'Q'c gQi Ia tien g6c.
+Tong s6 tien ca ca g6c lan lai cu6i nam th(r hai Ia: 108 + 108.8% = 116,64 (tri~u dong).
V~y, cong th(rc tfnh lai kep gll'i mot lan Ia: lr = A(1 + r rI
Trang d6:
T: So tien ca gee lan lai sau n k1 h9n;
A: Tien gll'i ban dau;
n: So k1 h9n tfnh lai;
r. Lai suat dinh k1, tfnh theo %.

Vi dl:l 1 : Bac Nam muon gll'i s6 tien tiet ki~m Ia 50 000 000 dong vao ngan hang VCB v&i
lai suat kep Ia 0,58°/o/thang. Hoi sau 8 thang s6 tien ca gee lan lai cua bac Nam Ia bao
nhieu? Biet rang lai suat hang thang khong thay doi.

Phan tich de bai

so tien g6c Ia 50 ooo ooo dong ~ A = 50 ooo ooo.
Lai suat: 0,58°/o/thang ~ r = 0, 58°/o.
So k1 h9n trnh lai n =B.
Thay vao cong th(rc tfnh lai suat kep T =A (1 + r r,
ta tfnh dU'Q'C so tien ca gee lan lai sau
8 thang.
Giiti chi tiet
Sau 8 thang so tien ca gee lan lai cua bac Nam Ia:
T = 50000000(1 + 0,58°/o t = 52367646 (dong).

Vi dv Ba An mu6n s& hfru khoan tien 200 (tri~u dong) vao ngay 30/04/2020 & mot tai
khoan v&i lai suat kep mot nam Ia 7 ,8o/o. Hoi ba An can dau tU' bao nhieu tien tren tai
khoan nay vao ngay 30/04/2014 de d9t dU'Q'C mvc tieu de ra? Biet rang lai suat hang nam
khong thay doi.

Phan tich debai

So tien ca gee lan lai can thu dU'Q'C Ia 200 (tri~u dong) ~ T = 200.
Lai suat: 7,8%/nam ~ r = 7,8°/o.
s6 k1 han tlnh lai: 6 nam =? n = 6.
Ta can tim s6 ti~m g6c ban dau. TCP cong thCPc lai kep r
T =A (1 + r suy ra A= T
( 1 + r)
n

Giai chi
Goi A Ia s6 tien g6c ban dau, s6 tien nay se dll'Q'c dau tll' trong 6 nam. Do d6 s6 tien ca g6c
lan lai thu dll'Q'c sau 6 nam Ia:

127,44 (tri~u d6ng).

6 200
200 =A (1 + 7, 8°lo ) =?A= 6
=
(1+7,8°lo)
V$y ba An can dau tll' 127,44 (tri~u d6ng) vao ngay 30/04/2014 de thu dU'Q'C 200 (tri~u
d6ng) sau 6 nam.

Mot ngll'<Yi gll'i 10 tri~u d6ng vao ngan hang trong thai gian 10 nam v&i lai suat
5% mot nam. Hoi n3ng ngll'ai d6 nh$n dU'Q'C so tien nhieu han hay ft han bao nhieu neu
ngan hang trii 18i sui\t kElp
1~% mOt thiing.

o
TCP gia thiet xac dinh dU'Q'C A= 1 tri~u d6ng, n = 1 nam. o
+ V&i 11 = 5°lo, tfnh s6 tien ca g6c ian lai ~·
%, tinh s6 ti€ln cii g6c l~n 18i T2 .
5
+ V&i r2 =
12
+ So sanh ~ va T2 sau d6 rut ra ket lu$n.
Giai chi ti~t
GQi A Ia s6 tien gll'i tiet ki~m ban dau, rIa lai suat, sau n thang s6 tien ca g6c Ian lai Ia:
r=A(1+rr.
S6 tien ca goc Ian lai sau 10 nam v&i lai suat S0lo mot nam Ia:
10
10 (1 + S0lo) = 16,289 (tri~u dong).

S6 ti~n cii g6c l~n 18i sau 10 nam (120 thiing) v&i 18i sui\t 15 % mOt thiing 18:
2
s ]120 '
10 (1 + i2 °lo = 16,4 7 (tri~u dong).

Vay
. ngll'ai d6 nhan . it han s6 tien gll'i theo lai suat ~
. dU'ac 12 o/o mot
. thang Ia:
16,47-16,289 = o, 181 (tri~u dong) = 181 ooo (dong).

® Bai toan dan so: GQi a Ia so dan dll'Q'C biet trU'&c. Khi d6:
+ Neu tang dan so them b% th1 ta c6 so dan sau khi tang Ia: a+ ab 0lo.
+ Neu giam dan so b 0/o th1 ta c6 so dan sau khi giam Ia: a- ab 0/o.
® Bai toan tang gia, giam gia: GQi x Ia gia tien ban dau cua mot san pham.
+ Neu tang gia them y<>/o th1 ta c6 gia cua san pham sau khi tang Ia: X+ xy 0lo.
+ Neu giam gia y<>!o thi ta c6 gia cua san pham sau khi giam Ia: X- xyo/o.
Vi dt:~ 1: Dan s6 Ha Noi sau hai nam tang tl) 2000000 len 2048288 ngU'o'i. Hoi hang nam
trung blnh dan s6 tang bao nhieu phan tram?

Giid chi ti~t

GQi s6 phan tram dan s6 tang moi nam cua HaNoi Ia x(% )(x > 0).
S6 dan nam dau cua Ha Noi tang len Ia 2000000.xo/o = 20000x (ngU'ai).
Sau nam dau dan s6 cua Ha Noi Ia: 2000000 + 20000x = 20000 ( x + 1oo) (ngU'ai).
Nam thLI' hai dan s6 Ha Noi tang Ia: 20000 ( x + 1oo) .x%> = 200 ( x + 1oo) (ngU'ai).
Ta c6 phU'ang trlnh: 20000 ( x + 100) + 200x ( x + 100) =[2048 288 ,
6
x =- (thoa man)
5
<=> 200x 2 + 40000x- 48288 = 0 <=>
1006 .
. x = - -- (lo<~ll)
5
V~y moi nam dan s6 HaNoi tang trung blnh Ia 1,2%.

Vi Anh B1nh d~n sieu thi de mua mot cai ban ui va mot cai qu9t di~n v&i tong s6
tien theo gia niem y~t Ia 850 ngan dong. Tuy nhien, thl)'c t~ khi tra tien, nha sieu thi
khuy~n mai de tri an khach hang nen gia cua ban ui va qu9t di~n da lan IU'Q't giam b&t
10% va 20°/o so v&i gia niem y~t. Do d6, anh B1nh da tra it han 125 ngan dong khi mua
hai san pham tren. Hoi s6 tien chenh l~ch gil1'a gia ban niem y~t v&i gia ban thl)'c t~ cua
tl.rng lo9i san pham rna anh B1nh da mua Ia bao nhieu?
{So Can ThO' nam hQC 2016 - 2017)

Phan tich de b~li

De tim dU'Q'c s6 tien chenh l~ch gil1'a gia ban niem y~t v&i gia ban thl)'c t~ cua tl.rng lo9i san
pham rna anh B1nh da mua, ta can tim dU'Q'C gia niem y~t va gia tien thi)'C t~ cua tl.rng I09i
rna anh B1nh da mua.
L~p bang:

Ban ui Qu9t di~n s6 tien phai tra

(ngan dong) (ngan dong) (ngan dong)

Gia niem y~t X y X+ y=850

90°/ox + 80o/oy = 725

Gifli chi ti~t

Goi s6 tien mua 1 cai ban ui v&i gia niem y~t Ia x (ngan dong). s6 tien mua 1 cai qu9t di~n
v&i gia niem y~t Ia y (ngan dong). Dieu ki~n: o < x, y < 850.
T6ng so tien mua bEm ui va que;1t di~n thea gia niem yet Ia 850 ngan dong nen ta c6 phU'ang
tr1nh: x + y = 850 (ngan dong). (1)

So tien thU'C te d~ mua 1 cai ban ui Ia: 90

X=~ X (ngan dong).
. 100 10
So tien thU'c te
.
d~ mua 1 cai quat dien Ia:
. .
80
100
y = ~ y (ngan dong).
10
Thea bai ra ta c6 phU'ang tr1nh: ~ x + ~ y = 850 -125. (2)
10 10
X + y = 850 { = 450
TCr (1) va (2) ta c6 h~ phU'ang tr1nh: 9 8 ~ x (thoa man).
{ -X+-y=725 y=400
10 10
9
s6 titin thi,J'C tll mua 1 cai ban Ui l<i: 10.450 = 405 (ngan d6ng).

s& titin thl,l'c tll mua 1 cai qu;;~t di~n Ia:

8
.400 = 320 (ngan d6ng).
10
V~y so tien chenh l~ch giCra gia ban niem yet va gia ban thl)'c te cua 1 cai ban ui Ia:
450-405 = 45 (ngan dong).
V~y so tien chenh l~ch giCra gia ban niem yen va gia ban thl)'C te cua 1 cai que;1t di~n Ia:
400-320 = 80 (ngan dong).

Vi dv Nam ngoai dan so cua hai tinh A va B Ia 4 tri~u ngU'ai. Dan so tinh A nam nay
tang 1 ,2% con tinh B tang 1,1 °/o, tong dan so cua hai tinh nam nay Ia 4045000 ngU'<Yi.
Tinh dan so moi tinh nam ngoai va nam nay.

Giili chi ti~t

GQi dan· so nam ngoai cua tinh A Ia x (tri~u ngU'<Yi), dan so nam ngoai cua tinh B Ia y (tri~u
ngU'ai). £>ieu ki~n: X, yEN*; X, y < 4.
V1 dan so nam ngoai cua hai tinh Ia 4 tri~u nen ta c6 phU'O'ng tr1nh: X+ y = 4. (1)
V1 dan so nam nay cua tinh A tang 1 ,2o/o, tinh B tang 1 '1 °/o do d6 ta c6 phU'O'ng tr1nh:
1,2x + 1, 1y = 0 045 . (2)
100 100 '
X+ y = 4
TCr (1) va (2) suy ra h~ phU'ang tr1nh: 1 2x 11y .
{ -'- + -'- = 0 045
100 100 '

G.1a1
, . h~ p h U'O'ng t nn
A ~ ).
' h t a d U'Q'C: {X = 1012000 (th,oa man
y = 3033000
V~y dan so cua tinh A Ia 1012000 ngU'ai, tinh B Ia 3033000 ngU'ai.

M9t ngU'ai mua hai loe;1i m~t hang Ava B. Neu tang gia m~t hang A them 1 Oo/o
va m~t hang B them 20o/o th1 ngU'ai d6 phai tra 232 ngh1n dong. NhU'ng neu giam gia
ca hai m~t hang Ia 1 Oo/o th1 ngU'ai d6 phai tra tat ca 180 ngh1n 'dong. Tfnh gia tien moi
lo9i luc dau.
Phan tich
GQi hai an Ia gia tien moi lo~i luc dau. L$p bang:

M$t hang A M$t hang B Tong so tien phai tra

(nghln dong) (nghln dong) (ngh1n dong)·

Luc dau X y X+Y

Lan 1 110%x 120°/oy 11 Oxo/o + 120y% = 232

Lan 2 90o/ox 90°/oy 90°/ox + 90o/oy = 180

Tt) d6 suy ra h~ phU'ang tr1nh.

Giai chi tiet
GQi gia tiE~n luc dau cua m$1 hang Ava m$1 hang B lan IU'Q't Ia x, y (nghin dong). 8ieu ki~n:
x,y E I~(.
Neu tang gia m$t hang A them 1Oo/o va m~t hang B them 20°/o th1 ngU'ai d6 phai tra 232
ngh1n dong. Do d6: 11 O%x + 120°/oy = 232 G 1, 1x + 1, 2y = 232. (1)
Neu giam gia ca hai m~t hang Ia 10°/o thl ngU'ai d6 phai tra tat ca 180 nghln dong. Do d6:
90o/ox + 90°/oy = 180 q 0, 9x + 0, 9 y = 180. (2)

T U' . t a co, h ~~ p hU'O'ng t rm

, (1) va, (2) , h : {11x
' + 1, 2y = 232 q {x = 80 (thea man).
0,9x+0,9y=180 y=120
V?y gia tien luc dau cua m~t hang Ava m~t hang B lan IU'Q't Ia 80 ngh1n dong va 120 nghln dong.

Hlnh Chu vi Di~n tich

C=4a

C =(a +b).2 S=a.b

Chu vi: C =a+ b + c

1 1 1
.. h . p a+b+c
S = -a.ha = -b.hb = -c.hc
N U'a C U VI: = - - - 2 2 2
2
 1: M9t tam giac vuong c6 c~nh huyen dai 1Om. Tinh cac c~nh g6c vuong, biet
chung han kern nhau 2m.

Gh!li chi ti~t

Goi x (m) Ia d9 dai mot c~nh g6c vuong. Dieu ki~n: o < x < 1o.
D9 dai c~nh g6c vuong con l~i x + 2 (m).
Thea de bai ta c6 phU'ang tr1nh:
2 2 2 2 [x = 6 (thoa man)
x + ( x + 2) = 10 <::> 2x + 4x- 96 = 0 <=> (I ') ·
X=-8 0~1
V~y d9 dai cac c~nh g6c vuong Ia 6m va Sm.

Vi dv M9t hinh chCP nh~t c6 chu vi Ia 1oom. Neu tang chieu r<)ng them 5m va chieu dai
them 1Om, th1 dU'Q'C m<)t h1nh chCP nh~t m&i c6 di~n tich tang them 400m 2 so v&i di~n tich
h1nh chCP nh~t ban dau. Tinh di~n tich h1nh chCP nh~t ban dau.
8- 9)

Phan tich de bili

GQi an Ia chieu dai va chieu r<)ng cua hlnh chCP nh~t. L~p bang:

Di~n tich

X xy

Luc sau X+5

Suy ra phU'ang tr1nh (x + 5)(y + 10)- xy = 400.

Chu vi cua hlnh chCP nh~t Ia 1OOm nen ta c6: x + y =50.
Giai h~ hai phU'O'ng tr1nh tren ta tim dU'Q'C chieu r<)ng va chieu dai cua hlnh chCP nhiflt ban
dau. TCv d6 tinh dU'Q'c di~n tich hlnh chCP nh~t ban dau.
Giai chi ti~t
Goi x (m), y (m) lan IU'Q't Ia chieu r<)ng va chieu dai cua hlnh chCP nh~t ban dau.
Dieu ki~n: y > x > o.
VI chu vi cua hinh chCP nh~t Ia 1OOm nen ta c6: x + y =50. (1)
Di~n tich ban dau cua hlnh chCP nh~t Ia xy.
Chieu r<)ng va chieu dai cua hinh chCP nh~t sau khi tang Ia x+ 5; y + 1o.
Di$n tich cua hinh chCP nhiflt m&i Ia (x+5)(y+10).
Vi hlnh chCP nhiflt m&i c6 di~n tfch tang them 400m 2 so v&i di~n tich hinh chCP nh~t ban dau
nen ta c6 phU'ang tr1nh: ( x + 5) (y + 10)- xy = 400 <=> 1Ox+ 5 y = 350. (2)
 , ( 1) va, (2 )ta co, hA~ p hU'O'ng t'
T U' nn h : {x+y=50 ¢::> {x+y=50 ¢::> {x=20(h., _) .
t oa man
10x+5y=350 2x+y=70 y=30
V$y di~n tfch cua h1nh chCr nh$t ban dau Ia s = 20.30 =600m 2
•

Vi dtJ Mot manh dat h1nh chCr nh$t c6 chu vi Ia 28 met, do dai dU'ang cheo bang 1o
met. Tfnh chieu dai va chieu rong cua manh dat d6 theo met.
10 8-

tich bai
Chu vi h1nh chCr nh$t Ia 2(x+ y).
8o dai dU'ang cheo cua h1nh chCr nh$t Ia ~x 2 + y 2 .
Giai chi
Goi chieu dai va chieu rong cua h1nh chCr nh$t lan IU'Q't Ia x(m), y(m).
8ieu ki~n: 10 > x > y > o.
TCr gia thiet chu vi bang 28m, suy ra phU'ang tr1nh 2 ( x + y) = 28. ( 1)
8o dai dU'ang cheo cua h1nh chCr nh$t Ia 10m nen: ~x 2 + y 2 = 10 ¢::> x 2 + y 2 = 100. (2)

' (1) va'(2)ta co, hA~ p hU'O'ng t'

T U' nn h : {X+y=14 ¢::> {X=14-y (3)
x 2 + y 2 = 100 x 2 + y 2 = 100 (4)
8
Lay (3) thay vao (4) ta dU'qc: (14- Yt + y 2 = 1oo ¢::> 2y 2 - 28y + 96 = o ¢::> [Y = .
y=6
V&i y = 8 th1 x = 6 (khong th6a man dieu ki~n).
V&i y = 6 th1 x = 8 (th6a man).
V$y h1nh chCr nh$t da cho c6 chieu dai 8m va chieu rong 6m.

3: Mot khu VU'an h1nh chCr nh$t c6 chu vi Ia 280m. NgU'ai ta lam mot lei di quanh
VU'On (thuoc dat trong VU'an) rong 2m. Tfnh kfch thU'&C cua VU'On, biet rang di~n tfch dat
con l~i trong VU'On de trong trot Ia 4256m 2 •

Giai chi th~t

Goi x, y (m) lan IU'Q't Ia chieu dai va chieu rong cua khu
vU'an h1nh chCr nh$t. 8ieu ki~n: x > y > 4. I 2m
Chu vi cua khu VU'On Ia 280m, nen ta c6:
2 (X + y) = 280 ¢::> X + y = 140. ( 1)
Sau khi lam loi di th1 chieu dai va chieu rong cua h1nh y
chCr nh$t Ia x-4; y-4.
Di~n trch dat de trong trot Ia: ( x- 4) (y- 4) = 4256. (2)

TCr (1) va (2) ta c6 h~ phU'O'ng tr1nh: {X+ y =

140
. X
(X- 4) (y- 4) = 4256
TCr (1) ta c6: y =140- x, thay vao (2) ta dU'qc:
60
(X- 4) ( 136 X)= 4256 ¢::> X 2 -140X + 4800 = 0 ¢::>[X= .
X=80
Neu x = 80 th1 y = 60 (th6a man).
Neu x = 60 th1 y = ao (lo~i).
V~y khu vU'<Yn c6 chi~u dai 80m va chi~u r(>ng 60m.

CD Nang d(> dung djch: Biet rang met gam chat tan trong Mdd gam dung djch th1 nang d(> phan
tram Ia met .1 OOo/o.
Mdd
CD Nhi~t IU'Q'ng:
+ m kg nU'&c giam toe th1 toa ra m(>t nhi~t IU'Q'ng Q = m.t(Kcal).
+ m kg nU'&c tang toe th1 thu vao m(>t nhi~t IU'Q'ng Q = m.t(Kcal).
Khoi IU'qng rieng cua
CD v~t: o = m, trong d6 o, m, vI an IU'Q't Ia khoi IU'Q'ng rieng, khoi IU'qng
va the tich cua v~t. v

Vi diJ 1: Khi them 200 gam Axit vao dung djch Axit thi dung djch m&i c6 nang d¢ Axit Ia
50°/o. L~i them 300 gam nU'cYC vao dung djch m&i, ta dU'Q'C dung djch Axit c6 nang d¢ Ia
40°/o. Tinh nang dQ Axit trong dung djch dau tien.

Phan tich de bai

TLI' cong thlic tfnh nang d(> dung djch met .1 OOo/o. Muon tfnh dU'Q'C nang d¢ cua Axit trong
' '
Mdd , , ,
dung djch dau tien th1 ta can phai tinh dU'Q'C kh6i IU'Q'ng chat tan (Axit) va kh6i IU'Q'ng cua
dung djch (nU'&c + Axit).
Do v~y, ta can gQi hai an Ia khoi IU'Q'ng cua Axft va khoi IU'Q'ng cua nU'&c trong dung djch
dau tien.
L~p bang:

Khoi IU'qng Axit Khoi IU'qng dung Nang d¢ dung dich

(g) djch (g) (%)

y _Y__ 100o/o
X X+Y
X+Y

X y+200 X+ y+200

X+300 y+200 y + 200 .1 ooo/o

X+ y+500
Giili chi tiet
GQi khoi IU'qng nU'&c trong dung dich dau tiE~n Ia x gam, khoi IU'qng Axft trong dung dich dau
tien Ia y gam. Dieu ki~n: x > O;y > o.
Sau khi them 200 gam Axft vao dung dich Axft ta c6 IU'qng Axft Ia: y + 200 gam va n6ng d¢
Ia 50°/o = !. Do d6 ta c6:
2
200
y+ =! ¢:> 2y + 400 = y + 200 +X¢:> X- y = 200. (1)
y+200+x 2
Sau khi them 300 gam nU'&C vao dung djch thl khoi IU'Q'ng nU'&C Ia: X + 300 gam va n6ng
do Ia 40% = ~ nen ta c6:
. 5

Y+
200
= ~ ¢=> 5y + 1000 = 2y + 2x + 1000 ¢=> 2x- 3y = 0. (2)
y+200+x+300 5
' (1) va' (2) ta co h~~ p h U'ang t nn
T U' T ' h : {X- y = 200 ¢=> {X = 600 •
2x- 3 y = 0 y = 400
V~y trong dung djch dau tien c6 600 gam nU'&c va 400 gam Axit.
Do d o, nang
: \. dAo Ax't1 t rang d ung d"1ch d},.au t"~
1en I'a:
400
= 40°/o.
. . 600+400

Vi d~:~ 2: Phai dung bao nhieu lit nU'&C sci 100°C va bao nhieu 1ft nU'&c 19nh 20°C de c6
oo a
han hqp 1 lit nU'&c nhi~t d¢ 40°C.

Giai chi tiet

GQi khoi IU'qng nU'&c sci Ia X (kg) thl khoi IU'Q'ng nU'&c l9nh Ia: 100- x (kg).
Dieu ki~n: o< x < 1oo.
Nhi~t IU'Q'ng nU'&c sci toa ra khi h9 xuong d~n 40°C Ia: x(100- 40) = 60x (Kcal).
Nhi~t IU'qng nU'&c lc~mh tang ttl' 20°C d~n 40°C Ia: (1 oo- x).20 (Kcal).
VI nhi~t IU'Q'ng thu vao bang nhi~t IU'qng toa ra nen ta c6: 60x = ( 1oo- x) .20.
Giai phU'ang trlnh ta dU'Q'C x = 25 (thoa man).
V~y khoi IU'qng nU'&c sci Ia 25kg; nU'&c lc;mh Ia 75kg tU'ang dU'ang v&i 25 lit va 75 lit.

Vi d~:~ 3: NgU'ai ta tron a gam chat long nay v&i 6 gam chat long khac c6 khoi IU'qng rieng
nho han n6 Ia 0,2g/cm 3 de dU'Q'C han hqp c6 khoi IU'qng rieng 0,7g/cm 3 • Tim khoi IU'Q'ng
rieng cua mai chat long.

Giai chi tiet

GQi khoi IU'Q'ng rieng cua chat long th(J' nhat Ia x (g/cm 3 ). £>ieu ki~n: x > 0, 2.
Khoi IU'Q'ng rieng cua chat long thLI' hai Ia x- 0, 2 (g/cm 3 ).
The tich cua chat long thLI' nhat Ia ~ (cm 3 ).
X
6
The tich cua chat long thLI' hai Ia (cm 3 ).
x-0,2
The tich cua han hqp Ia ~+ 6
(cm 3 ).
x x-0,2
 Theo bEli ra ta c6 phU'ang tr1nh:
~+ 6 = 14 <=> 14x2 -12 6x + 112 = 0 <=> [x = 0,1 (lo9i) .
x x- 0,2 0,7 ' ' x = 0,8 (thea man)
V$y khoi IU'qng rieng cua ch~t long thLJ' nh~t Ia 0,8(g/cm 3 ).
Khoi IU'qng rieng cua ch~t long thLJ' hai Ia 0,6(g/cm 3 ).

Cau 1: Mot o to di tCr Hai DU'ang d~n H9 Long v&i quang dU'ang dai 1OOkm. 8~n H9 Long nghl
l9i 8h20 phut roi quay l9i Hai DU'ang h~t tong cong 12h. Bi~t v~n toe luc ve l&n han luc di
1Okm/h. Tfnh v$n toe luc di cua o to.
(De thi vao 10 tinh Hai DU'O'ng nam 8-
Cau Mot ngU'ai dl,J' dinh di xe may tCr tlnh A d~n tlnh B each nhau 90 km trong mot thai gian
da djnh. Sau khi di dU'Q'C 1 gia ngU'ai d6 nghl9 phut. Do d6, de d~n tlnh B dung h~n, ngLr<Yi ay
phai tang v$n toe them 4 km/h. Tinh v$n toe luc dau cua ngU'ai d6.
o
(De thi vao 1 tinh Binh DU'O'ng nam hQc 8-
Cau 3: Mot doi cong nhan dU'Q'C giao lam 1200 san pham trong thai gian nh~t djnh. Sau khi
lam 5 ngay v&i nang su~t dl,J' ki~n, doi da tang nang su~t moi ngay them 10 san ph am. Do d6,
doi da hoan thanh cong vi$c dU'Q'C giao s&m 5 ngay. Hoi theo k~ ho9ch doi phai hoan thanh
cong vi$c trong bao nhieu ngay?
(KSCL Phong Thanh Tri- Ha N()i 7-
Mot o to dl,J' djnh di tli A d~n B trong khoang thai gian nhat din h. Biet rang, n~u v~n toe
o
giam di 1 km/h th1 o to den B ch$m han 96 phut so v&i dl,J' din h. N~u v$n toe tang them 20
km/h th1 o to d~n sam han dl! dinh 2 gia. Tinh do dai quang dU'ang AB.
(Thi thl:f SO'n Tay- N()i 8- 9)
5: 8e hoan thanh mot cong vi$c theo dl,J' dinh, can mot so cong nhan lam trong mot so
ngay nh~t dinh. Neu b&t di 2 cong nhan th1 phai m~t them 3 ngay m&i c6 the ho~m thanh e6ng
vi$c. N~u tang them 5 cong nhan th1 cong vi$e hoan thanh s&m han 4 ngay. Hoi theo dl,J' dinh,
can bao nhieu cong nhan va lam bao nhieu ngay?
(KSCL M~c Chi - Ha 7-
Cau Mot ngU'ai di xe may tCr thanh pho A d~n thanh pho B v&i mot v$n toe dl,J' djnh trlf&c.
Hai th8nh ph6 each nhau 150 km. Sau khi di dU'qc ~quang dU'Cmg thi ngU'Cl'i d6 tang v;(ln t6c
o
them 1 km/h tren toan bo quang dU'ang con l9i. Tinh v~n toe dl,J' dinh ban dau va thai gian di
chuyen cua ngU'ai d6, biet n3ng ngU'ai d6 d~n B s&m han dl,J' dinh 36 phut.
(Thi thl:f Phan Huy
Cau Mot o to dl,J' djnh di tCr A d~n B trong mot khoang thai gian da djnh. N~u xe eh9y v&i v~n
toe 35 km/h th 1 d~n B eh$m m~t 2 gia. N~u xe chc;ty v&i v$n toe 50 km/h th 1 d~n B s&m han 1
gia. Tinh quang dU'ang AB va thai gian dl,J' djnh di lue ban dau.
(Thi thl:f
Cau 8: Quang dU'ang AB dai 156km. Mot ngU'ai di xe may tCr A, mot ngU'ai di xe d~p tCr B. Hai
xe xuat phat cung mot luc va sau 3 gia g~p nhau. Biet rang v~n toe cua ngU'ai di xe may nhanh
han v~n toe cua ngU'ai di xe d~p Ia 28km/h. Tfnh v~n toe cua moi xe?
(De thi vao 10 tinh Ngh~ nam hQC 2012- 3)
Cau 9: Tren quang dU'ang AB, mot xe may di tCr A den B cung luc d6 mot xe oto di tCr B den A,
sau 4 gia hai xe g~p nhau va tiep tl,.Jc di thl xe oto den A sam han xe may den B Ia 6 gia. Tfnh
thai gian moi xe di het quang dU'ang AB.
(De thi vao 10 tinh Tien Giang nam hQC 4- 2015)

Ciiu 10: Hai ngU'O>i cUng 18m chung mOt cOng vi~c trong 1
: gicY thi xong. Nllu mOi ngU'Q>i 18m
mot mlnh thl ngU'ai th(r nhat hoan thanh cong vi~c trong thai gian It han ngU'ai th(r hai Ia 2 gia.
Hoi neu lam mot mlnh thl moi ngU'ai phai lam trong bao nhieu thai gian de xong cong vi~c?
(De thi vao 10 Ha N()i nam hQC - 2013)
Cau 11: Mot cano ch~y tren song trong 7 gia, xuoi dong 108km va ngU'Q'C dong 63km. Mot lan
khac, cano cOng ch~y trong 7 gia, xuoi dong 81 km va ngU'Q'C dong 84km. Tfnh v~n toe dong
nU'ac chay va v~n toe th~t cua cano (v~n toe th~t cua cano khong thay doi).
Cau12: Hai dia diem Ava Beach nhau 200km. Cung mot luc mot xe may di tCr Ava mot oto di
ter B. Xe may va oto g~p nhau t~i diem c each A Ia 120km. Neu xe may kh&i hanh sau oto 1 gia
thl se g~p nhau a diem D each cIa 24km. Tfnh v~n toe cua oto va xe may.
Cau 13: Mot ca no ch~y tren song trong 8 gia, xuoi dong 81 km va ngU'Q'C dong 105km. Mot lan
khac cOng tren dong song d6, ca no nay ch~y trong 4 gia, xuoi dong 54km va ngU'Q'C dong
42km. Hay tfnh v~n toe khi xuoi dong va v~n toe khi ngU'Q'C dong cua ca no, biet v~n toe dong
nU'aC va V~n toe rieng CUa ca no khong doi.
Cau 14: Tim kfch thU'ac cua hlnh chCP nh~t c6 dU'ang cheo dai 5m va chu vi Ia 14m.
Cau 15: Mot hlnh chCP nh~t c6 chu vi Ia ?Om, neu giam chieu rong di 3m va tang chieu dai 5m
thl di~n tfch nhU' cO. Hay tim chieu rong va chieu dai cua hlnh chCP nh~t d6.
Cau 16: Mot to san xuat theo ke ho~ch, moi ngay phai san xuat 50 san pham. NhU'ng khi thl)'c
hi~n to da san xuat dU'Q'C 57 san pham mot ngay. Do d6 da hoan thanh trU'aC ke ho~ch 1 ngay
va con VU'Q't m(rc 13 san pham. Hoi theo ke ho~ch to san xuat bao nhieu san pham?
Cau17: Trong thang dau hai to cong nhan san xuat dU'Q'C 800 chi tiet may. Sang thang th(r hai,
to I san xuat VU'Q't m(rc 15%, to II san xuat VU'Q't m(rc 20°/o. Do d6 cuoi thang ca hai to san xuat
dU'Q'C 945 chi tiet may. Hoi trong thang dau moi to cong nhan san xuat dU'Q'C bao nhieu chi tiet
may?
Cau18: Neu hai voi nU'ac cung chay vao mot be thl sau 1 gia 20 phut day be. Neu ma voi th(r
2
nhltt ch<ly trong 10 ph lit v8 vOi thlr hai ch<ly trong 12 ph lit thl dU'Q'C bll. HOi nllu mOi vOi ch<ly
15
mot mlnh thl sau bao lau day be?
Cau 19: Theo ke ho~ch, mot ngU'ai cong nhan phai hoan thanh 84 san pham trong mot thai
gian nhat dinh. Do cai tien kT thu~t, nen thl)'C te moi gia ngU'ai d6 da lam dU'Q'C nhieu han 2 san
pham so vai so san pham phai lam trong mot gia theo ke ho~ch. VI v~y, ngU'ai d6 hoan thanh
cong vi~c sam han dl)' dinh 1 gia. Hoi theo ke ho~ch, moi gia ngU'ai cong nhan phai lam bao
nhieu san pham?
(De thi vao 10 tinh Quang Ninh nam hQC 2015- 2016)
Cau 20: Nha b~n DOng dU'Q'C ong ba noi cho mot manh dat hlnh chCP nh~t. Khi b~n Nam den
nha b~n DOng chai, DOng do Nam tim ra kfch thU'ac cua manh dat khi biet: Manh dat c6 chieu
dai gap 4 lan chieu rong va neu giam chieu rong di 2m, tang chieu dai len gap doi thl di~n tfch
manh dttt d6 se tang them 20m 2 • Cac em hay giup b~n Nam tim ra chieu dai va chieu rong cua
manh dat nha b~n DOng d6.
(De thi vao 10 tinh nam hQC 5- 2016)
Cau : Hai voi cung chay vaa mot cai be khong c6 nU'&c thl sau 5 gicr 50 phut se day be. Neu
de hai voi cung chay trang 5 gicr roi kh6a voi thll' nhat l~i thl voi thll' hai phai chay trang 2 gicr
n(fa m&i day be. Neu de moi voi chay mot mlnh thl trang baa lau se day be?
Cau Mot khu VU'CYn hlnh ch(f nh~t c6 chu vi 200m. NgU'cri ta lam mot 16i di xung quanh
vU'an (thuoc hlnh ch(f nh~t d6) rong 2m. Biet di$n tfch con l~i Ia 2016m 2 • Tfnh chieu dai va
chieu rong cua khu VU'CYn.
23: Tim hai s6 biet tong bang 19 va tong cac blnh phU'ang cua chung bang 185.
Cau Tim s6 c6 hai ch(f s6 biet rang phan s6 c6 tll' s6 Ia s6 d6, mau s6 Ia tich cua hai ch(f

s6 ella n6 c6 philn s6 t6i gian 18

16
va hi~u ella s6 c§n tim v&i s6 c6 cUng cac chfr s6 v&i n6
9
nhU'ng viet thea thll' tl)' ngU'Q'C l~i bang 27.
Cau Dan s6 cua mot thanh ph6 hi$n nay Ia 408 040 ngU'cri, hang nam dan s6 tang 1%. Hoi
hai nam trU'&c day, dan s6 thanh ph6 Ia baa nhieu?
Cau 26: Dan s6 hi$n nay cua mot xa Ia 10 000 ngU'cri. NgU'cri ta dl)' daan sau hai nam n(fa dan
s6 xa d6 Ia 1o 404 ngU'ai.
a) Hoi trung blnh moi nam, dan s6 xa d6 tang baa nhieu pham tram?
b) V&i mll'c tang d6, sau 1o nam dan s6 xa d6 Ia baa nhieu?
Cau Mot v~t Ia hqp kim dong va kern c6 kh6i IU'Q'ng Ia 124 gam va c6 the tfch Ia 15cm3 .
Tfnh xem trang d6 c6 baa nhieu gam dong va baa nhieu gam kern, biet rang ell' 89 gam dong
thl c6 the tfch Ia 1Ocm 3 va 7 gam kern thl c6 the tfch Ia 1cm 3 •
Cau Biet rang 200 gam mot dung djch chll'a 50 gam mu6i. Hoi phai pha baa them baa
nhieu gam nU'cYC vaa dung djch d6 de dU'Q'C mot dung djch ch(ra 20o/o muf>i?
Cau 29: Anh Minh den sieu thi de mua mot chiec qu~t va mot cai noi cam di$n v&i tong s6 tien
thea gia niem yet Ia 1250 ngan dong. Tuy nhien, thl)'c te khi tra tien, nha sieu thi khuyen mai
de tri an khach hang nen gia cua qu~t va noi cam da Ian IU'Q't giam b&t 15% va 10% so v&i gia
niem yet. Do d6, anh Minh da tra ft han 150 ngan dong khi mua hai san pham tren. Hoi s6 tien
chenh l$ch gi(fa gia ban niem yet v&i gia ban thl)'c te cua tCrng lo~i san pham ma anh Minh da
mua Ia bao nhieu?
Cau 30: Bac Hieu dau tU' 99 tri$u dong vao mot cong ty thee the thll'c lai kep v&i lai suat 8,25o/o
mot nam. Hoi sau 5 nam m&i rut tien lai thl bac Hieu thu dU'Q'C bao nhieu tien lai? (gia sll' rang
lai suat hang nam khong doi).
Cau 31: Bac Binh dau tU' 15 tri$u dong vaa m(>t cong ty thee the thll'c lai kep v&i lai suat
10,99%> mot nam. Hoi sau 3 nam rut tien lai thl bac Blnh thu dU'Q'C bao nhieu tien lai (gia sll'
rang lai suat hang nam khong doi).
Cau Bac An dau tU' 67 tri$u dong vaa mot cong ty thee the thll'c lai kep v&i lai suat 5,99o/o
moi quy. Hoi sau 2 nam rut tien lai thl bac An thu dU'Q'C baa nhieu tien lai? (gia sll' rang lai suat
hang quy khong doi).
Cau 33: Anh A mu6n c6 500 tri$u sau 10 nam n(fa de mua mot manh dat. Anh B Ia b~n than
cua anh A c6 m(>t cll'a hang chuyen ban di$n tha~i lphane va mu6n anh A cung g6p v6n dau
tU', anh Btl)' tin va chac chan v&i anh A rang mll'c IQ'i nhu~n thu dU'Q'C tCr cll'a hang nay se Ia
12o/o/nam va lqi nhu~n hang nam thu dU'Q'c ter cll'a hang l~i tiep tt...~c sll' dt...~ng de tai dau tU'. Hoi
ngay tCr bay gicr s6 tien anh A can phai dau tU' vaa Ia bao nhieu?
Cau Hi~n t9i b9n sinh vien A dang c6 mot khoan tien, sau 1 nam nl1'a sau khi ra trU'ang b9n
A m&i c§n dung den s6 tien d6 d~ mua xe. Hi~n t9i ngan hang Vietinbank dang c6 cac lo9i hlnh
gll'i tiet ki~m nhU' sau:
+) Ky h9n 1 thang, lai suat 12o/o m()t nam.
+) Ky h9n 3 thang, lai suat 12°/o m()t nam.
+) Ky h9n 6 thang, lai suat 12°/o m()t nam.
+) Ky h9n 12 thang, lai suat 12°/o m()t nam.
Hoi b9n A nen gll'i tien thea hlnh thLl'c nao?

Dap s6: 50km/h.

Goi x (km/h) Ia v~n t6c di luc dau (x > 0). Khi d6 v~n t6c di luc sau Ia x + 4 (km/h).
90 90 - x I ' th ' . . d' I , tv
- Ia' th 0'1 ' . gran
. d'1d I! d'1n h , - - a 0'1 gran 1 uc ang t;.oc.
X X+4
~.a th're;.t I~ap d U'O'C p h U'ang t nn
' h : 1+9- + - 90 - X go
- = -.
. . 60 X+4 X
2 0
Giiii phU'ang trinh tren ta dU'qc nghi$m x, = 36, X2 =- ~ . fl6i chil!lu v&i di€lu ki$n, suy ra
v~n t6c ban dau cua ngU'ai d6 Ia 36km/h.

GQi nang suat dl)' kien cua d()i cong nhan Ia X (san ph~m/ ngay). Dieu ki~n: X E I~(.
' . gran
. d I! k';. 1200 ( ' )
Th 0'1 ren hoan
' th an
' h Ia' - - ngay .
X
s6 san ph am con l9i sau 5 ngay Ia: 1200 - 5x (san ph~m ).
Nang suat sau khi tang Ia: x + 10 (san ph~m/ ngay).

,. . , ;. , hK , . , 1200- 5x ( , )
Th 0'1 gran 1am so san p am con 191 1a ngay .
X+10
VI d()i da haEm thEmh cong vi~c dU'Q'C giao s&m han 5 ngay nen ta c6 phU'ang trlnh:
1200 -( 5 + 1200- 5xJ = 5 .
X X+10
Giai phU'O'ng trlnh dU'Q'C hai nghi~m X= 40 va X= -60.
VI X E ~( nen X= 40. V~y thai gian dl)' kien Ia: 1200:40 = 30 ngay.

fl6i 96 phUt =~(h). L;(lp biing:

 Thai gian (h)

Dl! dinh x(x>10) y(y > 2)

(x -1o)(Y +~J
8
x-10 y+-
5

X+20 y-2 (x + 20)(y -2)

TLI' d6 suy ra h~ phU'crng tr1nh: l( x - 1o)(y +~J xy <=> {x: : 0(th0a man).
=

( x + 20) ( y - 2) = xy y

cau5
Goi so cong nhan thea d!! dinh de haEm thanh cong vi~c Ia x (ngU'ai).
Bieu ki~n: x EN, x > 2.
So ngay d!! dinh hoan thanh cong vi~c Ia y (ngay). 8ieu ki~n: yEN, y > 4.
Theo dl! djnh, de hoan thanh cong vi~c can so cong nhan Ia xy.
V1 neu bat di 2 cong nhan th1 phai mat them 3 ngay mai hoan thanh cong vi~c nen ta c6
phU'crng tr1nh: (x-2)(y+3)=xy. (1)
V1 neu tang them 5 cong nhan th1 cong vi~c hoan thanh sam han 4 ngay nen ta c6 phU'crng
tr1nh: (x+5)(y-4)=xy. (2)
TLI' (1) va (2) ta c6 h~ phU'ang tr1nh:
(x-2)(y+3)=xy {3x-2y=6 {x=10 , _
~ ~ (thoa man).
{(X + 5) (y - 4) = XY -4 X + 5 y = 20 y = 12
VF).y theo d!! djnh can 10 cong nhan va lam trong 12 ngay th1 hoan thanh cong vi~c.

cau6
Boi 36 phut =~(h).
5
Goi x-(km/h) Ia vf).n toed!! dinh cua ngU'ai d6. 8ieu ki~n: x > o.
Thai gian nguai d6 dl! dinh di het quang dU'ang Ia
150 (h).
X
Thai gian nguai d6 di _! quang duang Ia 30 (h).
5 X
Thai gian nguai d6 di quang dU'ang con l~i Ia ~ (h).
X+10
Theo bai rata c6 phU'ang tr1nh: 30 + ~ + ~ = 150.
X X+10 5 X
Giai phuang tr1nh ta duqc x = 40 km/h.
' . g1an
Th 0'1 . d'1chuyen
A I'a: t =30- +120
- =63
- (h) .
40 50 20
Vf!.y v~n t6c di,J' dinh cUa ngU'<Yi d6 18 40km/h v8 th<'Yi gian di chuy~n 18 ~~(h).
Goi x (gia) Ia thai gian dl! dinh di luc ban dau. Dieu ki$n: x > o.
Theo de bai ta e6 phU'ang trinh: 35(x+2)=50(x-1)<=> x=8(thea man).
V~y thai gian dl! dinh di lue dau Ia 8 gia.
Quang dU'ang AB Ia 35(8 + 2) = 350km.

Goi v~n toe eua xe dc;1p Ia x (km/h), dieu ki$n: x > o.

Khi d6 v~n toe eua xe may Ia x + 28 (km/h ).
Trong 3 gia:
+ Xe dc;1p di dU'Q'C quang dU'ang 3x (km).
+ Xe may di dU'Q'e quang dU'ang 3 (X+ 28) (km ).
Theo bai rata e6 phU'ang trinh: 3x + 3 ( x + 28) = 156.
Giai phU'O'ng trinh tren ta dU'Q'C X= 12 (thea man).
V~y v~n toe eua xe dc;1p Ia 12km/h, v~n toe eua xe may Ia 40km/h.

