Chapter 4

Air Pollution
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Chapter 4 Air Pollution

‫ ﺗﻠﻮث اﻟﻬﻮاء‬4 ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬

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Air Pollution
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Air Pollution

‫ﺗﻠﻮث اﻟﻬﻮاء‬

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 Air Pollution Definition
Presence of one or more air contaminants in ambient (outdoor)
atmosphere to be or threaten to be injurious to human life,
plant life, animal life and even damage to property.

• Air pollution can cause death, impair health, reduce visibility,

bring about vast economic losses and contribute to the general
deterioration of both our cities and countryside. It can also
cause intangible losses to historical monuments such as the Taj
Mahal which is believed to be badly affected by air pollution.

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Air Pollution Definition P resence of one or more air contaminants in ambient (outdoor) atmosphere to
be or threaten to be injurious to human life, plant life, animal life and even damage to property. • Air
pollution can cause death, impair health, reduce visibility, bring about vast economic losses and
contribute to the general

‫ا‬‫ﻮن ﺿﺎر‬‫ﻮن أو ﻳﻬﺪد أن ﻳ‬‫ اﻟﻬﻮاء اﻟﻄﻠﻖ( اﻟﺠﻮ ﻟﻴ‬‫ اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ )ﻓ‬‫ رﺋﺎﺳﺔ واﺣﺪة أو أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻠﻮﺛﺎت اﻟﻬﻮاء ﻓ‬P ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺗﻠﻮث اﻟﻬﻮاء‬
، ‫ﻦ أن ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻠﻮث اﻟﻬﻮاء اﻟﻮﻓﺎة‬‫ • ﻳﻤ‬.‫ﺎت‬‫ ﻟﺤﻘﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻤﺘﻠ‬‫ اﻷﺿﺮار اﻟﺘ‬‫ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﻴﺔ وﺣﺘ‬، ‫ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ‬، ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻴﺎة اﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ اﻟﺠﻨﺮال‬‫ إﺣﺪاث ﺧﺴﺎﺋﺮ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ واﺳﻌﺔ واﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ ﻓ‬، ‫ وﻳﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮؤﻳﺔ‬، ‫وﻳﻀﻌﻒ اﻟﺼﺤﺔ‬

deterioration of both our cities and countryside. It can also cause intangible losses to historical
monuments such as the Taj Mahal which is believed to be badly affected by air pollution. 3

‫ﻦ اﻳﻀﺎ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﺧﺴﺎﺋﺮ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻠﻤﻮﺳﺔ ﻟﻶﺛﺎر اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺨﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﺎج ﻣﺎﻫﺎل اﻟﺬي ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ أﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﺸﺪة‬‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤ‬.‫ﺗﺪﻫﻮر ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺪﻧﻨﺎ ورﻳﻔﻨﺎ‬
3 .‫ﺑﺘﻠﻮث اﻟﻬﻮاء‬

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 Air Pollution

• Indoor
• Regional
• Global
• Stratospheric
sources
effects
treatment

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Air Pollution • Indoor • Regional • Global • Stratospheric  sources

‫ اﻟﻤﺼﺎدر‬ ‫ • اﻟﺴﺘﺮاﺗﻮﺳﻔﻴﺮ‬‫ • إﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ • ﻋﺎﻟﻤ‬‫ﺗﻠﻮث اﻟﻬﻮاء • داﺧﻠ‬

 effects  treatment 4

4 ‫ اﻟﻌﻼج‬ ‫ اﻵﺛﺎر‬

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Structure of Atmosphere

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Structure of Atmosphere 5

5 ‫ﻞ اﻟﺠﻮ‬‫ﻫﻴ‬

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Composition of Air

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Composition of Air 6

6 ‫ﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﻬﻮاء‬‫ﺗ‬

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 Natural sources of air pollution

• Volcanic ash and gases.

• Gases and odor from swamps.
• Micro-organisms: Infect plants and animals.
• Aerosols-Particulates: (a) dust, (b) smoke, (c) mists,
(d)fog, (f) fumes.
• Products from atmospheric reactions (chemical
reactions like oxidation, photochemical reactions, etc.)