Goi x(h) Ia thai gian xe may di h~t quang dU'ang AB. Dieu ki$n: x > 6.
y(h) Ia thai gian oto di h~t quang dU'ang AB. Dieu ki$n: y > 4.
Trong 1 gia:
+ Xe may di dU'Q'e _!_ (quang dU'ang).
X

+ 6 to di dU'Q'e _!_ (quang dU'ang).

y
+ Ha1. xe d'1dU'O'e: -1 +-
1 = -.
1 (1)
. . X y 4
Mathai gian xe 6 to ve d~n A sam han xe may ve d~n B Ia 6 gia nen: x- y = 6. (2)
TCP (1) va (2) ta e6 h$ phU'ang trinh:

!
1
_!_ + _!_ = _!_ {_!_ + - - = _!_ {x 2 -14 x + 24 = 0
X y 4<::> X X-6 4<=> ·
x-y=6 y=x-6 Y-2-6
-
Giai h~ phU'ang trinh tren dU'qc: x = 12 (thea man); ho~e x = 2 (loc;1i).
V&i X= 12, tim dU'Q'e y = 6. Do d6, nghi$m eua h$1a (12;6).
V~y thai gian xe may di h~t quang dU'ang AB Ia 12 gia, oto di h~t quang dU'ang AB Ia 6 gia.

10
Goi x (gia) Ia thai gian ngU'ai thLl' nh§t lam xong cong vi$c ( x > o).
Thai gian ma ngU'ai thLl' hai lam rieng xong eong vi$e Ia x + 2 (gia).
Trang 1 gia:
+ NgU'ai thLl' nhat lam dU'Q'e _!_ (eong vi$c).
X
1
+ NgU'ai thLl' hai lam dU'Q'C - - (eong vi$e ).
X+2

~ v1ec
' . I'am d U'O'C 1 : -12 =5- (eong
+ Ca ha1. ngU'O'I
? ·~ ) .
. 5 12 .
Ta e6 phLPang trlnh: _! + -
1
- = ~ <=> x = 4.
X X+2 12
Vf}.y thai gian ngLPai thCP nhat lam xong cong vi~c Ia 4 gia, thai gian ngLPai thCP hai lam xong
cong vi~e Ia 6 gia.

Vf}.n toe thf}.t cua eano Ia x (km/h), vf}.n toe dong nLP&e ehay Ia y (km/h). 8ieu ki~n: x > y > o.
Ta e6 bang:

Vf}.ntoc

X+y
X+Y

63

81
X+Y
L§n sau
84
x-y

108 +~=7
Suy ra h~ phLPang trinh: x + Y x- Y <=> {x 24 (thea man).
=
( ___!!___+~=? y=3
X+ y X- y

1
Vf}.n toe thf}.t cua xe may Ia x (km/h), vf}.n toe cua oto Ia y (km/h). Bieu ki~n: x > Y > 0 ·
Ta e6 bang:

Thai gian

120
X
X
Landau

6 to

Lan sau

6 to

120- 80 =0
Ta e6 h~ phLPang trinh: x Y {x
<=> = (thea man).
y = 40
60

( 144 - 56 = 1
X y
 cau 13
V~n toe th~t cua cano Ia x (km/h), v~n toe dong nU'&c chay Ia y (km/h).
8i@u ki~n: x > y > 0.
Ta c6 bang:

v~ntoc Thai gian Quang d U'6'ng

81
Xuoidong X+Y -- 81
X+Y
L~n d~u
105
NgU'Q'c dong x-y -- 105
x-y
54
Xuoi dong X+Y -- 54
X+Y
L~n sau ~,,~,"
. ~··[·····~···

x-y 42
NgU'Q'c dong -- 42

Suy ra
.
h~ phU'ang trinh:
!~+
x + Y x- Y
~+~=4
105 =8
{x
<=> = 24 (thea man).
y=3
x-y
•••J.~.~.........

X+ y X- y
cau 14
Goi chieu dai va chieu r(>ng cua hinh chCP nh~t Ia x, y (m). 8ieu ki~n: x > y > o.
~1a co, h~ p h U'O'ng t nn
A , h : {x2 + y2 = 25 <=> {x = 4 .
2(x+y)=14 y=3
cau 15
Goi chieu dai va chieu r(>ng cua hinh chCP nh~t Ia x, y (m). 8ieu ki~n: x > y > o.
~1a co, h~ p h U'O'ng t nn
A ' h : {2 (X+ y) = 70 .
( x + 5) (y - 3) = xy
Giai h~ phU'ang trinh ta dU'qc: x = 20, y = 15.
cau 16
GQi X (san ph§m) Ia so san ph§m rna to san xuat theo ke h09Ch (X E l~( ).
So ngay rna to san xuat theo ke ho9ch Ia: x (ngay).
50
So san ph§m thl)'C te to san xuat dU'Q'C Ia: X+ 13 (san pham).

S6 ng8y ma t6 san XU~( theo lhl,l'C (~ 18 X ;;

3
(ng8y).

~1a cop
, hU'ang t nn
' h: - + 13
X -X- - = 1 <::> x = 500 (th oa
, man.
- )
50 57
V~y theo ke ho9ch to san xuat 500 san pham.
GQi x Ia so chi tiet may cua to 1san xu~t trong thang d§u. 8i~u ki~n: o < x < 800, x EN.
So chi tiet may cua to II san xu~t trong thang dau Ia: 800- x (chi tiet).
S6 chi ti€lt may t& I VU'Q'l mlPc (y thang thlP hai 18: ~ x (chi ti€lt).
10
5

s6 chi ti€lt may t& II VU'Q'l mLPc a thang !hLP hai 18: ~~ (800 - x) (chi ti€lt).
1
So chi tiet may ca hai to VLPQ't m(rc trong thang th(r hai Ia: 945- 800 = 145 (chi tiet).
Ta c6 phLPang trlnh: ~x + 20
(800- x) = 145 <=> x = 300 (thea man).
100 100
V~y trong thang dau to I san xu~t dLPQ'C 300 chi tiet may, to II san xu~t dLPQ'C 500 chi tiet may.

Doi 1 gia 20 phut =8o phut.

GQi x (phut) Ia thai gian voi 1chay m¢t mlnh day b§.
GQi y (phut) Ia thai gian voi II chay m¢t mlnh day be.
8i~u ki~n: x,y > 80.
Trang 1 phut:
+ Voi I chay dLPQ'C _!_ (b§).
X
+ Voi II chay dLPQ'C _!_ (be).
y
+ C<l hai vOi ch8y dU'Q'C
8~ (bEfl).
•a co, phLPO'ng t'nn h: -1 +-
T. 1 = -1 . (1)
X y 80
Trang 1o phut voi 1 chay dLPQ'c !Q (be).
X

Trang 12 phut voi II chay dLPQ'C .:!3_ (be).

y
~ + .:!3. = _3_.

l>;= 8~
Ta c6 phLPang trlnh: (2)

TLP (1) v8 (2) ta c6 hil :hU':ng t:i:h: .

. 10 12 2
. -+-=-
X y 15
1 1
X
8$t an phi)

l
u = _!_
X
1
V=-
, ta dLPQ'C
y
l u + v = _80
2
10u+12v=-
15

V~y voi I chay m¢t mlnh th1 sau 120 phut day be.
Voi 11 chay m¢t mlnh th1 sau 240 phut day be.
<=>
lu = _120
1
v=-
240
_ { X = 120
=> y =
240
·
GQi x Ia s6 san pham moi gi<Y ma ngU'CYi cong nhan phai hoan thanh theo ke ho9ch.
Dieu ki~n: x E rt, x < 84. -
S6 san pham moi gia ma ngU'CYi cong nhan phai hoan thanh theo thl)'c te Ia X+ 2.
84
Thai gian ma cong nhan hoan thanh theo ke ho9ch (h).
X

Thai gian ma cong nhan hoan thanh theo thl)'C te ·~ (h).

X+2
NgU'<Yi cong nhan d6 hoan thanh cong vi~c sam han dinh 1 gia nen ta c6 phU'ang trinh:
84 -~= ~[x=12 (th6a man).
X X+ 2
1
X = -14 (l09i)
V~y theo ke hO<;iCh moi gi<Y ngU'ai cong nhan phai lam 12 san pham.

GQi chieu rong cua manh dat Ia X (m). 8ieu ki~n: X> 0.
Khi d6 chieu dai cua manh dat Ia 4x (m).
Di~n tich manh dat nha b9n DOng Ia 4x (m 2 ).
2

Di~n tich manh dat sau khi giam chieu rong 2m va tang chieu dai len gap doi Ia:
8x( x- 2) (m 2 ).
2
Theo bai rata c6 phU'ang trlnh: 8x( x- 2)- 4x = 20.
Giai phU'O'ng trlnh ta dU'Q'C X = 5 va X = -1.
86i chieu v&i dieu ki~n ta dU'Q'c x = 5.
V~y chieu rong manh dat Ia Sm va chieu dai manh dat Ia 20m.

cau
35
f) 01:
X• •' 50 p h U, t
5 g10' =B "
giO'.

GQi x, y (giCY) Ia thCYi gian vOi Iva vOi II ch8y mOt minh d~y b~. 8i~u ki(ln: 24
0 < x,y < .
5
1 1 6
-+-=-
Theo bai ra, ta c6 h~ phU'ang trlnh: x Y
35
~ {x = 10.
5 (__:!_ + _!_J + ~ = 1 y = 14
X y y
V~y voi I chay mot mlnh trong 10 gi<Y day b~, voi II chay mot mlnh trong 14 gia day b~.

GQi x, y (m) lan IU'Q't Ia chieu dai va chieu rong cua khu vU'an hlnh chef nh~t.
Dieu ki~n: x > y > 4.
,. , ~
Theo ba1 ra, ta co h~ phU'ang trmh: (
, {X + y =) (100 ) .
x-4 y-4 =2016
Giai h~ phU'ang trlnh ta dU'Q'C hai nghi~m x = 60 va y = 40 (th6a man).
V~y khu vU'an c6 chieu dai 80m va chieu rong 60m.
GQi s6 thLI' nh~t Ia x. £>i~u ki~n: 0 < x < 19.
Ta c6 s6 th(r hai Ia 19- x.
VI tong cac blnh phU'ang cua chung bang 185 do d6 ta c6 phU'ang trlnh:
2 11
x 2 + (19- x ) = 185 <=> x 2 -19x + 88 = 0 <=> [x = (th6a man).
X=8
Vf;.y hai s6 phai Um Ia 11 va 8.

GQi s6 can tim Ia xy v&i x,y E Z; 1 ~ x,y ~ 9.

10x+ y 16
Thea gia thiet ta c6 h~ phU'ang trlnh:
[
xy =9 9 {x- 3
Y= _
90x+9y-16xy
.
10 x+y- (10 y+x ) = 27

h~ ta c6
Giai x1 = 9 (th6a man) va x2 =
1~ (lo:;ti). Suy ray= 6.
Vf;.y s6 can Um Ia 96.

Sau nam th(r nhat, dan s6 cua thanh ph6 Ia: X+ x.1 °/o = 1, 01x.
Sau nam th(r hai, dan s6 cua thanh ph6 Ia: 1, 01x + 1, 01x.1 o/o = x.1, of.
Ma sau hai nam, s6 dan cua thanh ph6 Ia 408 040 ngU'ai nen ta c6:
x.1,01 2 = 408040 <=> x = 400000 (ngU'ai).
Vf;.y dan s6 hai nam trU'&c day cua thanh ph6 Ia 400000 ngU'ai.

GQi x (0/o) Ia s6 dan tang trung blnh moi nam. £>i~u ki~n: x > 0.
a) Sau mot nam, s6 dan cua xa d6 Ia:
10000 + 1OOOO.x% = 10000 (1 + x%) (ngU'ai).
Sau hai nam, s6 dan cua xa d6 Ia:
t
10000 ( 1 + xo/o) + 10000 (1 + X 0/o) x% = 10000 (1 + xo/o (ngU'ai).
Thea bai ra, ta c6 phU'ang trlnh:
2 10404
10000 ( 1 + xo/o) = 10404 <:::> x% = -1 = 0, 02 <:::> x = 2.
10000
Vf;.y dan s6 xa d6 hang nam tang 2o/o.
o
b) V&i mLI'c tang d6, sau 1 nam dan s6 xa d6 Ia:
yo
10000 (1 + 2°/o = 12190 (ngU'ai) (tU'ang tl)' cong thl1c tfnh lai su~t kep ).

GQi s6 gam dong va kern c6 trang hqp kim Ian IU'Q't Ia x va y (gam). £>i~u ki~n: o < x, y < 124.

V&i 1 gam dong c6 th~ tfch Ia !Q (cm 3

) nen x gam dong c6 th~ 1
tfch Ia Ox (cm 3 ).
89 89
V&i 1 gam kern c6 th~ tfch Ia _! (cm 3 ) nen y gam kern c6 th~ tfch Ia Y (cm 3 ).
7 7
 X+ y =150
Theo bai ra ta c6 h~ phU'O'ng trinh: 1 ox y .
{ -+-=15
89 7
Giai h~ phU'O'ng trinh ta dU'Q'c: x = 89, y = 35 (th6a man dieu ki~n ).
Vf}.y trong hQ'p kim c6 89 gam dong va 35 gam kem.

GQi X (gam) Ia IU'Q'ng nU'&C can pha them vao dung dich da cho. Dieu ki~n: X> 0.
Khi d6 IU'Q'ng dung dich nU'&c Ia 200 + x.
}. dAo d ung d"1ch I'a - 50
Nong --
. . 200+X
50
Theo bai ra, ta c6 phU'O'ng trinh: =! <=> 250 = 200 + x <=> x =50 (th6a man).
200+x 5
Vf}.y can pha them 50 gam nU'&C.

GQi so tien mua mot chiec quQt v&i gia niem yet Ia x (ngan dong). So tien mua mot cai noi
CO'm di~n v&i gia niem yet Ia y (ngan dong). Dieu ki~n:
T6ng so tien mua ban ui va quQt di~n theo gia niem yet Ia 1250 ngan dong nen ta c6
phU'O'ng trinh: x + y = 1250 (ngan dong). (1)
85 17
S o;. t"::..
1en th U'C t;.e dxe mua moAt c h";. ' d::.ong ) .
1ec quat I'a: - x = - x (ngan
. . . 100 20

y = ~y (ngan dong).
90
So tien thU'C te de mua mot cai noi CO'm dien Ia:
. . . 100 10
Theo bai rata c6 phU'O'ng trinh: ~ x + ~ y = 1100. (2)
20 10
X + y = 1250 { _ 500
TCI' (1) va (2) ta c6 h~ phU'O'ng trinh: 17 9 <=> X- .
{ X+ W y = 1100 y = 750
20

S6 ti~n th\l'C til mua mOt chillc qu1;1t 18: ~~ .500 = 425 (ngan d6ng).
So tien thU'c
. te mua mot . Ia: ~.750
. cai noi CO'm dien 10 = 675 (ngan dong).

Vf}.y so tien chenh l~ch giCI'a gia ban niem yet va gia ban thl)'c te cua mot chiec quQt Ia:
500-425 = 75 (ngan dong).
Vf}.y SO tien chenh l~ch giCI'a gia ban niem yen va gia ban thl)'C te cua mot cai noi CO'm di~n
Ia: 750- 675 = 75 (ngan dong).

cau 30
Ap dl)ng cong th(rc lai kep, so tien thu dU'Q'C (ca von lan lai) Ia:
T = A(1 + rt v&i tien gll'i: A= 99 tri~u dong, lai suat r = 0,0825, n = 5 ky.
Ta dU'Q'c: T = 147,155 tri~u dong.
so tien lai bang: r- A= 48,155 tri~u dong.
Ap dl)ng c6ng th(rc lai kep, so tien thu dU'Q'C (ca von Ian H3i) lcl:
T = A(1 + rt v&i tien gui: A= 15 tri~u dong, lai suat r = 0,1099, n = 3 ky.
Ta dU'qc: T = 20,509 tri~u dong.
so tien lai bang: T- A= 5,509 tri~u dong.

cau
Ap dl)ng c6ng th(rc lai kep, so tien thu dU'Q'C (ca von Ian lai) Ia:
T = A(1 + rt v&i tien gui: A= 67 tri~u dong, lai suat r = 0,0599, n = 2 nam = 2.4 = 8 ky
(v1 1 nam c6 4 quy).
Ta dU'qc: T = 106,707 tri~u dong.
so tien lai bang: T- A= 39,707 tri~u dong.

GQi A Ia so tien ban dau anh ta can dau tU' vao, T = 500 tri~u Ia so tien thu dU'Q'C sau 10 nam.

Khi d6 ta c6 T = A(1 + o, 12)10 • Do d6 A = ~~~o

1
"'161 trieu diJng.
'

Tnvang hQ'p 1: Ky hc;1n 1 thang, lai suat 12o/o mot nam:

Lai suat 1 thang Ia:' 12%): 12 = 1°/o /thang.
So tien ca goc lan lai thu dU'Q'C sau 1 nam (12 thang) Ia: ~ = A(1 + 0,01Y = A.1, 1268.
2

Tnvang hQ'p 2: Ky hc;1n 3 thang, lai suat 12% mot nam:

Lai suat mot k1 (3 thang) Ia: 12%: 4 = 3%/kl.
t
So tien ca goc lan lai thu dU'Q'C sau 1 nam (4 k1) Ia: T2 =A ( 1+ 0, 03 = A.1, 1255.
TrU'ang hQ'p 3: Ky hc;1n 6 thang, lai suat 12o/o mot nam:
Lai suat 1 k1 (6 thang) Ia: 12%: 2 = 6% /kL
2
So tien ca goc Ian lai thu dU'Q'C sau 1 na!ll (2 k1) Ia: T3 =A ( 1+ 0, 06 ) = A.1, 236.
TrU'ang hQ'p 4: Ky hc;1n 12 thang, lai suat 12o/o mot nam
1
So tien ca goc lan lai thu dU'Q'C sau 1 nam (1 k1) Ia: T4 = A(1 + 0, 12) = A.1, 12.
VF).y bc;1n A nen chon phU'ang an gui theo k1 hc;1n 1 thang de c6 so tien l&n nhat.
 Neu a> b thl b <a.

Neu cac s6 thl)'C a, b, c thea man

a > b va b > c thl ta c6 a >c.

Neu a, b Ia hai s6 thl)'c thea man

Neu a, b Ia hai s6 thl)'c thea man a > b thl v&i moi s6 thl)'c c ta c6
a> b thl v&i moi s6 thl)'c c ta c6: a±c >b±c.
;. c> 0 th'1 ac> b c va' ->-.
Neu a b
c c
o
Neu c = th l ac = be.
;.. c < 0 th'1 ac < b c va' -a < -.
Neu b
c c Nhan hai ve hai bat dang thCrc cung
.}.. {a> b > 0 => ac > bd .
ch1eu:
C>d>O
Nghjch dao hai ve:
1 1
a>b>0¢:::>0<-<-
a b
Nang lem lOy thLl'a:
a > b > 0 => an > bn' nE N *.
Khai can b~c n:
a > b > 0 => 1"8 > ib.
 jxj ~ 0, jxj 2 = X 2 , x ~ jxj, -x ~ jxj v&i mQi x E JR.
V&i mQi a, bE JR. ta c6:

lal + lbl ~ Ia + bl. Bang there xay ra khi va chi khi ab ~ 0.

lal + lbl ~ Ia- bl. Bang there xay ra khi va chi khi ab ~ o.

Neu a, b, cIa ba c~nh cua tam giac ABC thi:

a > 0, b > 0, c > 0.

b + c >a> lb- cl; c +a> b > lc- al; a+ b > c > Ia- bl.
(bat dang there tam giac)
-" -" -"

a> b > c <=>A> B >C.

(quan h~ giCI'a c~nh va g6c trong tam giac)

Cho bieu there F (x, y, z) v&i cac bien x, y, z thoa man dieu
ki~n 0 cho trU'&c.
Ta n6i MIa gia tri l&n nhat cua F khi n6 thoa man hai dieu
ki~n sau:
+ F(x, y, z) ~ M (1) v&i moi x, y, z thea man dieu ki~n
+ T6n t~i (x0 ,y0 ,z0 )thoa man Ova F(x0 ;y0 ;z0 )=M
Hay n6i each khac dau dang there a (1) c6 xay ra.
TU'ang tl! cho gia tri nho nhat cua F tren D.
Bi~n doi bat dang th(fc c~n ch(fng minh tU'ang dU'ang v&i bat dang th(fc dung ho~c bat
dang th(fc da dU'Q'C ch(fng minh Ia dung.
• N~u A< 8 <=> C < D v&i C < D Ia mot bat dang th(fc hien nhien, ho~c da bi~t Ia dung thl
bat dang th(fc A< 8 dung.
Gia sll' c~n ch(fng minh A;:::: B. Ta thU'ang bi~n doi tU'ang dU'ang ve cac d(;mg sau:
+ A 2 8 <=> aX 2 + bY 2 + cZ 2 2 0, trong d6 a,b,c khong am.
+A 2 8 <=>X. Y 2 0, X, Y cung dau.
• Chu y cac hang dang th(fc sau:
2
(A±8) =A 2 ±2A8+82 •
2
(A+8+C) =A 2 +82 +C 2 +2A8+28C+2CA.
3 2 2 3
(A+8t =A +3A 8+3A8 +8 .

Vi dl} 1: Cho ba so a, b, c E IR. Ch(fng minh rang:

a) a 2 + b 2 + c 2 2 ab + be + ca.
b) 3 ( a + b + c
2 2

2
2
) 2 (a + b + c t.
c) (a+ b + c ) 2 3(ab +be+ ca ).

Giai chi tiet

a) Ta c6: a2 + b 2 + c2 2 ab + be + ca <=> 2 ( a2 + b 2 + c 2 ) 2 2 ( ab + be + ca)
2 2
<=> (a - b ) + (b - c ) + (c - a)2 2 0.
Bat dang th(fc cuoi hien nhien dung nen bat dang th(fc c~n ch(fng minh cOng dung.
2 2 2
b) Ta c6: 3 ( a + b + c
2
) 2 (a + b + c ) <=> 3 ( a2 + b 2 + c 2 ) 2 a2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
<=> a2 + b 2 + c2 2 ab + be + ca
(dung theo ch(fng minh cau a).
V~y ta c6 dieu phai ch(fng minh.
c) Ta c6:
2
(a + b + c ) 2 3 ( ab + be+ ca) <=> a2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca 2 3 ( ab + be + ca)
<=> a2 + b 2 + c 2 2 ab + be + ca.
(dung theo ch(fng minh cau a).
V~y ta c6 dieu phai ch(fng min h.
 Cho a,bEJR 'ab~1. Ch(rng minh rang: - 1
-2 + --2 ~--.
1 2
1+a 1+b 1+ab

Giai chi tiet

Ta c6 bat dang th(rc can ch(rng minh tU'O'ng dU'O'ng v&i
1 1 2 (1+ b 2 ) ( 1 + ab) + (1+ a 2 ) ( 1+ ab) 2 (1+ a 2 )( 1+ b 2 )
- -2 + - -2 > - - <=> > -,---~.,.---,----'--'-c----'--
1+ a 1+ b - 1+ ab ( 1+ a 2 ) ( 1+ b 2 ) ( 1+ ab) - ( 1+ a 2 ) ( 1 + b 2 ) ( 1+ ab)

( do ab ~ 1 > 0, 1+ a 2 > 0, 1+ b 2 > 0 v&i mQi a, b )

<=>1+b 2 +ab+ab 3 +1+a 2 +ab+a 3 b~2(1+a 2 +b 2 +a 2 b2 )

<=> 2ab + a 3 b + ab 3 ~ a 2 + b 2 + 2a 2 b 2
<=> a 3 b- a 2 b 2 + ab 3 - a 2 b2 ~ a 2 - 2ab + b 2
<=> a b (a - b) + ab ( b - a) ~ (a - b
2 2
t
<=> (a- b ) ( ab -1) ~ 0.
2

(a- b ) ~ o v&i mQi a, b va ab ~ 1 theo gia thi~t.

2
Bat dang th(rc cu6i cung dung do
V~y ta c6 di~u phai ch(rng minh.

Vi Ch(rng minh rang v&i mQi s6 thvc X ta c6 x 4 - 2x3 + 2x2 - 2x + 1 ~ 0.

Giai chi tiet

Bat dang th(rc can ch(rng minh tU'O'ng dU'O'ng v&i
2
x4 - 2x3 + x 2 + x 2 - 2x + 1~ 0 <=> x 2 ( x 2 - 2x + 1) + ( x 2 - 2x + 1) ~ 0 <=> ( x 2 + 1)( x -1) ~ 0.
Bat dang th(rc cu6i dung do ( x -1) ~ o, x 2 + 1 ~ 1 > o v&i mQi x E JR.
2

V~y ta c6 di~u phai ch(rng minh.

• Bat dang th(rc Co-si:

V&i hai s6 khong am a, b ~ 0, ta c6 a+ b ~ 2Jib.
Bang th(rc xay ra khi va chi khi a = b.
Bat dang th(rc nay con dU'Q'C vi~t a m()t s6 d(;lng khac tU'O'ng dU'O'ng Ia:
b< a2 +b2. (a+bJ2 b
a - 2 ' 2 ~a .
• Bat dang th(rc Bunhiacopski:
2
Cho a, b, x, y E JR. Ta luon c6: ( a 2 + b 2 ) ( x 2 + y 2) :2: (ax+ by ) .
Dang th(rc xay ra khi va chi khi ay = bx.

Vi d~:t 1: Ch(rng minh rang:

a b 2 VO'I
a ) -+-:2:: ,. mQI· a, b > 0 .
b a
a2 + 2 2 ,. . 1l1l
b) ~ :2: VO'I mQI a E .IN..

Gilli chi tiet

a) Ap d1,mg bllt d~ng thll'c C6-si cho hai s6 dU'ang ~ va b ta c6: ~ + b;:, 2~~-E_ = 2.
b a b a b a
.J 2
b) Do a + 1 > 0 v&i mQi anen ve trai cua bat dang th(rc can ch(rng minh xac djnh v&i
mQi a E JR.
Ta c6: a2 + 2 = a2 + 1 + 1 = .Ja2 + 1 + 1 .
.Ja 2 + 1 .Ja 2 + 1 .Ja 2 + 1
Ap d1,mg b~t d~ng thll'c C6-si cho hai s6 dU'ang ../a2 + 1 va ~
2
ta c6:
a +1
~ 1 ~ 1
-va-+.1+ ~:2::2 -va-+1. ~ =2.
-va 2 + 1 -va 2 + 1
V~y ta c6 di~u phai ch(rng minh.

Giai chi tiet

Ap dvng bat dang thll'c Co-si cho cac s6 khong am a 2, b 2, c 2 ta c6:

a 2 + b2 :2: 2.Ja 2 b2 = 2labl :2: 0;

b2 + c 2 :2: 2.Jb 2 c2 = 2lbcl :2: 0;
c 2 + a 2 :2: 2.Jc 2 a2 = 2lcal :2::0.
Nhan ve v&i ve cua cac bat dang th(rc tren ta dU'Q'C:
2 2 2 2 2 2 222
(a +b )(b +c )(c +a ):2::8Ja b c J=8a 2b2c 2 (dpcm).
 "Ap d~;~ng bat d5ng thlic Co-si: a 2 + b 2 :?: 2ab;
b2 + C
2
:?: 2bc;
C
2
+a 2
:?: 2ca.

Nhan ve v&i ve cua Glc bat d5ng thl.fc tren ta dU'Q'C dieu phai chl.fng minh."
Lai giai nay sai &ch6 nhan ve v&i ve cua cck bat d5ng thl.fc rna chtta kh~ng djnh
chung khong am.
t>e bai cho chung ta a,b,c E lR nen chung c6 the am.
Do v~y a + b
2 2
;?:
2
2.Ja • b
2
=2lab I' tlfO'ng tl;l' v&i cac bat d5ng thl.fc con 19i.

Vi Cho x, y, z Ia cac so dU'ang. ChCPng minh rang:

x2 y2 22
---:---+ + 21.
x 2 +2yz y 2 +2zx z2 +2xy

Ghii chi tiet

Ap dl)ng b§t dang thCPc Co-si cho cac so dU'ang x, y, z ta c6: 2yz s y 2 + z2; 2xz s x 2 + z2;
2xy s x 2 + y 2.
Cac ve cua cac bat dang thCPc trem d~u dU'ang nen ta c6:
x2 x2 y2 y2 22 22
-2- - > 2 2 2 . 2 2 2 2 2 ' 2 2 2 2 2.
x +2yz- x + y +z ' y +2xz y +X +z z +2xy z +X + y

C(>ng ve v&i ve ta dU'Q'C:

x2 y2 22 x2 + y2 + 2 2
---:---+ + > =1.
x 2 + 2yz y 2 + 2zx z2 + 2xy - x 2 + y 2 + z 2
V~y ta dU'Q'C di~u phai chCPng minh.

ChCPng minh rang .Ja + b +.Ja-b< 2-JB v&i a> b > 0.

Giai tiet
Ap dl)ng bat dang there Bunhiacopski ta c6: ( 1.-Ja + b + 1.-Ja- b
Suy ra .Ja+b +.Ja-b <2-Ja.
r
s (1 + 1)(a+ b +a-b)= 4a.

Dang thCPc xay ra khi va chi khi .Ja + b =.Ja-b<::? b = 0 (mau thuan v&i gia thiet b > 0).
V~y.Ja + b +.Ja-b< 2-Ja v&i moi a> b > 0.
 khi va chi khi

b=e
2
e ) ~ 3 ( ab + be + ca) 'v' a, b, e E lR a=b=e
1 1
-+-~-- \fa, b>O
4
a b a+b
a=b

1 1 9 \fa, b, e>O
+-+-~---
b c a+b+e
Ho~c
a=b=e

(a+b+e) ~9 \fa, b, e>O

Trong bai thi, d~ SLP dl)ng cac bat dang th(rc phl) cac em can ch(rng minh lc;ti bat dang th(rc
d6. Cac bat dang th(rc k~ tren deu c6 th~ ch(rng minh dU'Q'C m()t each de dang bang
phU'ang phap bi~n doi tU'ang dU'ang hay sll' dvng bat dang th(rc C6-si.

, · mQt· so~ th l)'C a, b , e t a co, ab + be + ea ~ _;__

2
,
1 : a ) Ch U'ng · h VO't
m1n (a +_ b +_____.;._
e)

b) Cho ba s6 dU'crng th6a man diliu ki$n x + y + z ~ !. 3

Chlfng minh

2 2 2
6 ( x + y + z ) + 10 (xy + yz + zx) + 2 (
1
+
1
+
1
2x + y + z x + 2y + z x + y + 2z
~ 9. J
{ae thi vao 10 Hai Phong nam 2018 - 2()19)
Giai chi tiet
a) Bat dang th(rc can ch(rng minh tU'ang dU'ang v&i
3(ab + be+ ea) ~ (a + b + e) <=> 3 (ab + be + ea) ~ a 2 + b2 + e2 + 2ab + 2be + 2ea
2

<=> 2 ( ab + be + ea) ~ 2 (a 2 + b2 + e 2 )
2
<=> (a - b ) + ( b - e) + ( e - at ~ 0.
2

Bat dang th(rc cuoi lu6n dung nen ta c6 dieu phai ch(rng minh.
 , , .. 111 9 ,
b) Ap dl)ng bat dang thCPc - +- +- ~ v&i cac so dU'ang a= 2x + y + z,
a b c a+b+c
b = x + 2y + z, c = x + y + 2z ta c6:

1 + 1 + 1 ~ 9 = 3.
2x+ y+z x+2y+z x+ y+2z 4(x+ y+z)
. 2
~ (x+y+z) 3
Thea cau a) xy + yz + zx:::;; -'--------''---
3 16

Vida}

a) Ch o ha1. so~ x, y dU'O'ng. Ch U'ng

, ~ --:::;;-
. h rang
mrn 1 1 ( -1 +-
x+y 4 x y
1 . J
b) Cho ba s6 dU'ang a, b, c thoa man ..:!_ + ..:!_ + _! = 16 . Chung minh rang
a b c
1 + 1 + 1 <~.
3a+2b+c a+3b+2c 2a+b+3c 3
(£)e thi vao 10 Hai Phong nam 2017 - 2018)

Giai chi ti~t

a) V&i X, y dU'O'ng, bat dang thCPc can chCPng minh tU'O'ng dU'O'ng v&i

(X + Y) (! !) ~
X
+
y
4 ¢:> 1+ y +
X
X
y
+ 1 ~ 4 ¢:> y + X
X y
~ 2.

Ap d1,mg bat diing thlrc C6-si cho hai s6 dll'ang ~ va Y ta c6: Y + x 2: 2~Y. x = 2.
~ t a dU'Q'C ba~ t dang
Vq.y ~ th U'C
, can
>..
chU'ng
, . h.
m1n y X X y X y

b) Ap dl)ng bat dang thCPc ! +! +! ~ 9 cho cac s6 thl)'c dU'ang a+ b va a+ c

X y Z X+Y+Z
ta c6:
1 1 1 9
--+--+--~ (1).
a +b a +b a +c 3a + 2b + c
' toan
Hoan ' tU'O'ng t V' t a cung , -1- + -b-
- co: 1 + -1- ~ 9
b (2) ·
b+c +c a+b a+ 3 + 2c
1 1 1 9
--+--+--~ (3).
a +c a +c b+c 2a + b + 3c
C()ng ve v&i ve cua (1 ), (2) va (3) ta c6:

3(--1 + -1- + -1J

- ~9 ( 1 + 1 + 1 J.
a +b b +c c +a 3a + 2b + c a + 3b + 2c 2a + b + 3c
Ap dt,mg bat dang thfrc da dU'Q'C chfrng minh & cau a) ta c6:

_1_:::; +
a+b 4 a b
!(! !); _1_:::; __!_(__!_ +
b+c 4 b c
!); _1_:::; +
c+a 4 a c
!(! !).
TCf d6 suy ra
1 1 1 1 1 (1 1 1) 8
3a+2b+C + a+3b+2C + 2a+b+3C :::;3'4' 2
a+ b +C =3·
V~y ta c6 dieu phai chfrng min h.

1: Cho a, b, c, d, e Ia cac so tht,Pc dU'ang. Chfrng minh rang:

b2
a) a 2 +-?:.ab.
4
2 2
b) a + b + 1?:. ab +a+ b.
2 2 2 2 2
c) a + b + c + d + e ?:. a ( b + c + d + e).
Chfrng minh rang v&i mQi a, b: ( a10 + b10 )( a2 + b2 )?:. ( a 8 + b 8 )( a 4 + b4 ).

3: Cho -±,:; x,:; ~- Chlrng minh rilng: ,/3 -4x + ,/1 + 4x;:.: 2.

Cho cac so dU'ang a, b th6a man ~ + ~ = 2. Chfrng minh a+ b?:. 2.

a b
Cho a, b Ia cac so kh6ng am th6a man a2 + b 2 :::; 2. Chfrng minh rang

a)3a (a+ 2b) + b)3b ( b + 2a) :::; 6.

6: Cho ba so tht,PC dU'O'ng X, y, z th6a man dieu ki~n X+ y + z = 1. Chfrng minh rang

~x + 2y + ~y + 2z + .Jz + 2x2 ?:. .J3.

2 2 2 2 2

1 1
7: Cho cac so tht,PC dU'ang X, y, z th6a man X+ y + z = 4. Chfrng minh rang - +- ?:.1.
xy xz
(De thi vao 10 tinh Vinh Long nam 2017- 2018)
1 1 1
8: Cho cac so tht,PC dU'O'ng X, y, z th6a man - - + - - + - - = 12. Chfrng minh rang
X+Y Y+Z Z+X
1 + 1 + 1 :::; 3.
2x+3y+3z 3x+2y+3z 3x+3y+2z
(De thi vao 10 chuyem tinh Ha Nam nam 2016 -2017)

1
a) Bat dang thfrc can chfrng minh tU'ang dU'ang v&i
2 2
4a 2 + b2 ?:. 4ab <=> (2a ) - 2.2a.b + b 2 ?:. 0 <=> (2a- b ) ?:. 0.
Bat dang thfrc cuoi hien nhien dung nen ta c6 dieu phai chfrng minh.
b) Bat dang thfrc can chfrng minh tU'ang dU'ang v&i:
 2 2 2
a 2 + b 2 + 1 ~ ab +a+ b <=> 2( a 2 + b2 + 1) ~ 2( ab +a+ b)<=> (a- b ) + (a -1) + (b -1) ~ 0.
Bat dang th(rc cu6i hi<§n nhien dung nen ta c6 dieu phai ch(rng minh.
c) Bat dang th(rc can ch(rng minh tU'ang dU'ang v&i
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + d 2 + e 2 ~ a (b + c + d + e)
<=> 4 (a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + d 2 + e 2) ~ 4a (b + c + d + e)
<=> a 2 - 4ab + 4b 2 + a 2 - 4ac + 4c 2 + a 2 - 4ad + 4d 2 + a 2 - 4ae + 4e 2 ~ 0
2 2
<=>(a-2bt +(a-2c) +(a-2d) +(a-2et ~0.
Bat dang th(rc cu6i hien nhien dung nen ta c6 dieu phai ch(rng min h.

Bat dang th(rc can ch(rng minh tU'ang dU'ang v&i

a12 + a2b1o + a1ob2 + b12 ~ a12 + aab4 + a4ba + b12
<=> a2b1o _ a4ba + a1ob2 _ aab4 ~ 0
<=> a 2b8 ( b2 - a 2) + a 8 b2( a 2 - b2) ~ 0
<=> (a 2 - 2 8
b ) ( a b2 - a 2b ) ~ 0
8

<=> (a 2 - b2) a 2b2( a 6 - b6 ) ~ 0

t
<=> (a2 - b2 a2b2 ( a4 + a2b2 + b4) ~ 0.
Bat dang th(rc cu6i hien nhien dung nen ta c6 dieu phai ch(rng min h.

V&i _ _!_ ~ x ~ ~, bat dang th(rc can ch(rng minh tU'O'ng dU'O'ng v&i
4 4
3- 4x + 1+ 4x + 2~(3- 4x)(1 + 4x) ~ 4 <=> ~(3- 4x)(1 + 4x) ~ o (hi en nhien dung).
V~y ta c6 dieu phai ch(rng minh.

Ap d1,mg b~t d~ng thlrc CO-si kllt hqp v&i gifl thillt ta c6: 2 =a~ + b~ 2 a~=:. ab 21.
T&i day, sti dvng bat dang th(rc Co-si lan ncra ta dU'qc: a+ b ~ 2Jib = 2.
Dang th(rc xay ra khi a= b = 1.

Ap dvng bat dang th(rc Co-si cho cac s6 khong am ta c6:

1 3a+a+2b
a\/ 3a (a + 2b) ~ a = 2a 2 + ab;
2
3
bJ3b(b+2a) <;.b b+~+ 2a =2b 2
+ab.
C(>ng hai ve bat dang thCPc nay l9i ve v&i ve, ta dU'Q'C

M = a~3a (a + 2b) + b~3b ( b + 2a) ~ 2 (a 2 + b ) + 2ab = 4 + 2ab.

2
Ap dl)ng bat dang th(rc Co-si lan nll'a, ket hQ'p v&i gia thiet ta dU'Q'C
4 + 2ab ~ 4 + a 2 + b 2 = 6.
TCr d6, ta c6 ngay M ~ 6. Dau bang xay ra khi va chi khi a= b = 1.

*(
Ap dl)ng bat dang thCrc Bunhiacopski ta c6: ( 1 + 2) ( x 2 + 2y 2 ) ~ ( x + 2y )
2

=> ~x 2 +2y 2 <: x + 2y) (do x,y > 0).

TU'ang li,r: ~y2 + 2z2 <: *(Y +2z); -Jz2 +2x 2 <: ~ (z + 2x).

Do d6: ~x2 +2y2 +~y 2 +2z2 +-Jz2 +2x2 <: ~(3x+3y+3z)=F3 (dpcm).

~ dang
Ap dung bat
T ~ thU'c -1 +- 4 c ho cac so~d U'O'ng xy,xz va'd ox+ y + z = 4 ta co:
1 ~ --b
T T T

· a b a+
1 1 4 4
- +- > --:---:-
xy XZ - X ( y + Z) X( 4 - X)"
Ap dl)ng bat dang thCrc Co-si cho hai so dU'ang x va 4- x ta c6:

I 4- x) ~ x + (4- x) ~ 0 < x( 4- x) ~ (x+4 -x

0 < 2\fx(
2
2
J= 4.
Dod6- +- ~i=1 (dpcm).
1 1
xy xz 4

V&i x, y, z > o, ap dl)ng lien tiep bat dang thCrc ~ + -b1 ~ __i__b (a, b > o) ta c6:
a a+
1 1
2x+3y+3z = (x+2y+z)+(x+2z+ y) ~4
1( 1
x+2y+z + x+2Z+ y
1 J

~ :[:(x: y + y:z)+±(x:z + z: y )]= 1~(x: y + y ~z + x:z)

TU'ang tl)': 1 <-1 (-1-+_1_+_2_)·
3x+2y+3Z -16 X+ y y+z Z+X '
1 1( 2 1 1
3X+3y+2Z ~16 X+ y + y+z + Z+X .
J
Dodo VT~-1 4 4
16 X+Y y+z Z+X
4
( -- + -- + --)=3 (dpcm).
Gia Slr can t1m gia trj l&n nhat va gia trj nho nhat cua bi~u th(fc P. Ta bien doi P ve d<;mg
P = aA 2 + bB 2 + cC 2 + o trong d6 D c6 gia tri khong doi, a, b, c cung dau.
• Neu a,b,c :2:0 th1 P :2: D. Ta c6 gia tri nho nhat cua PIa 0 neu ton t<;ti dang th(fc
A=B=C=O.
• Neu a, b, c s; 0 th1 P s; 0. Ta c6 gia tri nho nhat cua PIa D neu ton t<;1i dang th(fc
A=B=C=O.

1: T1m gia tri l&n nhat cua bi~u th(fc A= 7- .Jx 2 - 6x + 9.

Giai chi tiet

Ta c6: A = 7 - .Jx 2 - 6x + 9 = 7 - ~( x - 3)2 .
~(x-3) :2:0,\fx
2
Do nenA=7 ~(x-3) 2 :::;;7.
Dang th(fc xay ra khi x = 3. Vf).y max A= 7.

T1m gia tri l&n nhat cua bi~u th(fc A = - -1- = -

Sx- +8

tiet
Dieu ki~n xac djnh cua A Ia x :2: 0.
, 5x-3\/X+8=5
Taco: r.: ( x- 3 \IX+-
r.: r.: 3
=5 x-2.\/X.-+- +151
- 8J ( 9J
5 5 10 100 20
=5 (;x _2_J10
2
+ 151:2:151.
20 20
1 20
Do d6 A = s; .
5x-3fX+8 151
Dang th(fc xay ra khi va chi khi JX = 2_ hay X=~.
10 100
20
Vay gia tri l&n nhat cua A Ia
. . 151
Vi Cho hai so thl)'C X, y thea man dieu ki~n X- y = 2. Tim gia tri nhe nhat cua bieu
tht1c Q = 3x2 + y 2 + 8.
(£>~ thi vao 10 tinh Ninh Thu~n nam 7- 8)

Ghii chi ti~t

Ta c6: X- y = 2 => y =X- 2, thay vao Q ta dU'Q'C
0=3x 2 +(x-2t)+8=4x 2 -4x+12=(2x-1) +11~11.
2

Dang tht1c xay ra khi va chi khi x = _!_.

T 2
V~y gia tri nhe nhat cua Q Ia 11.

SLI' dl)ng bat dang tht1c CO' ban da dU'Q'C neu a D~ng 3 - chu de 1.

Vi d~;~1: Tim gia trj nhe nhat cua bieu tht1c P= -J1- X+ -J1 +X+ 2-JX.
Giai chi ti~t
Dieu ki~n de P ton t~i Ia: o:s; x :s; 1 (*).

V&i a,b '?. 0 bat ki ta c6: ( .[8 + JiJf =a+ b + 2-J8E '?.a+ b ~ o=> .[8 + Jb '?. -Ja + b (1 ).
Dang tht1c xay ra khi va chi khi a= 0 ho~c b = o.

Ap dvng (1) ta c6: -J1- x + -JX '?. -J1- x + x = 1.

L~i c6 -J1 + x + -JX '?. 1 + 0 = 1 (do (*) ).
Do d6 P '?.1 + 1 = 2. Dang tht1c xay ra khi va chi khi X= 0.
V$y gia tri nh6 nhat cua PIa 2.

Vi d~;i Biet rang cac so X, y thea man dieu ki~n x + y = 1 . Tim gia trj nhe nhat cua
2 2
bieu tht1c C = x + y + xy.
(£>~ thi vao 10 tinh Phu Yen nam hQC 2017 -- 2018)

Giai chi ti~t

2 2 2
Ta c6: C=x + y +XY=(x+ y) -xy=1-xy.

L~i c6 thea bat dang tht1c Co-si: xy :s; (x + YJ c = 1- xy ~ 1- _!_ = ~.

2
= _!_ nen
2 4 4 4
Dang tht1c xay ra khi va chi khi x = y = _!_.
2
Vi Cho x, y Ia hai so thl)'c dU'ang thea man x + y ::;; 4. Tim gia tri nho nhat cua bh3u
2 35
th(rc P = 2 +-+2xy.
x +y 2 xy
10 7-

Giai chi tiet

Tac6: P=( 2
2
x + y2
+~)+(
2xy
32
xy
+2xy)+~.
xy

Ap dvng bat dang th(rc ~ + ~ 2 -4 - cho hai so dU'ang x 2 + y 2 va 2xy ta c6:

a b a+b
2 2 2.4 8
2+- 2 2 2= 2·
+y 2xy (X + y)
X (X + y)
2 2 8 1
Dox+y::;;4 nen +->-=-
x2 + y 2 2xy - 4 2 2 ·
Ap dvng bat dang th(rc C6-si cho hai so dU'ang 32 va 2xy ta c6:
xy
32
-+2xy22 ~2
-.2xy =16.
xy xy

L~~co (X+2 -y J ::;; 24 J =4 nen

. , xy::;; -
2
(
2
A 2
xy 2 1
2"4=2.
Tlf d6 p ~ ~ + 16 + ~ = 17. Dang th(J'c xay ra chang h;;tn khi X= y = 2.

Vf}.y gia tri nho nhat cua P bang 17.

Gan bieu th(rc c~n tim gia tri l&n nhat, gia tri nho nhat thanh m()t bien y. Bien doi tU'ang
dU'O'ng dU'a V~ phU'O'ng trlnh d~ng bf},C hai an X, tham SOy: ax 2 + bX + C = 0, 0 day cac h$
so a, b, c c6 ch(ra y.
Xet a* o. Tim y tU'ang (rng.
Xet a= o. D~t di~u ki$n de phU'ang trlnh c6 nghi$m x Ia Ll 2 0.
an
TCP d6 tim dU'Q'C di~u ki$n cua y va suy ra gia tri I nhat hay gia tri nh6 nhat (neu c6).

·, t n· I,an nha/{t va' g1a

1 : T,1m g1a ·, t n· nh,o n ha/{t cua
, b'1eu
.it th,U'C Y = 4 x + 3 .
X2 + 1
Gild chi ti~t
VI x 2 + 1 > 0 v&i mQi X nen bieu thiYc da cho luon xac djnh.

4
Tac6: Y= ~+ 3 <=>y(x 2
+1)=4x+3<::::>yx 2 -4x+y-3=0 (1).
X +1
Coi (1) Ia phU'O'ng tr1nh §n x, tham s6 y; y Ia gia tri cua bieu thiYc, do vfJ,y phai ton tc;ti x sao
cho bieu thiYc d6 d9t gia tri y. N6i each khac, phU'O'ng tr1nh (1) phai c6 nghi~m x.
- XElt y = 0, phU'O'ng trinh (1) (r(y th8nh: -4X- 3 = 0 C6 nghii;lm X=-%·
- Xet y * o, khi d6 (1) Ia phU'O'ng tr1nh bfJ,c hai §n x c6 nghi~m khi va chi khi
Ll ~ 0 ¢::> 22
I - y ( y - 3) ~ 0 ¢::> - y 2 + 3 y + 4 ~ 0 ¢::> -1 S y s 4.
- TrU'ang hQ'p y = -1' thay vao phU'O'ng tr1nh ta t1m dU'Q'C X= -2.

- Tru>Crng hqp y = 4, thay vao phU'O'ng trinh ta tim dU'9'C X=~·

VfJ,y gia trj nho nhat cua y Ia -1 d9t dU'Q'C khi X= -2, gia trj l&n nhat cua y Ia 4 d9t dU'Q'C

khi X=_!_
2

• A = 2x
2
2 xy + 9 Y 2
Vidl;:l · · t n· n ho.. n haf.. t cua
T ,1m g1a .. b"1eu
;t th U'C -
•
2
x +2xy+5y 2

Giai chi ti~t

• TrU'ang hqp 1: y = 0, thay vao bieu thiYc ta c6 A= 2.

2(xJ-2x+9
• TrU'Cl'ng hqp 2: y * 0, ta c6 A= ( :J : .£li;it t = x, ta dU'O'C A=
y .
2 2 9
t'- t +
t 2 + 2t + 5
- +2 +5
y y
22 2 9
A = ; - t + <=> A (t 2
+ 2t + 5) = 2t 2 - 2t + 9 <=> (A - 2) t 2 + (2A + 2) t +SA - 9 = 0 (1)
t + 2t + 5

- N~u A= 2, tlP (1) chota t = -i. Khi d6 t6n t<;Ji x, yd.§ A= 2

- Neu A =t 2, coi (1) Ia phU'O'ng tr1nh bfJ,c hai an t, A Ia tham s6.

PhU'O'ng tr1nh (1) c6 nghi~m khi va chi khi
2
il'=(A+1) -(A-2)(5A-9)<=>-4A 2 +21A 17~0<::::>1sAs!I.
4
+ Thay A= 1 vao (1) ta dU'Q'c nghi~m t = 2. Khi d6 x = 2y. Do d6, ton t9i x, y de A= 1.
1
+ Thay A= : vao (1) ta dU'9'C nghii;lm t = -i· Khi d6 3x = -7y. Do d6, t6n t<;Ji x, y dEfl A=~
VfJ,y gia tri nh6 nhat cua A bang 1 va gia tri l&n nhat cua A bang .!I_.
4
Cau 1: Tim gia tri nhe nhat cua bieu th(rc
2
a) A=(x-3t+(x+1) .
b) B = x 2 + 2y 2 - 2xy + 8y + 7.

cau 2: Cho hai s& thl,l'e a, b kMe 0 thOa man 2a2 +~+a~ = 4. Tim gia tri l&n nhat ella bi~u
th(rc S = ab + 2009.
Cau 3: Cho cac so thl)'c x, y thea man x + y = 2. Tim gia tri nhe nhtlt cua bieu th(rc

0 = x3 + y3 + x2 + y2.
(De thi vao 10 tinh Kon Tum nam hQC 2017- 2018)
Cau 4: Cho hai so thl)'c dU'ang a, b thea man 2a + 3b ~ 4. Tim gia tri nhe nhat cua bieu th(rc
2002 2017
Q= + + 2996a- 5501b.
a b
('E>e thi vao 10 tinh Bac Giang nam hQC 7- 8)
Cau 5: Cho hai so thl)'c dU'ang x, y thea man xy = 1. Tim gia tri nhe nhat cua bieu th(rc
3
P=X2 + y2 + - - -
X+ y+1
(De thi vao 10 Dak lak nam hQC 2017 - 2018)

cau 6: Cho hai s& lhi,J'e dU'ang x, y thOa man 2../XY + J1 = 1. Tim gia tri nhO nh<f!t ella bi~u thlre
4
P= Y + x +15xy.
3
X Y (De thi vao 10 chuyen Bac Giang nam hQC 2017- 8)
Cau 7: Cho X, y, z Ia ba so thi)'C dU'O'ng thea man X+ y + z = 3. Tim gia tri nhe nhat cua bieu

(De thi vao 1o Hili OU'O'ng nam hQc 7- 2018)

·, t n· n h,o n ha,~..t cua
4 2
Ca... u T'1m g1a ](. th,U'C P = x +x 2x+ + 2
, b'1eu
2
1
Cau 9: Cho hai so thl)'c x, y thay doi thea man dieu ki~n x 2 + y2 = 1. Tim gia tri l&n nhat va
2
·, t n· n h,o n ha,~. t cua
g1a ](. th,U'C A = 2 ( x + 6 xy)
, b'1eu •
2
1 + 2xy + 2y

2 2 2 2 2
a)Ta c6: A=(x-3) +(x+1) =2x -4x+10=2(x -2x+1)+8=2(x-1) +8~8.
Dang th(rc xay ra khi x = 1. V$y gia trj nhe nhat cua A Ia 8.
b) B = x 2 + 2 y 2 - 2xy + 8 y + 7 = x 2 - 2xy + y 2 + y 2 + 8 y + 16 - 9
= (X- y ) + (y + 4 ) -9 ~ -9.
2 2

Dang th(rc xay ra khi va chi khi {X- y0

= ¢::>
y+4=0
X= y = -4.
Vf).y gia tri nh6 nhat cua B Ia -9.
2
2 2
2 2
Ta c6: 2a 2 + b + 1 = ( a + b -ab + a + 1 -2 ) +ab+2
4 82 4
J( 82
=( a-%J +(a-~J +ab+2~ab+2.
M~t kh8c theo gifl thiilt 2a + ~ +a~ = 4 nen suy ra ab,; 2.
2

Do vf).y s = ab + 2009 ~ 2 + 2009 = 2011. Dang thCrc xay ra khi va chi khi ab = 2, chang
h~n khi a= 1, b = 2.
Vf).y gia tri 16'n nhat cua S Ia 2011.

3
3 2
Ta c6: Q = x 3 + y 3 + x 2 + y 2 = ( x + y ) - 3xy ( x + y) + ( x + y ) - 2xy
= 8- 6xy + 4- 2xy = 12- 8xy. 2

Ap dt,mg b§t dlmg thlrc CO-si cho hai s6 thl,l'c dU'ang ta c6: xy,; ( x; Y) = 1.

Do vf).y Q ~ 12-8 = 4. Dang thCrc xay ra khi va chi khi x = y = 1.

Vf).y min0=4.

4
20 02 20 17
Ta c6: Q = ( a +8008a) +( b + 2017b) -2506(2a +3b ).

Ap dvng bat dang thCrc C6-si cho cac s6 dU'ang ta c6:

+ 8008a ~ 2 + 2017b ~ 2
2002 2002 2017 2017
.8008a = 8008; .2017 b = 4034.
a a b b
L~i c6 2a + 3b ~ 4 => -2506 ( 2a + 3b) ~ -2506.4.
Do d6 Q ~ 8008 + 4034-2506.4 = 2018.
2002
= 8008a

D~ng th Lrc xfly ra <=?

20 7
:: = 2017 b <=? {a = i.
2a + 3b = 4 b=1
a,b>O
VE}.y gia tri nh6 nhat cua Q bang 2018.
 cau 5
3
Ta c6: P = x 2 +y2 +
X+ y+1
2 3
=(x-1t +(y-1) +2(x+ y)-2+
X+ y+1

=(x- 1)2+(y- 1)2+X+y+1+ 3 +~(x+y)-~.

3 X+y+1 3 3
Ap dl)ng bat dang there Co-si cho cac s6 dU'O'ng ta dU'qc:
• X+ y + 1 + 3 ~ 2_
3 X+y+1
• X+ y ~ 2-[XY = 2.

Do d6 P ~ 2 + ~.2- ~ = 3. Dang there xay ra khi va chi khi x = y = 1.

3 3
Vf}.y gia tri nho nhat cua PIa 3.

Cau 6
,.
Taco. P = y + (X YJ
x + ( Xy +3xyJ+ (12xy+ 4J -3.
3 3
4
Ap dl)ng bat dang there Co-si cho hai s6 dU'O'ng ta c6:
X Y X 4 r:::;
- +- ~ 2; - + 3xy ~ 2x; 12xy +- ~ 8-v xy.
Y X 3y 3
Do d6 P ~ 2 + 2x + a-[XY- 43 = 2x + 3_3 + a-[XY ~ 4~3
/x + a-[XY = 4.
8i\ng thlrc x8y ra chi\ng h;;tn khi X= y = i·
Vf}.y gia tri nho nhat cua P bang 4.

cau7
Ta c6:
X+1 y+1 Z+1 ( X y Z J( 1 1 1 J
Q = 1+ y 2 + 1+ z2 + 1+ x 2 = 1+ y 2 + 1+ z2 + 1+ x 2 + 1+ y 2 + 1+ z 2 + 1+ x 2 = M + N.
Ap dl)ng bat dang there Co-si cho cac s6 thl!c dU'O'ng ta c6:
1+ x 2 ~ 2x; 1+ y 2 ~ 2y; 1+ z2 ~ 2z.
, , x x (1+ y2 ) - xy2 xyz xy2 xy .
TU'do - - =
2 2 =X--->x--=x--
2
1+ y 1+ y 1+ y - 2y 2 ,

TU'O'ng tU': _Y_ ~ y _ yz;_z_ ~ z _ zx.

· 1+ z 2 2 1+ x2 2
Suy ra M =-x-+_Y_+_z_~ X+ y+z- xy+ yz+zx = 3 - xy+ yz+zx.
1+ y 2 1+ z2 1+ x 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
L~i c6: x + y + z ~ xy + yz + zx => ( x + y + z ) ~ 3 ( xy + yz + zx) => xy + yz + zx ~ 3.
Suy ra M ~ 3 - xy + yz + zx ~ 3 - ~ = ~
2 2 2
Dang there xay ra khi va chi khi X= y = z = 1.
X e't N = -
1-+
2
+ -1 -2 , ta co:
1 T

. 1+y 1+X 1+
1 1 1
3-N=(1--2]+(1--2) + ( 1 - -2)
1+ y 1+ z 1+ x
y2 z2 x2 y2 z2 x2 x + y + z 3
=--+ 2 1 + +--::;-+-+-=--=----
2 2y 2z 2x
1+ y 1+ x 2 2
suy ra N ~ 3 ~.
Dau "=" xay ra khi va chi khi X = y = z = 1.
2
TLI' d6, suy ra Q ~ 3. Dau "=" xay ra khi va chi khi X= y = z = 1.
·Vf}.y gia trj nh6 nhat cua Q bang 3 d9t dU'Q'C khi X= Y = Z = 1.

8
D~t t = x 2 ( t ~ o ). Khi d6 bai toan tr& thanh tim gia tri nh6 nhat cua bieu there
t~ + 2t + 2 • t 0
P = VO'I
T o

~ .
f+1
2
t + 2t + 2
<=> P ( t + 1) = t 2 + 2t + 2 <=> t 2 + ( 2 - P) t + 2 - P = 0 (1 ).
T

Ta co: P = t+
1
Coi (1) Ia phU'ang trinh bf}.c hai an t, PIa tham so.
PhU'ang trinh nay c6 nghi~m t khi va chi khi

L1 ~ 0 ¢:> ( 2- p) 2 - 4 ( 2- p) ~ 0 <=> (2- p )( 2- p- 4) ~ 0 <=> (2- p )( -2- p) ~ 0 <=> [P>- 2.

P::;-2
De dang nh~n thay P > 0 v&i mQi X.
Do v~y di~u ki~n tren tr& thanh P ~ 2. Khi d6 2- P::; 0 nen phU'ang trinh (1) c6 it nhat mot
nghi~m kh6ng am.
TrU'6'ng ~Q'P P = 2 ta tim dU'Q'C nghi~m t = 0 hay x = 0.
Vf}.y gia trj nh6 nhat cua bieu there PIa 2 d9t dU'Q'C khi X= 0.

9
, . . ., th. $. t 2 2 1t ,. A 2 ( x2 + 6 xy) 2 ( x2 + 6 xy)
V 0'1 g1a 1e x + y = a co. = 2 2 2 2 +2Xy+3y 2 .
X +y +2Xy+2y X

ED TrU'ang hqp 1: y = 0' thay vao bieu there ta c6 A= 2.

2((XJ +6XJ
~ D~tt = x, ta dU'Q'C A= ~(t
2
6
• TrU'Ong hqp 2: y * 0, ta c6 A= y . + t).
XJ X Y f + 2f + 3
(- +2 +3
. ( ) y y
2 t 2 + 6t 2 2 2
A = t 2 + t + <=> A ( f + 2t + 3) = 2 ( t + 6t) <=> (A - 2) t + ( 2A -12) t + 3A = 0 (1).
2 3
- Nllu A= 2, thay vao (1) ta dU'Q'C nghi!ilm t =!.
Kilt hqp v&i di~u ki!iln x + y
2 2
= 1, tim
dU'Q'C X, y.
- N~u A -:t= 2 , coi ( 1) Ia phU'ang trinh bf}.c hai an t, A Ia tham so.
PhU'ang trinh (1) c6 nghi~m khi va chi khi
 (A - 2) 3A ~ 0 ¢:> -A 2 - 3A + 18 ~ 0 ¢:> -6 ::; A ::; 3.
2
L\ I = (A - 6 ) -

+A= -6 thay vao (1) ta dU'Q'C nghii.\m t = -%· Khi d6 x = -%Y· KM hQ'p v&i gifllhii'lt
X2 + y 2 = 1 ta t1m
' d U'O'C ( X, y ) = ( -3
.
r;-;:;, r;-;:;
"13 '\/13
J(
2 , r;-;:;,
3 -2
r;-;:; .
'\/13 "13
J
+ A = 3 thay vao ( 1) ta dU'Q'C nghi~m t = 3. Khi d6 x = 3 y. Ket hqp v&i gia thiet x 2 + y 2 = 1

ta t1m dU'O'C
.
(x,y)=(
.
~' ~J; "10
"10 "10
~' "10(
~J·
V$-y gia tri nh6 nhat cua A bang -6 va gia tri l&n nhat cua A bang 3.
 I
e
I

Thalf~s de Milet (Ta-let)

Ia m¢t tri§t gia, m¢t nha toan
hQc ngU'&i Hy L?P s6ng tnr&c
Socrates, ngLP&i d(mg alw
trong bay nha hi€m tri§t cua
Hy L?p. Ong cOng GLPQ'C xem
Ia m¢t nha tri§t gia allu ti€m
trong m3n tri§t hQc Hy L?P c6
d?i, Ia "cha de cua khoa hQc"

H~qua
£>jnh li
£>jnh li dao

D
 H

h, h'tU'ong Crng Ia dU'ang cao

cua tam giac ABC va tam giac A'B'C'

p', p tU'ong Crng Ia nll'a chu vi

cua tam giac A'B'C' va tam giac ABC;
S', S tU'ong Crng Ia di~n tich cua
tam giac A'B'C'va tam giac ABC.

•• • • ••••••• •• • • ••••
fl •

MBC,M'B'C': MBC,M'B'C':
MBC,M'B'C':
GT A'B' A'C' B'C' GT A'B' A'C'------ /"- GT ~ __..__ /'- ----..
= = --=--·A'=A A=A';B=B'
AB AC BC AB AC'
KL MBC~M'B'C' KL MBC~M'B'C' KL MBC~M'B'C'

A'
A

B' C' B
Dl)'a vao eae dU'ang thang song song suy ra eae ti so d<) dai gii1'a eae do~n thang da bic§t
va do~n thang ehU'a biet.

Vi d~:~ 1: Cho do~n thang AB = 15 em, MIa m<)t diem nam tren do~n thang AB sao eho

~~ = ~. Tinh dQ d8i MA va MB.

Ghii chi tiet

... th.,~,.t MA 7 MA _ MB _ MA+MB _ AB _ 15
Th eogta te, - = - = > - - - - ----
MB 4 7 4 7+4 11 11
=> MA ~9,55 em; MB ~ 5,45 em.

Vi d~:~ 2: Tinh d<) dai x trong eae hinh sau:

A
a) b)
A

DE II BC

Giai chi tiet

a) Do DE II BC nen thea dinh li Ta-let ta e6: AD= AE => .3. = ~ => x = 14 .
b) Do DE l_ AB, BC l_ AB ~en DE II BC. BD EC x 7 3

TLI' d6, thea dinh li Ta-let ta e6: AD = AE => ~ =

4
=> y = 4, 875.
· AB AC y 4+2,5
Vi d~:~ 3: Cho tam giac ABC c6 BC = 15 em. Tren dU'crng cao AH lay cac di~m I, K sao cho
AK = Kl = IH. Qua Iva K ve cac dU'crng thang EF, MN song song v&i BC (E, ME AB;
F, N E AC). Tinh d<) dai cac do~n thang MN va EF.

Giai chi tiet

A
MK II BH nen theo djnh li Ta-let ta c6:
AM AK 1
-=-=-
AB AH 3
L~i c6 MN II BC nen theo dinh li Ta-let ta c6:

MN =AM =~=>MN=5cm.
BC AB 3
El II BH nen theo djnh li Ta-let ta c6:
AE AI 2
AB AH 3
EF II BC nen theo dinh li Ta-let ta c6: EF = AE = ~ => EF = 10 em.
. BC AB 3

Cac bai toan chCPng minh sll' dvng dinh li Ta-let thU'crng g~p Ia cac bai toan chCPng minh
cac dang thCPc hay chCPng minh hai dU'crng thang song song.

- Trang trU'crng hqp bai toan chCPng minh dang thCPc, sll' dvng dinh li Ta-let cho cac
dU'crng thang song song d~ bi€m doi hai ve cua dang thCPc.
- Trang trU'crng hQ'p chCPng minh hai dU'crng thang song song, ta thU'crng chCPng
minh cacti I~ bang nhau r6i dung dinh li Ta-let dao d~ suy ra cac dU'crng thang
song song.

1: Cho tam giac ABC, til' di~m D tren c~nh BC ke cac dU'crng thang song song v&i
cac c~nh AB va AC, chung cat cac c~nh AB va AC theo thCP tV' t~i Eva F.

ChCPng minh rang: AE + AF = 1.

AB AC

Giai tiet
£) e c h,U'ng mm
X . h ,:::t-3 th, AE AF 1 t ~ t' t' t, F. AE AF
uang U'C AB + AC = , a se 1m U'ng 1so AB' AC

Do DE II AC nen theo dinh li Ta-let ta c6: AE =DC (1 ).

. AB BC
 A
Do OF II AB nen thee djnh II Ta-let ta c6:
AF = BD (2 ).
AC BC
C(>ng ve v&i ve cua (1) va (2) ta dU'Q'C

AE AF DC 80
- + - = - + - = 1 (dpcm).
AB AC BC BC

B D c

Vi di:~ 2: 8U'6'ng thang d cat cac c9nh AB, AD va dU'ang cheo AC cua h1nh blnh hanh
ABCD lan IU'Q't t9i E, F va I. ChCrng minh rang AB + AD = AC.
AE AF AI

Giai chi tiet A E B

X
£) e h, . h AB AD A
c U'ng m1n - + - = - ,
c
AE AF AI
ta se tim tung ti so AB AD
AE' AF
Ke BG II EF(G E AC), DH II EF (HE AC).
GQi 0 Ia giao diem cua BD va AC.
Khi d6, thea djnh II Ta-let ta c6
AB AG. AD AH
AE = AI ' AF = AI

AB AD AG AH AG+AH 2AG+GH
=>-+-=-+-=---
AE AF AI AI AI AI

Do BG, DH II EFnen BG II DH ==> GaQ = Fii56. TCr d6 f1BGO = f1DHO (g.c.g).

Suy ra GO= OH ==> 2AG+ GH =2AG +2GO =2A0= AC
AB AD AC
Do d6, AE + AF = AI (dpcm).

Vi di:~ 3: Cho h1nh thang ABCD (AB II CD va AB <CD), cac c9nh ben AD va BC cat nhau

t9i E.

a) Tfnh BC biet AE = 2, AD= 2va CE = 6.

b) TCr diem M bat ky tren day CD, ke MC' II DEva MD' II CE (C' E Cf, D' EDE).

ChCrng minh rang D' E + EC' = 1.

ED EC
 Giili chi tiet
a) Do AB II CD nen theo djnh If Ta-let ta c6:

AE =BE =1=>BC =2CE =3.

AD BC 2
b) Do 0 1 M II CE nen theo dinh If Ta-let ta c6:
1
0 E = MC (1).
DE DC

Do c I M II DE nen theo djnh If Ta-let ta c6:

1
C E =OM (2 ). M
EC DC
C ong ve£..
A , •
VO'I ve£.. cua
, ( 1) c
0 IE
va' (2) ta d U'O'C: - IE MC +
- +-- = -
OM
- = 1.
. . DE EC DC DC

Cau 1: Tfnh d9 dai x, y trong cac h1nh sau:

a) b)
A

B c
DE// NP Y
a!!BC

c) d)
A 3 B
A

B
Y AB //CD
DE// BC
Cau 2: Cho hlnh thang ABCD (AB II CD). 8LPong thang song song v&i hai day cat c~mh AD
t9i M, cat c9nh BC t9i N sao cho MD= 3MA.

a) T ,In h t~I S" O

NB-.
NC
b) Cho AB = 8 em, CD= 20 em. Tinh MN.
Cau 3: Cho tam giac ABC mot dLPong thang song song v&i c9nh BC cat AB t9i D va AC t9i E.
Tren tia doi cua tia CA lay diem F sao cho CF = BD. GQi MIa giao diem cua DF va BC.

ChCrng minh rang MD= AC.

MF AB
Cau 4: Cho tam giac ABC lay M, N thuoc hai c9nh AB, AC. Noi B v&i N, c v&i M. Qua M ke
dLPong thang song song v&i BN cat AC t9i /,qua N ke dLPong thang song song v&i CM cat
AB t9i K. ChCrng minh IK II BC.
Cau Cho hlnh thang ABCD (AB II CD). Mot dLPong thang song song v&i hai day cat c9nh
a
ben AD I, cat dLPong cheo BD t9i K, AC t9i L va cat c9nh ben BC t9i G.
a) ChCrng minh IK = LG.
. b) 8LP<Yng thang di qua giao diem o cua hai dLPong cheo va song song v&i hai day
a
cat hai c9nh ben Eva F. ChCrng minh OE =OF.

1
AD AE -J2 x
a) a II BC => BD = CE =>
4 =
8
=> x 2-J2.
b) DE II NP => DM =ME=> ' = ~ => x = 1 5.
45
DN EP x 2 '
. , DE ME 7 6 28
La1 co-=-=>-=-=> Y=-.
. NP MP y 8 3

c) AB =AI= 81 => ~ = .:!2_ = ~ => x = _!_§_. y = 8 .

CD C/ Dl y 4 x 3 '
15
d) DE II BC => AE = DE = AD => _! = x = ' => x = 1 5· = 4 5.
AB BC AC 4 6 1,5 + y ' ' y '
2
a) GQi /Ia giao diem cua BD va MN.
Do Ml II AB nen thea dinh li Ta-let ta c6:
MA = IB ( 1).
MD ID
TLPang tl,.P, do Nl II CD nen thea djnh li Ta-let
ta c6: /B NB
c
ID = NC (2 ). 0 20

TCP (1) va (2) suy ra NB = MA = _!,

NC MD 3
 , Ml OM 3 3
b)Taco: -=-=-=>MI=-AB=6 em.
AB DA 4 4
Nl Bl AM 1
TU'ang tU',- = - = - =- => Nl =Scm .
. CD BD DA 4
Do d6, MN =MI +NI = 11 em.
A

DE II CM nen thee dinh li Ta-let ta c6: MD = CE.

. MF CF
Ma CF =BD nen MD= CE (1).
MF BD
B
L9i c6, do DE II BC nen thee dinh li Ta-let ta c6:
AB = AC => CE = AC (2 ).
BD CE BD AB
TLI' (1) va (2) ta suy ra MD= AC.
MF AB

A
Do NK II CM nen

AK =AN=> AM.AN = AK.AC (1 ).

AM AC
Do Ml II BN nen

AM = AI => AM.AN = AB.AI (2).

AB AN
8
TLI' (1) va (2), suy ra AK.AC = AB.AI => AK = AI . ~---------~
AB AC
Do d6, thee dinh li Ta-let dao IK II BC (dpcm).

a) IK II AB => IK = !!!__ = OK (1).

AB DA DB

KG II CD=> OK = CG (2).
DB CB

LG II AB => LG = CG (3).
AB CB

TLI' (1 ), (2), (3) suy ra IK = LG => IK = LG.

AB AB
b) Ta c6: OE II AB => OE = OD · OF II AB => OF = OC .
AB DB' AB AC
Lai c6: AB II CD => OD = OC.
. BD AC
Do v$y OE =OF=> OE =OF.
AB AB
Dl)'a vao tam giac d6ng dc;mg va tl so d6ng dc~mg, tfnh chat day t1 so bang nhau
d~ tfnh chu vi, di~n tfch hayti so chu vi, di~n tfch.

Vi d~:~1: Cho tam giac ABC c6 AB = 6 em, AC = 9 em, BC = 12 em va 11MNPc6 MN = 24 em,

NP=18 em, MP=12cm.
a) Ch(rng minh MBC -11MNP.
b) Tinh tl so di~n tich cua hai tam giac tren.

Phan tich d~ bai

Gia thiet cho cac yeu to v~ cGmh ma khong cho v~ g6c nen ta dinh hU'&ng ch(rng minh hai
tam giac nay d6ng d~ng thea trU'ang hqp c~nh- c~nh- c~nh.
Gifli chi tiet
T. , AB AC BC 1
a) .a c o : - = - = - = - nen MBC-11PMN c.c.c.
A ( )

MP NP MN 2
2
b) Do MBC - 11PMN nen sMBC = ( AB J = _!_.
sl1MNP MP 4

Vi dv Cho tam giac ABC vuong t~i A, dU'ang cao AH. Biet AB = 4 em, AC = 3 em.
a) Ch(rng minh 11HAC- MBC.
b) Tinh d¢ dai CH.

Giai chi tiet c

a) Xet 11HAC va MBC c6: BAG= AHC =goo; c
chung nen 11HAC- MBC (g.g).
b) Ap dt,mg dinh li Pitago cho tam giac vuong ABC
ta de dang tinh dU'Q'C BC = 5 em.
Do 11HAC- MBC nen
CH AC CH 3
-=-=>-=-::::>CH=18 em.
CA BC 3 5 '
4
 Cho hlnh thang ABCD ( AB II CD) c6 J5AB = J5BC va AD= 5 em, AB = 3 em,
BC=9 em.
a) Ch(rng minh !1DAB- !1CBD.
b) TLI' cau a, tfnh do dai DB, DC.
c) Tinh di~n tich hinh thang ABCD, bi~t di~n tich tam giac ABO bang 5 em •
2

Giai chi th~t

I ____ A3B .. ··. . ..
~

l~c
.

0 .

a) AB II CD~ AaiJ = Bf5C.

Xet 11DAB va !1CBD c6: J5AB = J5BC; AaiJ = Bf5C nen !1DAa·:... 11CBD (g.g).

b) 11DAB- 11CBD ~ DA = AB =DB~~= 2_ = BD ~ BD = 5 4 em· CD= 9 72 em.

CB BD CD 9 BD CD ' ' '
e) Ke DH vuong g6c v&i AB tc;ti H.

Theo gia thi~t: SAao = 5 ~ ]_DH.AB = 5 ~ DH = ~ em.

2 3
106
TLI' d6: SAaco =]_DH(AB+CD)=]_}.Q(3+9,72)= cm 2 .
2 2 3 5

Cho MBC, D Ia mot diem tren cc;tnh AB, E Ia mot diem tren c9nh AC sao cho

. vi. tri cua diem D sao cho ehu vi tam giac ADE bang ~
DE II BC. Xac dinh 5 ehu vi tam
giae ABC. Tinh chu vi cua hai tam giac d6, bi~t tong 2 ehu vi bang 63 em.

Do DE 11 BC nen de dang eh(rng minh dU'Q'C MOE- MBC (g.g) v&i tl so dong d9ng

k=AD.
AB
Khi d6 AD= kAB, AE = kAC va DE= kBC nen cvMOE = k.CVMBC (1 ).
Theo gia thi~t ehu vi tam giae ADE bang ~ chu vi tam giac ABC suy ra k= ~.
2 5 5
Vf},y AD=SAB. A

TLP (1) SUY ra CVMOE = CVMBC = CVMOE + CVMBC = ~ = 45.

k 1 1+k 1+~
~ CVMoE = 18 em, CVMac = 45 em. 5
1) Doi v&i bai toan chtvng minh tam giac dong d~ng:
- Xet xem hai tam giac can chCrng minh dong dc~mg da c6 c~p C9nh nao til~ chU'a? C6
g6c nao b~ng nhau ChU'a?
- TCr d6, djnh hU'&ng chCrng minh chung dong d9ng theo trU'ang hqp nao?
- ChCrng minh cac y~u t6 con thi~u de dU'Q'C dong d9ng theo trU'ang hqp da dinh hU'&ng
a tren.
Vf dl): Can chCrng minh MBC- M 1 B 1 C 1 •

C'

:_Xe~ xet hai tam giac nh~n th§y chung da c6 mot c~p g6c tU'crng Crng b~ng nhau: gia sll'
1
A=A •

- TCr d6, djnh hU'&ng chCrng minh theo trU'6'ng hqp g.g ho~c trU'6'ng hqp c.g.c.
- N~u chCrng minh theo trU'6'ng hqp g.g ta can chCrng minh them mot c~p g6c b~ng nhau
a~=a h09C
T
~ c~-c- . ' AIBI AIcI
- Neu chll'ng minh theo trU'6'ng hap c.g.c ta can chCrng minh - - = - -
. AB AC
- Sau d6, dl)'a vao gia thi~t de chon hU'&ng chll'ng minh phu hqp.
2) Doi v&i bai toan chtvng minh dang thtvc
SLI' dl,mg tam giac dong d9ng phu hqp de bi~n d6i tCrng v~ cua dang thCrc can chCrng minh.

Vi d~;~ 1: Cho tam giac ABC vuong t9i A. 8U'6'ng phan giac cua g6c A cat c9nh huyen
BC t9i D. QuaD ke dU'6'ng thang vuong g6c v&i BC va cat AC t9i E.
a) Chll'ng minh !1DEC- MBC.
b) ChCrng minh DE = DB.
Phan tich de bai '~--,~-,~em'

C§n ehll'ng minh gi? 11DEC-MBC

Hai tam giac da c6 gi? C chung, hai g6c vu6ng

Ta se ch(fng minh hai tam giac G6c- g6c

dong d~ng theo trU'<Yng hqp

Giai chi tiet

Xet tam giac 11DEC va MBC c6: Cchung; CoE =BAG= 90° nen 11DEC - MBC (g.g).
DE CD~ C
Do 11DEC- MBC nen - = - (1 ).
AB AC
M~t khac, AD Ia tia phan giac eua BAG nen
, CD BD
theo tinh chat dU'ang phan giac ta c6: AC = AB (2).

, DE BD
TU' ( 1), (2) suy ra AB = AB hay DE = BD.

Cho tam giae MBC e6 AB =9 em, AC =6 em. Di<§m D nam tren cc;mh
sao cho AD= 2 em. GQi E Ia trung diem eua AC. Chll'ng minh MED ~

Phan tich de bai

Nh~n xet th~y trong bai toan nay gia thiet da biet cac
yeu to ve d¢ dai, han nfra hai tam giac MBC va MED
c6 A chung nen ta se djnh hU'&ng chLPng minh theo
trU'ang hqp c.g.c.
9
Giai chi tiet
, AD AE 1
Taco: AE =3, AD =2, AC =6, AB =9 suy ra - = - = - .
AC AB 3
Xet MED va MBC c6: A chung, AD = AE
AC AB
rzJ MED- MBC (c.g.c).
 Vi d~;~ 3: Cho tam giac ABC vuong t~i A. Ke dU'ang cao AH cua tam giac.
a) Chung minh rang: MHB- b.CAB. TCr d6 suy ra AB 2 =HB.BC.
b) Ke HMt81 ABva HN~ AC. Chung minh AM.AB=AN.AC.
c) Chung minh MMN- MCB.

Giai chi ti~t

----
a) Xet hai tam giac llAHB va b.CAB c6: ABH chung,
c
BRA= goo, BAG= goo.
l8J MHB- b.CAB {g.g).

Do MHB - b.CAB nen HB = AB , tCr d6 suy ra

AB BC
AB 2 = HB.BC. N..,.___ _ _.,.

b) Xet MHM va llABH c6: 1ViAR chung; AMR = AHB =goo

l8J MHM- MBH (g.g) l8J AH =AM l8J AH 2 = AM.AB (1 ).
AB AH
A
Xet MHN va llACH c6: J\iAR chung; 1fNR = 7fHC =goo M B

l8J MHN- MCH l8J AH =AN t81 AH 2 = AN.AC (2).

AC AH
TCr (1 ), (2) suy ra: AM.AB = AN.AC
, AM AN
c)Taco: AM.AB=AN.ACt81 - = - .
AC AB
Xet MMN va MBC c6: 1\ifAN chung; AM =AN nen MMN- MCB (c.g.c).
AC AB

Vi d~;~ 4: Cho tam giac~C c~n t~i A , M Ia trung diem cua BC. Lay cac diem D va E
tren AB, AC sao cho DME =B.
a) Chung minh rang b.BDM- b.CME.
b) Chung minh rang b.MDE - b.DBM.
c) Chung minh rang BD.CE khong doi.

Phan tich d~ bid

a)

Can chung minh g1? 1:1BDM - l:lCME

Hai tam giac da c6 g1?

Dinh hU'&ng chung minh G6c- g6c

theo trU'ang hqp nao?

Can chung minh them g1? 15iliiB = iliEC ho~c Bi5M = EMC
Giai chi tiet
a) Ta c6: l5MC = B+ OOM (g6c ngoai t<;Ii dTnh M cua tam giac BDM) suy ra
8 + OOM = l5iliiE + EMC. A
M~t
/'..... ------ ----- ------
khac, 8 = DME nen ta c6 BDM = EMC.
Xet !180M va 11CME c6: OOM = EMC, 8 = c
suy ra !180M~ !1CME (g.g).

s~------~M~----~-c

b) Do !180M~ !1CME (cau a) nen BD =OM=> BD =OM=> 80 = BM.

CM ME BM ME OM ME
80
Xet !1MDE va !108M c6: 8 = M; = BM nen !1MDE -!108M (c.g.c).
OM ME

!180M~ 11CME (cau a) nen

2
c) Do BD = BM => BD.CE = CM.BM = BC kh6ng doi.
CM CE 4

Cau 1: Cho tam giac ABC c6 AB = 18 em, AC = 24 em, BC = 30 em. GQi MIa trung di~m
cua BC. Qua M ke dU'ang vuong g6c v&i BC cat AC, AB lan IU'Q't D, a
a) Chll'ng minh rang: MBC ~ 11MDC.
b) Tfnh do dai cac cc;1nh 11MDC.
Cau 2: Cho tll' giac ABCD c6 di~n tfch 36 cm 2 , trong d6 di~n tich MBC Ia 11 cm 2 . Qua
a a
di~m 8 ke dU'ang thang song song v&i AC cat AD M, cat CD N. Tinh di~n tich 11MND.
Cau 3: Cho tam giac ABC c6 ba g6c nhon, dU'ang cao AH (HE BC). Ke HD .1 AB t9i D,
HE .1 AC t<;Ii E.
a) Chll'ng minh MHB- MDH, MHC- MEH.
b) Chll'ng minh AE.AC = AD.AB.
Cau 4: Cho tam giac ABC, AD Ia tia phan giac cua g6c A; AB < AC. Tren tia doi cua tia OA
lay di~m I sao cho ACi =BoA.
Chll'ng minh rang
a) MOB~ MCI; MOB -!1CD/.
b) AD 2 =AB.AC-BD.CD.
Cho tam giac ABC c6 ba g6c nhQn. Cac dU'ang cao AD, BE, CF cat nhau H. a
a) Chll'ng minh rang AE.AC = AF.AB.
b) Chll'ng minh rang MFE ~ MCB.
c) Chll'ng minh rang 11FHE ~ 11BHC.
d) Chll'ng minh rang HA.HD = HB.HE = HC.HF.
e) Chll'ng minh rang BC 2 = BH.BE + CH.CF.
Cau Cho hinh binh hanh ABCD, tren tia doi cua tia DA lay di~m M sao cho OM= AB,
tren tia doi cua tia BA lay di~m N sao cho BN =AD. Chll'ng minh:
a) !1CBN va !1COM can.
b) !1CBN ~ !1MOC.
 c
Cau 7: Cho hinh thoi ABCD c6 A= 60~ Qua ke dU'erng thang d khong cat hinh thoi nhU'ng
cat dU'erng thang AB t9i Eva cat dU'erng thang AD t9i F.
a) Chung minh !J.BEC- MEF.
b) Chung minh !J.DCF - MEF.
c) Chung minh BE.DF = 08 2 •
d) Chung minh !J.BDE -11DBF.
Cau 8: Cho tam giac ABC vuong t9i A c6 AB = 20 em, BC = 25 em. GQi MIa diem thu¢c
c9nh AB.
a) Tinh AC.
b) Qua B ve dU'erng thang vuong g6c v6'i CM t9i H, cat AC t9i D. Chung minh
MMC-11HMB.
c) Chung minh AC.AD = AM.AB.
d) Chung minh OM .1 BC.
Cau 9: Cho tam giac ABC vuong t9i B. £>U'erng phan giac AD. Biet AB = 6cm, AC = 10 em.
a) Tinh BD va CD.
b) Qua D ke dU'erng thang vuong g6c v6'i BC cat A C t9i K. Qua K ke dU'erng thang
vuong g6c v6'i AD cat AD, AB, BC lan IU'Q't t9i E, F, H. Chung minh MBD- !J.HDK.
c) Chung minh AK II OF.
d) Chung minh !J.CHA vuong t9i A.
, . h CH KD
e ) Ch U'ng m1n - = - .
AH BF
Cau 10: Cho tam giac ABC vuong a A, diem M thu¢c c9nh AC. Ke MD vuong g6c v&i BC
t9i D. GQi E Ia giao diem cua AB va MD.
a) Chung minh rang MBC- !J.DBE.
b) Chung minh rang MA.MC = MD.ME.
c) Chung minh rang 11MAD - 11MEC.
d) Chung minh rang AB.AE = AM.AC.

cau 1
a) Theo djnh li Pitago dao, chung minh dU'Q'C MBC
vuong t9i A.
Xet MBCva 11MDC c6: 8AC=l5MC=90°; Cchung
nen MBC- 11MDC (g.g).
b) Do MBC - !J.MDC nen
MD MC CD MD 15 CD
-=-=-=}-=-=-
AB AC BC 18 24 30
:=:}MD= 11,25 em; CD= 18,75 em.
 2
Ta c6:
S MDC = S ABCD - $ LiABC = 25 Cm 2 •
De dang chll'ng minh dU'Q'c
11DA C - 11DMN
suy ra
2
sLlADC =( Ac J = k2.
si1DMN MN
Ke AH j_MN.
D~t si1DMN = S, silADC = S1, SACNM = s2 th1 ta c6:

s1 = k 2 s ~ s = .§_ 25
= .
k2 k2'
1
SMac = -AH.AC
2
1 1 1
Sz = SMMB + S11acN + SMac = -AH.MB + -AH.NB + -AH.AC
2 2 2
=~AH(MN+AC)=~AH.(AC +ACJ= k+ 1 SMac·
2 2 k k
~ = 11(k + 1).
82
k
25 11 ( k + 1) 25
v

M<;lt khac
,

s=S 1 + S2 ~ 1(2 = 25 + k <=> 25k 2 + 11k ( k + 1)- 25 = o <=> k = .