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Natural sources of air pollution • Volcanic ash and gases. • Gases and odor from swamps. • Micro -
organisms: Infect plants and animals. • Aerosols - Particulates : (a) dust, (b) smoke, (c) mists, (d)fog,
(f) fumes.

:‫ﺎﺋﻨﺎت اﻟﺤﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬‫ • اﻟ‬.‫ • اﻟﻐﺎزات واﻟﺮاﺋﺤﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﻘﻌﺎت‬.‫اﻟﻤﺼﺎدر اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻠﻮث اﻟﻬﻮاء • اﻟﺮﻣﺎد واﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﺒﺮﻛﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
.‫ )و( أﺑﺨﺮة‬، ‫ )د( اﻟﻀﺒﺎب‬، ‫ )ج( اﻟﻀﺒﺎب‬، ‫ )ب( اﻟﺪﺧﺎن‬، ‫ )أ( اﻟﻐﺒﺎر‬:‫ • اﻟﻬﺒﺎء اﻟﺠﻮي ‐ اﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎت‬.‫ﺗﺼﻴﺐ اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت واﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت‬

• Products from atmospheric reactions (chemical reactions like oxidation , photochemical reactions,
etc.) 7

7 (‫ ذﻟﻚ‬‫ وﻣﺎ إﻟ‬، ‫ﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ‬‫ واﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻟ‬، ‫ﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ردود اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻷﻛﺴﺪة‬‫• ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻟﺠﻮﻳﺔ )اﻟ‬

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 Man-made sources of air pollution

• Combustion of fuels: (CO2 ), (SO2 ), (NO2 ),etc.

accumulate in the atmosphere.

• Industries: Emit undesirable gases (CO2, SO2,NO2 ,

NH3 , CO).

• Thermal Power Plants: Mainly they emit Sulphur

dioxide.
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Man - made sources of air pollution • Combustion of fuels: (CO 2 ), (SO 2 ), (NO 2 ),etc. accumulate in
the atmosphere. • Industries: Emit undesirable gases (CO 2 , SO 2 ,NO 2 , NH 3 , CO). • Thermal Power
Plants: Mainly they emit Sulphur

‫ ﺗﻨﺒﻌﺚ ﻣﻦ‬:‫ • اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎت‬.‫ اﻟﺠﻮ‬‫ ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ ﻓ‬.‫ إﻟﺦ‬، (CO 2) ، (SO 2) ، (NO 2) :‫رﺟﻞ ‐ ﺻﻨﻊ ﻣﺼﺎدر ﺗﻠﻮث اﻟﻬﻮاء • اﺣﺘﺮاق اﻟﻮﻗﻮد‬
‫ﺒﺮﻳﺖ‬‫ اﻟ‬‫ﻞ رﺋﻴﺴ‬‫ ﺗﻨﺒﻌﺚ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺸ‬:‫ • ﻣﺤﻄﺎت اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارﻳﺔ‬.(CO 2 ، So 2 ، No 2 ، NH 3 ، CO) ‫اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺮﻏﻮب ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬

dioxide. 8

8 .‫ أﻛﺴﻴﺪ‬‫ﺛﺎﻧ‬

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 Man-made sources of air pollution
• Automobiles: Exhaust contains carbon monoxide (CO),
methane, un-burnt carbon. CO is the main source of air
pollution in congested cities.

• Agricultural activities: Crop spraying and field burning.

• Nuclear Power Plants: Emit various radioactive

substances

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Man - made sources of air pollution • Automobiles: Exhaust contains carbon monoxide (CO), methane,
un - burnt carbon. CO is the main source of air pollution in congested cities. • Agricultural activities:
Crop spraying and field burning. • Nuclear Power Plants: Emit various radioactive