36
V~y S = 51,84 cm 2 •

a) Xet MHB va MDH c6: BAR chung;

1fi5R = 7fHB =goo nen MHB- MDH (g.g).
Chll'ng minh tU'O'ng tl)' ta cOng c6: MHC- MEH (g.g).
b) Do MHB- MDH nen

AH = AB ~AB.AD=AH 2 •
AD AH
Do MHC- MEH nen AH = AC ~ AE.AC = AH 2 •
AE AH B H c
TCP d6 suy ra AE.AC = AB.AD.
 A

a) Xet MOB va MCJ c6: BAi5

=TAG (do AD Ia phan
giac),Aci BiJA
= (gia t~ su~ MOB~ MCI (g.g).
Do MOB~ MC/ nem ABO= A/C.
Xet MOB va ~CD/ c6: JfBi5 = AfC; Aof3 = Coi (
doi
dinh) suy ra MBD ~ ~CID (g.g). s---.....1-(1~------+--.c
ADA AB
b) Do MOB~ MCI nen AC = AI ~ AB.AC = AD.AI.
AD DB
Do MOB ~ ~CD/ nen - = - ~ BD.CD = AD.DI.
CD OJ
Do d6 AB.AC- BD.CD = AD.AI- AD.DI = AD 2 (dpcm). A

a) Xet MCF va MBE c6: BAG

chung;
AEB =AFC =goo nen MCF ~ MBE (g.g).
D6 d6, ta c6: AC = AF hay AC.AE = AB.AF.
AB AE
b)Theocaua) AC =AF ~AC =AB. B c
AB AE AF AE
Xet MEF va MBC c6: BAG chung; AC = AB nen MEF ~ MBC (c.g.c).
AF AE
c) Xet ~BHF va ~CHE c6: BFA
=CER =goo; lfHF =tHE (doi din h) nen ~BHF ~ ~CHE (g.g).
, , HB HF HF HE
TU' do suy r a - = - ~- = - .
HC HE HB HC
Xet 11HEF va ~HCB c6: EiiF = BHC (doi dinh); HF =HE nen ~HEF ~ 11HCB(c.g.c)
(dpcm). HB HC

d) Do HF = HE nen HB.HE =HC.HF. Ch(rng minh tU'ang tv ta cOng c6: HB.HE =HA.HD.
HB HC
TIY d6 ta dU'Q'c dieu phai chCrng minh.
e) Xet 11BHD va ~BCE c6: CaE chung; Bi5R =BEG= goo nen ~BHD ~ ~BCE (g.g).
TIY d6 suy ra BH = BD hay BH.BE = BC.BD.
BC BE
ChCrng minh tU'ang tv ta cOng c6: CH.CF = CD.CB.
Do d6 BH.BE + CH.CF =BC.BD + CD.BC =BC(BD+CD) =BC 2 (dpcm).

a) ABCD Ia h1nh b1nh hanh nen AB =CD, ma AB =OM

(gia thiet) nen CD = OM.
Do d6 tam giac COM can t9i D.
ChCrng minh tU'ang tv ta c6 tam giac CBN can t9i B.
b) TIY cau a) suy ra OM= CD.
BC BN
De dang chCrng minh dU'Q'c Aii5C =CaN( =DAB).
Do d6 11MDC ~ !1CBN (c.g.c) (dpcm).
M
 cau7
a) ABCD Ia hlnh thai nen BC II AD A
EB EC
=>-=-.
EA EF
-
Xet 11BEC va MEF c6: BEG chung,
EB EC ~
EA = EF nen 11BEC- MEF (c.g.c).

b) Chll'ng minh tU'ang tl)' cau a.

c) Do BE II DC nen BEC=Dci=.
Do BC II OF nen 8cE = i5FC => !1BCE - 11DFC. F
Suy ra BE = BC hay BE.DF = CD.BC.
DC OF E
M~t khac A= 60° => c= 60° => !1BCD deu.
Do d6 BE.DF = CD.BC = BD.BD = 80 2 (dpcm).
V~y BE.DF = 08 2 •
d) TCr BE.DF = 80 2 suy ra BE= BD.
BD OF
Do A= 60° nen MBD deu, va ter d6 ta tfnh dU'Q'C E8i5 = Bi5F = 120°.
Xet 11BDEva 11DBFc6: BE= BD; E8i5 = J3i5F nen 11BDE -11DFB (c.g.c) (dpcm).
BD OF
caus
a) Ap dl)ng djnh li Pitago cho tam giac vuong ABC ta c6:
AC 2 =BC 2 -AB 2 =25 2 -20 2 ::::>AC=15.
b) Xet MMC va !1HMB c6: fViAC = MHB = goo; lfMC = FiMB
(doi dlnh) nen MMC -11HMB (g.g).
c) DoMMC -11HMB nen 1\iBR
=JfCM.
Xet MCM va MBD c6: CAM= BAD= goo; 7fCM = Aai5
nen MCM- MBD (g.g).
Suy ra AC =AM hay AC.AD = AM.AB.
AB AD
d) Tam giac CBD c6 hai dU'ang cao CH, BA cat nhau t~i
M nen OM Ia dU'ang cao va do d6 DM .l BC.
cau9
a) Ap dl)ng dinh li Pitago vao tam A
giac vuong ABC ta tfnh dU'Q'C BC = 8.
Thea tfnh ch§t dU'ang phan giac va
tfnh ch§t cua day til~ thCrc bang nhau
ta c6:
BD CD BD+CD - BC -
8
- -
AB AC AB+AC AB+AC 16
TCr d6 ta tfnh dU'Q'C 80 = 3, CD= 5. H
b) Do AB, ~un~6ng g6c v&i BC~ AB II DK~y r~ = Aoi<.
M$t khac, ADK = KHD (cung phv v&i HKD). Do d6 BAD= KHD.
Xet MBD va !1HDK c6: BAi5 = = Fii5K =goo nen MBD ~ 11HDK (g.g).
KHB; Aai5
c) MFK co AE vll'a Ia dU'ang cao, vll'a Ia dU'ang phan giac nen MFK can tC;li Ava E Ia
trung diem cua FK ( 1).
=> AFK = m. Ma AFK = i5KF (AB II DK) nen suy ra m = 15KF.
=> MKD can tC;li K va E Ia trung diem cua AD(2).
TCP (1) va (2), suy ra tLI' giac AKDF c6 hai dU'erng cheo AD va FK cat nhau tC;li trung diem
cua moi dU'erng nen AKDF Ia hlnh blnh hanh.
Do v{J.y AK II DF.
d) Xet tam gi~HD~HE vll'a Ia dU'erng cao, vll'a Ia dU'erng trung tuy~n nen tam giac
AHD can va AHE = DHE.
Xet MHKva 11DHK c6: AHE = i5HE; c(;lnh HK chung; AKR = i5KR nen MHK = !1DHK
(g.c.g). Tll' d6 suy ra FiAK = Ffi5K =goo.
V{J.y MHC vu6ng tC;li A.
e) Xet MBH va !1CAH c6: AaR =CAR= goo; AHa chung nen MBH ~ 11CAH (g.g).
AH BH CH AH HD DK
=>-=-=>-=-=-=-.
HC AH AH BH BH BF

B
B
a) Xet MBC va 11DBE c6: chung; A= 5 =goo
nen MBC ~ 11DBE (g.g).
b) Xet !1MAE va 11MDC c6: fViAE = lVii5C = goo;
AME = 15iliC (d6i dlnh) nen 11MAE ~ 11MDC (g.g).
TCP d6 suy ra MA = ME hay MA.MC = MD.ME.
MD MC
, MA ME MA MD
c)TU' -=-suyra - = - .
MD MC ME MC A
Xet 11MAD va 11MEC c6: MA = MD; AMi5 = CME
ME MC
(d6i din h) nen flMAD ~ 11MEC (c.g.c).
d) Do 11MAD ~ 11MEC nen E
=C.
Xet MME va MBC c6: E= c;BAG = EAM =goo E

nen MM£ ~ MBC (g.g).

Suy ra AM = AE hay AB.AE = AM.AC.
AB AC
 EJjnh If

AB 2 + AC 2 = BC 2

Cho hai g6c a, fJ ph!) nhau. Khi d6:

sin a= cos p; cos a= sinjJ;
tan a= cot p; cot a= tan fJ.

Cho g6c nhon a. Ta c6:

0 <sin a< 1;0 <cos a< 1;
sin 2 a+ cos 2 a= 1; tana.cota = 1;

tana = sin a; cot a= c~sa.

cosa sma

c~nh d6i
TLI' gia thi<§t, xem xet cac y<§u to da biet c6 moi lien h~ gl v&i cac yeu to can tinh, gan cac
yeu to nay vao cac tam giac vuong phu hgp. TLI' d6 sll' dvng cac h~ there gill'a c~nh va
dU'ang cao, gill'a c~nh va g6c, tT so IU'Q'ng giac trong tam giac vuong d6 de tfnh toan.

Vi d~ 1: Tinh x va y trong hlnh sau, biet tam giac ABC vuong t~i A c6 dU'ang cao AH.

Giai chi tiet A

Ap dvng h~ there IU'Q'ng cho tam giac vuong ABC ta c6:
AC 2 = CH.CB <=> 102 = 8(8 + x) <=> x = 4,5.
L~i c6 AB = BH.BC <=> y = 4,5(8 + 4,5) <=> y = 7,5.
2 2

V~y x = 4,5 va y = 7,5.

t~i A c6 AB =6 em va tan B = ~. Tinh AC, BC.

Vi d1,1 Cho tam giflc ABC vu6ng
1
Giai chi tiet
Thea dinh nghTa, tan B = AC nan tll' gia thiet ta c6: AC = ~ <=> AC = 2,5 em.
. AB 6 12
Ap dvng djnh ly Pitago cho tam giac ABC vuong t~i A ta c6:
BC = AB2 + AC = 62 + 2,5 2 = 42,25 ~ BC = 6,5 em.
2 2

V~y AC =2,5 em va BC = 6,5 em.

Vi d~ 3: Cho tam giac ABC vuong t~i A. Tim cac tT so IU'Q'ng giac cua g6c B biet
BC=5cm,AB=3cm.

Giai chi tiet

Ap dvng djnh ly Pitago cho tam giac vuong ABC ta c6:
BC 2 = AB 2 + A C 2 ~ A C 2 = 52 - 32 ~ A C = 4 em. B
Theo djnh nghTa:
sinB = AC = _±. cosB = AB = ~.
BC 5' BC 5'
4
tanB= AC = · cotB= AB =~.
AB 3' AC 4
 Tinh chu vi va di~n tich hlnh thang can ABCD bi<§t hai c~nh day AB = 12 em,
--
CD= 18 em, ADC = 75°.

Gh\i chi tiet

• Di~n tich hlnh thang dU'Q'C tinh bai cong thCrc A 12 em

S = !h(AB +CD).
2
(Trang d6: h Ia chieu cao cua hlnh thang).
£)oi v&i bai t~p nay, chung ta da biet dQ dai hai c~nh
day. Do v~y, ta c§n tim chieu cao.
Ke AH _l CD, BK _l CD.
Do ABCD Ia hlnh thang can nen HK = AB = 12 em;
DH =KG= CD -AB = 3 em.
2
Trang tam giac AHD vuong t~i H ta c6:
tan D = AH => tan 75° = AH => AH ~ 11,196 em.
DH 3
2
Tll' d6, S.4aco = !AH.(AB +CD)= !.11, 196.(12 + 18) = 167,94 cm •
2 2
• £)~ tinh chu vi hlnh thang, ta can tinh AD.
Ap d~:~ng dinh ly Pitago cho tam giac vuong ADH ta c6:
AD 2 = AH 2 + HD 2 ~ 134,35, suy ra AD~ 11,59 em.
Ngoai ra, ta cOng c6 th~ SLP d~:~ng cong thCrc tl so IU'Q'ng giac cua g6c trong tam giac vuong
ADH d~ tinh AD.
Do d6, chu vi h1nh thang can ABCD Ia:
AB + BC + CD + DA = 12 + 11, 59 + 18 + 11, 59 = 53, 18 em.

Cho tam gi8c ABC vu6ng t<;~i A, bi@t AC = 12 em, cos C = : .

a) Giai tam giac ABC.
b) Tinh d9 dai dU'ang cao AH va dU'ang ph an giac AD cua tam giac ABC.

chi tiet
a) Giai tam giac Ia tim d9 dai cac c~nh va so do cac g6c
cua tam giac d6. B
, 4 AC 12
Taco -=cosC =-=-=> BC =15cm.
5 BC BC
Ap d~:~ng djnh ly Pitago ta c6:
AB 2 = BC 2 - AC 2 = 81 => AB = 9 em.
Sll' dung
. may tinh b6 tui v&i cos C = _±
5 ta dU'O'C
.

"' /'..

Tam giac ABC vuong tc;li A nen B =goo- C ~ 53°.

1 1 1
b) Tll' he thCrc - -2 = - -2 + - -2 ta tinh dU'O'C AH = 7, 2cm.
. AH AB AC .
Thea tfnh ch§t dU'ang phan giac:
BD _DC BD+DC = BC =~=~=>BD= 45 em.
AB AC AB+AC AB+AC 12+9 7 7
2
Lai c6 AB 2 = BC.BH nen BH = AB = 5,4 em.
. BC
36
Nhan xet thay BD > BH nen H nam gili'a B va D. TCI' d6, ta c6: HD
.
= BD- BH = 35 .
Ap dl)ng dinh ly Pitaga cha tam giac vuong AHD ta c6:
AD 2 = AH 2 + HD 2 = 7,2 2 + 1,032 = 52,9009 =>AD~ 7,27 em.
Vf).y AH = 7,2 em, AD~ 7,27 em.

Cac bai taan chLI'ng minh dien hlnh sLP dl)ng h~ thLI'c IU'qng trang tam giac vuong Ia bai
taan chLI'ng minh dang thLI'c.
PhU'ang phap chung de giai dc;mg taan nay Ia sLP dl)ng h~ h~ thLI'c IU'qng, cong thLI'c di~n
tich, tT so IU'qng giac, ... de bi~n doi tU'ang dU'O'ng hai v~ cua dang ve cung mot bieu thLI'c
a a
khac, ha~c bi~n doi cac d~i IU'Q'ng v~ nay de lam xuat hi~n cac d~i IU'qng v~ kia.

Vi d~:~ 1: Cha tam giac ABC c6 A=goo, dU'ang caa AH. GQi D, E thea thLI' tl)' Ia hlnh
chi~u cua H tren AB, AC. ChLI'ng minh rang:
2
a) AB = HB ( 1).
AC 2 HC
3
b) DE = BD.CE.BC (2).

Giili chi tiet

A
a) TCI' dang thLI'c can chLI'ng minh, ta se bi~n doi v~ trai.
Ap dl)ng h~ thLI'c IU'qng cha tam giac ABC vuong t~i A:
AB 2 = BH.BC, AC 2 = CH.CB
(d~n day da xuat hi~n HB, HC giong VP(1 )).

TCI' d6 suy ra: AB2 = BH.BC = HB (dpcm). s--~H........_____.,. c

AC2 CH.CB HC
b) De thay tLI' giac AEHD Ia hlnh chli' nhf).t nen ta c6: DE= AH.
Ap dl)ng h~ thLI'c IU'qng cha cac tam giac vuong ABC, AHB, AHC ta c6:
AH 2 = BH.CH, HB 2 = BD.AB, HC 2 = CE.CA
=> AH 4 = BH 2.CH 2 = BD.AB.CE.CA = BD.CE.AB.AC.
M~t khac AB.AC = AH.BC nen AH 4 = BD.CE.AH.BC hay DE 3 = BD.CE.BC (dpcm).
Vi d~:i Cho tam giac ABC, dU'ang cao AH. Chung minh rang HC 2 - HB 2 = AC 2 - AB2.

Giai chi tiet A

LU'U y rang cac h$ thuc da dU'Q'C neu chi Slr dvng cho tam
a
giac vuong. Do vf}.y day ta se ap dvng cho hai tam giac
AHBvaAHC.
Trong tam giac AHC ta c6: CH 2 = AC 2 - AH 2 (Pitago ).
2 2 2
Trong tam giac AHB ta c6: BH = AB - AH (Pitago ).
TCP d6:
CH 2 - BH 2 = (A C2 - AH 2) - ( AB2 - AH 2) = A C2 - AB 2. c ......................~1.4------..._...

Vi d~:~ Cho tam giac ABC can t~i A, dU'ang cao AH,BK. Chung minh rang
1 1 1
--=--
2 +--
2
BK2 BC 4AH .

Phan tach de bai

Dang thuc c~n chung minh khien ta nghT den h$ thuc lien h$ gi!J'a M
hai c~nh g6c vuong va dU'ang cao cua mot tam giac vuong.
0 ve phai ta thay xuat hi$n 4AH 2 = (2AHt Do d6 ta dl)'ng do~n
c6 d9 dai 2AH.
Giai chi tiet
TCP B ke dU'ang thang song song v&i AH cat tia CA t~i M.
Do tam giac ABC can tc;1i A, AH Ia dU'ang cao nen H Ia trung diem
cua c~nh BC. TLI' d6 suy ra A Ia trung diem cua MC hay AH Ia
dU'ang trung b1nh cua tam giac BMC.
Do vf}.y BM = 2AH.
L~i c6 do MB II AH nen MB .1 BC hay tam giac MBC vuong tc;1i B.
Ap dvng h$ thuc IU'qng vao tam giac vuong MBC ta c6:
1 1 1 1 1 B H c
BK 2 =8M 2 + BC 2 = 4AH 2 + BC 2 (dpcm).

M
Cau 1: Tinh X va y trong cac h1nh sau
A
b)

a)

y
c

X
c) d)
E
D y
Cau 2: Cho tam giac ABC vuong t9i A c6 dU'ang cao AH, AB = 6 em, AC = 8 em.
a) Tfnh d() dai BC, HA, HB, HC.
b) Tia phan giac g6c BAG cat BC t9i D. Tfnh di~n tfch tam giac ABO.
Cau 3: Cho tam giac ABC vuong g6c t9i A. Biet BC = 2S em, AB = 2a em.
a) Tfnh d() dai c9nh AC, dU'ang cao AH, cac do9n thang BH va CH.
b) Ke tll' H dU'6'ng thang (d) song song v&i AB va cat c9nh AC t9i N. Tfnh d() dai cac do9n
thang HN, AN va CN.
Cau 4: Cho tam giac ABC vuong t9i A, dU'ang cao AH, dU'ang phan giac AD. Cho biet
HB = 112, HC = 63.
a) Tfnh d() dai AH.
b) Tfnh d() dai AD.
Cau 5: Cho hi giac ABCD c6 cac dU'ang cheo cat nhau t9i 0. Cho biet AC = 4 em, BD = S em,
AOB = S0°. Tfnh di~n tfch t(r giac ABCD.
Cau 6: Cho tam giac ABC c6 B=60°, BC = 8 em, AB + AC = 12 em. Tfnh d() dai c9nh AB.
Cau 7: Cho h1nh chCP nh~t ABCD c6 c9nh AD= 6 em, CD= 8 em. DU'ang thang ke tll' D
vuong g6c v&i AC t9i E, cat c9nh AB t9i F. Tfnh d() dai do9n thang DE, AE, AF, BF.
Cau 8: Cho h1nh thang can ABCD c6 day l&n CD= 1a em, day nh6 bang dU'ang cao. DU'ang
cheo vuong g6c v&i c9nh ben. Tfnh d() dai dU'6'ng cao cua h1nh thang can d6.
a
Cau 9: Tfnh chi~u cao cua m()t c()t thap, biet rang luc m~t trai d() cao sao (nghTa Ia tia sang
cua m~t trai t90 v&i phU'O'ng nam ngang cua m~t dat m()t g6c bang sao) th1 b6ng cua n6 tren
m~t dat dai 96 m.
Cau 10: Cho h1nh thang can ABCD (AB II CD va AB <CD), BC = 1S em; dU'6'ng cao
BH =12cm, DH =16cm.
a) ChLI'ng minh BD vuong g6c v&i BC.
b) Tfnh di~n tfch h1nh thang ABCD.
c) Tfnh BCi5 (lam tron den d())
2
Cau 11: Cho tam giac ABC vuong tai A, dU'ang cao AH. Biet AB = a va AH = 42a. Tfnh chu
. AC 21
vi tam giac ABC.
Cau 12: Cho h1nh thang ABCD vuong g6c t9i Ava D. Hai dU'ang cheo vuong g6c v&i nhau t9i 0.
Biet AB = 2-Ji3, OA = 6. Tfnh di~n tfch h1nh thang ABCD.
Cau 13: Cho h1nh thang ABCD c6 hai c9nh ben AD va BC bang nhau, dU'ang cheo AC vuong
g6c v&i c9nh ben BC. Biet AD= Sa, AC = 12a.
a) Tfnh sinB + cosB
sinB-cosB·
b) Tfnh di~n tfch h1nh thang ABCD.
Cau 14: Cho tam giac ABC c6 AB = 24 em, AC = 18 em, BC = 3a em.
a) Tfnh dU'ang cao AH, so do g6c B va C.
b) Ph an giac cua g6c A cat BC t9i D. Tfnh BD, CD.
c) TCr D ke DE va DF Ian IU'Q't vuong g6c v&i AB va AC. TLI' giac AEDF Ia h1nh g1?
Tfnh chu vi va di~n tfch tLI' giac AEDF.
Cau 15: Cho h1nh thang ABCD c6 AB !!CD, = 30°, D= 60°, AD= 2, CD= 6.
C
a) Tfnh AB.
b) Tfnh di~n tfch h1nh thang ABCD.
Cau 16: Cho tam giac ABC trl)'c tam H.
ChLI'ng minh h~ thLI'c: AB 2 + HC 2 = BC 2 + HA 2 = CA 2 + HB 2 •
Cau 17: Cho h1nh vu6ng ABCD va diem I thay doi nam tren c9nh AB. Tia Dl cat dU'ang thang
BC t9i E. 8U'ang thang ke qua D vu6ng g6c v&i DE cat dU'ang thang BC t9i F. ChCPng minh
~ t ong
rang ;t
1 1 kh
- 2 + -- ong p h u th uoc vao v1 t n, cua
A A ' • , d'1em
;t I.
01 DE 2 . . .
Cau 18: Cho h1nh thang vu6ng ABCD c6 A= B=goo va AD= DC (AB <DC). GQi E Ia giao
diem cua hai dU'ang thang DA va CB.
, . h ~ 1 1 1
Ch U'ng m1n rang--=--+--.
AD 2 BC 2 EC 2
Cau 19: Cho tCP giac ABCD c6 D+ C=goo. ChCPng minh rang AB 2
+ C0 2 = AC 2 + BD 2 •

Cau Cho tam giac ABC c6 ba g6c nhQn, ke dU'ang cao AH.
a) ChCPng minh sin A+ cos A> 1.
b) ChCPng minh BC = AH (cot B +cot C).
Cau : Cho tam giac nhQn ABC. GQi a, b, clan IU'Q't Ia d¢ dai cac c9nh doi di~n v&i cac dlnh
A, B, C.
, . h a b c
a ) Ch U'ng mJn - - = - - = - - .
sinA sinB sinG
b) C6 the xay ra dang thCPc sin A = sin B + sin c kh6ng?

Cau 22: Cho tam giac ABC vuong t9i A, AB =a, AC = 3a. Tren c<;mh AC lay cac diem D, E
sao cho AD= DE= EC.
a) ChCPng minh DE = DB.
DB DC
b) ChCPng minh f1BDE- f1CDB.
;t ------ --
c) Tinh tong AEB +BCD.
Cau 23: Cho tam giac ABC c6 ba dU'ang cao AM, BN, CL. ChCPng minh:
a) MNL-MBC.
b) AN.BL.CM = AB.BC.CA. cos A. cos B. cos C.
Cau Cho tam giac ABC c6 AB > AC, trung tuyen AM va dU'ang cao AH. ChCPng minh:
2
AB 2 + AC 2 = 2AM 2 + BC •
2

1
a) Ap dvng h~ thCPc IU'Q'ng cho tam giac vu6ng ABC ta c6:
AB 2 = BH.CB ~ 152 = g.cB ~ CB = 25 ~ g +X= 25 ~X= 16
AH 2 = BH.CH = g,x = g.16 ~ AH =12.
b) Ap dvng Pitago cho tam giac vu6ng MNP ta c6:
y 2 = NP 2 = MN 2 + NP 2 =52 + 122 ~ y = 13.
L9i c6 MN.MP = MI.NP nen x.y = 5.12 ~ x ~ 4, 62 em.
c) Ap dvng h~ thCPc IU'Q'ng cho tam giac vu6ng CDE ta c6:
DE 2 = EF.EC hay y 2 = 8.10 ~ y = 415.
DC 2 = CF.CE hay x 2 = 2.10 ~ x = 215.
 2 2 2 2 2
d) CF = C0 - DF = 12 -9 = 63 =:> CF = 3-fi.
27
DF 2 = CF.EF =:> 9 2 = 3-fi.x =:> x = -fi.
7

2
y = DF +EF =9
2 2 2
+( 27
;ffJ "'185,14 ~ y"' 13,61.
27
DF 2 = CF.EF =:> 9 2 = 3-fi.x =:> x = -fi.
7
2 B
a) Thea djnh ly Pitaga: BC = AB + AC 2 , suy ra
2 2

BC =10 em.
L<;ii c6: AH.BC = AB.AC nen ta tinh dU'qcAH = 4,8 em.
AB2 6 2
HB=-=-=3 6 em.
BC 10 '
HC = BC -HB = 10-3,6 = 6,4 em.
b) Thea tinh chat dU'ang ph an giac:
BD CD BC 10 5
AC AB AB+AC 6+8 7
30
SuyraBD=-.
Di(ln tich tam ~iacABD 18: SMao =~AH.BD =~.4,8. 37°"'10,29 cm 2

cau3
c
a) Tam giac ABC vuong tc;1i A, thea djnh ly Pitaga ta c6:
2
BC = AB + AC 2 =:> AC 2 = BC 2 AB 2 = 225
2
-

=:> AC = 15 em.
Thea h~ th(fc ve C<;!nh va dU'ang caa trang tam giac
vuong ta c6:
AH.BC = AB.AC =:> AH = AB.AC = 12 em.
BC
2 AC 2
AC = CH.CB =:> CH = - - = 9 em.
BC
BH=BC-CH=16cm.
b) Thea de bai ta thay HN vuong g6c v&i AC.
Xet tam giac AHC vuong tc;1i H, dU'ang caa HN ta c6:
AH.HC
HN.AC = AH.HC =:> HN = = 7,2 em.
AC
2
Xet tam giac ANH vuong tc;1i N ta c6: AH = AN 2 + HN 2 ( djnh ly Pitaga)
2
=:> AN = AH 2 - HN 2 =:>AN= 9,6 em.
NC = AC -AN=:> NC = 5,4 em.
cau4
a) Ta c6: AH 2 = BH.CH = 112.63 = 7056 =:> AH = 84.
b) Ap dl)ng h~ tht1c IU'Q'ng vaa tam giac vuong ABC ta c6:
2
AC = CH.CB =:> AC = 105; AB 2 = BH.CB =:> AB = 140.
Thea tinh chat cua dU'ang phan giac va tinh chat cua c
day tT 1~ there bang nhau ta c6:
CD BD CD+BD BC 175 5
= ==-=-
AC AB AC+AB AC+AB 245 7
=>CD= 75 > CH nen H nam giCra C va D.
=> HD =GO-GH= 75-63 =12.
Ap dt)ng Pitaga cho tam giac AHD vuong t9i H:
AD2 = AH 2 + HD 2 => AD = 60J2. A

5 F
Ke BE, CF vuong g6c v&i AC (E,F E AC).
Thea h~ there ve C9nh va g6c trang tam giac vuong
BOE va tam giac vuong DOF ta c6:
BE = OB sin 50°;
OF= 0Dsin50°. A
TCP d6 suy ra:
1 1 1
SABCD = SMBC + SMCD =-BE.AC +-DF.AC =-AC(BE +OF)
2 2 2

= _!AC.(OBsin50° + 0Dsin50°)
2
= _!AC.sin50°.BO
2
~7,66.

6
Ke AH vuong g6c v&i BC t9i H. A
£>~tAB= x, tCP gia thiet ta dU'Q'C AC = 12- x (1 ).
Trang tam giac ABH vuong t9i H c6:

AH=AB.sin60°= x-J3; BH=AB.cas60°= x.

2 2
TCP d6 suy ra: CH = 8- x. s----111111,..._______..... c
2 H
Ap dvng Pitaga cho tam giac ACH ta dU'Q'c:

AC2 ~AH 2 +CH 2 =(xfJ +(a-~J (2).

TCP (1) va (2) ta c6 phU'ang trlnh:

 7
Ap dt,Jng hE;! thCPc IU'Q'ng cho tam giac vu6ng ADC ta c6:
1 1 1
DE2 = AD2 + DC2 =>DE= 4,8 em.

LQi c6 AE 2 = AD2 - DE 2 = 62 -4,8 2 => AE = 3,6 em.

Ap dt,Jng h$ thCPc IU'Q'ng cho tam giac vu6ng ADF ta c6:
1 1 1 1 1 1
--=--+--=>--=-----=>AF=4 5 em. 6
AE 2 AD 2 AF 2 AF 2 AE2 AD2 '
TLr d6 BF = AB - AF = 8 - 4, 5 = 3, 5 em.
V~y DE= 4,8 em, AE = 3,6 em, AF = 4,5 em, BF = 3,5 em.
cau 8
Ke OU'Crng cao AH cua h1nh thang, HE CD.
£>at AH = AB = x. A
D~ h1nh thang ABCD can nen DH CD- AB 1O-x
2 2
Ap dt,Jng Pitago cho cac tam giac vu6ng AHD va AHC
ta c6:
AD2 = DH 2 + AH 2 ( -10-
-
2

+ x2 ; xJ o.---~------------~
H 10 em C
2

AC2 =CH2 +AH2 =CO;xJ +X2.

M$t khac tam giac ADC vu6ng tQi A nen ta c6:

AD
2
+ AC = C0
2 2
hay CO;x J + x2 +co; X J + x2 = 102 ¢> %x2 =50¢> X= 2.J5.
V~y dU'ang cao cua h1nh thang c6 d9 dai 2-JS em.
cau 9
Gia sll' AH la cot thap, HB Ia bong cua n6 tren m$t dat a luc
m$t trai chieu g6c 50°. -----
Khi d6 MHB vu6ng tQi H va ABH = 50°, BH = 96 m.
Ap dt,Jng h$ thCPc IU'Q'ng cho tam giac AHB ta c6:
AH = BH. tan50° ~ 114,4 m.

----~oo£~
"
10 H 96 m B
a) Ap dt,Jng djnh ly Pitago cho tam giac BHD ta c6:
BD 2 = DH 2 + BH 2 = 162 + 122 => BD = 20.
Ap dt,Jng djnh ly Pitago cho tam giac vuong BHC ta c6:
HC 2 = BC 2 - BH 2 = 152 -12 2 => HC = 9.
Tam giac BOG c6 BD 2 + BC 2 = 20 2 + 152 = 625;
2 2
DC (16 + 9) = 625.
D H
2 2 2
Suy ra 80 + BC = DC •
TLr d6 theo dinh ly Pitago dao, tam giac DBC vu6ng t9i B, hay DB .l BC.
b) Do h1nh thang ABCD can nen AB = DH- CH = 7.

Di$n tich hinh thang Ia SAsco = ~BH.( AB +CD)= ~12.(7 + 25) = 192.
c) Tam giac BHC vuong tai H c6: tan BH = ~ => BcR ~ 53°.
BcR = CH
. 9
cau 11
B
... th'~t
T'U' g1a 1e , t a dvt
~
AB = 2"1
AC = k
20
=> AB = 20k,AC = 21k(k > 0).
Ap dl)ng h$ tht1c IU'Q'ng cho tam giac vu6ng ABC ta c6:
1 1 1 1 1 1
- + - - =2 - - =2> 2
+ 2 =-- 2
AB2 AC AH (20k) (21k) 420
=> k = 29.
Do d6 AB = 580 em, AC = 609 em.
Ap dl)ng Pitago cho tam giac ABC ta c6: BC 2 = AB2 + AC2 = 841 2 => BC = 841 em.
V~y chu vi tam giac ABC Ia: AB + AC + BC = 580 + 609 + 841 = 2030 em.

cau 12
Ap dl)ng h$ tht1c IU'Q'ng cho tam giac vu6ng ADB ta c6:
1 1 1 1 1 1
- -2 = -2+ - = >- =----
A0 AB AD2 AD2 A 0 2 AB 2
=> AD=3ff3.
Ap dl)ng h$ tht1c IU'Q'ng cho tam giac vu6ng ADC ta c6:
2 39
AD = AO.AC => AC = .
2 o~--------...;:ac
Ap dl)ng dinh If Pitago cho tam giac vu6ng ADC ta c6:
9
C0 2 = AC 2 -AD 2 =>CD= ff3.
2
Di$n tich h1nh thang ABCD Ia:

SABCD
1 1 {";~;; ( 2-v13
=-AD.(AB+CD)=-.3-v13. {";~;; +9ff3 J
-7.
- - =50
2 2 2 4

cau 13
a) Ap dl)ng djnh ly Pitago cho tam giac vu6ng ACB A K B
c6: AB 2 = AC 2 + CB 2 = (12a ) +(Sa )
2 2

=> AB = 13a.
Trang tam giac ABC c6:
sinB= AC = 12a =~· cosB= CB =Sa =~.
AB 13a 13' AB 13a 13 D C

TCr do sinB+cosB =~
sinB-cosB 7
, 60 25
b) Taco: AC.CB = CK.AB => CK =-a => BK =-a.
13 13
25 119
H1nh thang ABCD can nen CD= AB 2BK = 13a- 2.-a =-a.
13 13
Di~n tich h1nh thang ABCD Ia:
1 1 60 (
SAaco =-CK.(AB+CD)=-.-a. 13a+-a =--a.
119 J 8640 2
2 2 13 13 169

a) Ta c6: AB2 + AC 2 = 24 2 + 182 = 900 = BC 2 • c

Do d6 theo Pitago dao th1 MBC vuong t~i A.
Ap dl)ng h~ thl.rc IU'Q'ng cho tam giac vuong ABC ta dU'Q'C:
AB.AC = BC.AH =:::> AH = AB.AC = 72 . F
BC 5
Trang tam giac ABC c6: sin B = AC = ~ =:::> B ~ 37°,
BC 30
C=90°-B~53°. A E 8
b) Thea tinh chat dU'ang ph an giac trong tam giac ta c6:
CD BD CD+BD BC 30
-=-=---
CA BA CA+BA CA+BA 42
90 120
Suyra CD=
7 , BD= 7 .
c) TLI' each lay~ E, F ta suy ra tl.r giac AEDF Ia h1nh chli nh~t. M~t khac, AD Ia dU'ang
phan giac cua EAF nen tl.r giac nay Ia h1nh vuong.
Ap dl)ng h~ thl.rc IU'Q'ng cho tam giac vuong ABC, ta c6:
AC 2
AC 2 =CH.CB=:> CH =-=10,8 <CD
CB
tll' d6 suy ra H nam gilia C va D.
72
DH=CD-CH= .
35
72
Ap dl)ng Pitago cho tam giac vuong AHD c6: AD 2 = AH 2 + HD 2 ==> AD = 12..
7
Do d6, c~nh cua h1nh vuong AEDF Ia Ag = 72 .
-v2 7
.,. h'1n h vuong AEDF Ian 288 s 5184
c =7,
Ch u v1. va' d"1e:;m t'1ch cua
A A A IU'Q't I'a: =~·

a) Ke hai dU'ang cao AH, BK. A 8

Ap dl)ng h~ thl.rc IU'Q'ng cho tam giac vuong AHD ta
c6: DH = AD. cos 60° = 1, AH = AD. sin 60° = 13.
Suy ra BK = 13.
Ap dl)ng h~ thl.rc IU'Q'ng vao tam giac vuong BKC
, CK = BK =3.
ta co: D H K 6
tan 30°
Do d6 AB = HK = CD-DH -CK = 6-1-3 = 2.
V~y AB = 2.
b) Di~n tich hinh thangABCO 18: SAaco =iAH.(AB+CD)=i .../3.(2+6)=4../3 (dvdt).
Ap dl)ng Pitago cho cac tam giac vu6ng ABE, AHE, BCE ta c6:
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
AB =AE +BE =(AH -HE )+(BC -CE );
2 2 2 A
HC =HE +CE .
2 2
Suy ra AB + HC = AH + BC •2 2

Chll'ng minh tU'ang tl)' ta dU'Q'C: AC 2 + HB 2 = AH 2 + BC 2 .

TCr d6 suy ra dieu phai chll'ng minh.

.--.----------~c
B 0

E
Xet tam giac AD/ va tam giac CDF c6:
----- -
DAI = DCF = goo;
AD=DC;
. Aoi = CoF (cung phl) v&i Coi).
=>MDI= /1CDF(g.c.g) => Dl =OF.
Ap dl)ng h~ thll'c IU'Q'ng vao tam giac vu6ng DEF ta c6:
1 1 1
- - = -2
+--
DC2 DE DF 2 .

Suyra -1-2+ -
1 = -1- khAonguol.
,::tjt•

DE DP DC 2

Ke BK .l CD, CF .l CE nhU' hinh ve. E

Xet tam giac BKC va tam giac CDF c6:
--
BKC = CDF =goo;
BK =CO(= AD);

KBC = DcF (cung phl) v&i BcK ).

=> 11BKC = !1CDF (g.c.g) => BC = CF.
Ap dl)ng h~ thll'c IU'Q'ng cho tam giac vu6ng CEF ta c6:
1 1 1 1 1 •1
C0 2 = CF2 + CE2 hay AD2 = BC 2 + CE2 (dpcm ).

F
 E

cau 19
Keo dai AD cat BC tQi E.
/'.. /'..

Do D + C = goo nen DEC = goo.

--
Ap d~:~ng Pitago cho cac tam giac vuong (y dlnh Eta
OU'Q'C: D c
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
AB +C0 =(EA +EB )+(ED +EC )=EA +EB +EC +ED ;

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
AC +80 =(EA +EC )+(EB +ED )=EA +EB +EC +ED •

2 2 2 2
TCr d6 suy ra AB +C0 =AC +80 .

A
cau20
a) Ke dU'ang cao BK.
Ap d~:~ng bat dang thCPc tam giac cho tam giac ABK ta c6:
BK +AK>AB.
~
.a co: s1n A =-;cos
T •BK A= AK-
AB AB
" . A A BK+AK AB 1 8 -------------..:ec
nen s1n + cos = >- = . H
AB AB
b) XElt tam giilcABH vu6ng tii!i H c6: cotB = ~z => AH.cotB = BH.

Xet tam giac ACH vuong tai H c6: cot C = CH

. AH
~ AH.cotB = CH.
TCr d6, suy ra AH.cot B + AH.cot C = BH + CH = BC (dpcm).

cau 21 A

a) Ke cac dU'ang cao AD, BE, CF.

Ap d~:~ng h~ thCPc IU'qng cho cac tam giac vuong ABO
ta c6:
. B AD . A CF . C BE
Sin =-,Sin =-,Sin = -
C b a
TCr d6,
a ab abc b be abc c ca abc
8
_ _._ _ _ _ _ _...........;~
sin A = CF = 2S ' sin B = AD = 2S ' sin C = BE = 2S 0 8 c
Do v$y _a_= _b_ = _c_.
sinA sinB sinG
b) Gia sll' sin A= sinB +sinG.
Thea tfnh chat cua day tf s6 bang nhau ta c6:
a b c b+c b+c
--=--=--= =
sin A sin B sin C sin B + sinC sin A
~ a = b + c. 8ieu nay khong xay ra do a, b, c Ia dQ dai ba CQnh cua mot tam giac.
 c
a) Thea gia thiet AD= DE= EC ma AC = 3a nen AD= DE= EC =a.
Ap d~:~ng dinh ly Pitago cho tam giac vuong ADB ta c6:
2
DB = AD + AB 2 = 2a 2 •
2
E
L9i c6 DE.DC = a.2a = 2a 2 .
Do v~y DB 2 = DE.DC hay DE = DB .
DB DC
b) Xet hai tam giac LJ.BDE va LJ.CDB ta c6: 0

BD DE (th h h
CD = DB eo c U'ng mm cau a ;
T • A )

-
B DE chung.
=> LJ.BDE ~ LJ.CDB( c.g.c ).
c) Do LJ.BDE ~ LJ.CDB nen DEB= l5iiC => AEB + i3cl5 = l5iiC + i3cl5 = ADB = 45°.
V~y
- - 45°.
AEB +BCD=

cau A

a) Trang cac tam giac vuong ABN va ACL ta c6:

AN AL
cosA=-, cosA=-.
AB AC
Do d6 AN= AL
AB AC
Xet MNL va MBC c6: BAG chung, AN = AL nen M
AB AC
MNL ~ MBC(c.g.c).
b) Trang cac tam giac vuong ABN, BCL, AMC c6:
AN = AB. cos A, BL = BC. cos B, CM =CA. cos C.
Nhan ve v&i ve cua cac dang thCrc tren ta dU'Q'C dieu phai chCrng minh.
A

Ta c6:
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
AB +AC =(AH +HB )+(AH +HC )=2AH +HB +HC
8
~ = 2( AM
2
2 2
2AM + + MB 2 )
B
2 2 2 2 2 2
c._~---+------~
= 2( AH + HM + MB ) = 2AH + 2HM + 2MB .

Ta can chCrng minh HB 2 + HC 2 = 2HM 2 + 2MB 2 .

Do AB > AC nen HB > HC va H nam giCra C, M.
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
HB + HC = (MB + HM) + (MC- H_M) = (MB + HM) + (MB- HM) = 2(MB + HM ) (dpcm).
8U'ang tron tam 0, ban kfnh R (R > 0)
Ia h1nh g6m cac diem each diem 0
mot khoang bang R. Kf hi~u: (0; R).

Cho dU'ang tr6n (0; R) va diem M.

• M nam tren dU'ang tr6n (O;R)
<=> OM=R.
• M nam ngoai dU'ang tron (O;R)
<=>OM> R.
• M nam trong dU'ang tron (O;R)
<=>OM< R.

Qua ba diem khong thang hang, ta ve

dU'Q'C mot va chi mot dU'ang tron.
 8U'ang tron Ia hinh c6 tam doi x{Fng. Tam cua
dU'ang tron Ia tam doi xiJng cua dU'ang tron d6.
8U'ang tron Ia hinh c6 tr11c doi x{png. Bat k1
dU'ang kfnh nao cOng Ia tn,Jc doi xiJng cua
dU'ang tron.

Cho dU'ang tron c6 ban kfnh R va dU'ang kfnh d.

• 89 dai dU'ang tron (hay con 99i Ia chu vi) dU'qc tfnh
bang cong thLi'c:
C= 2TcR=1rd
• 89 dai cung tron: Tren dU'ang tron ban kfnh R, d9 dai
I cua m9t cung no dU'Q'C tfnh theo cong th(rc: I= ~Rg
8
• Di{fln tfch hlnh tron: S =nR 2•
• Di{fln tfch hlnh quc;tt tron: Tren dU'ang tron ban kfnh R,
cung no dU'Q'C tfnh theo cong th(rc:
2
n = /R
S= 1rR
360 2
(v&i /Ia d9 dai cung no cua hinh quc;tt tron).

Trong cac day cua dU'ang tron, day l&n nhat Ia

dU'ang kfnh.
Quan h~ vuong g6c giCPa dU'ang kfnh va day:
Trong mot dU'ang tron, dU'ang kfnh vuong g6c
v&i mot day thi di qua trung di~m cua day ay.
Trong mot dU'ang tron, dU'ang kfnh di qua
trung di~m cua mot day khong di qua tam thi
vuong g6c v&i day ay.

Trong mot dU'ang tron:

Hai day bang nhau thi each d~u tam.
Hai day each d~u tam thi bang nhau.
Trong hai day cua mot dU'ang tron:
Day nao l&n han thi day d6 gan tam hon.
Day nao gan tam han th i day d6 l&n hon.
Vi d~:~ 1: Cho dU'ang tron c6 ban kinh Ia 5 em. Tinh
a) chu vi va di~n tlch cua hinh tron.
b) d<) dai cung 60° cua m<)t dU'ang tron c6 ban kinh Ia 5 em.
c) di~n tich cua hinh qu9t tron c6 so
do cung Ia 30°.

Giai chi tiet

a) Chu vi hinh tron Ia: C = 2trR = 2tr.5 = 1Otr em.
2
Di~n tich hinh tron Ia: S = trR = tr.5 = 25tr em .
2

b) Ap dt.~ng cong there tinh d9 dai cung tron v&i n = 60°, R = 5 em, ta c6:
1 = trRn = tr.5.60 = 5tr (em).
180 180 3
c) Di~n tich cua hinh qu9t tron c6 so
do cung 30° Ia:
2
2
S = trR n = tr.5 .30 = 25tr (cm2).
360 360 12

Vi d~:~2: Tfnh chu vi cua hinh tron c6 d<) dai cung 30°la 5tr(cm).

Giai chi tiet

GQi RIa ban kinh dU'ang tron.
,. t , trR.30 trR R
Th eo ba1 ra a co: 5 tr= =-~ = 30 em.
180 6
Chu vi hinh tron Ia: c = 2trR = 2tr.30 = 60tr em.

Vi d~:~ 3: Bi~t di~n tich cai ban tron Ia 64tr ( dm 2). Tinh d9 dai cung 45° cua cai ban tron d6.

Giai chi tiet

GQi RIa ban kinh dU'ang tron.
Theo bai rata c6: 64tr = tr.R 2 ~ R = 8( dm ).
nA
uQ d'"
a1 cung 45o cua ,. b'an d'o I'a: I = trR.n = tr. 8 .4 5 = 2tr d m.
.. ca1
180 180
Vi dl:f Tinh di$n tich hlnh tron ngo~i tiep hlnh vuong c6 c~nh bang Scm.

Giiti chi tiet

8U'ang tron ngo~i tiep hlnh vuong ABCD c6 tam 0 Ia giao diem cua hai dU'ang chao.
Suy ra bfm kinh cua n6 Ia:

R = AC = -J AB 2 + BC 2 -J5 2 + 52 = s-J2 em.

2 2 2 2
Di$n tich hlnh tron ngo~i tiep hlnh vuong ABCD Ia:

S=~rR 2 =~r( 5~J = 2~~r(cm 2 ).

Vi dl:f M<)t chiec banh pizza c6 dU'ang kinh Ia 40 em. John n6i v&i chu quan Ia anh ta
muon an m<)t mieng banh c6 di$n tich h1nh qu~t tr6n Ia 1OOn- cm 2 • Bac d~u bep boi roi
khong biet cat nhU' the nao cho dung, b~n hay giup bac d~U bep de bac ay CO the phl)C
Vl) cho John, anh ta d6i lam roi.

Giai chi tiet

De xac djnh nen cat cai banh nhU' the nao, ta se xac djnh xem c~n cat cai banh m<)t g6c
baa nhieu d9 tt1 tam cua cai banh.
Ban k'mh cua
T .. ca1 b an h p1zza
T • .T ' R =40
Ia: - = 20 em.
2
2
Dien tich hlnh quat tr6n Ia 1OOn- cm 2 nen tt1 cong thlic S = n-R n .
. . 360
Suy ra n = S.360 = 1OOn-.360 = 90 _
n-R 2 n-.20 2
V~y bac d~u bep c~n cat cai banh tt1 tam m<)t g6c 90° thl se dung yeu c~u cua John.

Vi 1: Chling minh cac dinh If sau:

a) Tam cua dU'ang tr6n ngo~i tiep tam giac vuong Ia trung diem cua c~nh huy§n.
b) Neu m<)t tam giac c6 m<)t c~nh Ia dU'ang kinh cua dU'ang tron ngo~i tiep th1 tam giac
d6 Ia tam giac vuong.

Giai chi tiet

a) Gia sll' tam giac ABC vuong t~i A. Goi 0 Ia trung diem cua BC.

Suy ra OA = iac = OB = OC (tfnh ch~t !rung tuy€ln lmg v&i c<;~nh huy€m trong tam giac vu6ng).
Do d6, diem o each deu ba dinh A, B, c hay o chinh Ia tam dU'ang tron ngo~i tiep
V~y tam cua dU'ang tr6n ngo~i tiep tam giac vuong Ia trung diem cua c~nh huyen.
b) Gia sl1 dU'ang tron ( 0) dU'ang kinh BC ngo~i tiep tam giac
Ta c6 OA = OB = oc (vi cung Ia ban kin h)=> OA = OB = oc = !Bc.
2
Ma OA Ia dU'ang trung tuyen (rng v&i c~nh BC nen MBC vuong t~i A.
Nh~n xet
Neu cac tam giac vuong c6 chung Ct;Jnh huyen thi cac dlnh g6c vuong cua cac tam giac
vuong d6 cCmg thu¢c m¢t dU'&ng tron c6 tam Ia trung diem cua ct;Jnh huyen chung d6.

Vi d~:~ 2: Cho tam giac ABC vuong t~i A, diem D thuoc c~nh AB, diem E thuoc c~nh AC.
GQi M, N, P, Q lan IU'Q't Ia trung diem cua DE, DC, BC, BE. Ch(rng minh rang bon diem
M, N, P, Q cung thuoc mot dU'ang tron.

Phan tich d~ bid

De bai cho cac trung diem, ta nghi den vi~c ap dvng tinh ch§t dU'ang trung blnh de ch(rng
minh t(r giac MNPQ Ia hlnh blnh hanh. Ma MBC vuong t~i A nen ta se di ch(rng minh
MNPQ Ia hlnh chiJ' nh~t. A
Giai chi tiet
MN II EC
Ta c6: 1 (vl MN Ia dU'ang trung blnh cua 11DEC).
{ MN=-EC
2
PQ II EC c
8 p
Ta c6: 1 (vl MN Ia dU'ang trung blnh cua 11BEC).
{ PQ=-EC
2

S uy ra: MN II PQ => MNPQ I'a h'mh b'mh h'an h . (1)

{ MN=PQ

M~t khac QM II BD (do MQ Ia dU'ang trung blnh cua 11BDE) va

=> QiViN =BAG= 90°(g6c c6 c~nh tU'ang (rng song song). (2)
TLI' (1) va (2) suy ra MNPQ Ia hlnh chiJ' nh~t. Cac tam giac vuong QMN va QPN c6 chung
c~nh huyen QN nen bon diem M, N, P, Q cung thuoc mot dU'ang tron dU'ang kinh QN.

Vi d~:B 3: Cho hlnh thoi ABCD. 8U'6'ng trung trl)'c cua Cc;lnh AB c~t BD tc;li Eva c~t
AC tc;li F. Ch(rng minh E, F l§n IU'Q't Ia tam cua dU'ang tron ngo9i ti~p cac tam
giac ABC va ABO.

Phan tich d~ b~li

B
De ch(rng minh diem E Ia tam dU'ang tron ngo~i tiep MBC thl:
+ HU'&ng 1: Ch(rng minh MBC vuong va c6 E Ia
trung diem cua c~nh huyen. A ~-ttt---4t-~......-~-ttt--~C
+ HU'&ng 2: Ch(rng minh E Ia giao diem cua cac
dU'ang trung trl)'c cua MBC.
Gia thiet cho MBC Ia hlnh thoi nen kha nang MBC vuong se
khong xay ra. L~i c6 E thuoc dU'ang trung trl)'c cua c~nh AB nen E
ta c6 the ch(rng minh theo each 2.
TU'ang tV' v&i chLt'ng minh F Ia tam dU'ang tron ngo9i tiep tam giac MBD.
Giai chi tiet
GQi 0 = AC n BD. Vi ABCD Ia hinh thoi nen 0 Ia trung diem cua AC va BD .1 AC t9i 0.
=> BD Ia dU'ang trung trl)'c cua do9n A C.
Ma EF Ia dU'ang trung trl)'c cua AB (thea gia thiet) va EF n BD =E. Suy ra E Ia tam dU'ang
tron ngo9i tiep MBC.
ChLt'ng minh tU'ang tV', ta cOng c6 F Ia tam dU'ang tron ngo9i MBD.

· Vi d~:~4: Cho dU'ang tron ( 0) dU'ang kinh AB. Ve dU'ang tron (/) dU'ang kfnh OA. Ban kinh
OC cua dU'ang tron ( 0) cat dU'ang tron (/) t9i D. Ve CH .1 AB. ChLt'ng minh tLt' giac ACDH
Ia hinh thang can.

Phan tich de bai

ACDH Ia hinh thang can
--
c60AC=OCA

ACDH Ia hinh thang

DH II AC B
A

OH OD
OA OC

OH=OD
c6 OA=OC
MDO=~CHO

Giai chi tiet

Xet MOO va ~CHO c6: AiX5 = CHO = 90° (gia thiet).
-
A OD chung.
OA = oc (ban kinh dU'ang tron (0)).
=>MOO= ~CHO (c9nh huy~n- g6c nhQn) => OH = OD (hai c9nh tU'ang Lt'ng).
=> OH = OD => DH II AC (dinh If Ta-let dao) => ACDH Ia hinh thang. (1)
OA OC .
Ma 5AC = 6CA (do MOC can t9i 0). (2)
TCr (1) va (2) suy ra ACDH Ia hinh thang can.
Vi d~;~ 1: Cho dU'ang tron tam
o, ban kinh bang 5 em va day A8 = B em.
a) Tinh khoang each tCr o d~n A8.
b) Goi /Ia di~m thuoc day A8 sao cho AI= 1 em. Ke day CD di qua 1 va vuong
g6c v&i A8. Chll'ng minh CD= A8.

Giai chi ti~t

a) Ke OE 1_ A8 (E E A8), suy raE Ia trung diem cua A8

=> EB = EA = A = 4 em (quan h~ dU'Cmg kfnh va day eung).

8
2
Ap dvng dinh If Pitago trong tam giac vuong OE8, ta c6:
OE 2 + E8 2 = 08 2 :::> OE = .J082 - E8 2 = .J52 - 4 2 = 3 em. (1)
V~y khoimg each tll' o den A8 Ia 3 em.
D
b) Ta c6 IE= AE- AI= 4-1 = 3 em.
rna tll' giac OEIF Ia h1nh chCr nh~t nen OF= IE= 3 em. (2)
TCr (1) va (2) suy ra OE =OF hay khoang each tll' tam den hai day A8 va CD bang nhau.
==> A8 =CD (lien h~ khoang each ter tam den day).

Vi d~;~2: Cho dU'ang tron tam 0 dU'ang kinh A8, day CD khong cat dU'ang kinh A8.
GQi H, Klan IU'Q't Ia hinh chi~u vuong g6c cua A, 8 len CD.
Chll'ng minh CH = DK.

Giai chi ti~t

Ke OE 1_ CD (E E CD)==> E Ia trung diem cua CD (quan h~ dU'ang kfnh va day cung)
:::> EC = ED. ( 1)
Ta c6: AH II 8K (cung vuong g6c v&i CD) nen tll' giac AHK8
Ia h1nh thang.
Lc;1i c6 OE II AH II 8K va 0 Ia trung diem cua A8 nen OE Ia
~~a:.,g~~~g:~~h ella hi~~ thang AHKB=> E 18 trung di~m ella
0B
A\:P'
\ • . . / ~ K

TCr (1) va (2) suy ra CH = DK(dpcm). ·... . E ,

H C

Vi d~;~ 3: Cho dU'ang tron ( 0; R). Ve hai ban kfnh OA, 08. Tren cac ban kinh OA, 08 lan
IU'Q't l§y cac diem M, N sao cho OM= ON. Ve day CD di qua M, N (M a giCra c va N).
a) Chll'ng minh CM = DN.
--
b) Gia su A08 = 90°. Tinh OM theo R sao cho CM = MN = ND.
Giai chi tiet
a) Ke OH j_ CD (HE CD)~ HC = HD (quan h~ dU'ang kfnh va
day cung). (1)
Thea gia thi~t OM= ON nen b.OMN can tc;1i 0 ~ HM = HN. (2)
Lc;1i c6 CH = CM + MH; DH =ON+ NH. (3)
TCr (1 ), (2) va (3) suy ra CM =ON.
b) Gia slY CM = MN =NO. £)~t OH = x(x > 0). Ta c6: OM= xf2 (vi b.OMN vuong can);
MH = NH = x; HD = 3HN = 3x.
Ap dl,mg djnh If Pitago trong tam giac vuong HOD c6:
2
OH 2 + HD 2 = 00 2 <=> x 2 + (3x) = R 2 <=> 1Ox 2 = R 2 <=> x =_!!_~OM=!!__.
)10 J5

Cau 1: Xfch dc;1o Ia mot dU'ang tron l&n cua Trai Bat c6 do dai khoang 40 075 km. Hay tfnh ban
kfnh cua Trai Bat.
Cau 2: Tfnh di~n tfch hinh quc;1t tron c6 ban kfnh 20 em va s6 do cung Ia 30°.
Cau 3: Di~n trch hinh tron se thay doi nhU' th~ nao n~u tang ban kfnh len gap ba lan?
Cau 4: Bi~t chu vi hinh tron Ia 16;r cm.Tfnh di~n tfch hinh quc;1t tron c6 s6 do cung Ia 50°.
Cau 5: Mot may cay c6 hai banh xe sau l&n han hai banh xe trU'&c. Bi~t khi bam cang, banh
xe trU'&c c6 dU'ang kfnh 0,8 m, banh xe sau c6 dU'ang kfnh 1,5 m. Hoi banh xe sau lan dU'Q'C
16 vong thi banh xe trU'cYC lan dU'Q'C may vong?
c 5
Cau 6: Cho tLI' giac ABCD c6 + = 90°. Goi M, N, P, Q lan IU'Qt Ia trung diem cua AB, BD, DC
va CA. ChLI'ng minh rang b6n diem M, N, P, Q cung nam tren mot dU'ang tron.
Cau Cho hinh thai ABCD c6 A= 60°. Goi E, F, G, H lan IU'Q't Ia trung diem cua cac cc;1nh
AB, BC, CD, DA. ChLI'ng minh 6 diem E, F, G, H, B, D cung nam tren mot dU'ang tron.
Cau 8: Cho hinh thang ABCD (AB II CD, AB <CD) c6 C= 0 = 60°, CD= 2AD. ChLI'ng minh
4 diem A, B, C, D cung thuoc mot dU'ang tron.
Cau 9: Cho tam giac ABC c6 cac dU'ang cao BH va CK.
a) ChLI'ng minh: B, K, H va C cung nam tren mot dU'ang tron. Xac djnh tam dU'ang tron d6.
b) So sanh KHva BC.
Cau 10: Cho dU'ang tron (O; R), c6 AB Ia dU'ong kfnh, H Ia trung diem cua OB. Ve day CD
vuong g6c v&i AB tc;1i H, K Ia trung diem cua AC va /Ia diem d6i xLI'ng cua A qua H.
ChLI'ng minh:
a) B6n diem C, H, 0, K cung thuoc m(>t dU'ang tron.
b) ADIC Ia hinh thai. Tfnh di~n tfch thea R.
Cau 11: Cho dU'ang tron ( 0; R) c6 hai day AB, CD bang nhau va vuong g6c v&i nhau tc;1i /. Gia
SLP /A= 2 em, 18 = 4 em. Tfnh khoang each tCr tam 0 d~n moi day.
1 Cho dU'ang tron (0; R) dU'ang kfnh AB. GQi M, N lan IU'Q't Ia trung diem cua OA, 08.
QuaM, N lan IU'Q't ve cac day CD va EF song song v&i nhau (C va E cung nam tren mot niYa
dU'ang tron dU'ang kfnh AB).
a) ChLI'ng minh tLI' giac CDFE Ia hinh chC!' nh~t.
b) Gia sll' CD va EF cung t~o v&i AB m()t g6c nhQn 30°. Tinh di~n tich h1nh chCP
nh~t CDFE.
 1
£>ap so: R ~ 6378,1 km.

cau2
,
£) ap £..
so: S=1OOn-
-- ( em ) .
2

Cau3
TCr c6ng thCrc tinh di~n tich h1nh tron S = trR 2 , suy ra neu ban kfnh tang len gap 3 lan th1
di~n tich h1nh tron se tang len g lan.

cau4
8
88p s6: R=8(cm),S= ~"' (cm 2 ).
caus
Banh xe lan dU'Q'c m<)t vong nghTa Ia n6 da di dU'Q'c m<)t d<) dai bang chu vi cua banh xe.
Chu vi cua banh xe trU'&c Ia: C1 = n-d = 0,8n- m.
Chu vi banh xe sau Ia: C2 = n-d = 1,5n- m.
Banh xe sau Ian dU'Q'c 16 vong nghia Ia n6 da di dU'Q'c quang dU'ang: s = 1, 5tr.16 = 24tr m.
24
Khi d6 banh xe trU'&c se lan dU'Q'C so vong Ia: tr = 30 (vong).
0,87r

cau 6
GQi 1=DAn ca. Theo gia thiet + = goo~ c B J5iC = goo.
Ta c6 MN II PQ (v1 cung song song v&i AD).

Va MN=PQ( =~AD}
D e.----~------=iilllill8 C
Suy ra MNPQ Ia h1nh b1nh hanh. P
Lc;1i c6 MN II AD, MQ II BC nen f\iMQ = J5iC
=goo (g6c c6 cc;1nh tU'ang Crng song song).
Do d6 MNPQ Ia h1nh chCP nh~t. V~y bon diem M, N, P, Q cung thu<)c dU'erng tron dU'ang
kfnh NQ.

cau7 B

De dang chCrng minh dU'Q'C ter giac EFGH Ia h1nh chCP nh~t.
GQi O=ACnBD.
OE II AD (v1 OE Ia dU'ang trung b1nh cua cua ~BD)
~ 6EB =DAB= 60° (dong vi). (1)
Ta c6 E, o, G thang hang (theo tien de 0-clit, OE va OG
cung song song v&i AD). D

M~t kh8c, OE =~AD, OG =~BCva OE = OG hay 018 !rung di~m ella EG.
Suy ra o Ia tam dU'ang tron ngo9i tiep h1nh chCP nh~t EFGH.
Lai c6: EB
. 2 AD ma AB =AD~ OE = EB ~ b.OEB
= _!_2 AB·, OE = 2 can tai
. (2)

TCP (1) va (2) suy ra b.OEB deu ~ OE = OB ~ B thuoc dU'ang tron (0).
TU'ang tl,.l' c6 D thu9c dU'ong tron ( 0).
V~y 6 diem E, F, G, H, B, D cung thuoc dU'ang tron ( 0).

G<;>i /Ia trung diem cua CD. Theo gia thiet suy ra 10 = IC =AD~ b./AD can t9i D.
MaD=60onenl)./ADdeu~IA=ID=IC. (1) ~ooAB
~ MCD vuong t9i A~ 5AC =90°.
L9i c6 MCO = b.BOC ( c.g.c ).
~ Cai5 = 5AC = goo ~ b.BCD vuong t9i B. 0
1 c
Ma c6 /B Ia dU'ang trung tuyen Ll'ng v&i c9nh huyen CD nen IB = IC = 10. (2)
TCP (1) va (2) suy ra /A= IB = IC = ID hay 4 diem A, B, C, D cung thuoc mot dU'ang tron
tam I.
A

a) De
th§y b.BHC va b.BCK Ia hai tam giac c6 chung c9nh huyen
BC nen bon diem B, C, H, K cung thuoc dU'ang tron tam /Ia
trung diem cua BC.
b) BC va HK lan IU'Q't Ia dU'ong kinh va day cung cua dU'ong tron (/).
B .__---e---"""c
Do d6 HK <BC.

a) VI K Ia trung diem cua AC nen OK .1_ AC (quan h~

dU'ang kinh va day cung).
b.COK va b.COH Ia hai tam giac vuong chung c9nh A jL:__...-:~-t.J--r--::;7"'
huyen CO nen 4 diem C, H, 0, K cung thuoc mot dU'ang
tron dU'ang kinh co.
b) TLI' giac AOIC c6 hai dU'ong cheo vuong g6c v&i nhau
t9i trung diem cua moi dU'ong nen AD/CIa h1nh thoi.
1
~ SAD/C
= 2SACD = 2.-.AH.CD = AH.CO.
2
= 2~R 2 -
2
3
M8 AH = R; CD= 2CH = 2.JOC 2 - OH 2 R = R.J3.
2 4
~ SADIC = 3R .R-J3 = 3R2J3.
2 2
 A

Ta c6: AB =/A+ JB = 6 em. DoH Ia trung diem cua AB nen AH = 3 em.

L9i c6/H = AH- AI= 1em=> OK= IH = 1 em (do OHIK Ia hinh chll' nh~t).
Do hai day AB va co bang nhau nen OH =OK= 1 em.

c
D

a) Ke OH j_ CD(H E CO)=> CH = DH (quan h$ dU'ang kinh va

day cung).
Gc;>i K = OH n EF. Do b. OHM = b.OKN => OH =OK=> CD= EF A._.......-~~--~,....-........,__. B
(lien h$ khoang each tll' tam d~n day).
Ma co II EF nen suy ra CDFE Ia hinh binh han h.
b.HOD = b.KOE => D, 0, E thang hang.
=> CDEF Ia hinh chll' nh~t. E

b) Ta c6 OM= R; OC = R. Trong tam giac vuong HMO c6:

2
- R R
HMO= 30°; OH =OM. sin 30° =-=>OF= HK = 20H = - .
4 2
Ap dvng dinh li Pitago trong tam giac vuong CHO c6:
OH 2 + CH 2 = OC 2 => CH = .JOC2 - OH 2 = ~R 2 - R = RJ15 =>CD= 2CH = RJ15.
2

16 4 2
V~y di$n _tich hinh chll' nh~t CDFE Ia: ScoFE = CD.DF = RJ15. R = R
2
J15.
2 2 4
8U'ang thang d(O;d) < R d
2
va dU'ang tron
c~t nhau H

d dU'Q'C gQi Ia cat tuyen

cua dU'ang tron (0).

8U'ang thang
va dU'ang tron 1 d(O;d) = R
tiep xuc nhau M

d gQi Ia tiep tuyen cua (0)

va M Ia tiep diem.

DU'ang thang 0
va dU'ang tron 0 d(O;d) > R
kh6ng c~t nhau
 d

• Neu mot dU'ang thang Ia tiep tuyen cua MA va MB Ia hai tiep tuyen cua dU'ang
mot dU'ang trc>n th l n6 vuong g6c v&i ban
kfnh di qua tiep diem d6.
tron (0). Khi d6: ~~A=!!_B
• Neu mot dU'ang thang di qua mot diem M1=M2
cua dU'ang tron va vuong g6c v&i ban kfnh _.......__ _.......__

di qua diem d6 thl dU'ang thang ay Ia mot 03 =04

tiep tuyen cua dU'ang tron.

A
DU'ang tron tiep xuc
v&i mot cc;tnh cua mot
tam giac va tiep xuc
B D C v&i cac ph~n keo dai
DU'ang tron tiep xuc v&i ba cc;tnh cua mot cua hai Cc;tnh kia dU'Q'C
tam giac dU'Q'c goi Ia dwung tron ni)i tiep goi Ia dwung tron
tam giac, con tam giac dU'Q'C gQi Ia ngof}i bang tiep tam giac.
tiep dU'ang tron. Moi tam giac, c6 ba
Tam cua dU'ang tron noi tiep tam giac Ia dU'ang tron bang tiep.
giao diem cua cac dU'ang phan giac cac
g6c trong tam giac.

D
 h9a tuyen chung

Hai dU'ang tron

cat nhau
B

Tinh chat: 00' Ia co 2 tiep tuyen

trung trl)'C cua day AB chung ngoai

Hai dU'ang tron Tinh chat: ti~p diem

ti~p xuc nhau nam tren dU'ang noi tam.
A

+ Tiep xuc ngoai OO'=R+r 0

C6 2 tiep tuyen chung
ngoai va 1 tiep tuyen
1 A nam trong doc;m 00'. chung trong.

---A
______L
+ Tiep xuc trong OO'=R-r 0 0'
0 0'

I
Chi c6 1 tiep tuyen
A nam ngoai doc;tn 00'. chung.

Hai dU'ang tron

khong giao nhau

+ angoai nhau OO'>R+r

C6 2 ti~p tuyen chung
ngoai va 2 tiep tuyen
0 chung trong.

+ (OJ avng (O') OO'<R-r Ill.

Khong c6 tiep
0 0' tuyen chung.
 De chll'ng minh dU'ang thang d Ia ti~p tuy~n cua dU'ang tron
(0; R):
• each 1: ChLI'ng minh khoang each tll' tam 0 d~n dU'<Yng
thang d bang ban kfnh R.
• each Xac dinh giao diem M = d n (0). M
ChLI'ng minh d .l OM.

Vi 1: Cho dU'ang tron (0; 12 em) va diem M each 0 mot khoang bang 20 em. Ke ti~p
tuy~n MA (A Ia ti~p diem) va ke day AB vuong g6c v&i OM. ChLI'ng minh MB Ia ti~p tuy~n
cua dU'ang tron ( 0).

Phan tich de bili

MB Ia ti~p tuy~n cua dU'ang tron ( 0)

OB.lBM

-
O BM=goo

-- OBM=OAM
Giili chi tiet
GQi H =OM nAB. Xet 110AH va 110BH c6: OA = OB (ban kfnh dU'ang tron (0));
6HA = 6HB =goo (gia thi~t);
OHchung.
Suy ra 110AH = 110BH (c9nh huyen- c9nh g6c vuong) => HA = HB (hai c9nh tU'ang Ll'ng).
Tam giac MAB c6 MH vll'a Ia dU'ang cao dong thai Ia dU'ang trung tuy~n nen 11MAB can
A
t9i M => = ~ (hai g6c a day).
L9i c6 110AB can t9i 0 nen A;= B;. Khi d6 MaO=~+ B; =A+ A;= 6A7Vi =goo.
Suy ra OB .l BM. V~y MB Ia ti~p tuy~n cua dU'ang tron ( 0).

Vi 2: Cho tam giac ABC c6 hai dU'ang cao BD va CE cat nhau t9i H.
a) ChLI'ng minh rang bon diem A, D, H, E cung nam tren mot dU'ang tron (gQi tam cua
nola 0).
b) GQi M Ia trung diem cua BC. ChLI'ng minh rang ME Ia ti~p tuy~n cua dU'ang tron ( 0).
Phan tich de bili
a) Th~y ngay hai tam giac AEH va ADH Ia hai tam giac vuong c6 chung c9nh huy~n
nen b6n cfiem A, D, H, E cung n~m tren dU'<Yng tron dU'ang kinh AH.
A
b) EM Ia tiep tuyen cua (0)
i"~:,
/

ill

{J~
-
O EM=90°

--
AEO=CEM

--
EAO=ECB 8
F M
c
Giai chi ti~t
a) GQi 0 Ia trung diem cua AH.
Thea gia thiet MEH va MDH Ia cac tam giac vuong c6 chung c~nh huyen AH nen bon
diem A, D, H, E cung nam tren dU'ang tron ( 0) dU'ang kfnh AH.
b) Xet tam giac OAE c6 OE = OA nen L10AE can tc;ti o ~ 6AE = 6EA. (1)
TU'ang tl! L1MEC can tc;ti M nen MEG = 1\iCE. (2)
GQi F =AH nBC~ AF l.BC.
EcB = BAF (vi cung phv v&i ABF ).
Lc;ti c6: (3)
iViEC = JfEO.
TLI' (1 ), (2) va (3) suy ra
Ta c6: OEM= 6ER +HEM= 6ER +FD =AEFI =90°.
Vfl,y ME Ia tiep tuyen cua dU'ang tron ( 0).

Vi d~;~3: Cho dU'ang tron (0; R) dU'ang kfnh AB. Qua Ava B ve lan IU'Q't hai tiep tuyen (d)
va (d'). M()t dU'ang thang qua 0 cat dU'ang thang (d) aM va (d') a P. Tu 0 ke tia Ox
vuong g6c v&i MP va cat (d') aN.
a) Chung minh OM= OP va llNMP can.
b) Chung minh MN Ia tiep tuyen cua ( 0).
c) Chung minhAM.BN = R 2 •
d) Tim vi trf cua M de di~n Uch tu giac AMNB Ia nh6 nhat.
I Vinh - Vinh - 2018)

Phan tich de bai d

a) De chung minh hai do~n thang bang nhau, thong thU'ang
chung ta chung minh qua hai tam giac bang nhau. Khi d6 L1NMP
can vl c6 OM = OP va ON l. MP.
01
b) MN tiep xuc v&i ( 0) tc;ti I {MN l. .
0/=R
MOM .....
,...----
c) AM.BN = R 2 AM.BN = OA.OB MMO- L1BON
llBON p
d) Nh$n thay ABNM Ia hlnh thang vuong, nen
( NB + MA) .AB ( M/ + Nl) .AB MN.AB
SAMNB = = = .
2 2 2
Do v$y sAMNa nho nhat ~ MN nho nhat hay AMNB Ia hlnh chCP nh$t.

a) Xet MOM va 11BOP c6: NiA6 = Pa6 =goo (tinh chat tiep tuyen);
OA = OB (ban kinh dU'ang tron (0));
P:OM = BOP (doi dinh ).
=>MOM= 11BOP(g.c.g) =>OM= OP (hai c~nh tU'ang Ll'ng).
Xet 11MNP c6: OM= OP (theo chll'ng minh tren) va ON .1 MP. Suy ra ON Ia trung tuyen,
dong thai Ia dU'ang cao cua 11MNP nen 11MNP can t~i N.
b) Ke 01 .1 MN t~i 1. Vl11MNP can t~i N nen 6Mi
= 6PB (hai g6c day). a
Xet 110M/ va 110PB c6: 6iM =OafS= goo;
OM= OP (chll'ng minh tren);
6Mi = 6PB (chll'ng minh tren).
=>110M/= 110PB (c~nh huyen- g6c nhon) => 01 = 08 = R (hai c~nh tU'ang Ll'ng).
VI 0/ .1 MN t~i I va 0/ = R nen MN Ia tiep tuyen cua ( 0; R) t~i /.
c) Xet MMO va 11BON c6: NiA6 = NB6 =goo (tinh chat tiep tuyen);
AM6 =BoN (cung phl) v&i hai g6c ADM, BOP bang nhau).
AM AO ,
=> MMO ~ 11BON(g.g) => BO = BN => AM.BN = AO;BO = R (v1 OA = 08 = R).
2

V$y AM.BN = R 2 •
d) Ta c6: MA .1 AB va NB .1 AB (tinh chat tiep tuyen). Do d6 MA II NB hay AMNB Ia hlnh
A (NB + MA).AB
thang vuong => S AMNa = .
2
M~t khac: AM= Ml va BN = Nl (tinh chat hai tiep tuyen cat nhau)
( M/ + Nl) .AB MN.AB
=> SAMNB = = .
2 2
Ma AB = 2R co dinh nen sAMNa nho nhat ~ MN nho nhat ~ MN II AB hay AMNB Ia hlnh
2
chCP nh$t ~ MN = 2R. Khi d6 S AMNa = 2R .
V$y de di~n tich tll' giac AMNB nho nhat thl MN II AB va AM= R.

Vi Cho dU'ang tron ( 0; R) va diem A nam ngoai dU'ang tron. Tti A ke tiep tuyen AE
den dU'ang tron (0) (v&i E Ia tiep diem). Ve day EH vu6ng g6c v&i AO t~i M.
a) Cho biet ban kfnh R =Scm, OM 3cm. Tfnh d9 dai day EH.
b) Chll'ng minh AH Ia tiep tuyen cua dU'ang tron ( 0).
c) 8U'ang thang qua 0 vu6ng g6c v&i OA cat AH t~i B. Ve tiep tuyen BF v&i dU'ang
tron ( 0) (F Ia tiep diem). Chll'ng minh ba diem E, 0, F thang hang va BF.AE = R 2 •
d) Tren tia HB lay diem I (I =t:- B), qua I ve tiep tuyen thll' hai v&i dU'ang tron (0) cat
cac dU'ang thang BF, AE lan IU'Q't t~i C va D. Ve dU'ang thang IF cat AE t~i Q.
Chll'ng minh AE DQ.
(HK I TCP Liem - Ha NC;>i nam hQC
Phan tich d~ b~d
a) Theo quan h$ dU'ang kinh va day cung ta c6 EH = 2EM. Do vf}.y, ta c~n tinh d9 dai cua EM.
b) AH Ia tiep tuyen cua dU'ang tron ( 0) ¢::> AH .l OH.
c) C6 rat nhieu each de chll'ng minh ba diem thang hang, nhU'ng trong bai nay c6 cac tiep
tuyen cat nhau nen ta vf}.n dvng dU'Q'C tfnh chat cua hai tiep tuyen cat nhau.
Ta c6: EoA = HoA va BoF =BaR. Do vf}.y, ta se chll'ng minh ba diem E, 0, F thang
hang bang each chll'ng minh Eat= = 180°.
L~i theo tinh chat cua hai tiep tuyen cat nhau, c6: FB = BH, EA = HA. Ma BH, HA d6ng vai
tr6 Ia h1nh chieu cua c~nh g6c vuong len c~nh huyen nen BH.HA = OH 2 .
chi ti~t
a) Theo gia thiet, EH .lOA t~i M nen MIa trung diem cua
EH (quan h$ dU'ang kinh va day cung).
:=>EH=2EM.
Ap dvng djnh li Pitago trong tam giac OEM c6:
OM 2 + EM 2 = OE 2 =>EM= .JOE 2 - OM 2 = ~r-52---3-2 = 4 em
=> EH = 2EM = 8 em.
VE}.y de) dai day EH Ia 8 em.
b) MEH can t~i A v1 c6 AM vera Ia dU'ang cao, dong thai Ia dU'ang trung tuyen. B
:=>AE=AH.
Xet !10EA va !10HA c6: OE = OH (ban kinh dU'ang tron (0));
AE = AH (chll'ng minh tren);
OA chung.
=> 110EA = 110HA( c.c.c) => 6HA = 6EA = 90° (hai g6c tU'ang Ll'ng).
Hay AH .l OH. Vf}.y AH Ia tiep tuyen cua dU'ang tron (0).
c) Ta thay B Ia giao cua hai tiep tuyen BH va BF nen 8oF =BaR.
L~i c6 EoA = HoA nen f!JA +Aoa + BoF 2(AOR
= +BaR) =180°.
TLI'c Ia ba diem E, o, F thang hang.
Theo tinh chat cua hai tiep tuyen cat nhau, ta c6: FB = BH, EA = HA.
Ap dvng h$ thll'c IU'Q'ng trong tam giac vuong OAB ta c6: BH.HA = OH 2 •
VE}.y BF.AE = R 2 . (1)
d) Ta c6 BF II AQ (vi cung vuong g6c v&i EF).

BF = IF = CF => BF = AQ (*).
AQ IQ QD CF DQ
De dang chll'ng minh dU'Q'C !1COD vuong t~i o.
Ap dvng h$ thll'c IU'Q'ng trong tam giac vuong COD, L----=::::~-::-~-t--:VF
v&i OK Ia dU'ang cao, ta c6: OK 2 = DK.CK. Q
Ma DE, DK Ia cac tiep tuyen cua ( 0) cat nhau t~i D
nen DE=DK.
TU'ang h)', CK = CF. B
=> OK 2 = CF.DE ¢::> CF.DE = R 2 (2).

TCr (1) va (2) suy ra: CF.DE AE.BF ¢::> BF = DE (**)

CF AE
TCr (*) va (**) suy ra: AQ = DE ¢::> AQ- DQ = DE- AE ¢::> AD = AD ¢::> AE = DQ.
DQ AE DQ AE DQ AE
Vi diJ 1: Cho hai dU'ang tron ( 0; R) va ( 0'; R') tiep xuc ngoai t9i A. 8U'ang noi tam 00'
cat (0), (0') lan IU'Q't t9i B, C. Day DE cua (0) vuong g6c v&i BC t9i trung diem K cua BC.
a) Chll'ng minh BDCE Ia hinh thoi.
b) Goi /Ia giao diem cua EC va (0'). Chll'ng minh D, A, 1thang hang.
c) Chll'ng minh K/la tiep tuyen cua ( 0').

Phan tich de bai

c) K/la tiep tuyen cua ( 0')

K/.l/0'

-----
c6 AIC =goo
"' ,..
/2 = /1
Giai chi tiet
a) Vi BC vuong g6c v&i dU'ang thang DE nen DK = EK (quan h~ dU'ang kfnh va day cung).
Ma BK = CK (gia thiet), do d6 tll' giac BDCE Ia hinh binh hanh, l9i c6 BC .l DE nem BDCE
Ia hinh thoi.
b) Vi tam giac BDA n9i tiep dU'ang tron ( 0) c6 BA Ia dU'ang kfnh nen b.BDA vuong t9i D.
GQi I' Ia giao diem cua DA v&i CE thi lfliC =goo (vi sole trong v&i Bi5A).
(1)
L9i c6 MIG vuong t9i I (MIG n9i tiep dU'ang tron (0') c6 AC Ia dU'ang kfnh}
-----
:::> AIC =goo. (2)
TCr (1) va (2) suy ra I=/'. V~y D, A, 1thang hang.
c)~ 11D~vuong t9i I c61K Ia trung tuyen ll'ng v&i c9nh huyen DE nen KD = Kl = KE.
:::> 0 1 = AIK. (3)
L9i c6 ~ = ~ (cung ph() v&i iSEC). (4)
----- ,..
C1 = /1 (vi /0' =CO' Ia ban kfnh cua dU'ang tron (0')). (5)
TCr (3),(4),(5) suy ra ~ = ~ ==> ~ +~=~+~=goo hay KiCi' =goo. Do d6 Kl vuong g6c v&i
ban kfnh 0'/ cua dU'ang tron ( 0'). V~y K/la tiep tuyen cua dU'ang tron ( 0').
_,,,,,,,~,, ' ,_,_,,,,

Vi diJ 2: Cho hai dU'ang tron (01;R1 ), (02 ;R2 ) cat nhau t9i H va K, dU'ang thang 0 1H cat
(01 ) t9i A, cat (OJ t9i B, 0 2 H cat (01 )tC:li C, cat (02 } t9i D. Chll'ng minh ba dU'ang thang
AC, BD, HK dong quy t9i mot diem.
Ghii chi tiet E
GQi giao diem cua AC v&i BO Ia E. Cac tam giac ACH,
AKH n<)i tiep dU'ang tron ( 0 1 ) c6 c9nh HA Ia dU'ang
kfnh nen MCH vuong t9i C, MHK vuong t9i K.
Suy ra {DC j_ AE ( 1)
HK j_AK (2)
L9i c6 tam giac HDK va HOB n<)i tiep dU'ang tron ( 0 2 )
c6 c9nh HD Ia dU'ang kfnh nen !lHKD vuong t9i K,
!lHBD vuong t9i B.
Suy ra {HK j_ KD (3)
AB j_ DE (4)
TCr (2) va (3) suy ra A, K, o thang hang nen HK j_ AD (5)
TCr (1) va (4) suy ra H Ia trl)'c tam cua MED, do d6 EH j_ AD (6)
a
TCr (5) va (6) suy ra HE EK (vi qua H ngoai dU'ang thang AD chi ke dU'Q'C m<)t dU'ang
thang vuong g6c v&i AD).
VE}.y AC, BD, HK d6ng quy t9i E Ia giao diem cua AC va BO.

Vi dl} 3: Cho hai dU'ang tron ( 0) va ( 0') tiep xuc ngoai t9i /. Ke tiep tuyen chung ngoai
MN v&i M thu<)c ( O) va N thu<)c ( 0'). Goi P Ia diem doi xll'ng v&i M qua 00', Q Ia diem
doi xll'ng v&i N qua 00'. Chll'ng minh rang:
a) MNQP Ia hlnh thang can.
b) PQ Ia tiep tuyen chung cua hai dU'ang tron ( 0) va ( 0').
c) MN + PQ = MP + NQ.

Phan tich de bai

{
A4~Pia~nhthang
M
a) MNQP Ia hlnh thang can ~ _ ~ _

HMN=HPQ
b) PQ Ia tiep tuyen cua dU'ang tron ( 0)

PQj_OP

---
OPQ =90° p
TU'ang tl)' v&i chll'ng minh PQ Ia tiep tuyen cua dU'ang tron (0')
c) Ta thay MP va NQ Ia hai day cua hlnh thang MNQP nen tong MP + NQ gap 2 12m d<) dai
dU'ang trung binh cua hinh thang MNPQ. Dl)'ng Ia tiep tuyen chung trong cua hai dU'ang
tron. Ta chll'ng minh dU'Q'C EF Ia dU'ang trung blnh cua hinh thang MNPQ.
=>MP+NQ=2EF.
Ap d~:~ng tinh chat cua hai tiep tuyen cat nhau ta chll'ng minh dU'Q'C MN + PQ = 2EF.
chi
a) VIP doi xll'ng v&i M qua 00' (1) va Q doi xll'ng v&i N qua 00' (2) nen:
 {~~ ~ gg: => MP II NQ => MNQP 18 hinh !hang. (3)
L9i c6 H doi xling v&i H qua 00'. (4)
TCP (1 ), (2) va (4) suy ra HMN doi xling v&i FiPO qua 00' nen HMN = FiPO. (5)
TCP (3) va (5) suy ra MNPO Ia hinh thang can.
b) Vi P doi xling v&i M qua 00' nen P E ( 0). Khi d6 OM = OP nen ilOMP can t9i 0.
=> 6MR = OPR. (6)
TCP (5) va (6) suy ra FiPO + 6PR = HMN + 6MR = 6iliiN =goo=> OP j_ PO hay PO Ia tiep
tuyen cua dU'ang tron ( 0).
TU'ang tl! ta cOng c6 PO Ia tiep tuyen cua dU'ang tron ( 0').
V~y PO Ia tiep tuyen chung cua cua hai dU'ang tron (0) va (00').
c) Ta c6 (0) va (0') tiep xuc v&i nhau t9i /.Qua Ike tiep tuyen chung trong cua hai dU'ang tron.
Thea tinh ch~t cua hai tiep tuyen cat nhau ta c6: EM= El =EN; FP = Fl = FO.
Ta c6: MN +PO= EM+ EN +FP +FO = El + El +FI + Fl = 2(EI + Fl) = 2EF = MP +NO
(vi EF Ia dU'ang trung binh cua hinh thang MNOP).
V~y MN+PO=MP+NQ.

chu y
a cau c) cac em c6 the mac sai lam nhU' sau:
"Goi F lan IU'Q't Ia trung diem cua MN, PO. Suy ra EF Ia dU'ang trung b1nh cua h1nh
thang MNOP => EF II MP II NO=> EF j_ 00' => EF cOng Ia tiep tuyen chung cua hai
dU'ang tron."
Bai v1 ta ChU'a biet chac dU'Q'C EF co vu6ng g6c v&i ban kfnh cua (0) t9i mot diem thuoc
(0) hay kh6ng. TU'ang tV' v&i dU'ang tron (0').