‫ﺮﺑﻮن‬‫ اﻷﻣﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة ‐ اﻟ‬، ‫ اﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎن‬، (CO) ‫ﺮﺑﻮن‬‫ أول أﻛﺴﻴﺪ اﻟ‬‫ اﻟﻌﺎدم ﻳﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠ‬:‫رﺟﻞ ‐ ﺻﻨﻊ ﻣﺼﺎدر ﺗﻠﻮث اﻟﻬﻮاء • اﻟﺴﻴﺎرات‬
• .‫ رش اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺻﻴﻞ وﺣﺮق اﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬:‫ • اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﺰراﻋﻴﺔ‬.‫ اﻟﻤﺪن اﻟﻤﺰدﺣﻤﺔ‬‫ ﻟﻠﻬﻮاء اﻟﺘﻠﻮث ﻓ‬‫ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻤﺼﺪر اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴ‬CO .‫اﻟﻤﺤﺘﺮق‬
‫ ﺗﻨﺒﻌﺚ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ‬:‫ﻣﺤﻄﺎت اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻨﻮوﻳﺔ‬

substances 9

9 ‫ﻣﻮاد‬

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 Classification of air pollutants
(A) Based on Origin
1.Primary air pollutants :SO2 , SO3 , H2S
2. Secondary air pollutants :Ozone, PAN (Peroxy Acetyl Nitrate), SMOG
(smoke+fog) and acid rain.
(B) Based on Nature
1. Organic air pollutants :HC, Chlorinated HC, aldehydes and alcohols.
2. Inorganic air pollutants :CO, CO2, NO2, NO, SO2, HF, H2S metals.
(C) Base on State of Matter
1. Particulates (Aerosols) :solid particulates dusts, smoke and fumes while
for liquid particulates mist and sprays.
2. Gasses and vapors: CO2, NO2, NO, SO2,
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Classification of air pollutants (A) Based on Origin 1.Primary air pollutants :SO 2 , SO 3 , H 2S 2 .
Secondary air pollutants :Ozone, PAN ( Peroxy Acetyl Nitrate), SMOG (smoke+fog ) and acid rain. (B)
Based on Nature

، ‫ اﻷوزون‬:‫ ﻣﻠﻮﺛﺎت اﻟﻬﻮاء اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ‬.SO 2 ، SO 3 ، H 2S 2 :‫ ﻣﻠﻮﺛﺎت اﻟﻬﻮاء اﻷوﻟﻴﺔ‬.1 ‫ اﻷﺻﻞ‬‫ ﻋﻠ‬‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﻣﻠﻮﺛﺎت اﻟﻬﻮاء )أ( ﺑﻨﺎء‬
‫ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬‫ ﻋﻠ‬‫ )ب( ﺑﻨﺎء‬.‫ﺿﺒﺎب( وﻣﻄﺮ اﻟﺤﻤﺾ‬+‫ ﺿﺒﺎﺑﻴﺔ )دﺧﺎن‬، (‫ﻋﻤﻮم )ﻧﺘﺮات أﺳﻴﺘﻴﻞ ﺑﻴﺮوﻛﺴ‬

1 . Organic air pollutants :HC, Chlorinated HC, aldehydes and alcohols. 2. Inorganic air pollutants : CO,
CO 2, NO 2, NO, SO 2, HF, H 2S metals. (C) Base on State of Matter 1. Particulates (Aerosols) :solid
particulates dusts, smoke and fumes while for liquid particulates mist and sprays. 2. Gasses and
vapors: CO 2, NO 2, NO, SO 2,

CO ، CO 2 ، NO 2 ، NO ، :‫ ﻣﻠﻮﺛﺎت اﻟﻬﻮاء ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ‬.2 .‫ﺤﻮل‬‫ اﻷﻟﺪﻫﻴﺪات واﻟ‬، ‫ﻠﻮر‬‫ اﻟ‬HC ، HC :‫ ﻣﻠﻮﺛﺎت اﻟﻬﻮاء اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ‬.1
‫ اﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎت اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ اﻟﻐﺒﺎر واﻟﺪﺧﺎن‬:(‫ اﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎت )اﻟﻬﺒﺎء اﻟﺠﻮي‬.1 ‫ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﺎدة‬‫ )ج( ﻗﺎﻋﺪة ﻋﻠ‬.SO 2 ، HF ، H 2S MEDALS
، 2 ‫ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬، ‫ ﻻ‬، 2 ‫ ﻻ‬، CO 2 :‫ اﻟﻐﺎزات واﻷﺑﺨﺮة‬.2 .‫واﻷﺑﺨﺮة أﺛﻨﺎء ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎت اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ اﻟﻀﺒﺎب واﻟﺒﺨﺎﺧﺎت‬

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 Air Pollution Control
Control equipment has applications in a wide
range of industries:
Preventing the release of chemicals, vapors, and
dust and filtering and purifying the air within the
work environment.
Typically, fans or blowers direct industrial exhaust
and emissions into the air pollution control
equipment and systems which remove or reduce
air pollutants through the use of one or more of the
following processes.
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Air Pollution Control Control equipment has applications in a wide range of industries: Preventing the
release of chemicals, vapors, and dust and filtering and purifying the air within the work environment.