1: Cho tam giac ABC vuong t9i A, dU'ang cao AH. Goi M, N lan IU'Q't Ia diem doi xling v&i
H qua AB, AC. E, D Ia h1nh chieu cua H len AB, AC. Chling minh rang MN Ia tiep tuyen cua
dU'ang tron dU'ang kfnh BC.
Cho dU'ang tron ( 0) dU'ang kfnh AB c6 Ax, By Ia 2 tia tiep tuyen cua ( 0) (Ax, By cung
nam tren nt:ra m~t phang ba Ia dU'ang thang AB). Tren Ax l~y diem C, tren By l~y diem D sao cho
Co5 = goo. Chling minh rang CD tiep xuc v&i dU'<Yng tron ( 0).
3: Cho dU'ang tron (0; R) dU'<Yng kfnh AB. Ve day AC sao cho CAB= 30~ Tren tia doi cua
tia BA, l~y diem M sao cho B Ia trung diem cua OM. Chling minh rang:
a) MC Ia tiep tuyen cua dU'<Yng tron (0).
b) MC 2 = 3R2 .
a
Cho tam giac ABC vuong A co AB = 8, A c = 15. Ve dU'ang cao AH. GQi D Ia diem
doi xling v&i B qua H. Ve dU'<Yng tron dU'ang kfnh CD, cat AC E.a
a) Chling minh rang HE Ia tiep tuyen cua dU'ang tron.
b) Tfnh do dai HE.
TCP mot diem M a ngoai dU'ang tron ( 0), ve hai tiep tuyen MA, MB v&i dU'ang tron. Tren
tia OB lay diem c sao cho BC = BO. Chling minh rang BMC = _!_ BMA.
2
 a
Tt1 mot diem A ngoai dU'ong tron (0; R), ve hai tiep tuyen AB, AC v&i dU'ong tron.
DU'ong thang vu6ng g6c v&i OB t9i 0 cat AC t9i N. DU'ong thang vu6ng g6c v&i OC t9i 0 cat
AB t9i M.
a) Chll'ng minh rang tll' giac AMON Ia h1nh thoi.
b) Diem A phai each diem 0 mot khoang bao nhieu de cho MN Ia tiep tuyen cua ( 0).
Cau Cho dU'ong tron ( 0; R) va mot diem A co djnh tren dU'ong tron d6. Qua A ve tiep tuyen
xy. Tt1 mot diem M tren xy ve tiep tuyen MB v&i dU'ang tron ( 0). Hai dU'ong cao AD va BE cua
tam giac MAB cat nhau t9i H.
a) Chll'ng minh rang ba diem M, H, 0 thang hang.
b) Chll'ng minh rang tll' giac AOBH Ia h1nh thoi.
c) Khi diem M di dong tren xy th1 diem H di dong tren dU'ong nao?
Cau 8: Cho tam giac deu ABC, o Ia trung diem cua BC. Tren cac c9nh AB, AC lan IU'Q't l§y cac
diem di dong D, E sao cho l50E = 60°.
a) Chll'ng minh rang BD. CE kh6ng doi.
b) Chll'ng minh !1BOD ~ !10ED. Tt1 d6 suy ra tia DO Ia tia ph an giac cua g6c BDE.
c) Ve dU'ong tron tam 0 tiep xuc v&i AB. Chll'ng minh rang dU'ong tron nay lu6n tiep xuc v&i DE.
Cau 9: Cho hai dU'ong tron (0) va (0') tiep xuc ngoai v&i nhau t9i B. Ve dU'ong kinh AB cua
dU'ong tron (0) va dU'ong kinh BC cua dU'ong tron (0'). 8U'ong tron dU'ong kinh OC cat (0) t9i
MvaN.
a) DU'ong thang CM cat (0') t9i P. Chll'ng minh: OM II BP.
b) TCP C ve dU'ong thang vu6ng g6c v&i CM cat tia ON t9i D. Chll'ng minh tam giac OCD Ia
tam giac can.
Cau 1 Cho hai dU'ong tron ( 0; R) va ( 0'; R') cat nhau t9i Ava B sao cho dU'ong thang OA Ia
tiep tuyen cua dU'ong tron (0'; R'). Biet OA = 12 em, 0' A= 5 em.
a) Chll'ng minh O'A Ia tiep tuyen cua dU'ong tron (O; R).
b) Tinh do dai cac do9n thang 00', AB.
11: Cho hai dU'ong tron dong tam ( O; R) va ( O; r). Day AB cua ( O; R) tiep xuc v&i ( O; r).
Tren tia AB l§y diem E sao cho B Ia trung diem cua do9n AE. Tt1 Eve tiep tuyen thll' hai cua
( 0; r) cat ( 0; R) t9i C va D (D & giCPa Eva C).
a) Chll'ng minh EA = EC.
b) Chll'ng minh EO vu6ng g6c v&i BD.
c) Diem E ch9y tren dU'ong nao khi day AB cua (O; R) thay doi nhlYng luon tiep xuc v&i (O; r)?
1 Cho dU'ong tron (0; R) va dU'ong thang d co djnh kh6ng cat dlYong tron. Tt1 mot diem
A b§t k1 tren dU'ong thang d ke tiep tuyen AB v&i dU'ong tron (B Ia tiep diem). TLI' B ke dlYong
thang vuong g6c v&i AO t9i H, tren tia doi cua tia HB l§y diem c sao cho H Ia trung diem cua BC
a) Chll'ng minh c thuoc dU'ong tron (0; R) va AC Ia tiep tuyen cua dU'ong tron (0; R).
b) Tt1 0 ke dU'ong thang vu6ng g6c v&i dU'ong thang d t9i /, 01 cat BC t9i K.
Chll'ng minh 0/.0K = R 2 •
c) Chll'ng minh khi A thay doi tren dU'ong thang d th1 dU'ong thang BC lu6n di qua mot diem
co djnh.
 1
· Ta c6: BMA = 8ME + 7filiiE = BHE + AHE =goo.
TU'ang ti,J' c6 ANC =goo.
-----
MAN= MAB ------- +BAG+
------- CAN= -----
------- 2BAC = 180°. M

=:::;. M,A,N thang hang.

GQi K Ia trung di~m cua BC. Xet tCr giac
BMNC c6 MB II NC (cung vu6ng g6c v&i MN)
nen BMNC Ia hinh thang.
Lc;=1i c6 AM= AH =AN (tinh ch~t d6i xCrng) nen A Ia trung di~m cua MN.
Suy ra KA Ia dU'ang trung binh cua hinh thang nen KA _i MN tc;=1i A. Do d6 MN Ia tiep tuyen
cua dU'<Yng tron dU'ang kfnh BC.

X
y
TLI' C ve tiep tuyen CD' cua dU'ang tron ( 0) (D' thu<)c
c
By) tiep xuc v&i ( 0) tc;=1i tiep di~m H.
Theo tfnh ch~t hai tiep tuyen cat nhau ta c6: OC Ia D
phan giac cua AoR va OD' Ia phan giac cua BaR. D'

Ma hai g6c AoR va BaR Ia hai g6c ke bu nen

-
COD' = goo. A ..--..---~;...___;-----1__. B
Ma theo gia thiet Cof5 =goo va D, D' deu thul;)c By nen
suy ra D' =D.
Vi CD' Ia tiep tuyen cua (0) nen CD cOng Ia tiep tuyen cua (0).

------ ------ ------

a) Ta c6: COB= GAO+ AGO= 2CAO ------- = 60°(g6c ngoai
cua ~AGO).
Suy ra ~COB Ia tam giac deu.
=:::;. CB = OB = BM =:::;. ~COM vu6ng tc;=1i C hay OM _1 OC.
V~y MC Ia tiep tuyen cua dU'ang tron (0).
b) Ap dl,mg djnh If Pita go trong tam giac vu6ng OMC c6:
2
OM 2 = OC + CM 2 =:::;. CM 2 = OM 2 - OC 2 = (2Rt- R 2 = 3R 2•

cau4
a) GQi 0 Ia trung di~m cua CD. A
Vi tam giac DEC c6 mot cc;=1nh DC Ia dU'ang kfnh cua
dU'ang tron (0) nen l5EC = goo.
Ke HF _l_ AC =:::;. BA II HF II ED=:::;. AF = EF
=:::;. MHE can tc;=1i H =:::;. FiAE =FlEA (hai g6c day).
~~
Ma HAE = ABH (vi cung phl) v&i HAB).
-
Suy ra FlEA = ABA.
M~t khac ta cung c6 6EC = 0cE(do ~EOC can tc;=1i 0).
TCr (1) va (2) ta c6 JfBR + :4CR = goo~ /fER+ goo~ FiEO =goo hay HK Ia tiep
CEO=
tuyen cua ( 0).
b) Ap dl,.mg djnh li Pitago trong tam giac vuong ABC ta dU'Q'C:
BC 2 =AB2 +AC 2 =8 2 +152 =28g~BC=17.
Ap dl)ng h$ th(rc IU'Q'ng trong tam giac vuong ABC ta dU'Q'C:
AH.BC = AB.AC ~ AH = AB.AC = 8.15 = 120.
BC 17 17
120
Do /).HAE can tai H nen HE = AH = .
. 17

5
Ta c6: ~ = M;_ (tfnh chat hai tiep tuyen cat nhau).
---- ----
M2 = M 3 (do /).CMO can t~i M) .
. . . -. . . . . . . -. . . ..--.... 1 -----
~M1 =M2 =M3 ="2AMB.

- 1-----
~BMC=-BMA.
2

a) De thay ON I I AM va OM II AN nen AMON Ia

hlnh blnh hanh .
. . .-. . -------- ~ ----- ...-.... . . .-. . . A
Ta c6: 0 1+ MON = 90°;04 + MON =goo~ 0 1 = 0 4 .
~ /).MBO = /).NCO(g.c.g) ~OM= ON.
V~y AMON Ia hlnh thoi.
b) GQi /Ia giao diem cua AO va MN. Vl AMON Ia
hlnh thoi nen /Ia trung diem cua OA va MN .1 OA.
Do d6 MN Ia tiep tuyen cua (0) <=>I thu(>c dU'ang tron (0) <=> OA = 201 = 2R.

7
a) H Ia trl;l'c tam cua tam giac AMB nen MH .1 AB.
Ma MO .1 AB (tfnh chat hai tiep tuyen cat nhau) nen
ba diem M, H, o thang hang. M
b) ABOH Ia hlnh blnh hanh v1 c6 AH II OB, OA II BH.
L~i c6 AB .1 OH nen AOBH Ia hlnh thoi.

c) Vl AOBH Ia hlnh thai nen AH = OA = R (khong doi)

va A co dinh nen khi M di d(>ng tren xy thl diem H di
d(>ng tren dU'ang tron (A; R).

a) OOc Ia g6c ngoai cua tam giac BOD nen OOc = l5BO + Bi50 = 60° + Bi50. (1)
Ma OOc =DoE+ CoE = 60° + CoE. (2)
TCr (1) va (2) suy ra Bi50 = CoE.
2
Do d6 /).BOD~ /).CEO(g.g) ~ BD = OB ~ BD.CE = OC.OB = BC (khong doi).
CO CE 4
 ~BOD ~ ~CEO=> BD = OD <=> BD = CO <=> BD = OB A
b) CO OE OD OE OD OE
(v1 OB = OC).
Do d6 ~BOD~ ~OED(c.g.c).
c) Gia sll' AB tiep xuc v&i ( 0) t~i H, ke OK DE ( K DE).
Xet ~HDO va ~KDO ----
c6: DHO = DKO =goo
_l E

OD chung
----
HDO = KDO (chll'ng minh tren)
=> ~HDO = ~KDO (c~nh huyen- g6c nhon) =>OK= OH.
V~y dU'ang tron ( O) luon tiep xuc v&i DE.

a) De thay hai tam giac BPC va OMC lan IU'Q't vuong

t~i P va M. Do d6 BP _l PC, OM _l MC =>OM II BP.
b) GQi /Ia trung diem cua OC. Ta thay dU'ang tron
( 0) va (/) cat nhau t9i hai diem M va N nen MN _l 0/.
Ma ~MON can t9i o (v1 OM = ON) nen Of cOng Ia tia
phan giac cua g6c 1ViOiV =>Mol= Noi.
(1)
M~t khac OM II CD (cung vuong g6c v&i MC).
=>Mol= l5C6 (so le trong). (2)
TLI' (1) va (2) suy ra Noi = l5C6 =>~DOC can t9i D.

a) V1 OA Ia tiep tuyen cua dU'ang tron (0'; R') nen

0' A _l OA => 0' A cOng Ia tiep tuyen cua dU'ang tron
(0; R).
b) Ap dl)ng dinh If Pitago trong tam giac vuong OAO'
ta tfnh dU'Q'C 00' = 13 em.
Ap dl)ng h~ thll'c IU'Q'ng trong tam giac vuong OAO',
, 1 1 1 60
taco: - 2 = - + - - =>AI=- em.
AI OA 2 O'A 2 13
Theo tfnh chat cua hai dU'ang tron cat nhau, ta c6
00' Ia trung trl)'c cua do~n thang AB.
120
=> AB = 2AI = em.
13

a) Ke OH _l AB(H E AB),OK _l CD(K E CD).

Ta c6 OH =OK (ban kfnh dU'ang tron ( 0; r) nen AB =DC (lien h~ khoang each tll' tam den

M8 HA = HB =~AB,KD =KG= ~DC (quan hi;i dll'Crng kinh va di\y cung)

nen HA = HB =OK = KG. ( 1)
EH va EK Ia hai tiep tuyen cua dU'ang tron (0; r) nen theo tfnh chat cua hai tiep tuyen cat
nhau ta c6: HE= EK. (2)
TLI' (1) va (2) ta c6: EH + HA = EK +KG<=> EA = EC (dpcm).
8
b) De thay E =ED=> 80 II HK.
EH EK
Ma OE l_ HK (tfnh chat hai tiep tuyen cat nhau) nen 80 l_ OE.
c) Ta c6 OH = r, 08 = R. Ta tfnh dU'Q'C H8 = ~R 2 - r2•
2 2
E8 = A8 = 28H => EH = 38H = 3-jR -r •
OE = ~ EH + OH = ~9 (R = ~9R 2 -
2 2 2 2 2 2
- r ) +r 8r (kh6ng doi).
Do 0 co dinh nen E lu6n ch~y tren dU'ang tron ( 0; ~9R 2 - 8r
2
).

a) !1H80 = 11HCO( c.g.c) => 08 = OC

=> C thu()c dU'ang tron (0; R). d
M80 = MCO(c.g.c) =>ABO= AGO =90°
=> AC l_ CO. V~y AC Ia tiep tuyen cua (0; R).
b) Ta c6:
!10HK- !10JA => OH
= OK => OH.OA = OJ.OK.
OJ OA A
M80 vu6ng t~i 8 c6 BH l_ OA nen
08 2 = OH.OA => OH.OA = R 2 •
Do d6 OH.OA = 0/.0K = R 2 •
2
c) Thea cau b) ta c6: OJ.OK = R 2 =>OK= R kh6ng doi.
OJ
Ma K thu()c OJ co dinh nen K c6 din h.
V~y khi A thay doi tren dU'ang thang d thi dU'ang thang 8C luon di qua diem K co din h.
GOC 6'TAM GOC N01 TIEP GOC TAO BCYI GOC CO BfNH 6' SO SANH HAl CUNG.
TIA TIEP TUYEN BEN TRONG HOAC LIEN HI; GIO'A CUNG
VA DAY CUNG BEN NGOAI VA DAY
8U'ONG TRON

G6c BoG c6 dinh 0 trung v&i tam

dU'ang tron dU'Q'C gQi Ia g6c & tam.
Cung BC nam ben trong g6c dU'Q'C
gQi Ia cung bi chan.
Chu y: G6c bE?t chan nll'a dU'ang tron.
BOG= sd Be(s6 do cua cung nh6
bang s6 do cua g6c & tam chan
cung d6).

G6c BACc6 dinh A nam tren dU'ang

tron va hai cc;mh AB, AC Ia hai day
cung dU'Q'c gQi Ia g6c ni)i tiep.
Cung BC nam ben trong dU'Q'C gQi Ia
cung bi chan.
-- 1 ----- ,
BAG=- sd BC (so do cua g6c
2
n(>i titJp bang n&a s6 do cua cung
chan).

~ Tinh chat: Trong mot dU'ang tron:

• Cac g6c noi tiep bang nhau th1 chan cac cung bang nhau.
• Cac g6c noi tiep cung chan mot cung ho~c chan cac cung bang nhau th1 bang nhau.
• G6c noi tiep (nho han ho~c bang 90°) c6 so do bang nll'a so
do cua g6c tam cung a
chan mot cung.
• G6c noi tiep chan nll'a dU'ang tron Ia g6c vu6ng.

D
 G6c BAX ho~cBAY c6 dlnh Ia tiep diem, mot C9nh Ia tia
tiep tuyen va c9nh con l9i Ia day cung dU'Q'c goi Ia
b&i tia tiep
Cung AB dU'Q'c goi Ia bi chan.
BAX = ~ sd Aa (s6 do ella g6c tgo b&i tilip tuylin va diiy
cung bang n&a so
do cua cung bj chan).
Tfnh ch~t: Trang mot dU'ang tron, g6c t9o bai tia tiep
tuyen va day cung va g6c noi tiep cung chan mot cung th 1
bang nhau.

G6c .8Mbc6 dlnh M nam trong dU'ang tron (0),

dU'Q'C gQi Ia g6c c6 dinh iY ben trong tron.
G6c 8Mb chan hai cung E3rii5 va Arne.
------ 1 .....-..... --...
BMD=- (sd BnD + sd AmC).
2
(sodo cua g6c c6 dlnh & ben trong dU'&ng tron
bang n&a tong so
do hai cung bi chan)

G6c 8Ei5c6 dlnh E nam ngoai dU'ang tron (0),

dU'Q'c goi Ia g6c ngoai lrfl. --., ..
G6c 8Ei5 chan hai cung E3rii5 va Arne.
------ 1 .....-..... ....-......
BED=- (sd BnD -sd AmC).
, 2
(so do cua g6c c6 dlnh & ben trong dU'&ng tron
bang n&a hi~u so
do hai cung bj chan)

N~u CIa m()t diem nam tren cung AB thl
sd AB =Sd AC + sd Ca.
V&i hai cung nh6 trong m()t dU'ang tron
hay trong hai dU'ang tron bang nhau:
• Cung l&n han cang day l&n han.
Day l&n han cang cung l&n han.
Trong m()t dU'ang tron hay hai dU'ang tron
bang nhau:
• Hai cung dU'Q'C gQi Ia bang nhau n~u
chung c6 so do bang nhau.
Trong hai cung, cung nao c6 so do l&n
han dU'Q'C gQi Ia cung l&n han.
V&i hai cung nh6 trong m()t dU'6'ng tron hay
trong hai dU'ang tron bang nhau:
Hai cung bang nhau cang hai day bang
nhau.
• Hai day bang nhau cang hai cung bang
nhau.
• Trong m()t dU'ang tron, hai cung bi chan
giCra hai day song song thl bang nhau.
Trong m()t dU'ang tron, dU'ang kinh di qua
diem chinh giCra cua m()t cung thl di qua
trung diem cua day cang cung ay.
Trong m()t dU'ang tron, dU'ang kinh di qua
trung diem cua m()t day (khong di qua tam)
thl di qua diem chinh giCI'a cua cung bi cang
b&i day ay.
• Trong m()t dU'ang tron, dU'6'ng kinh di qua
diem chinh giCra cua mot cung thl vuong
g6c VcYi day cang cung ay Va ngU'Q'C l9i.
 A
Vi dl:l 1: Cho hinh ve sau:

~
C B 0 0

Tinh so do cung nho AB va AoB tCP d6 so sanh hai do~n thang AC va AD.
Giili chi tiet
Xet tam giac AGO vu6ng t~i A c6 AcO = 20° nen AOC =goo- 20° = 70° => sd A8 = 70°.
AoB Ia g6c ngoai cua tam giac can AOD nen AoB = -.!AoB =I. 70°= 35°.
2 2
--
Xet MCD c6 20° =AGO< ADC = 35° => AC >AD.

~c
Cho hinh ve sau, tinh so do cung nho AB, bit§t n3ng
B Ia trung di~m OC.

chi
Tam giac vu6ng AOC c6 AB Ia trung tuyt§n Ll'ng v&i c~nh huyt§n OC nen BA = BC = BO.
Do d6 L1A OB Ia tam giac deu => AoB = 60°. Suy ra so do cung nho AB Ia 60°.

Cho tam giac nh<;>n ABC c6 trl)'c tam H va BAG= 60~ GQi M, N, P thea thll' tl! Ia
chan cac dU'ang cao ke tCP cac dlnh A, B, C cua tam giac ABC va /Ia trung di~m cua BC.
a) Chll'ng minh rang tam giac INP deu.
b) GQi Eva K l~m IU'Q't Ia trung di~m cua va NC. Chll'ng minh rang cac di~m /, M,
K cung thu(>c m(>t dU'ang tron.
c) Gia sll' /A Ia ph an giac cua NiP. Tim so do BcP.

a) Ta thay !),.BNC va !),.BPC Ia hai tam giac vuong c6 chung c~nh huyen BC nen bon di~m
B, P, N, C nam tren dU'6'ng tron tam /, dU'6'ng kinh BC.
 A
Khi d6 IN= IP => 11/NP can t~i /. ( 1)
Tam giac ABN vuong t9i N c6:
ABN + BAN = goo => ABN = goo- BAN = 30°.
Ta c6 PaN Ia g6c noi tiep va J5iN Ia g6c a tam cung
chan cung NP.
Do d6 J5iN = 2PaN = 60°. (2)
TCP (1) va (2) suy ra 11/NP d~u.
b) IP = IB (ban kfnh dU'ang tron (/)) => 11/BPcan =>IE .l BP.
TU'ang tl)' c6 /K .l NC.
Do d6, bon diem /, M, E, K cung nam tren dU'ang tron dU'ang kfnh A/ (vi cac tam giac
vuong AEI, AMI va AKI c6 chung c9nh huy~n A/). ~
c) TCP di~u ki~n cua bai toan ta th§y Alia tia ph an giac cua BAG ma Alia trung tuyen cua
MBC nen MBC can t9i A (do trung tuyen dong thai Ia dU'ang phan giac).
M~t khac, BAG = 60° nen MBC d~u.
Trong tam giac vuong BPC c6PaC = 60° => BcP = goo- PaC = 30°.
V~y Bcf5 = 30°.

Vi d~;~1: Tren c9nh huy~n BC cua tam giac vuong ABC v~ ph fa ngoai ta dl)'ng hinh vuong
v&i tam t9i diem 0. ChLI'ng minh rang AO Ia tia phan giac cua g6c BAG.

Giai chi tiet

V1 0 Ia tam cua h1nh vuong nen BoG= goo.
L9i c6 BAG =goo suy ra bon diem A, B, 0, c cung nam tren
dU'ang tron dU'ang kfnh BC.
Boi v&i dU'ang tron nay ta thay BAD= Bc0 (g6c noi tiep cung chan 00).
Ma BCO = 45° => BAD = 45°.
Do BAG= 45°, nen GAO= BAG- BAD= 45°.
V~y BAD= GAO, nghTa Ia AO Ia tia phan giac cua g6c vuong BAG (dpcm).

Vi d~;~ Cho tam giac nhon ABC noi tiep dU'ang tron ( 0). TCP dinh A ta ke dU'ang cao AH
(H thu<)c BC). ChLI'ng minh rang BAR = OAC.

Giai chi tiet

Ke dU'ang kfnh AE cua dU'ang tron (0). Ta thay AcE= goo (g6c n<)i tiep chan nll'a dU'ang
tron ). TCP d6 6AC + 7fEC = goo (1).
Theo gia thiet bai ra, ta c6: BAR+ ABC= goo. (2) A

Le;1i vl JfEC =ABC (cung chan AC). (3)

--
TLI' (1 ),(2) va (3) suy ra BAH= OAC (dpcm).
LU'U y , .
GOng c6 th~ giai bai toan theo hU'&ng sau: GQi D Ia giao di~m cua 8 ~--t-'---\---A c
tia AH v&i dlf<Yng tron (0), chll'ng to tll' giac BDEC Ia hlnh thang
can. TLI' d6 suy ra = do d6 BAi5
BD CE, =CAE, hay BAR= OAC. D E

Vi d&J Cho tam giac ABC n()i tiep trong dlf<Yng tron ( 0). DLP<Yng phan giac trong g6c A
cat dlf<Yng tr6n ngoe;1i tiep tam giac te;1i D. GQi /Ia tam dlf<Yng tr6n n()i tiep tam giac ABC.
Chll'ng minh DB= DC= Dl.

Phan tich bai de A

DB=DC=DI

DB=DI

flDBI can te;1i D

----- -----
IBD=BID D

Giai chi ti~t

Ta lu6n c6 DB= DC do AD Ia phan giac trong g6c A. Ta se chll'ng minh tam giac DIB can
te;1i D.
Th~t v~y ----- ----- -
ta c6: /BD = IBC + CBD.
M$t khac CAi5
Cai5 = CQ).
(g6c n()i tiep chan cung
Ma BAi5 = CAi5, TBC = TBA (tfnh ch~t ph an giac) suy ra TBi5 = Aa! + i3Ai.
Nhlfng Bii5 = Aa! + l3A! (tinh ch~t g6c ngoai cua MBI). Suy ra TBi5 = Bii5.
V~y tam giac BDI can t9i D, suy ra DB= Dl =DC.

Thong qua bai toan nay ta c6 them tfnh ch~t: Tam dlfang tron ngoe;1i tiep tam giac IBC Ia
giao di~m cua ph an giac trong g6c A v&i ( 0).

d&J 1: Cho mia dU'ang tr6n ( 0) dlf<Yng kinh AB. Tren tia doi cua tia AB l~y mot di~m M.
c
Ve tiep tuyen MC v&i nll'a dUJang tron. GQi H Ia hlnh chieu cua tren AB.
a) Chll'ng minh rang tia CA Ia tia phan giac cua g6c McFJ.
b) Gia sll' MA =a, MC = 2a. Tinh AB va CH theo a.
Phan tich b~li
a) CA Ia tia phan giac cua g6c McR ¢::> McA = ACR =ABC.
b) Tinh dU'Q'C AB

f)~t ban kinh cua dU'ang tron (0) bang R M A H 8

Ap dl)ng dinh li Pitago trong tam giac vuong CMO de tim R.

chi ti~t
a) Ta c6 McA =ABC (g6c tc;to b&i tiep tuyen va day cung va g6c n<)i tiep chan cung AC).
Lc;ti c6 J!§E
= ~ (cung phl) v&i g6c fAR). _
Do d6 MCA = ACH, suy ra CA Ia tia phan giac cua g6c MCH.
b) GQi RIa ban kinh cua dU'<Yng tron (0). Khi d6 OC = OA = R va OM= OA +AM= R +a.
Ap dl)ng djnh li Pitago trong tam giac vu6ng COM ta dU'qc:
2 2
OM 2 = OC 2 + CM 2 <=> ( R + at = R 2 + ( 2a t <=> R 2 + 2aR + a = R + 4a
2

<=> 2aR- 3a 2 = 0 <=> a(2R- 3a) = 0

3a
<=> 2R- 3a = 0 <=> R = (do a :;t: 0).
2
3
Suy ra AB = 2R = 3a· OM = a + a = Sa .
' 2 2
Ap dl)ng hE) th(rc IU'Q'ng trong tam giac vu6ng COM ta c6:
3a
CM.CO 2a·2 6a
CH.OM = CM.CO => CH = OM = 5a = S
2
68
Vf)y AB = 3a; CH = .
5

Vi Gia sll' A va B Ia hai diem ph an biE)t tren dU'ang tron ( 0). Cac tiep tuyen cua
dU'ang tron ( 0} tc;ti A va B cat nhau tc;ti diem M. TCP A ke dU'ang thang song song v&i MB
cat dU'ang tron ( 0} tc;ti C. MC cat dU'ang tron ( 0} tc;ti E. Cac tia AE va MB cat nhau tc;ti K.
Ch(rng minh rang MK 2 = AK.EK va MK = KB.

Phan tich de bai

11KAM MK=KB
~.,.--- ....

MK.MK =AK.EK
' ... ~ ..
~ -f5.kiviE - BK 2 =AK.EK

11KME - 11KAM
c6 MKE chung- 11EBK - 11BAK
-
c6 BKE chung
8MC = 1\iiAE --
EBK = EAB
. Giili chi tiet
--
Do MB II AG nen BMC = AGM (hai g6c sole trong).
Ta l~i c6
7IZM MAE =AcE= (cung chan AE).
---
Do d6 BMG =MAE.
---
Xet 11KME va 11KAM c6: BMG =MAE (chLI'ng minh tren).
--
MKE chung.
MK EK 2
Suy ra 11KME -11KAM(g.g)=> AK = MK hay MK =AK.EK(dpcm). (1)

Ta thay EAB = EBK (cung chan BE).

TCr d611EBK -11BAK(g.g) => BK = EK hay BK 2 = AK.EK. (2)
AK BK
TCr (1) va (2) suy ra MK 2 = KB 2 nghia Ia MK = KB (dpcm).

Vi dV Cho hai dU'crng trcm ( 0) va ( 0') cat nhau t~i A va B. M¢t dU'crng thang ti~p xuc
v&i dU'crng trcm (O) t~i c va ti~p xuc v&i dU'crng trcm (0') t~i D. Ve dU'crng trc>n (/)qua ba
di~m A, G, D cat dU'crng thang AB t~i m¢t di~m thLI' hai Ia E. ChLI'ng minh rang:
a) CAD+ Cai5 = 180°.
b) Tu giac BGED Ia hinh blnh han h.

Phan tich de bai ------ --- -

CAD+ AGO+ ADG = 180°
--- ----- -----
CBA =AGO; ADG =ABO ------
- ------
GBD=CBA+ E

b) TLI' giac BGED Ia h1nh binh hanh

GE II BD, GB II DE

Giai chi tiet

a) Ta c6: CaA = Aci5 (g6c n¢i ti~p va g6c t~o b&i tia ti~p tuy~n va day cung cung chan AC).
JiiiC = 7fBi5 (g6c n¢i ti~p va g6c t~o bai tia ti~p tuy~n va day cung cung chan AD).
Thea dinh li t6ng ba g6c trong tam giac AGO ta c6:
CAD + Aci5 + JiiiC = 180° <=> 180° = CAD + CaA + ABl5 <=> 180° = CAD + Cai5 (dpcm)
Ci5E =CAE (cung chan cung CE).
b) Trang dU'ang tr6n (/) c6: (1)
L~i c6 CAE Ia g6c ngoai cua MBC nen:
CAE= AcB +ABC= AcB + Aci5 = Bci5 (do ABC= Aci5). (2)
TCr (1) va (2) suy ra i5CB = Ci5E => CB II DE (hai g6c a vi trf so le trong). (3)
ChLI'ng minh tU'ang tl!, ta cOng c6 DcE = Bi5C (vi cung bang l5AE) => CE II BD. (4)
TCr (3) va (4) suy ra tLI' giac BGED Ia h1nh b1nh hanh.
Vi d~;~ 1: Cho tam giac ABC n(>i tiep trong dU'crng tron (0). Tren cac cung nh6 AB va AC l§n
IU'Q't lay cac di~m Iva K sao cho /A= AK. Day IK cat cac c~nh AB, AC lan IU'Q't t~i D va E.
a) Chung minh rang 7fi5R = Ac8.
b) Tam giac ABC phai c6 them dieu ki~n gi thi tu giac DECB Ia hinh thang can.

Giili chi tiet

a) Ta thay AiJR Ia g6c c6 dinh D nam trong dU'<Yng tron (0) nen:
Ai5R = ..:!_ (sd AK + sd /B)=..:!_ (sd AI+ sd /B)=..:!_ sd AB. (1)
2 2 2
Ma AcB Ia g6c n(>i tiep chan cung A8 nen:
- 1 ----
ACB=-sdAB. (2) K
2
---
TCP (1) va (2) suy ra ADK = ACB.
b) TCr giac DECB Ia hinh thang can
/'.. /'..

~ DECB Ia hinh thang va C = B

~
DE II BC
/'.. /'..
{AoE
~ /'.. /'..
=ABC ~C=B~MBCcantc;tiA.
/'. /'.
{ C=B C=B
V~y tam giac ABC phai Ia tam giac can tc;ti A thi ter giac DECB Ia hinh thang can.

Vi d~;~ 2: Cho tam giac ABC n(>i tiep dU'crng tron ( 0). Cac tia ph an giac cua g6c B va g6c
C cat nhau tc;ti Iva cat dU'crng tron (0) lan IU'Q't tc;ti D va E. Day DE cat cac cc;tnh AB va AC
lan IU'Q't tc;ti M va N. ChCrng minh rang:
a) Tam giac AMNIa tam giac can.
b) Cac tam giac EAI va DAlla nhCrng tam giac can.
c) Tu giac AMIN Ia hinh thai.

Phan tich de
bai
a) MMN Ia tam giac can tc;ti A -- AMN = ANM
LU'U y AMN, 7fNM Ia hai g6c c6 dinh nam ben trong dU'crng tron.
b) f:.EA/Ia tam giac can tc;ti E ---- = EIA
EAI ----
Phan tfch EAi = EAB +BAt va EiA Ia g6c ngoai cua MIG nen EiA =JAG+ /cA.
c) Ta da c6 Alia tia ph an giac cua g6c 1ViAN. Do vf).y:
....----+~ AMIN Ia hinh binh hanh ~ MA II Nl va Ml II AN
AMIN Ia hinh thai ---t

~-~) AI va MN vu6ng g6c v&i nhau tc;ti trung di~m moi dU'<Yng
TCP ket qua cua cau a) va b) ta c6 cac tam giac AMN, EAI va
DAlla cac tam giac can. Ta c6 th~ sli dl)ng ket qua nay d~
chLI'ng minh AMIN Ia h1nh thai khong?
Giiti chi ti~t
a) Thea gia thiet BD Ia tia phan giac cua g6c ABC nen D
Ia di~m chinh giCPa cua cung AC ~ i5A =DC. (1)
TU'ang tl)' ta cOng c6 E Ia di~m chinh giCPa cua cung AB
.--..
~EA=EB.
--- (2)
G6c AMN va Jfr\iM Ia hai g6c c6 dlnh nam trong dU'CYng tron (0) nen:
----- 1 ...-... ...-..... ------- 1 ...-.... ...-....
sdAMN= (sdAD+ sdEB) vasdANM= (sdDC+ sdEA). (3)
2 2
AMN = Jfr\iM ~ MMN can t~i A.
TCP (1 ), (2) va (3) suy ra
EAl = EAB + BAJ; ME= lcA +TAG (g6c ngoai cua tam giac A/C).
b) Ta c6 (4)
EAB = EcA (hai g6c n9i tiep cung chan hai cung bang nhau Ia EB,EA) (5)
V1 1giao di~m hai dU'ang phan giac cua MBC, suy ra A/ Ia dU'ang phan giac cua g6c BAG
~ BAi = CAJ. (6)
----
------- ~ !1EAI can t~i E.
TCP (4 ), (5) va (6) suy ra EAI = EIA
ChLI'ng minh hoan toan tU'ang tl)', ta cOng c6 iAt5 =No~ MID can t~i D.
c) V1 Alia dU'ang ph an giac cua MMN can t~i A nen AI vuong g6c v&i MN t~i trung di~m
cua MN.
TU'ang tl)', !1DAI can t~i D nen MN vuong g6c v&i AI t~i trung di~m cua AI.
Do d6 AMIN Ia h1nh thai v1 c6 hai dU'ang cheo vuong g6c v&i nhau t~i trung di~m cua
moi dU'ang.

Trang tam giac ABC, dU'ang phan giac cua BAG cat c~nh BC t~i D. Gia Slf (T)
Ia dU'ang tron tiep xuc v&i BC t9i D va di qua di~m A. GQi M Ia giao diem thLI' hai cua (T)
va AC, PIa giao di~m thLI' hai cua (T) va BM, E Ia giao diem cua AP va BC.
a) ChLI'ng minh rang EAB = NiiiC.
b) ChLI'ng minh h~ thLI'c BE 2 =

tich d~ bai
a) Ta c6 EAB = Ia g6c n()i tiep chan cung NP va iJiiC Ia g6c c6 dlnh B nam ngoai
J5AN
dU'ang tron, chan hai cung OM. TCP d6 suy ra EAB = NiiiC.
Po,
!1EBP

b) BE.BE = EP.EA !1EBP ~ !1EAB

\ ........ ________ ,.,. "Co"r''"'CV"cC,"'4

!1EAB
chi ti~t
a) GQi N Ia giao di~m thLf' hai cua AB v&i dU'ang tron (T).
Do AD Ia phan giac cua BAG ~ No =Mo.
 ----- 1 .....-.. .....-... 1 ....-... .....-..... 1 .....-... ------
Tac6 MBC=-(sdOM- sdOP)=-(sdON- sdOP)=-sdNP= EAN.
2 2 2
=> fViBC = EA8 (dpcm).
b) Xet b..EBP va b..EAB c6: iViBC = EAB (chll'ng minh tren).
AEB chung. -
BE EA
Suy ra f:..EBP- b..EAB(g.g) =>- = - hay BE 2 = EP.EA (dpcm).
EP BE

Cho bon diem A, D, C, B theo thll' tl)' d6 nam tren dU'6'ng tron tam 0 dU'6'ng kfnh
AB = 2R. Goi Eva F theo thLJ' tl)' Ia hlnh chieu vuong g6c cua A, B tren dU'6'ng thang co.
Tia AD cat tia BC t9i /. Biet AE + BF = RJ3.
a) Tinh so do AlB.
b) Tren cung nho CD lay diem K. GQi giao diem cua KA, KB v&i DC Ian IU'Q't Ia M va N.
Tim gia tri l&n nhat cua MN khi K di dong tren cung nho co.
Phan tich d~ bid
---- 1 .....-.... ......-.......
a) AIB=2.(sdAB- sdCKD)
..-.
c6 sd AB = 180°

---
sdCKD=? F

----
DOC=?
MN=EF-(EM+

EF khong d6i

a) Ke OH .1_ CD(H E CD), ta thay OH Ia dU'ang trung blnh cua hlnh thang ABFE, suy ra
0H=~(AE+BF)=RJ3.
2 2
-r. .,
.am g1ac vuong DOH
"' , s1n
co: . 0-DH = OH
OD = RJ3
R = J3 => 0-DH = 60°.
2 2
Do d6 tam giac OCD d~u, suy ra Coi5 = 60° => sd CKi5 = 60°.
Ta thay AlB c6 dlnh nam ngoai dU'6'ng tron ( 0) nen:
AlB= ~(sd AB- sdfKi5) = ~( 180°- 60°) = 60~
b) Ta c6: 1\iiKiJ = goo (g6c noi tiep chan nll'a dU'ang tron) => KMN + KNM =goo. ( 1)
Trang tam giac vuong EMA c6: EAM + EMA = goo. (2)
Ma KMN = EMA (doi dTnh), KNM = BiVF(doi dTnh). (3)
TCr (1 ), (2) va (3) suy ra EAM = BNF.
 Xet MEM va 11NFB c6: 7fEM =BFC =goo (gia thiet).
--
EAM = BNF (chll'ng minh tren).

=> MEM -11NFB(g.g) =>EM= AE => EM.NF = AE.BF (khong doi).

FB NF
L~ic6: MN=EF-(EM+NF).
Do d6 MN l&n nh§t khi va chi khi EM+ NF nho nhat.
Ap dl)ng b§t dang thll'c Co-si ta c6: EM+ NF 2 2-.J.-EM-.-N-F = 2~ AE.BF.
Dang thll'c xay ra khi EM= FN = ~ AE.BF.
V~y gia tri l&n nhat cua MN bang EF -2-.J.-A-E.-B-F.

Cau 1 : Cho tam giac ABC, ve dU'ang tron tam 0 di qua A va tiep xuc v&i BC t~i B. Ke day BD
song song v&i AC. GQi /Ia giao dh~m cua CD v&i dU'ang tron.
---- -----
------ ICA = IBC.
Chll'ng minh JAB=
Cau Cho hai dU'ang tron ( 0) va ( 0') cat nhau t~i A va B. Tiep tuyen t~i A cua dU'ang tron
( 0') cat ( 0) t~i C va tiep tuyen t~i A cua dU'ang tron ( 0) cat ( 0') t~i D.
Chll'ng minh AB 2 = BD.BC.
Cau 3: Cho nll'a dU'ang tron (0) dU'ang kinh AB va day AC cang cung AC c6 so do bang 60°.
a) So sanh cac g6c cua tam giac ABC.
b) GQi M, N lan IU'Q't Ia diem chinh giCra cua cac cung AC va BC. Hai day AN va BM cat nhau
t~i /. Chll'ng minh rang tia C/la tia phan giac cua g6c ACB.
Cau Cho tam giac A~C can t~i A (A< goo). Ve dU'ang tron dU'ang kinh AB cat BC t~i D, cat
AC t~i Chll'ng minh rang:
a) Tam giac DBE can.
b) CaE=!BAC.
2
Cho tam giac ABC(AB < AC) n<)i tiep trong dU'ang tron (0). Ve dU'ang kinh MN j_ BC
(diem M thu<)c cung BC khong chll'a A). Chll'ng minh rang cac tia AM, AN lan IU'Q't Ia cac tia
phan giac trong va ngoai t~i dinh A cua tam giac ABC.
Cho dU'ang tron (0) va hai day MA, MB vuong g6c v&i nhau. GQi /, Klan IU'Q't Ia diem
chinh giCra cua cac cung nho MA va MB. GQi PIa giao diem cua AK va B/.
a) Chll'ng minh rang ba diem A, 0, B thang hang.
b) Chll'ng minh rang P Ia tam dU'ang tron n<)i tiep tam giac MAB.
c) Gia sll' MA = 12 em, MB = 16 em, tinh ban kinh cua dU'ang tron n<)i tiep tam giac MAB.
Cho tam giac ABC n<)i tiep dU'ang tron ( 0), hai dU'ang cao BD va CE cat nhau t~i H. Ve
dU'ang kinh AF.
a)TLI' giac BFCH Ia h1nh g1?
b) GQi MIa trung diem cua BC. Chll'ng minh rang ba diem H, M, F thang hang.
c) Chll'ng minh rang OM= !AH.
2
Cau 8: Cho dU'<Yng tr6n (0) dU'<Yng kfnh AB, MIa diem chfnh giCI'a cua mot n~J'a dU'<Yng tron,
C Ia diem bat k1 tren n~J'a dU'<Yng tr6n kia, CM cat AB t~i D. Ve day AE vu6ng g6c v&i CM t~i F.
a) Chll'ng minh rang tll' giac ACEM Ia h1nh thang can. __
b) Ve CH __LAB. Chll'ng minh rang tia CM Ia tia ph an giac cua g6c HCO.
c) Chll'ng minh rang COs~ AE.
2
Cau 9: Cho dU'<Yng tr6n (0) va mot day AB. Ve dU'<Yng kfnh CO vu6ng g6c v&i AB (0 thuoc
cung nh6 AB). Tren cung nh6 BC lay mot diem N. Cac dU'<Yng thang CN va ON lan IU'Q't cat
dU'<Yng thang AB t~i F va E. Tiep tuyen cua dU'<Yng tron ( 0) t~i N cat dU'<Yng thang AB t~i /.
Chll'ng minh rang:
a) Cac tam giac INE va INF Ia cac tam giac can.
b) AI= AE+AF.
2
Cau 10: TCP mot diem A & ben ngoai dU'<Yng tron ( 0), ta ve hai cat tuyen ABC va ADE (B nam
giCI'a A va C; 0 nam giCI'a A va E). Cho biet A= 50°, sd Bi5 = 40°. Chll'ng minh co j_ BE.

D
Ta c6: TAB= laC= Ti5B (cung chan cung /B).
----- -----
M$t khac BD II AC nen JOB= ICA (sole trong).
Do d6 ------ ICA
JAB= ----
------ = IBC.
B c

Trong dU'<Yng tron ( 0) c6 Ac8 = BAJ5 (g6c noi tiep va

g6c t~o b&i tia tiep tuyen va day cung cung chan 8A ).
---- ----
TU'ang tl)' trong dU'<Yng (0') ta cOng c6 BOA= BAG.

Xet !lCAB va MOB c6 = AcB BAi5

va i3i5A =BAG
CB AB
nen !lCAB ~ MOB ( g.g) =>- = - => AB = DB.BC.
2

AB DB

a) Tam giac ABC c6: Ac8 =goo (g6c noi tiep chan n~J'a dU'<Yng tron),
ABC= 30°(V1 = ~ sdAC), CAB= goo -ABC= 60°.
2
Vf).y ABC <CAB< Aca.
b) V1 M, N Ia diem chfnh giCI'a cua cung AC va BC nen cac
tia AN, BM Ia cac tia phan giac cua cac g6c A va B. Ma AN
va BM cat nhau t~i I nen C/la dU'<Yng phan giac thll' ba cua
tam giac ABC hay tia C/la tia phan giac cua g6c ACB.
 4
a) AoB = goo(g6c noi tiep chan nll'a dU'cYng tron)
=>AD l_ BC => D Ia trung diem cua BC (do MBC can).
Tam giac EBC vuong t~i E co ED Ia dU'ang trung tuyen CPng
v&i c~nh huyen BC nen DE= DB= DC.

----
V~y tam giac DBE can.
------
b) Ta c6 EBC = DAE (cung chan cung DE).
, ~

- 1---- - 1-
Ma DAE=-BAC:::>CBE=-BAC.
2 2

cau 5
V1 MN _i BC nen MIa diem chfnh giCra cua cung 8C
=> BM = CM => A= ~. Do d6 AM Ia tia ph an giac cua g6c
-
BAG. B

Ta c6: ~ + A = 1\iiAN =goo (g6c noi tiep chan nll'a dU'ang

tron). (1)
M
A; + ~ +A + A: = 18oo <=> 2~ +A + A: = 180°
<=> goo+(~+ A:)= 180° <=>~+A:= goo. (2)
TLI' (1) va (2) suy ra A =A: =>AN Ia tia phan giac cua g6c ngoai t~i dlnh A cua tam giac ABC.

6
a) Gc;>i E = 01 n AM; F =OK n MB.
' X r----.. r----..
V1/, Klan IU'Q't Ia diem chfnh giCra cua cung AM, BM nen
10 l_ AM, OK l_ MB. Suy ra MEOF Ia h1nh chCr nh~t.
Ta c6: AoB = Aol +loR+ BOR = 2/oR. = 180°
=>A, o, B thang hang.
b) De th~y AK va B/lan IU'Q't Ia tia ph an giac cua g6c lliiBA. JViAB,
Ma P Ia giao diem cua AK va B/ nen P Ia tam dU'ang tron noi tiep tam giac MAB.
c) Ap dl)ng djnh If Pitago trong tam giac vu6ng MAB ta dU'Q'C AB = 20 em.
, 1 1 1 1
Taco: SMAa = SPAa + SPAM + SPaM =-AB.r +-AM.r +-BM.r =-(AB +AM+ BM).r.
2 2 2 2
1 AM.BM 12.16 A
MaSAMa=-AM.BM=>r= = =4cm.
2 AB +AM + BM 20 + 12 + 16

7
a) Ta c6 ABF =Act== goo (g6c noi tiep chan nll'a dU'ang tron).
Suy ra BF l_ AB, CF l_ AC.
=> CE II BF(cung vu6ng g6c v&i AB),
BD II CF (cLing vu6ng g6c v&i AC).
Do d6 BFCH Ia h1nh b1nh han h. F
b) Do BFCH Ia hlnh blnh hanh nen hai dU'ang cheo BC, HF cat nhau tc;ti trung diem cua
moi dU'ang. Ma MIa trung diem cua BC nen M cOng Ia trung diem cua HF.
v~y H, M, F thang hang.
c) VI MIa trung diem cua BC nen OM .l BC (quan h~ dU'ang kfnh va day cung). (1)
Lc;ti c6 H Ia trl)'c tam cua MBC nen AH .l BC. (2)
TCr (1) va (2) suy ra OM II AH. M$t khac, MIa trung diem cua BC nen OM Ia dU'ang trung
blnh cua MHF. Do d6 OM =! AH.
2

a) Ta c6 AcM = ~sd AM= 45°(Vl M 1a dillm chinh giO>a cUa A/3). M

Do d6 MCF Ia tam giac vuong can.

--
TU'O'ng tl!, ta cOng c6 t1MEF Ia tam giac vuong can.
~ CAF = AEM = 45° ~ AC II ME (hai g6c a vi trf so le trong).
Suy ra A GEM Ia hI n h thang. A "'----.---+-=-----J~-+-____, B
De thay AME =GEM nen ACEM Ia hlnh thang can.
b) Tam giac COM can tc;1i 0 (vi OC =OM)
-=-
~ MCO CMO. (1)
VIM Ia diem chfnh g~ua~g AB nen OM .lAB. MaCH .l AB(gt).
Suy ra OM II CH ~ HCM = CMO (hai g6c so le trong) (2)
TCr (1) va (2) suy ra FiCM = iViCO ~ CM Ia tia phan giac cua g6c RCO.
c) Ta c6 /I.HCO- /I.OMO(g.g) => g~ = ~~.
VI MIa diem chfnh giD'a cua m<)t nua dU'ang tron, CIa diem bat k1 tren nua dU'ang tron kia
nen CH ~OM~
CD = CH ~ 1.
OM OM
~CD~ OM<=> 2CD ~CD+ OM<=> 2CD ~ CM <=> 2CD ~ AE (do ACEM Ia hlnh thang can).

vayco~!AE.
. 2

F
a) Ta c6: ~ + N; = CNi5 = 90°(g6c n<)i tiep chan nlJ!a dU'ang tron) .
....-.... ....-.... ----- , , , D
N2 + N 3 =ON/= 90° (tfnh chat tiep tuyen).
~
--- _........_
N 3 = N 1 (vi cung phl:J v&i N2 ).
--- (1)
Tam giac OCN can tc;1i o nen ~ = ~ . (2) A
. . -. . 1 ....-... ...-.....
Ma E1 ="2 (sdAO+ sdBN)
1 ---- ..-.. 1 --.. _.. . . _
= (sdBD+sdBN)= sdDN= C1• (3)
2 _......._
2 ---
TCr (1 ), (2) va (3) suy ra E1 = N 3 ~ 11EIN can tc;1i /.
Ch(fng minh hoan toan tU'O'ng tl!, ta cOng c6: ~ = N; = 6i5N = F~ 11/FN can tc;1i /.
b) Vi 11EIN va 11FIN Ia cac tam giac can nen IE= IN= IF.
Ta c6 AE + AF = 2AE + El +IF= 2AE + 2EI = 2AI ~AI= AE + AF. C
2
cau 10
- ~ 1 ~ .....--.... . . . .-. . .
HU'&ng dan: A=- (sdCE- sd BO) ~ sdCE = 140°.
2
----- 1 .......-... .....-...
"2
GQi H =CD n BE=> CHE = (sdCE + sd 80) = 90°.
 X

B
X
Vi d~:~ 1: Cho dU'ang tron ( 0), P Ia mot diem co djnh nam trong ( 0) nhU'ng khong trung
v&i tam 0. Mot dU'ang thang d thay doi qua P cat ( 0) t~i Ava B. Tim quy tich trung diem
M cua do~n AB khi d quay quanh P.

Giai chi th~t

Phan thu~n: (Hinh 1)
Noi OM. VI MIa trung diem cua AB nen OM .lAB=> f50M =goo, hie Ia M luon nhln do~n
OP dU'&i mot g6c vuong. Vf).y M luon thuoc dU'ang tron dU'ang kfnh OP.
B

/ ~ _______
M' ,.B

Af ~
0

Hlnh 1 Hlnh 2
Gi&i h~n: Theo chl1ng minh tren thl moi diem M thuoc
quy tfch d~u thuoc dU'ang tron dU'ang kfnh OP.
Vi trf M trung 0 tU'ang l1ng v&i trU'ang hQ'p d di qua 0.
NhU' vf).y, quy tich Ia ca dU'ang tron dU'ang kfnh OP. Neu P Ia mot diem nam
Phan dao: (Hinh 2) ngoai dU'ang tron thl quy
Lay mot diem M' bat ki thuoc dU'ang tron dU'ang kfnh OP trch se chi Ia phan dU'ang
(M' khac 0). Noi OM'. Qua M' ke dU'ang thang d' vuong tron dU'ang kfnh OP nam
g6c v&i OM' cat (0) t~i A'va B'. Do g6c Oi\i'f5 =goo nen ben trong ( 0). NhU' vf).y,
d'di qua P. phan dao va phan gi&i h~n
VI tam giac OA'B' can t~i 0 va OM' vuong g6c v&i A'B' nen Ia c6 y nghia n6i chung
M' Ia trung diem cua A'B'. khong the bo qua.
Vf).y M' Ia mot diem thuoc quy tich.
Ket lu~n: Quy tich Ia dU'ang tron dU'ang kfnh OP.

Vi d~:i Cho mot dU'ang tron ( 0) va day AB co djnh, diem C chuyen dong tren cung l&n
AB ( C khac A va B). Chl1ng minh rang tam I cua dU'ang tron noi tiep tam giac ABC
chuyen dong tren mot cung tron co dinh.

Giai chi tiet

Vi day AB c6 dinh nen AcB = ~ sd AB kh6ng d&i.
D~t- ACB =a. Ta c6: C
BAG + ABC + ACB = 180° (t6ng ba goc trong mot tam giac ).
-+ABC=
=>BAG - 180°-ACB --- = 180°-a.
Vi /Ia tam dU'erng tron noi tiep tam giac ABC nen AI, B/lan
IU'Q't Ia tia phan giac cua hai g6c A va B. Suy ra
TAB= !BAC;TBA =!ABC
2 2
=>lAB+ faA= i(BAC +ABC)= 90°- ~. B

L~i c6: Me+ TAB+ iBA =180° (t6ng ba g6c trong mot tam giac).
----- 180°- (JAB+
=>AlB= ----- IBA J
-----) = 180°- ( goo - a = goo+ a khong doi.
fi.

2 2
Vi AB co djnh, I thuoc nll'a m~t phang chLI'a cung l&n AB c6 ber Ia dU'erng thang AB nen 1
luon chuyen dong tren cung chLI'a g6c goo+ ~ dl)'ng tren do~n AB.

Vi Cho nll'a dU'erng tron dU'erng kinh AB co djnh. CIa mot diem tren nll'a dU'erng
tron, tren day AC keo dai lay diem D sao cho CD= CB.
c
a) Tim quy tich cac diem D khi ch~y tren nll'a dU'erng tron da cho.
c
b) Tren tia CA lay diem E sao cho CE = CB. Tim quy tich cac diem E khi ch~y tren
nll'a dU'erng tron da cho.

Giai chi tiet

a) Phan thu~n: Ta c6 Acf3 =goo (g6c noi tiep chan nll'a B'
dU'erng tron).
=> Bcf5 =goo, ma CD= CB (gia thiet).
Suy ra jj,BCD vuong can t~i C.
=>CoB= 45° hay AoB = 45°. D
M~t khac AB co din h. Do d6 khi c chuyen dong tren nll'a
dU'erng tron dU'erng kinh AB thi D chuyen dong tren cung A B
chll'a g6c 45° dl)'ng tren do~n thang AB co djnh.
Gi<Yi h~n: Ta c6 day AC thay d6i phl:l thuoc vao vi trf diem c tren nll'a dU'erng tron dU'erng
kfnh AB.
-Day AC l&n nhat bang dU'erng kfnh cua dU'erng tron. Khi c trung v&i B khi d6 D trung v&i
B. V~y B Ia diem thuoc quy tfch.
-Day AC nh6 nhat c6 do dai bang o khi c trung v&i A, thi khi d6 D trung v&i B' Ia giao diem
cua tiep tuyen dU'erng tron dU'erng kfnh AB t~i A v&i cung chll'a g6c 45° ve tren AB.
Lay diem D' tuy y tren cung BB', noi AD' cat dU'erng tron dU'erng kfnh AB t~i C'.
Noi BC', B'D'.
Ta c6: JfiYB = 45° (vi D nam tren cung chll'a g6c 45° dl)'ng tren do~n AB).
Trong dU'erng tron dU'erng kfnh AB ta c6: ~=goo (g6c noi tiep chan nll'a dU'erng tron).
=> ~· = goo => jj,BC' D' vuong can t~i C' => C 'B = C' D'.
lu~ny~y quy trch cac diem D khi c chuyen dong tren nll'a dU'erng tron dU'erng kfnh AB
Ia cung BB nam tren cung chLI'a g6c 45° ve tren do~n AB, trong nll'a m~t phang ber AB c6
I

chll'a diem c.
 b) Phan thu~n: Trong dU'ang tron dU'ang kinh AB ta c6:

~
(g6c noi tiep chan nll'a dU'ang tron ).
Ma CE = CB (gia thiet) nen suy ra !1CBE vuong tc;ti c.
=> fEB = 45° => AEB = 180° -fEB = 135° (hai g6c ke bu ).
Mc;it khElC, AB co dinh, nen khi c chuyen dong tren dU'ang
tron dU'ang kinh AB thi E chuyen dong tren cung ch(ra g6c A B
135° dl,.l'ng tren doc;tn AB co dinh.
c
Gi&i h~n: Khi day AC c6 do dai l&n nhat bang dU'ang kinh dU'ang tron, thi trung v&i B nen
E trung v&i B. Suy ra B Ia mot diem cua quy tich.
Khi day AC c6 do dai nho nhat bang 0 thi C trung v&i A. Khi d6 E trung A nen A Ia 1 diem
cua quy tfch.
Phan dao: Lay E' bat ky tren cung ch(ra g6c 135°. Ke AE' cat dU'ang tron dU'ang kinh AB
tc;ti C'. Noi BE', BC'.
Ta c6:AE'i3 = 135° (vi E' nam tren cung ch(ra g6c 135°).
=> J3E7C~ = 180° -AE'B = 45° (hai g6c ke bu ).
Trang dU'ang tron dU'ang kinh AB c6: lfCiB =goo (g6c noi tiep chan nll'a dU'ang tron).
Suy ra tam giac E'C'B vu6ng can tc;ti C'. Do d6 C IE = C IB.
VE).y C' Ia mot diem thuoc quy tich.
Ket lu~n: VE).y E chuyen dong tren mot cung ch(ra g6c 135° ve tren doc;tn AB nam tren nll'a
mc;lt phang ba AB ch(ra diem C.

a
Cau 1: Cho nll'a dU'ang tron (0; R) dU'ang kinh AB. Ve day MN = R (diem M tren cung AN).
Hai day AN va BM cat nhau tc;ti /. Hoi khi day MN di dong thi diem I di dong tren dU'ang nao?
Cau Cho nll'a dU'C>'ng tron dU'ang kinh AB va mot day AC quay quanh A. Tren nll'a mc;lt
phang ba AC kh6ng ch(ra B ta ve hinh vuong ACDE. Hoi:
a) Diem D di dong tren dU'ang nao?
b) Diem E di dong tren dU'ang nao?
Cau 3: Cho hinh vuong ABCD. Tren cc;tnh BC lay diem E, tren tia doi cua tia CD lay diem F sao
cho CE = CF. GQi MIa giao diem cua hai dU'ang thang DE va BF. Tim quy tich cua diem M khi
E di dong tren cc;tnh BC.

M'
1
Phan thu~n: Tam giac MON deu (vi OM= ON= MN = R).
-
=> MON =60°.
....--. ...-.. ..---..
=>sdMN= 60°=>SdAM+sdNB=180°- 60°=120°.
---- 1 ---... .....-...
=>NIB =-(sdAM + sdNB) = 60°. A 0
2
Ta c6: AiB= 180°-NIB=120°(hai g6c ke bu).
Do AB co djnh nen quy tich diem /Ia cung ch(ra g6c 120° dl,.l'ng tren doc;tn AB.
Ph an dao: Tren cung chCPa g6c 120° dl!ng tren do~n AB, lay diem /'.AI' va B/' l~tn IU'Q't cat
nll'a dU'ong tron ( 0) t~i N' va M'. Khi d6 7ffB = 120° ~ BfN' = 60° ~ 1Vf01\[~ = 60°.
Suy ra tam giac M'O'N' d~u. Do d6 MIN I = R.
V~y I' Ia m<)t diem thu<)c quy tich.
Ket lu~n: Quy tich cac diem /Ia cung chCPa g6c 120° dl!ng tren do~n AB.

2 X
a) Phan thu~n: Ta c6 AcB =goo(g6c n<)i tiep chan nll'a dU'ong tron). .B'
ACi5 = goo(do ACDE Ia hinh vuong).
~ B,c,o thang hang.
Ai5B = 45° (do ACDE Ia hinh vuong) va AB co dinh nen quy
tich diem D Ia cung chCPa g6c 45° dl!ng tren do~n AB.
Gi&i h~n: Day AC thay doi phl:J thu<)c vao vi trf cua diem C tren E B
nll'a dU'ong tron dU'ong kfnh AB.
o
+ Neu c trung v&i A thi = B 1 .V~y A Ia m<)t diem thu<)c quy tfch.
+ Neu C trung v&i B thi D =A= E. (B' Ia giao diem cua tiep tuyen Bx v&i nll'a dU'ong tron).
Phan dao: HS tl! lam.
Ket lu~n: Quy tfch diem D Ia cung AB' nam tren cung chCPa g6c 45° dlfng tren do~n AB,
trong nll'a m~t phang bo AB co chCPa diem c.
b) Ph an thu~n: Tt) A ke tiep tuyen Ay v&i nll'a dU'ong tron. Yp
GQi F =ED nAy.

--
Xet MEF va MCB c6:
AEF = ACB =goo;
AE = AC (do ACDE Ia hinh vuong);
EAF =BAG (cung phl:J v&i CAi=).
~ MEF = MCF (c~nh g6c vuong- g6c nhQn)
~ AF = AB ~ AF co djnh. B
A 0
Ma AEF =goo nen E nam tren dU'ong tron dU'ong kfnh AF.
Phan dao: HS tl! lam.
Gi&i h~n: TU'ang tl! cau a, ta c6 diem E nam tren nll'a dU'ong tron dU'ong kfnh AF, trong
nll'a m~t phang khong chCPa diem B.
Ket lu~n: Quy tfch diem E Ia nll'a dU'ong tron dU'ong kfnh AF, trong nll'a m~t phang khong
chCPa diem B.

3
thu~n:
--
!1CBF = !1CDE ~ CBM = CDE
~ !1DCE- !1BME (g.g) ~ BfVii5 = fiCE =goo
~ M nam tren dU'ong tron dU'ong kfnh BD.
E trung C thi M cOng trung C, E trung B thi M
cOng trung B. Suy ra M thu<)c cung nh6 BC. D ~----~c~~p
Lay diem M thu<)c quy tfch va chCPng minh CE = CF.
lu~n: Quy tfch cua diem MIa cung nh6 BC cua dU'ong tron dU'ong kfnh BD.
 A A A

A=~
A, a Ia hai dinh ke nhau
cung nhin C<;inh CD

A+C =180°
B+D=1aoo

Cai5 = CAB = 90°

A,a Ia 2 dinh ke nhau
cung nhin C<;inh CD.

OA=OB=OC=OD BcX Ia g6c ngoai t9i c

Dinh If: Trong mot hi giac noi tiep, tong so do hai g6c doi nhau bang 180°.
Dinh If dao: Neu mot hi giac c6 tong so do hai g6c bang 180° th1 hi giac d6 noi tiep
dU'ang tron.

Vi dv1: Cho dU'ang tron tam o dU'ang kfnh AB. Ve day cung CD vuong g6c v&i AB t~i I
(I nam giCra A va 0). Lay diem E tren cung nho BC (E khac B va C), AE cat CD t~i F.
Chung minh BEFJ Ia tu giac noi tiep dU'ang tron.

Giiti chi tiet

Tu giac BEFI c6:
BiF = goo(gia thiet);
BEF = EiEA = goo (g6c noi tiep chan m:Pa dU'ang tron ).
Suy ra tu giac BEFJ noi tiep dU'ang tron dU'ang kfnh BF.
D

Vi d~:~2: Cho nll'a dU'ang tron (0) dU'ang kfnh AB = 2R. Diem C (khac A) bat~am
tren nll'a dU'ang tron sao cho AC < CB. Diem D thuoc cung nho BC sao cho COD= goo.
GQi E Ia giao diem cua AD va BC, F Ia giao diem cua AC va BD.
a) Chung minh CEDF Ia tu
giac noi tiep.
b) Chung minh FC.FA = FD.FB.
c) Goi I Ia trung diem cua EF. Chung minh /C Ia tiep tuyen cua ( 0).
d) Hoi khi c thay doi thoa man dieu ki~n bai toan, E thuoc dU'ang tron co dinh nao?
(HKII Hoan Kiem- Ha Nt}i nam hQc 2017- 2018)

Phan tich de bai

11FDA c) /C Ia tiep tuyen cua ( 0)
b) FC.FA
\.
= FD.FB
..... ____ .....-
'

11FCB JC j_ OC

11FCB - 11FDA ------- goo

/CO=
d) De chll'ng minh diem E lu6n thu<)c mot dU'ang tron c6
dinh, ta c~n chi ra E lu6n each mot diem c6 dinh mot khoang
kh6ng d6i.
Gh1i chi tiet
a) Ta c6 AcB AoB =goo (g6c n<)i tiep chan nll'a dU'ang tron)
=
--
=> FCE =FOE= goo.
TLI' giac CEDF c6 FcE +FOE= 180° => CEDF Ia tll' giac n<)i tiep. A ~---¥-,.........----"'1 8
b) Xet !1FCB va 11FDA c6: FCB = FDA =goo;
CFi5 chung.
=> 11FCB ~ 11FDA (g.g) => FC = FB (hai c<;mh tU'ang Ll'ng).
FD FA T
=> FC.FA = FB.FD.
c) GQi H Ia giao diem cua EF va AB. V1 E Ia trl)'c tam cua MBF nen FH ..l AB.
!10CA can te;1i 0 nen 6CA = 6AC (hai g6c day). a
Ta c6 Clla dU'ang trung tuyen cua tam giac vu6ng CEF nen C/ =IF. Do d6 !11CF can te;1i I
nen /cF = iFC (hai 9 oc a day).
=> /cF + 6CA = TFC + 6AC =goo (v111HAF vu6ng te;1i H).
=> fc6 = goo=> IC ..l OC. V~y IC Ia tiep tuyen cua dU'ang tron ( 0).
d) Goi T Ia diem chfnh giCPa cua cung AB khong chll'a diem c (T c6 din h).
Khi d6 OT ..lAB nen OT II IE.
Chll'ng minh tU'ang tl)' cau c, ta c6 dU'Q'C 10 Ia tiep tuyen cua dU'ang tron ( 0).
Do d6 tll' giac /COD Ia h1nh chD' nh~t. Le;1i c6 OC = OD nen tll' giac nay Ia h1nh vuong cc;mh R.
Tam giac ECF vuong te;1i c c6 C/la trung tuyen nen IE= Cl = R.
Ta c6: OT II IE va OT =IE= R nen IETO Ia h1nh b1nh hanh.
Do v~y = 01 = R-!2.
V~y E thu<)c dU'ang tron tam T ban kfnh R-!2.

Vi 3: Cho tam giac ABC va dU'ang cao AH. Goi M, N l~n IU'Q't Ia trung diem cua AB, AC.
DU'ang tron ngoe;1i tiep tam giac BHM cat dU'ang tron ngoe;1i tiep tam giac CNH tc;li E.
Chll'ng minh AMEN Ia tll' giac n<)i tiep va HE di qua trung diem cua MN.

Phan tich A

----
De chll'ng minh AMENIa tll' giac n<)i tiep ta se chll'ng minh:
MAN+ MEN= 180°.
Ta c~n t1m sl)' lien h$ cua cac g6c fliiAN; AiiEN v&i cac
g6c c6 san cua nhC!'ng tll' giac n<)i tiep khac.
Gh1i chi tiet
Ta c6: AiiEN = 360°- (MER+ NER)
= 360° -( 180°- ABC+ 180°- AcB)
=ABC+ AcB = 180°-BAC.
Suy ra AifEN + fViAN = 180° hay tll' giac AMENIa t(r giac noi tiep.
Ke MK .l BC, gia sll' HE cat MN t9i I th1/H Ia cat tuyen cua hai dU'crng tron (BMH), (CNH).
L(ili c6 MB = MH = MA (tinh chat trung tuyen tam giac vuong). Suy ra tam giac MBH can t9i M.
=> KB = KH => MK luon di qua tam dU'crng tron ngo9i tiep tam giac MBH.
Hay MN Ia tiep tuyen cua (MBH) suy ra 1M 2 =IE./H. (1)
TU'ang tl)' ta cOng c6 MN Ia tiep tuyen cua (HNC) suy ra JN 2 =/E./H. (2)
Tll' (1) va (2) suy ra JM =IN.
V~y HE di qua trung diem cua MN.

¢::>
-----
BAD=BCx

TLI' giac ABCD n()i tiep

Vi dl} 1: Cho tam giac ABC vuong t9i A. Ke dU'crng cao AH va phan giac trong AD cua
g6c FiAC. Phan giac trong g6c ABC cat AH, AD Ian IU'Q't t9i M, N.
ChLI'ng minh rang BNf5 = 90~

Phan tich de bai A

Ta c61\iiHl5 = 90°. Neu NiNi5 =goo th1 tLI' giac MHDN noi tiep. ~
VI v~y, thay v1 trl)'c tiep chi ra g6c BNi5 =goo ta se di chLI'ng
minh tLI' giac MHDN noi tiep. TLI'c Ia ta chLI'ng minh M
lfrViN = AfiR. B 'C
H D
Giai chi tiet
Ta c6 AMN = BMR = goo- MaR, Ni5R = goo- FiAt5 ma MaR =!ABC, FiAt5 =! FiAC va
2 2
ABC = FiAC do cung ph~:~ v&i g6c BcA, tll' d6 suy ra AMiV = Ai5R hay tLI' giac MHDN n()i tiep
=> Nii\ii5 = 1ViHJ5 =goo.

Vi dv 2: Cho tam giac ABC can t9i Ava noi tiep trong dU'crng tron tam o, dU'crng kinh AI.
G9i E Ia trung diem cua AB, K Ia trung diem cua 0/, H Ia trung diem cua EB.
a) ChLI'ng minh HK .l EB.
b) ChLI'ng minh tLI' giac AEKC n()i tiep dU'Q'C trong mot dU'crng tron.
Phan tich de bai A
a) HK .lE8

HK II OE II 18

HK Ia dU'ang trung blnh cua hlnh thang OE81

b) T(r giac AEKC noi ti<§p dU'Q'C trong mot dU'ang tron.

BEK = KBE, AaK = AcR

--
BEK=ACK
Giili chi tiet
a) Tam giac ABI noi tiep dU'ang tron dU'ang klnh AI nen tam giac ABI vuong tc;1i B.
=> IB .l A8.
Lc;1i c6 OE .lAB (quan h$ dU'ang klnh va day cung). Do d6 OE II 18. Suy ra OEBIIa hlnh
than g.
Ma HK Ia dU'ang trung blnh cua hlnh thang OEBI => HK II OE II 18 => HK .l E8.
b) 11EBK can tc;1i K vl c6 KH vll'a Ia trung tuyen a6ng thai Ia dU'ang cao => BEK KBE.
= (1)
MBC can va c6 Alia dU'ang klnh cua dU'ang tron (0) nen AK Ia dU'ang trung trl)'c cua doc;1n
--
8C => ABK = ACK. (2)
TLI' (1) va (2) suy ra BEK = AcR. Ma BEK Ia g6c ngoai tc;1i dinh E cua t(r giac AEKC nen
t(r giac AEKC noi tiep.

d~J Cho nll'a dU'ang tron tam I, dU'ang kinh MN. Ke tiep tuyen Nx va lay di~m P
chinh giua nll'a dU'ang tron. Tren cung PN, lay di~m Q (khong trung v&i P, N). Cac tia MP
va MQ cat tiep tuyen Nx thea th(r t(r tc;1i S va T.
a) Ch(rng minh NS = MN.
b) Ch(rng minh tam giac MNT d6ng dc;1ng v&i tam giac NQT.
c) Ch(rng minh t(r giac PQTS noi tiep OU'Q'C trong mot dU'ang tron.

chi tiet
a) Tam giac MPI c6: PI .l MN (vl PIa di~m chinh giua cua dU'ang tron (0));
IP = IM (ban kinh dU'ang tron (0)). x
Suy ra 11MPI vuong can tc;1i I nen MPi =IMP= 45°. s
Tam giac vuong SMN c6 SMN = 45° nen !1SMN
vuong can tc;1i N. Do d6 MN = SN.
b) Xet 11MNTva 11NQTc6:
1ViNf = NQf =goo (gia thiet); H
-
M TNchung.
Suy ra 11MNT -11NQT(g.g).
c) Ta c6 ~ = ~ + ~ (g6c ngoai cua 11 TMS). (1)
Ke tiep tuyen PH(P E Nx).Ta c6 PH II MN (vl cung
vuong g6c v&i PI), suy ra 11PHS vuong can tc;1i H. M I N

=>~=P;.
M$t khac ~ = ~ (g6c noi ti~p va g6c t90 b&i tia ti~p tuy~n va day cung cung chan PO).
:=; ~ + ~ = ~ + P; = SPQ. (2)
TCI' (1) va (2) suy ra ~=SPa. Ma ~ Ia g6c ngoai t9i dlnh doi di$n v&i dlnh P nem t(l' giac
PQTS noi ti~p.

Vi d~;~ 1: Cho h1nh thang ABCD ( AB II CD, AB <CD) c6 = D= 60°, CD= 2AB.
C
Ch(l'ng minh bon diem A, B, C, D cung thuoc mot dU'6'ng tron.

Giai chi tiet ~A/

-,.B
Gqi /Ia trung Oi~m CD, ta c6 {:~; ~: => ICBA Ia hinh binh hanh. r~.
o~ ~c
:=;BC=AI. (1) \. I .;,
TU'ang tl! A BID Ia h1nh ~nh _llanh nen AD= Bl. (2) ,, ,// ·
ABCD Ia h1nh thang c6 C = D = 60° nen ABCD Ia h1nh thang can (3). ,~ .,.. ~/
TCI' (1 ), (2), (3) ta c6 hai tam giac b..IAD = b..IBC :=; IBC, /AD deu hay /A= IB = /C = ID hay
bon diem A, B, C, D cung thuoc mot dU'6'ng tron.

Vi d~;~ 2: Cho nua dU'6'ng tron tam 0 dU'6'ng kfnh AB = 2R va tia ti~p tuy~n Ax cung
ph fa v&i nua dU'ang tron doi v&i AB. TCr diem M tren Ax ke ti~p tuy~n th(l' hai MC v&i
nua dU'6'ng tron (CIa ti~p diem). AC cat OM t9i E; MB cat nua dU'6'ng tron (0) t9i D (D
khac B). Ch(l'ng minh AMCO va AMDE Ia cac t(l' giac noi ti~p dU'6'ng tron.

Giai chi tiet

VI MA, MC Ia ti~p tuy~n nen: MAO= McO
=goo
:=; AMCO Ia t(l' giac noi ti~p dU'6'ng tron dU'6'ng kfnh MO.
AoB = goo (g6c noi ti~p chan nua dU'6'ng tron ).
~
M
:=;ADM= goo. (1)
Ta c6 OA = OC = R; MA = MC (tfnh chat ti~p tuy~n).

-
Suy ra OM Ia dU'6'ng trung trl)'c cua AC.
:=; AEM = go~ (2) H 0 B
TCI' (1) va (2) suy ra AMDE Ia t(l' giac noi ti~p dU'ang tron dU'ang kfnh MA.

Vi d~;~ 3: Cho dU'ang tron tam 0. Ke dU'ang kfnh AB va CD vuong g6c v&i nhau. GQi E
Ia diem chfnh giCPa cua cung nho CB. EA cat CD t9i F, ED cat AB t9i M.
a) Cac tam giac CEF va EMB Ia nhCPng tam giac gi?
b) Ch(l'ng minh rang bon diem C, F, M, B thuoc dU'6'ng tron tam E.
Phan tich de bai c
a) Ta thay CFE Ia g6c c6 dlnh nam ben trong dLP<Yng tr6n
va chan hai cung CE, AD.
FcE Ia g6c n<)i tiep chan cung Eo. Ma CE = Ea; AD= Bfj
nen FcE = CFE => !1CFE can t~i E.
b) Tll' ket qua cau a, 11ECF va !1EBM Ia hai tam giac can
ta c6 EC = EF, EM= EB. L~i c6 CE = EB (doE Ia diem
chfnh giCPa cua cung nho CB) nen bon diem F, c, M, B
thu<)c dLP<Yng tr6n tam E.
D
Giai chi tiet
a) VI CFE Ia g6c c6 dlnh F nam ben trong dLP<Yng tr6n nen:
---- 1 ....-.... ...-....
CFE = (sdCE + sd AD). (1)
2
G6c FcE 18 g6c n(>i ti€lp chi\n cung Eo~ FcE =i(sdffi+ sd8o). (2)
VI hai dLP<Yng kfnh AB va CD vuong g6c v&i nhau nen AD= Bi5 va E Ia diem chfnh giCPa
cua cung nh6 CB nen CE =Ea. (3)
Tll' (1 ), (2) va (3) suy ra FcE = fFE => !1CFE can t~i E.
TLPang tl! ta cOng c6 !1BME can t~i E.
b) Thea a) !1ECF va 11EBM Ia hai tam giac can nen CE = EF; EM= EB.
L~i c6 CE = Ea => CE = EB. Do d6 CE = EF =EM= EB.
V~y bon diem F, c, M, B thu<)c dLP<Yng tron tam E.

c
¢:?
---- ----
DAC=DBC

Tli giac ABCD n<)i tiep

1: Tren cac c~nh BC, CD cua hlnh vuong ABCD ta lay l~n ILPQ't cac diem M, N
sao cho JViAN = 45°. 8LP<Yng thang BD cat cac dLP<Yng thang AM, AN tLPang ling t~i cac
diem P, o.
a) Chling minh rang cac tli giac ABMQ va ADNP n<)i tiep.
b) Chling minh rang cac diem M, N, Q, P, C nam tren cung m<)t dLP<Yng tr6n.
Giai chi tiet
a) Cac dlnh Ava B cung nhln doe;1n thang MQ dU'&i mot
g6c45°.
VI v~y tll' giac ABMQ noi tiep.
TU'ang tl)' ta suy ra tll' giac ADNP noi tiep.
b) Do ABMQ Ia tll' giac noi tiep nen
AOM + ABM = 180° ~ AQM = goo.
TU'ang tl)' tll' giac ADNP noi tiep suy ra 7fF5N =goo.
Tll' giac MNQP Ia tll' giac noi tiep vl c6 hai dlnh Q va P
cung nhln cc;tnh MN dU'&i mot g6c goo. N

Suy ra bon diem M, N, Q, P cung thuoc mot dU'ang tron. (1)

McN
Tll' giac MCNP Ia tll' giac noi tiep vl + MPN =goo +goo = 180°.
Suy ra bon diem M, C, N, P cung thuoc mot dU'ang tron. (2)
TLI' (1) va (2) suy ra cac diem M, N, Q, P, C cung nam tren mot dU'ang tron.

Vi dl} 2: Cho hlnh vuong ABCD c6 hai dU'ang cheo cat nhau te;1i E. L§y I thuoc ce;1nh AB,
M thuoc ce;1nh BC sao cho rEM= goo(/ va M kh6ng trung v&i cac dlnh cua hinh vu6ng).
a) Chll'ng minh rang 8/EM Ia tll' giac noi tiep.
b) Ti nh so do cua g6c TME.
c) GQi N Ia giao diem cua tia AM va tia DC; K Ia giao diem cua BN va tia EM. Chll'ng
minh BKCE Ia tll' giac noi tiep.

Giai chi tiet

a) Theo gia thiet c6:
iBM = rEM = goo ~ iBM +rEM = 180°.
Vi d~:~3: Cho dll'crng tr6n dU'crng kfnh AB, cac di~m C, D nam tren dU'crng tr6n d6 sao cho
C, D nam khac ph fa doi v&i dU'crng thang AB, dong thai AD> AC. GQi di~m chfnh gifra
cua cac cung nho AC, AD Ian IU'Q't Ia M, N; giao di~m cua MN v&i AC, AD lc~n lll'Q't Ia H, I;
giao di~m cua MD va CN Ia K.
a) Ch(rng minh ACN = i5iliN. TCr d6 suy ra t(r giac MCKH noi tiep.
b) Ch(rng minh KH song song v&i AD.
c) T1m h~ th(rc lien h~ gifra sdAC va sdAD d~ AK song song v&i NO.
(Sa Giao di:JC £)ao t~o Ninh nam hQC 2018- 9)

Giai chi ti§t

a) V1 N Ia di~m chfnh gifra cua cung AD=> :4iJ =ON.
=> AcN = i5iliN (hai g6c noi tiep chan hai cung bang nhau /V\J, ON).
Khi d6 t(r giac CMHK c6 hai dlnh M va C cung nh1n
c
c~nh HK dU'&i mot g6c bang nhau nen CMHK Ia t(r giac
noi tiep.
b) Thea cau a) c6 CMHK Ia t(r giac noi tiep nen
CHK = CiViK (cung chan CK). (1)
Xet dU'ang tron dU'crng kfnh AB co CiViK = CAi5 B
(cung chan CD). (2)
TCr (1) va (2) suy ra fHK = CAi5. Ma hai g6c nay & vi trf
dong vi, suy ra HK II AD (dpcm ).
c) AK II NO~ KAi5 = Aof\J = KNiJ ~ MAIK Ia t(r giac noi tiep.
------ = ACN
ADN ------- =AMI= ---- => KAI
----- AKI ---- => MKI can
----- = AKI t~i I.
----
Ma IM Ia phan giac cua g6c AIK => Ml AK. ___
j_
L~i c6 AK II NO=> Ml j_ NO hay MN j_ NO=> MND =goo.
=>MD Ia dU'crng kfnh cua dU'ang tr6n dU'ang kfnh AB .
..-...
----- ..--.. ..--.. AC ..----.
:::>MAD= 180°~ sdMA+ sdAD= 180°~ sd-+ sdAD=180°.
2

Vi Cho dU'crng tr6n (0; R) va day BC co dinh, A Ia di~m di dong tren cung l&n BC
(A khac B, C) sao cho tam giac ABC nhQn. Cac dU'crng cao BD va CE cua tam giac ABC
cat nhau t~i di~m H. Ke dU'crng kfnh AF cua dU'crng tron ( 0), AF cat BC t~i di~m N.
a) Ch(rng minh t(r giac BEDC Ia t(r giac noi tiep.
b) Ch(rng minh AE.AB = AD.AC.
c) Ch(rng minh t(r giac BHCF Ia h1nh b1nh han h.
d) £>U'crng tr6n ngo~i tiep tam giac ADE cat dU'crng tron ( 0) t~i di~m th(r hai K (K khac 0).
Ch(rng minh ba di~m K, H, F thang hang.
II 7-

chi
a) T(r giac BEDC c6 BEG= Bi5C =goo (gia thiet). Suy ra tLI' giac BEDC Ia t(r giac noi tiep
(hai g6c ke cung nh1n c~nh BC dU'&i mot g6c bang nhau).
 b) TCP giac 8EDC noi tiep suy ra JfEi5 = AcB
(g6c ngoai cua ter giac noi tiep ).
Xet MED va MC8 c6: JfEi5 = AcB (chCrng minh tren)
va BAG chung
=> MED ~ MC8(g.g) => AE = AC (hai canh tU'ang Crng)
AD A8 .
=> AE.A8 = AD.AC.
c) Ta c6 8D I I CF (vi cung vu6ng g6c v&i AC).
8F I I EC (vi cung vu6ng g6c v&i A8).
Do d6 8HCF Ia hlnh blnh han h.
d) Ta thay ter giac ADHE noi tiep dU'ang tron dU'ang kfnh AH => AKR =goo. (1)
Ma MKF noi tiep dU'ang tron dU'ang kfnh AF=> AKF =goo. (2)
TIY (1) va (2) suy ra ba di~m K, H, F thang hang.