‫ﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬‫ ﻣﻨﻊ إﻃﻼق اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟ‬:‫ ﻧﻄﺎق واﺳﻊ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎت‬‫ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت ﻋﻠ‬‫ﻢ ﻋﻠ‬‫ ﺗﻠﻮث اﻟﻬﻮاء ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻣﻌﺪات اﻟﺘﺤ‬‫ﻢ ﻓ‬‫اﻟﺘﺤ‬
.‫ و اﻟﻐﺒﺎر واﻟﺘﺼﻔﻴﺔ وﺗﻨﻘﻴﺔ اﻟﻬﻮاء داﺧﻞ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬، ‫ اﻷﺑﺨﺮة‬،

Typically , fans or blowers direct industrial exhaust and emissions into the air pollution control
equipment and systems which remove or reduce air pollutants through the use of one or more of the
following processes. 12

‫ ﺗﺰﻳﻞ أو ﺗﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻠﻮﺛﺎت اﻟﻬﻮاء ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﺳﺘﺨﺪام واﺣﺪ أو أﻛﺜﺮ‬‫ ﺗﻠﻮث اﻟﻬﻮاء اﻟﻤﻌﺪات واﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘ‬‫ اﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮة ﻋﻠ‬‫ﻋﺎدةً واﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎت ﻓ‬
12 .‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬

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 Air Pollution Control
1) Combustion (i.e., destroying the pollutant)
2) Conversion (i.e., chemically changing the
pollutant to a less harmful compound)
3) Collection (i.e., removing the pollutant from
the waste air before its release into the
environment and atmosphere)

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Air Pollution Control 1) Combustion (i.e., destroying the pollutant) 2) Conversion (i.e., chemically
changing the pollutant to a less harmful compound) 3) Collection (i.e., removing the pollutant from the
waste air before its release into the

‫( ﺟﻤﻊ )أي‬3 (‫ا‬‫ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ أﻗﻞ ﺿﺮر‬‫( اﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ )أي ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺎ ﻣﻠﻮث إﻟ‬2 (‫( اﻻﺣﺘﺮاق )أي ﺗﺪﻣﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻠﻮث‬1 ‫ ﺗﻠﻮث اﻟﻬﻮاء‬‫ﻢ ﻓ‬‫اﻟﺘﺤ‬
‫إزاﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﻠﻮث ﻣﻦ ﻫﻮاء اﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎت ﻗﺒﻞ إﻃﻼﻗﻪ ﻓ‬

environment and atmosphere) 13

13 (‫اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ واﻟﺠﻮ‬

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 Air Pollution Control
1) Combustion (i.e., destroying the
pollutant)

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Air Pollution Control 1) Combustion (i.e., destroying the pollutant) 14

14 (‫ ﺗﺪﻣﻴﺮ ﻣﻠﻮث‬، ‫( اﻻﺣﺘﺮاق )أي‬1 ‫ ﺗﻠﻮث اﻟﻬﻮاء‬‫ﻢ ﻓ‬‫اﻟﺘﺤ‬

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Cyclone Separator

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Cyclone Separator 17

17 ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻞ اﻹﻋﺼﺎر‬

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2) Conversion:

(i.e., chemically changing the pollutant to a less

harmful compound)

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2) Conversion: ( i.e., chemically changing the pollutant to a less harmful compound) 22

22 (‫ أﻗﻞ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﺿﺎر‬‫ﺎ إﻟ‬‫ )أي ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻠﻮث ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴ‬:‫( اﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ‬2

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 Catalytic Oxidizers
Catalytic oxidizers are used in industrial applications to
break down VOCs, hydrocarbon compounds, and odors
fumes.
Some catalytic oxidizers are not suitable for incinerating
gas and emissions containing PM as the particulates can
coat the surface of the catalyst bed, preventing and
disrupting the oxidation process, newer catalysts allow
catalytic oxidizers to handle most gas and PM
compounds.