1: TIY mot di~m A nam ngoai dU'ang tron (0; R) ta ve hai tiep tuyen A8, AC v&i dU'ang tron
(8, CIa tiep di~m). Tren cung nh6 8C lay mot di~m M, ve M/ j_ AB, MK j_ AC(I E AB, K E AC)
a) ChCrng minh AIMK Ia ter giac noi tiep dU'ang tron.
b) Ve MP j_ BC (P E BC). ChCrng minh CPMK Ia tCP giac noi tiep.
Cho nll'a dU'ong tron tam 0 dU'ang kfnh AB = 2R va tia tiep tuyen Ax cung ph fa v&i
nll'a dU'ang tron doi v&i A8. TIY di~m M tren Ax ke tiep tuyen thCP hai MC v&i nll'a dU'ang tron
(CIa tiep di~m). AC cat OM t9i E; M8 cat nll'a dU'ang tron (0) t9i D (D khac B). ChCrng minh
AMCO va AMDE Ia cac tCP giac noi tiep dU'ong tron.
Cho diem M thuoc cung nh6 BC cua dU'ang tron ( 0). Mot dU'ong thang d & ngoai ( 0) va
vu6ng g6c v&i dU'ong thang OM; dU'ang thang CM, 8M cat d lan IU'Q't t9i D, E. ChCrng minh rang
B, C, D, E cung thuoc mot dU'ang tr6n.
Cho hai dU'ang tron (0) va (0') cat nhau tc;li Ava B. Ve AC, AD theo thCP tl! Ia dU'ong
kfnh cua hai dU'ong tron (0) va (0').
a) ChCrng minh ba di~m C, 8, D thang hang.
b) 8U'ang thang AC cat dU'ong tron ( 0') t9i E; dU'ang thang AD cat dU'ang tron ( 0) tc;li F
(E, F khac A). ChCrng minh bon diem C, D, E, F cung nam tren mot dU'ang tron.
c) ChCrng minh ba dU'ang thang AB, CF vaDE dong quy t9i mot di~m /.
d) ChCrng minh tCP giac 8DIF noi tiep dU'Q'C trong mot dU'ang tron.
Cho tam giac ABC c6 ba g6c nhon ( AB < A C), cac dU'ang cao AF, BD, CE cat nhau

a) ChCrng minh tCP giac 8EDC noi tiep dU'Q'C trong mot dU'ang tron.
b) ChCrng minh AEA8 =ADAC. _
c) ChCrng minh FH Ia tia phan giac cua DFE.
d) GQi 0 Ia trung di~m cua do9n thang 8C. ChCrng minh 00c = FEf5.
(De 10 nam hQC 8- 9)
 Cho hinh thang can ABCD (AB >CD, AB 11 CD) noi tiep trong dU'ang tron (0). Ke cac
tiep tuyen v&i dU'6'ng tron ( 0) t9i A va D chung cat nhau a Goi MIa giao diem cua hai
dU'6'ng cheo A C va BD.
a) Chll'ng minh tll' giac AEDM noi tiep dU'Q'C trong mot dU'ang tron.
b) Chll'ng minh AB II EM.
c) 8U'6'ng thang EM cat c9nh ben AD va BC cua hinh thang IEm IU'Q't a H va K.
Chll'ng minh MIa trung diem HK.
1 1
d) Chll'ng minh _3_ = - - + - -.
HK AB CD
7: Cho mia dU'ang tron (0) dU'ang kinh AB = 2R, day cung AC. Goi MIa diem chinh giCI'a
a a
cung AC. 8U'6'ng thang ke hi C song song v&i BM cat tia AM K va cat tia OM D. 00 cat
AC t9i H.
a) Chll'ng minh tll' giac CKMH noi tiep.
b) Chll'ng minh CD= MB va OM= CB.
c
c) Xac dinh vi tri diem tren nll'a dU'ang tron (0) de AD Ia tiep tuyen cua nll'a dU'ang tron.
d) Trang trU'6'ng hqp AD Ia tiep tuyen cua nll'a dU'6'ng tron (0), tlnh di$n tich ph~m tam
giac ADC a ngoai dU'6'ng tron ( 0) theo R.
Cho nll'a dU'ang tron (0) dU'6'ng kinh AB =a. Goi Ax, By Ia cac tia vuong g6c v&i AB
(Ax, By thuoc cung mot nll'a m~it phang ba AB). Qua diem M thuoc nll'a dU'ang tron ( 0) (M
khac A va B) ke tiep tuyen v&i nll'a dU'6'ng tron ( 0); n6 cat Ax, By Ian IU'Q't a Eva F.
a) Chll'ng minh: EOF = 90°.
b) Chll'ng minh tll' giac AEMO noi tiep; hai tam giac MAB va OEF d6ng d9ng.
c) Goi K Ia giao diem cua AF va BE, chll'ng minh MK .1 AB.
d) Khi MB = .J3MA, tinh di$n tich tam giac KAB theo a.
9: Cho dU'ang tron tam o dU'ang kinh AB co ban kinh R, tiep tuyen Ax. Tren tiep tuyen
Ax lay diem F sao cho BF cat dU'6'ng tron t9i C, tia phan giac cua g6c ABF cat Ax t9i Eva cat
dU'ang tron t9i D.
a) Chll'ng minh OD II BC.
b) Chll'ng minh h$ thll'c: BD.BE = BC.BF.
c) Chll'ng minh tll' giac CDEF noi tiep.
d) Xac dinh so do cua g6c ABC de tll' giac AOCD Ia hinh thoi. Tinh di$n tich hinh thoi
AOCD theo R.
1 Cho tam giac ABC c6 ba g6c nhon noi tiep dU'ang tron ( 0) c6 trl)'c tam Ia diem H.
Goi MIa diem tren day cung BC khong chll'a diem A (M khac B, C). Goi N, P thea thll' tl)' Ia cac
diem doi xll'ng cua M qua cac dU'ang thang AB, AC.
a) Chll'ng minh AHCP Ia tll' giac noi tiep.
b) Chll'ng minh N, H, P thang hang.
c) Tim vi trf cua diem M de do dai do9n NP l&n nhat.
Cau 11: Cho dU'<Yng tron (0; R) v&i day cung AB khong di qua tam. LayS Ia mot diem bat ki
tren tia doi cua tia AB (S khac A). TLI' diemS ve hai ti<3p tuy~n SC, SO v&i dU'ang tron (0; R)
sao cho diem C nam tren cung nh6 AB ( C, 0 Ia cac ti~p diem). GQi H Ia trung diem cua do~n
thang AB.
s
a) ChLI'ng minh nam diem C, D, H, 0, thuoc dU'ang tron dU'<Yng kfnh SO.
b) Khi so= 2R, hay trnh d9 dai do~n thang so theo R va trnh s6 do g6c SCD.
c) 8U'6'ng thang di qua diem Ava song song v&i dU'ang thang SC, cat do~n thang CD t~i K.
ChLI'ng minh tLI' giac ADHK Ia tLI' giac n9i ti~p va dU'ang thang BK di qua trung diem cua
do~m thang sc.
(D~ thi vao 10 TP Ha N()i nam hQc 2018- 2019)
Cau 12: Cho tam giac ABC noi ti~p dU'ang tron (0) dU'ang kfnh BC. Ke AH 1. BC. Goi M vaN
Ia cac hinh chi~u vuong g6c cua H tren AB va AC.
a) ChLI'ng minh AC 2 = CH.CB.
b) ChLI'ng minh tLI' giac BMNC Ia tLI' giac n(>i ti~p va AC.BM + AB.CN = AH.BC.
c) 8U'<Yng thang di qua A cat HM t~i Eva cat tia doi cua tia NH t~i F. ChLI'ng minh BE II CF.
(D~ thi vao 10 tinh Hai DU'O'ng nam hQC 2018- 2019)
 1
a) Ta c6: NM= AKii!J=goo(gia thiet), suy ra tCr giac AIMK noi
tiep dU'ang tron dU'ang kinh AM.
b) TCr giac CPMK c6 iViPC = fViKC = goo(gia thiet). Do d6
CPMK Ia tll' giac noi tiep
B

cau2 X

VI MA, MC Ia tiep tuyen nen fViA6 = McQ = goo=> AMCO Ia

tll' giac noi tiep dU'ang tron dU'ang kfnh MO. M
AoB =goo (g6c noi tiep chan nl1a dU'ang tron)
-
=>ADM= goo (1)
L<;1i c6: OA = OC = R;MA = MC(tinh chat tiep tuyen).
Suy ra OM Ia dU'ang trung trl)'c cua AC.
=> AEM= goo (2) o B
TCr (1) va (2) suy ra AMDE Ia hi giac noi tiep dU'ang tron dU'ang kfnh MA.

cau3
ANE =ABE= goo nen tCr
Ke dU'ang kinh AM cat d t<;li N. Ta c6
BEN= BAN.
giac ABNE noi tiep, suy ra
M~t khac BAN = BCM, do d6 BCM =BEN hay Bci5 = 8Ei5.
VE).y B, C, 0, E cung thuoc mot dU'ang tron.

4
a) ABC va Aai5 lan IU'Q't Ia cac g6c noi tiep chan nl1a dU'ang tron (O) va (0').
=> ABC= Aai5 = goo => ABC+ Aai5 = 180°.
Suy ra c, B, D thang hang.
b) Xet tCr giac CDEF c6:
CFD = CFA = goo (g6c noi tiep chan nl1a dU'ang tron ( 0) ).
CEi5 = JfEi5 = goo(g6c noi tiep chan nl1a dU'ang tron (0)).
=> CFD = CEi5 =goo, suy ra CDEF Ia tLt' giac noi tiep.
c) GQi /Ia giao diem cua CF va DE. De thay CE va OF Ia
hai dU'ang cao cua tam giac CD/, cat nhau t<;1i A suy ra /A .l CD.
Do vE).y I, A, B thang hang.
d) Ta c6 DR= l5Bi = goo=> 80/F noi tiep dU'Q'C trong mot dU'ang tron.
 5 A

a) Ta c6 BEG
=goo; BoG=goo (gia thiet) va hai ainh cungo
nhin cc;1nh BC. Suy ra tll' giac BEDC n(>i tiep trong m(>t dU'ang tron.
b) Xet MEG va MOB c6: BAG chung;
Aai5 =AcE (cung ch[m ED).
B
=>MEG~ MDB(g.g) => AE = AC (hai canh tU'ang Ll'ng)
AD AB .
=> AE.AB = AD.AC.
BER = BFR =goo)=> BFE = BHE (cung chan BE).
c) TLI' giac HEBF n(>i tiep (do
CoR = CFR =goo) => CFi5 = fHD.
TLI' giac CDHF n(>i tiep (do
Ma BHE = fHl5 nen BFE = CFD.

~ khac:
Mc;1t , {BFE
___ + €FA
___ =goo . Do uo E---FA = 0---FA . VA9Y FH I'a t1a
;;t' · p hAan g1ac
·, cua
., goc
, E---FD .
CFD + DFA = goo
~ _..-._

d) Ta c6 DOC= sdCD. (1)

TLI' giac BEHF n(>i tiep =>FiEF= FBR (cung chan cung HF). (*)
TLI' giac BEDC n(>i tiep =>DEC= FiBF (cung chan cung DC). (**)
TCr (*) va (**) suy ra FiEF= FBR =DEC=> FED= 2DEC. (2)
TCr (1) va (2) suy ra l50C =FED.
X

a) Ta c6: EAC = ~ sdAC (g6c t.;JO b&i tia tiep tuy[m AE va dily
AC cua dU'ang tron (0)).

XDB = ~ sdiiB (Ox Ia tia d6i cUa tia tilip tuylin DE).
TU'ang li,J':

Ma AC = BD (do ABCD Ia hinh thang can) nen AC = Bi5.

Do d6 EAC = XDB.
Vf).y tll' giac AEDM n(>i tiep dU'Q'C trong m(>t dU'ang tron.

b) TLI' giac AEDM n(>i tiep nen EAi5 = EMi5 (cung chan cung ED). Ma EAi5 = Aai5 (g6c tc;1o
b&i tia tiep tuyen va day cung v&i g6c n(>i tiep cung chan cung AD).
~-
Suy ra: EMD =ABO . Do d6 EM II AB.
, HM DH , MK CK
c) f1DAB co HM II AB =>- = - . f1CAB co MK II AB =>- = - .
AB DA AB CB
Ma DH = CK (dinh If Talet cho hinh thang ABCD). Nen HM = MK. Do d6 MH = MK.
DA CB AB AB
Vf).y MIa trung diem HK.
d) Ap dung dinh If Ta-let cho tam giac ADB c6HM II AB ta dU'ac:HM
. . . AB
= OM
DB
(1 ).

Ap d1,1ng d!nh li Ta-let cho tam giac DBC c6 KM II CD ta dU'gc: ~~ = :~ (2).

C ong
~ ( 1) va'( 2 ) ve;.th eove;.ta d U'O'C: -
HM KM
+- OM
=- BM
+- = DM+BM =BD
- = 1.
. . AB CD DB BD BD BD
2 2
Suy ra: HM + KM = 2, ma MH = MK nen 2HM = 2KM = HK.
AB CD
, HK HK 2 1 1
Do do: - + - = 2 . Suy ra: -=-+-(dpcm).
AB CD HK AB CD

D
a) AMB =goo (g6c n<)i tiep chan nCra dU'ong tron dU'ong kinh AB)
~AM .1MB. Ma CD II BM(gia thiet) nen AM .1 CD. V$y fViKC =goo.
1-\M = CiJJ (gia thiet) ~OM .1 AC ~ iViHC =goo.
TCP giac CKMH c6 fViKC + iViHC = 180° nen n<)i tiep dU'Q'C trong mot
dU'ong tron. B

b) Ta c6: AcB =goo(g6c n<)i tiep chan nCra dU'ong tron).

Do d6 OM II CB ma CD II MB (gia thiet) nen tCP giac COMB Ia hlnh blnh hanh.
Suy ra CD= MB va OM = CB.
c) AD Ia tiep tuyen cua dU'ong tron (O) ¢::>AD .1 AB. MCD c6 AK .1 va DH .1 AC nenco
MIa trttc tam tam giac. Suy ra CM .1 AD.
-----. ..---. D
V$y AD .1 AB ¢::> CM II AB ¢::>AM= BC.
Ma AM= Mc nen AM= 8C ¢::>AM= Mc = 8C =60°.
d) GQi S Ia di$n tich phan tam giac ADC a ngoai dU'ong tron (0).
S1 Ia di$n tich tCP giac AOCD.
a
S2 Ia di$n tich hlnh quc;1t g6c tam AOC.
Ta c6: S = S1 - S2 .
+ Tinh S1: 0 B

AD Ia tiep tuyen cua dU'ong tron ( 0) ¢::> AM = Mc BC = 60° ~ Aoi5 = 60°.

~ SAoo =_:!_AD.AO
2
Do d6 AD= AO.tan60° = RJ3 = _:!__RJ3.R = R -J3.
2 2 2
R2 -J3
MOD= /1COD( c.g.c) ~ SAoo = Scoo ~ SAoco = 2SAoo = 2 . - - = R J3.
2

2
+ Tinh S2 :
2
------ o _ rcR 120° • rcR 2
AC = 120 ~ SquatAOC- --
. 360 0 3

a) EA, EM Ia hai tiep tuyen cua dU'ong tron (0) cat nhau a E nen OE Ia phan giac cua 7-fOM.
TU'ang ttt OF Ia phan giac cua BaM.
Ma 7-fOM va BaM ke bu nen: EOF =goo (dpcm).
b) Ta c6: EA6 = EMO =90°(tfnh ch~t tiep tuyen). y
TCr giac AEMO co EA6 + EMO = 180° nen noi tiep dU'Q'C
trong mot dU'ang tron.
Tam giac AMB va tam giac EOF c6: AMB = EoF
= 90°, X
1ViAB =MEa (cung chan cung MO cua dU'ang tron
ngo~i tiep tCr giac AEMO). Vf).y MMB ~ !1EOF (g.g). E
c) Ta c6 AE II FB nen: ~~ = ~~­
Ma AE =ME va BF = MF (tfnh ch~t hai tiep tuyen cat nhau). A ~---I.N-~0~--~
8
Nen AK = ME . Do d6 MK II AE (dinh If dao cua dinh If Ta-let). Lai c6: AE j_ AB (gia thiet)
KF MF . . .
nen MK l_AB.
d) GQi N Ia giao diE§m cua MK va AB, suy ra MN j_ AB.
11FEA c6 MK II AE nen MK = FK (1).11BEA c6 NK II AE nen NK = BK (2).
AE FA AE BE
Ma FK = BK (do AE II FB) nen FK = BK hay FK = BK (3).
M ~ M+ffi ~+~ ~ ~

TLJ' (1 ), (2) va (3) suy ra MK = KN . Vf).y MK = NK.

AE AE
Tam giac AKB va tam giac AMB c6 chung day AB nen: SAKB = KN = !.
SAMB MN 2

Do d6 sAKa = !sAMa·
2
Tam giac AMB vu6ng a M nen tan A= MB
MA
= J3 => 1ViAB = 60°.

" a , aJ3 1 1 a aJ3 1 2 r;:; )

Vay AM=- va BM = - => SAKa = - . - . - . - = - a -v3 (dvdt .
. 2 2 2 2 2 2 16

X
a) !1BOD can a 0 (vi OD = OB = R) => Oai5 = 008.
Ma Oaf5 = Cai5 (gia thiet) nen 6i5B = Cai5. Do d6: OD II BC.
b)AoB = 90°(g6c noi tiep chan nll'a dU'ang tron ( O) => AD j_ BE.
AcB = 90°(g6c noi tiep chan nll'a dU'ang tron (0) => AC j_ BF.
a
11EAB vu6ng A (do Ax Ia tiep tuyen ), c6 AD j_ BE nen
AB 2 = BD.BE. ( 1)
a
11FAB vu6ng A (do Ax Ia tiep tuyen), c6 AC j_ BF nen
AB 2 = BC.BF. (2)
TLJ' (1) va (2) suy ra: BD.BE = BC.BF.

c) Taco: {~ = ~ (hai g6c no~ cung chan cung BC)

CAB= CFA (cung phv FAG)

=>CoB= CFA. Do d6 tCr giac CDEF noi tiep.

d) Ta c6: ABi5 = Cai5 (do BD Ia phan giac ABC)=> Ao =co.
TLP giac AOCD Ia h1nh thoi <=> OA =AD= DC= OC
¢::> AD = DC = R ¢::> jjj = i5C = 60° ¢::> AC = 120° ¢::> ABC = 60°.
V~y ABC= 60°th1 t(r giac AOCD Ia h1nh thai.
Tinh di~n tich h1nh thai AOCD thea R:
AC = 120° => AC = RJ3
1 1 r;;
SAoco = -OD.AC = -.R.R-v3 = - - (dvdt).
R J3
2

2 2 2
A
10
a) Gia sll' cac dU'ang cao cua tam giac Ia
AK, CJ. De ch(rng minh AHCP Ia t(r giac noi
ti~p ta se ch(rng minh PiiC +/fPC= 120°. p

Ta c6 PiiC = iHK (doi dinh),

/fPC= AMC =ABC (do tinh doi XLPng va
g6c noi ti~p cCmg chan mot cung).
L~i c6 t(r giac BIHK Ia t(r giac n<)i ti~p nen
---- ---- -----
ABC+IHK=1800=>AHC+APC=1800. ------- M
b) De ch(rng minh N, H, P thang hang ta se ch(rng minh NHA + AHP = 180° do d6 ta se
tim each quy hai g6c nay ve 2 g6c doi nhau trong mot t(p giac n<)i ti~p.

Th~t v~y ta c6: AHP = JfCiS (do t(r giac AHCP noi ti~p ).
-
ACP =-
ACM (do tinh chat doi x(rng). (1)
Ta thay vai tro t(r giac AHCP giong v&i AHBN nen ta cung de ch(rng minh dU'Q'c AHBN Ia
t(r giac noi ti~p suy ra lfHN = lfBN.
M~t khac, JfBN = AaM (do tinh chat doi x(rng). (2)
TCP (1 ), (2) ta suy ra chi can ch(rng minh A8M + J0M =180°. Dieu nay Ia hien nhien do t(r
giac ABMC n<)i ti~p.
V~y 1\iHA + AHP = 180° hay N, H, P thang hang.
c) Ta c6 1\iiAN = 2BA1Vi, 1ViAP = 2iliiAC =>NAP= 2BAC. M~t khac ta, c6 AM= AN= APnen
cac diem M, N, P thuoc dU'<Yng tron tam A ban kinh AM.
-
NP = 2NQ = 2ANsinNAQ = 2AN.sinBAC = 2AM.sinBAC.- -
NhU' v~y NP l&n nhat khi va chi khi AM l&n nhat. Hay AM Ia dU'ang kinh cua dU'ang tron (0).

11 0
a) Xet t(r giac SCOD c6: ScQ =goo; Si50 =goo
(do SC, SOIa ti~p tuy€m cua dU'ang tron (0)).
=> ScQ + Si50 = 120° => SCOD Ia t(r giac n<)i ti~p.
L~i c6 tam giac SOC va SOD Ia hai tam giac vuong c6
chung cc;1nh huyen so
nen t(r giac SCOD thuoc dU'ang
tron dU'~ kinh s~ (1) c
Ta c6: SCO = goo ; SHO = goo (vi H Ia trung diem cua AB nen OH .l AB).
TLP giac SCHO c6 hai dinh C va H cung nhln c~nh SO dU'&i mot g6c bang nhau nen t(r giac
SCHO noi ti~p dU'ang tron dU'ang kinh so.
(2)
s
TCP (1) va (2) suy ra nam diem C, D, H, 0, thu<)c dU'angtron dU'ang kinh so.
b) Ap dvng dinh If Pitago trong tam giac vuong SDO c6:
S0 2 SD 2 + 00 2 => SD 2 = S0 2 - 00 2 = 4R 2 - R 2 = 3R 2 => SO= R.J3.
Trang tam giac vuong SOD c6:
- 00 R .J3 -
tan OSD = - = - - = - => OSD = 30°.
SO R.J3 3
Thea tinh chat hai tiep tuyen cat nhau ta c6 SC =SO va SO Ia tia phan giac cua g6c Csi5
=> CsO = Osi5 = 30° => Csi5 = 60°.
D
=> !1SCD deu => SCf5 = 60°.
c) T(r giac DOHC Ia t(r giac n()i tiep (v1 nam
s
diem C, 0, H, 0, thUQC mot dU'ang tron ).
=> Ki5R =CoR. (3) s
. , {AK l_OC (doAK II SC)
LaiCO
. OH l_AH

=> KAR = CoR (g6c c6 c9nh tU'ang (rng

vu6ng g6c). (4)
Tt1 (3) va (4) suy ra Ki5R = KAR. B
Suy ra ADHK Ia t(r giac n()i tiep.
GQi T = BK n SC; P = AK nBC. T(r giac ADHK n()i tiep => AHf< = J5AC.
Ma i5AC = ABC => AHK = BAG => HK II BC (hai g6c a vi tri dong vi).
=> K Ia trung diem cua AP hay AK = KP.
~ AK BK KP
Do AK II SC nen - = - = - => ST = TC.
ST BT TC
V~y T Ia trung diem cua doQn thang BC (dpcm).
SCP dvng tinh chat cua hai tiep tuyen cat nhau. A
MA va MB Ia hai tiep tuyen cua dU'ang tron ( 0).

!
MA=MB
Khi d6: ~ =~
------ _........_
03 =04
B

1: Chll'ng minh djnh li: "Neu mot tll' giac ABCD c6 tong cac cc;1nh doi bang nhau
AB +CD= BC +AD thi tll' giac d6 ngoc;1i tiep dU'Q'C mot dU'ang tron" bang each chll'ng
minh cac tia phan giac cua bon g6c A, B, C, D cung g~p nhau tc;1i mot diem.

A
Ta chi can chll'ng minh cac tia phan giac cua ba g6c A, B, D g~p
nhau tc;1i mot diem. Xet hai trU'ang hgp:
hgp 1: Neu AB = BC thi tll' gia thiet suy ra CD= AD.
Xet MBD va !1CBD c6 AB = BC, AD= DC va 80 chung nen
MBD = !1CBD ( c.c.c ). D _ _.__--tr----- C
Do d6 BD Ia dU'ang phan giac cua cac g6c B va D. A
GQi o Ia giao diem cua tia phan giac g6c A v&i BD. Suy ra BO,
DO Ia cac tia phan giac cua cac g6c B va D.
TrU'ong hgp Neu AB * BC, gia sCP AB > BC, suy ra DA > DC.
Lay diem M tren AB, diem N tren AD sao cho BM = BC, DN = DC.
Tu gia thiet suy ra AM = AN. Cac dU'ang phan giac cua cac g6c 8 D
A, B, D chinh Ia cac dU'ang trung trl)'c cua tam giac CMN nen
chung g~p nhau t<;li mot diem 0.
V~y diem 0 Ia tam cua dU'ang tron noi tiep tll' giac ABCD. c
Cho dU'ang tron ( 0) noi tiep tam giac ABC. D, E, F Ian IU'Q't Ia cac tiep diem
cua AB, BC, CA v&i ( 0).
a) Chll'ng minh rang 2AD = AB + AC- BC.
b) Tim cac h~ thll'c tU'ang tl)' h~ thll'c a cau a.

Giili chi ti§t A

a) Vi (0) noi tiep tam giac ABC nen cac cc;1nh AB, BC, AC Ia cac
tiep tuyen cua dU'ang tron ( 0).
Thea tinh chat cua hai tiep tuyen cat nhau, ta c6:
AD=AF, BD=BE, CE=CF.
Khid6VP=AB+AC-BC 8 E c
= {AD+BD) +(CF +FA)-(BE +CE) = AD+AF = 2AD =VT.
V~y 2AD = AB+ AC -BC.
b) Chll'ng minh tU'ang tl)' cau a) ta cOng c6 cac h~ thll'c sau:
2BD = 2BE = AB + BC -AC; 2CE = 2CF = BC +AC -AB.
 Cho hlnh thang ABCD vuong t~i hai dinh A va D, ngo~i tiep dU'ang tron ( 0).
Tim d¢ dai cac c~nh AB va CD, biet rang OB = 6 em va OC = 8 em.

Giili chi tiet

Do ABCD ngo~i tiep dU'ang tron ( 0) nen cac c~nh cua
hinh thang ABCD Ia tiep tuyen cua (0).
Theo tinh chat cua hai tiep tuyen cat nhau suy ra BO va
co l~n IU'Q'l Ia tia phan giac cua g6c ABC,Bci5.
Xet !1BOC c6: 0aC + 0cB = -ABC +BCD
-----= 180o = goo.
2 2
Suy ra !1BOC vuong t~i 0. Ap dvng dinh li Pitago trong
tam giac vuong nay ta c6: F H
2 2
BC = OB + OC 2 = 62 + 8 2 = 100 => BC = 10 em.
Gia sll' dU'ang tron ( 0) tiep xuc v&i BC t~i K, suy ra OK .1 BC.
Ap dvng h~ thCrc IU'qng trong tam giac vuong OBC, v&i OK Ia dU'ang cao, ta c6:
1 1 1 1 1 25 24
-- = - + - - =-+-=-=>OK=- em.
OK 2 OB 2 OC 2 6 2 8 2 576 s
GQi E, F l~n IU'Q't Ia tiep diem cua AB va CD v&i dU'ang tron ( 0).
24
Suy ra OE =OK= (ban klnh dU'ang tron (0)).
5
48
Ke BH .1 CD (HE CD). Ta thay: BH = EF = 20K = em.
5
1
TU'ang lt)', flp d1,1ng djnh li Pitago trong tam giflc vu6ng HBC ta dU'Q'C HC = ; em.
Ta c6 OE .1 AB (do A.B Ia tiep tuyen cua (0)). M~t khac AO Ia tia phan giac cua g6c J5AB
-----
:::>OAE=450.
24
Suy ra tam giac AOE vuong can=> AE = OE = em.
5
Ap dvng dinh li Pitago cho tam giac vuong OEB ta dU'Q'C BE=~ em.
5
A 24 18 42
Vay AB=AE+EB=-+-=- em.
. 5 5 5
42 56
CD = DH + HC = AB + HC = + _!± = em.
5 5 5

1: Cho tam giac ABC vuong t~i A. £>U'ang tron ( 0) n¢i tiep tam giac ABC tiep xuc v&i
AB, AC l~n IU'Q't t~i D,
a) TCr giac ADOE Ia hinh gi? Vi sao?
b) Tinh ban kinh cua dU'ang tron (0) biet AB = 3 em, AC = 4 em.
Cho dU'ang tron tam 0, cac day AB, CD vuong g6c v&i nhau. Cac tiep tuyen v&i dU'ang
tron t~i A, B, C, D cat nhau lan IU'Q't t~i F, G, H. ChCrng minh rang EFGH Ia t(r giac n¢i tiep.
Cau 3: Hlnh thang vuong ABCD (.4
= B=goo) ngo~i tiep dU'ang tron tam 0. Biet OB = 10 em,
OC = 20 em. Tfnh di~n tfch hlnh thang ABCD.
Cau TLI' giac ABCD ngo~i tiep dU'ang tron (0), dong thai n<)i tiep mot dU'ang tron khac,
AB = 14 em, BC = 18 em, co= 26 em. GQi H Ia tiep diem cua co va dU'ang tron (0). Tfnh cac
d<) dai HC, HD.

a) £>/S: ADOE Ia hlnh vu6ng.

b) Ap dl)ng dinh If Pitago trong tam giac vuong ABC, ta tfnh dU'Q'C BC = 5 em.
AB+AC-BC 3+4-5 B
Theo vf du 2, ta c6: AD= AE =
.
=
2
= 1 em.2
Ma ADOE Ia hlnh vuong nen r = OD = OE =AD= AE = 1 em.

GQi /Ia giao diem cua AB va CD. G6c BiG = goo va Ia g6c c6
dinh I a ben trong dU'ang tron nen Ao + 8C = 180°.
Suy ra A+~+~+~ =180°.
Ta c6 F+ R= 180°- ( ~ + B1) + 180°- (A + ~) = 180°.
V~y EFGH Ia t(r giac n<)i tiep.
H
G
Lam tU'ang tl)' vf dl) 3, ta tfnh dU'qc: r = 4J5 em (v&i rIa ban kfnh dU'ang tron n<)i tiep h1nh
thang ABCO), AB = 6J5 em, CD = 12JS em.
Do d6 di~n tfch hlnh thang ABCD Ia:
(AB + CD).AD ( 6J5 + 12J5).8J5
$ ABCD = = = 360 Cm 2 .
2 2

GQi /, K, M Ia tiep diem cua dU'ang tron ( 0) tren cac c~nh BC,
AB, AB varIa ban kfnh cua dU'ang tron (0).
£>~t CH = C/ = x, DH =OM = y, AM = AK = z, 81 = BK = t.
Do tLI' giac ABCD ngo~i tiep dU'ang tron (O) nen:
AB+ CD= AD+ BC =>AD= AB +CD-BC = 14 + 26-18 = 22 em.
L~i c6 tLI' giac ABCD Ia tLI' giac n<)i tiep nen
ABC + AoC = 180° <=> 2 ( ~ + ~) = 180°
<=> ~ + ~ =goo=>~ =1Fi0i5 (vl cung phv v&i g6c ~).
, KB OK t r
Taco L1KBO- L1HOD(g.g) =>- = - <=>- =- <=> r2 = yt.
OH HD r y
TU'ang tl)' r2 = xz. Do d6 xz = yt. Suy ra x = !_ = 18- x = ~­
y z 22- y 22
Tll' d6 ta tfnh dU'Q'C 11x = 9y. Suy ra X= 11,7 va y = 14,3.
 A

Khi quay tam giac vu6ng mot vong

c
quanh c~nh OA co djnh th1 dU'Q'C mot
.·. Khi d6:
• Di<§m A Ia cua h1nh n6n.
• H1nh tron (OJ Ia cua h1nh n6n.
• Moi vi tri cua AC Ia mot duYYng sinh
cua h1nh n6n.
Khi d~t h1nh n6n bai
• Do~n AO Ia
r1;~y th1 ph§n h1nh n6n
nam giCra m~t phang n6i tren va m~t
phang day dU'Q'C gQi Ia mot
Khi d6:
• Hai h1nh tron (0) va (0') gQi Ia
• Do~n OO' g<;>i Ia trl)c. Do dai OO' Ia

Cho h1nh n6n c6 ban kinh day R va

dU'ong sinh /, chi~u cao h.
• Di~n tich xung quanh:
Sxq = ;rR/.
• Di~n tich toan ph§n:
Stp = ;rR/ + 1rR 2 •
• Th§ tich:
Cho h1nh n6n cvt c6 cac ban kinh day
V =:J_1rR 2 h. R va r, chi~u cao h, dU'ong sinh /.
3
• Di~n tich xung quanh:
Sxq ;r(R + r)l.
·The tich:
1
V = -;rh(R 2 + Rr + r 2 ).
3
 Khi quay h1nh chCr nh~t ABOO' mot v6ng quanh c9nh
00' co djnh, ta dU'Q'C mot Khi d6:
Hai h1nh tr6n (0) va (0') bang nhau va nam trong hai
m~t phang song song Ia hai day cua h1nh tn,1.
8U'6'ng thang 00' Ia cua h1nh tn.,1.
Moi vj tri cua AB Ia mot Cac dU'ang
sinh vuong g6c v&i hai m~t day. Bo dai cua
cua h1nh trl).

Cho h1nh trl) c6 ban kinh day R va

chi€lu cao h.
Di~n tich xung quanh: Sxq = 2TCRh.
Di~n tich toan phan:
2
Stp = 2TCRh + 2TCR .

The tich:
v = TCR 2 h.

Khi quay nll'a h1nh tron tam 0, ban

kinh R mot v6ng quanh dU'ang kinh
AB co djnh th1 dU'Q'C mot
NLI'a dU'ang tron phep quay
n6i trem quet mot
Diem o gQi Ia R Ia
cua h1nh cau hay m~t cau d6.

~ Cho h1nh cau ban kinh R.'

Di~n tich m~t cau:
S = 4TCR 2 •
The tich h1nh cau:
V =_±TCR 3 .
3
B'
Vi 1: Tinh di~n tfch xung quanh, di~n tich toan phan va the tich cua hlnh trv c6 dU'ang
kinh dU'ang tron day bang 8 em va chieu cao bang 6 em.

Giili chi tiet

Ban kinh day cua hlnh trv Ia: R =8 : 2 =4 em.
Di~n tich xung quanh cua hlnh trv Ia: Sxq = 2;rRh = 2n-.4.6 = 48n( cm 2 ).
Di~n tich toan phan cua hlnh trv Ia:
Stp = 2;rRh + 2;rR 2 = Sxq + 2;r.4 2 = 48;r + 32n = BOn ( cm 2 ).
The tich cua hinh trv Ia: V = nR 2 h = ;r.4 2 .6 = 96n( cm 3 ).

Vi dv NgU'ai ta nh§n chim m(>t v~t vao IQ thuy tinh c6 d<;mg hlnh trv. Di~n tich day cua
IQ Ia 25;r( cm 2 ). NU'&c trong IQ dang len 3 em. V~y the tich cua v~t the d61a?

Giili chi tiet

The tich nU'&c trong lo dang len cOng chinh Ia the tich cua v~t. Do d6, the tich cua v~t the
d6 Ia: V = nR 2 h = 25;r.3 = 75;r( cm 3 ).
V~y the tich cua v~t the can tim Ia 75;r ( cm 3 ).

Cho hinh chii nh~t ABCD c6 AB =a, BC = 2a. Quay hinh chii nh~t quanh
c~mh AB thi dU'Q'C the tich V1 , quanh quanh c~nh BC thi dU'Q'C the tich V2 • Tinh ti s6
giCPa V1 va V2 •

Khi quay hinh chii nh~t ABCD quanh c~nh AB thi ta dU'Q'C m(>t hinh trv c6 chieu cao Ia
AB =a va ban kinh day Ia BC = 2a. Do d6, the tich cua hinh trv nay Ia:
~ = ;rR12 h1 = n. ( 2a )2 .a= 4na 3 .
Khi quay hinh chii nh~t ABCD quanh c~nh BC thi ta dU'Q'C m(>t hinh trl) c6 chieu cao Ia
BC = 2a va ban kinh day Ia AB =a. Suy ra: V2 = ;rR;h2 = n.a 2 .2a = 2;ra 3 .
~ =4-
3
T,1so$.. g1U'a
·- V va' V I'·
a. - ;ra- = 2 .
1 2
v2 2n-a 3

V~y ti s6 giCPa V1 va V2 Ia 2.
Vi dl;l 1: Cho h1nh n6n c6 ban klnh day bang 6 em, dU'ang sinh bang 10 em. Tinh di~n
tfch xung quanh, di~n tich toan phan va the tich cua h1nh n6n.

Giai chi th~t

Di~n tich xung quanh cua hlnh n6n Ia: A
Sxq = JrRI = Jr.6.1 0 = 60Jr ( cm 2 ).
Di~n tich toan phan cua hlnh n6n Ia:
2 2 2
Stp = JrRI + JrR = Sxq + Jr.6 = 60Jr + 36Jr = 96Jr ( cm ).

Ap dvng djnh li Pitago trong tam giac vuong A08 ta c6:

A8 2 = OA 2 + 08 2 => OA = ~A8 2 -08 2 = ~10 2 - 62 = 8 em.
Suy ra chieu cao cua h1nh n6n Ia h = 8 em. B
Thll tieh ella hlnh n6n lit: V = inR'h = in-.6 2.8 = 96n-( em').

Vi dl;l 2: Cho hlnh n6n cvt c6 ban kinh cua day nh6 Ia r = 2 em, ban kinh day l&n
R = 6 em, dU'ang sinh I= 5 em. Hay tinh di~n tich xung quanh va the tich cua hlnh
n6n cvt d6.

Giai chi tiet

Di~n tich xung quanh cua hlnh n6n cvt Ia:
2
Sxq =Jr(r+R).! =7r(2+6).5=40Jr(cm ).

Ke AH vuong g6c v&i 08, trong d6 H thuoc 08.

VI AHOO' Ia h1nh chlJ' nh~t nen OH = r = 2 em.
Suy ra 8H = 08 -OH = R -r = 4 em.
Ap dvng dinh li Pitago trong tam giac vuong AH8 c6:
A8 2 = AH 2 + H8 2 => h = AH = ~ A8 2 - H8 2 = ~,--f?---4-2 = 3 em.
The tich cua h1nh n6n cvt Ia:
1 2 2 1 2 2
V= Jrh(r + Rr + R =
3
)
3 Jr.3( 2 + 2.6 + 6 ) = 52Jr.

Vi dl;l 3: Tinh di~n tich xung quanh va the tich cua mot h1nh n6n dU'Q'C t~o bcri tam giac
vuong can SOA c6 c~nh huyen SA= 5 em, quay quanh c~nh g6c vuong SO co din h.

Giai chi tiet

VI tam giac SOA vuong can t~i 0 nen SAO= 45°.
Trong tam giac vu6ng SOA c6: SO= SA. sin 45° = 5. J2 = 512. (em).
2 2
512.
Suyra R=OA=SO=-(cm).
2
D .1~n tl1ch xung quan h cua
A I I'a:
, h'm h non sxq sJi-. 5 =
= tcRl = tc.-
25 1CJ2 ( 2 )
em .
2 2
2
5
The tfch cua h1nh n6n Ia: V = :J_tcR 2 h = !tc.[SJ2J . Ji = 125tcJ2 (cm3).
3 3 2 2 12

Vi diJ 1: Cho m()t mc)t cau c6 di~n tfch bang 64tc ( cm 2 ). Tinh the tfch cua hlnh cau d6.

Giai chi tiet

GQi RIa ban kinh cua mc)t cau.

TU' A I s
' cong th U'C S = 4tcR 2 => R 2 = - = -
64tc
- = 16 => R = 4 em.
4tc 4tc
4 256
The tich cua h1nh cau d61a: V =itcR 3 = tc.4 3 = tc(cm 3).
. 3 3 3

diJ M()t cai bon chua xang gom hai nLPa h1nh cau
va mot h1nh trv. Hay tinh the tich cua bon chua thea
kich thU'&C cho tren h1nh ve.

Giai chi tiet

The tich cua bon chua xang gam the tfch cua hai nLPa h1nh cau va the tich cua h1nh trv.
Ban kinh cua h1nh cau Ia R = 2 :2= 1m.

Th~ tich cila hai nil>a hin h c§u Ia V, = ~ n-R' = ~ n- (m').

H1nh trv c6 ban kinh day R = 1 m va chi~u cao h = 3 m nen c6 the tich Ia:
V2 = tcR 2 h = tc.1 2 .3 = 3 tc( m 3).

Th~ tich cila b6n xiing Ia: V = v, + V2 = ~n- + 3n- = 1~n- (m').
Cau 1: Cho h1nh tn,J e6 ehu vi dU'crng tron day bang 24 em va ehieu eao bang 4 em. Tlnh di~n
tleh xung quanh eua h1nh trl) d6.
Cau M()t h1nh trt,J e6 ban klnh day Ia 3 em, di~n tleh xung quanh Ia 30~r ( em 2 ). Tlnh tht§
tleh eua h1nh trl) d6.
Cau 3: M()t h1nh n6n e6 dU'crng sinh dai 15 em va di~n Ueh xung quanh Ia 135n em 2 •
a) Tlnh ehieu eao eua h1nh non d6.
b) Tlnh di~n tleh toan ph§n va the tleh eua h1nh n6n d6.
Cau 4: M9t ehiee xo h1nh non el)t lam bang ton de dl)'ng nU'&e. Cae ban klnh day Ia 14 em va
9 em, ehieu eao Ia 23 em.
a) Tlnh dung tleh eua xo.
b) Tlnh di~n tleh ton de lam xo (khong ke di~n tleh eae cho ghep).
Cau 5: Tlnh tht§ tleh eua eae h1nh dU'&i day theo eae kleh thU'&e da eho.

,~ --c~,

~ 8cm
a) b) c)

Cau 6: M9t v~t the h1nh hoe e6 d~ng nhU' h1nh ve. Phan tren Ia
m1a h1nh trt,J, phan dU'&i Ia m()t h1nh h()p ehCI' nh~t, v&i eae kleh
thU'&e eho tren h1nh ve. Tlnh the tleh eua v~t the h1nh hoe d6.

GQi R Ia ban klnh day eua h1nh trt,J.

Chu vi eua dU'crng tron day Ia: C = 2~rR <=> 24 = 2~rR <=> ~rR = 12 em.
Di~n tleh xung quanh eua h1nh trt,J Ia: Sxq = 2~rRh = 2.12.4 = 96 ( em 2 ).

'
T U' th,
eong U'e Sx
A

= 2~rRh => h = -sxq- = -

30Jr
- = 5 em.
q 2~rR 2~r.3

The tleh eua h1nh trt,J da eho Ia: V = nR 2 h = ~r3 2 .5 = 45~r ( em 3 ).

 3
a) h = 12 em.
b) stp = 216 ;rcm 2 ' v = 324 ;rcm 3 .
4
a)V=9269 ;r(cm 3 ).
3
b) S = 621,5 ;r(cm 2 ).

a) H1nh c§n tfnh g6m:

+ M()t h1nh trl) c6 ban kfnh day R = 8:2 = 4 em, chieu cao h = 6 em, nen c6 the tfch Ia:
~ = ~rR 2 h = ;r.42.6 = 96 ~r( cm 2).
+ M()t nll'a h1nh cau c6 ban kfnh R = 4 em nen c6 the tfch Ia:
V2 =! ..±;rR3 =!. 4 ;r.43 = 128;r (cm3).
2 3 2 3 3
Vf).y the vf).t the can tfnh Ia:
128;r 416;r ( 3)
' ' v = ~ + v2 = 96;r + - - = - - em .
b) H1nh can tfnh gam: 3 3
+ M()t h1nh n6n c6 ban kfnh R = 4 em, chieu cao h = 10 em nen c6 the tfch Ia:
~ =!;rR2h=!;r.42.10= 160;r(cm3).
3 3 3
+ M()t nll'a h1nh cau c6 ban kfnh R = 4 em, nen c6 the tfch Ia:
v2 =! ..±;rR3 =! ..±;r.43 = 128;r (cm3).
2 3 2 3 3
VFJ.y the tfch h1nh c§n tfnh Ia:
160;r 128;r ( 3)
V=~+V2 =--+--=96;r
3 3
em .
c) H1nh can tfnh g6m:
+ M()t nll'a h1nh cau c6 ban kfnh R = 1 em nen c6 the tfch Ia:
1 4 3 2 ( 3)
~ =2.3;rR =3 ;r em .

+ M()t h1nh trl) c6 ban kfnh day R =1em (bang ban kfnh cua h1nh cau) va chieu cao h = 5 em
nen c6 the tfch Ia:
V2 = ~rR 2 h = ~r. f.5 = 5 ~r( cm 3).
+ M()t h1nh n6n c6 ban kfnh day R = 1 em (bang ban kfnh cua h1nh cau) va chieu cao
h = 5 em nen c6 the tfch Ia:
V = 1 1rR2h = 1 ~r.1 2.5 = 5;r ( em 3) .
3
3 3 3
VFJ.y the tfch cua vf).t c§n tfnh Ia:
v = ~ + v2 + v3 = 32;r + 5;r + 35;r = -3-
22;r ( 3)
em .
H1nh tn;~ e6 ban kinh day eua h1nh tn,t Ia 7 em va
chieu eao Ia 20 em.
The tieh eua h1nh tn.) Ia:
~ = trR 2 h = tr.7 2 .20 = 980 tr( em 3 ).
Suy ra the tieh eua m!a h1nh tn,t Ia:
V2 = ~ : 2 = 490 ;rr ( em
3
).

The tieh eua h1nh hop chef nh~t Ia:

v3 =abc= 14.20.10 = 2800 ( em 3 ).
V~y the tieh eua v~t the can t1m Ia:
v = v2 + v3 = 490;rr + 2800 ( em 3 ).
 16 Hang chu6i .. Tnrng .. Nc?i
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