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Catalytic Oxidizers C atalytic oxidizers are used in industrial applications to break down VOCs,
hydrocarbon compounds, and odors fumes. Some catalytic oxidizers are not suitable for incinerating
gas and emissions containing PM as the particulates can

‫ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﻄﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻄﺎﻳﺮة وﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎت‬‫اﻟﻤﺆﻛﺴﺪات اﻟﺤﻔﺰﻳﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﺆﻛﺴﺎت اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻼت ﻓ‬
‫ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ‬PM ‫ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠ‬‫ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﺆﻛﺴﺎت اﻟﺤﻔﺰﻳﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺮق اﻟﻐﺎز واﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎت اﻟﺘ‬.‫اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻮن واﻟﺮواﺋﺢ أﺑﺨﺮة‬
‫اﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎت‬

coat the surface of the catalyst bed, preventing and disrupting the oxidation process, newer catalysts
allow catalytic oxidizers to handle most gas and PM compounds. 29

‫ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ اﻟﻤﺤﻔﺰات اﻷﺣﺪث ﻣﺆﻛﺴﺎت اﻟﺤﻔﺎزة ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز و‬، ‫ وﻣﻨﻊ و ﺗﻌﻄﻴﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻷﻛﺴﺪة‬، ‫ﻣﻌﻄﻒ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺳﺮﻳﺮ اﻟﻤﺤﻔﺰ‬
29 .‫ﻨﻴﺔ‬‫ ﻣﺠﻤﻌﺎت ﺳ‬PM

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Catalytic Oxidizers

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Catalytic Oxidizers 30

30 ‫اﻟﻤﺆﻛﺴﺪات اﻟﺤﻔﺰﻳﺔ‬

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 Catalytic Reactors
Catalytic reactors, also called Selective Catalytic Reduction
(SCR) systems, are air pollution control devices widely
used to mitigate nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions produced
by burning fossil fuels in industrial applications.
These devices first inject ammonia into the industrial
exhaust and emissions, which reacts with the NOx
compounds to produce nitrogen and oxygen.

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Catalytic Reactors Catalytic reactors, also called Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) systems, are air
pollution control devices widely used to mitigate nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions produced by burning
fossil fuels in industrial applications. These devices first inject ammonia into the industrial

‫ ﺗﻠﻮث اﻟﻬﻮاء‬‫ﻢ ﻓ‬‫ أﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﺘﺤ‬‫ ﻫ‬، ‫( اﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ‬SCR) ‫ﺎ اﻟﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺤﻔﻴﺰ اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﺋ‬‫ أﻳﻀ‬‫ ﺗﺴﻤ‬، ‫اﻟﻤﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻟﺤﻔﺰﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻟﺤﻔﺰﻳﺔ‬
‫ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت‬‫( اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺣﺮق اﻟﻮﻗﻮد اﻷﺣﻔﻮري ﻓ‬NOX) ‫ ﻧﻄﺎق واﺳﻊ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ اﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎت أﻛﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﻨﻴﺘﺮوﺟﻴﻦ‬‫ﻋﻠ‬
‫ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬‫ ﺣﻘﻦ اﻷﻣﻮﻧﻴﺎ ﻓ‬‫ ﻫﺬه اﻷﺟﻬﺰة أوﻻ‬.‫اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬

exhaust and emissions, which reacts with the NOx compounds to produce nitrogen and oxygen. 31

31 .‫ ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ أﻛﺎﺳﻴﺪ اﻟﻨﻴﺘﺮوﺟﻴﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎت ﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻨﻴﺘﺮوﺟﻴﻦ واﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ‬‫ اﻟﺘ‬، ‫اﻟﻌﺎدم واﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎت‬

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Catalytic Reactors

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Catalytic Reactors 32

32 ‫اﻟﻤﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻟﺤﻔﺰﻳﺔ‬

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Air Pollution Control

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Air Pollution Control 35

35 ‫ ﺗﻠﻮث اﻟﻬﻮاء‬‫ﻢ ﻓ‬‫اﻟﺘﺤ‬

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