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  • Carbonyls

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    1. Carbonyl groups (aldehydes and ketones) can be identified using reactions like iodoform, Tollen's reagent, or Fehling's solution. Iodoform forms a pale yellow precipitate. 2. Alcohols can be oxidized to form carbonyl groups, producing aldehydes from primary alcohols or ketones from secondary alcohols. 3. Carbonyl groups can be reduced using reagents like lithium aluminum hydride or sodium borohydride to form alcohols.

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    1. Carbonyl groups (aldehydes and ketones) can be identified using reactions like iodoform, Tollen's reagent, or Fehling's solution. Iodoform forms a pale yellow precipitate. 2. Alcohols can be oxidized to form carbonyl groups, producing aldehydes from primary alcohols or ketones from secondary alcohols. 3. Carbonyl groups can be reduced using reagents like lithium aluminum hydride or sodium borohydride to form alcohols.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    6 views2 pages

    Carbonyls

    Uploaded by

    Hira
    1. Carbonyl groups (aldehydes and ketones) can be identified using reactions like iodoform, Tollen's reagent, or Fehling's solution. Iodoform forms a pale yellow precipitate. 2. Alcohols can be oxidized to form carbonyl groups, producing aldehydes from primary alcohols or ketones from secondary alcohols. 3. Carbonyl groups can be reduced using reagents like lithium aluminum hydride or sodium borohydride to form alcohols.

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    of 2

    CARBONYLS

    IodoformReaction
    on o
    CHz c R CHz C R
    H Iraq NaOHiaq
    Iziaq NaoHcaqs theatlwarm
    heatlwarm
    o
    CHI t C R ROI
    HOTC
    CHIZ t R Roz b c ofNaOH Hol
    t Ho
    TriiodomethanelIodoform
    paleyellowppt
    OH
    CH3CH20H N OH
    n
    OH oh
    CH3 d H
    i CHzcHzCHz d Ctb CH3CHz d
    i
    cHzcH3
    n n oh
    x
    HIs HC0zH CHIS t CH3CHzCHzCozH No Reaction
    or or
    Hoi CH3CHzCHzC0z
    o o
    CH3 d H Hz
    CF
    Ctb cuz CHzcHz Nk m
    cHI3tHC0zH CHIztctbcozHCHIztczttscozHCHIzt koi.ioIl
    x
    oxidationof AlcoholstoFormcarbonyls
    on o o
    I 11 11
    R C H R C H R C OH
    11 carboxylic
    primaryalcohol acid
    on o
    1
    R c R R C R
    ti ketone
    secondaryalcohol
    qtr
    R Q R Cannotlose Rto makedoublebond
    R
    HHkMno4 OR Htt
    kzcrzo
    r .hu
    tt kzCrzoyoRHtlKMn04th.u.rt
    OH o s o distilofftocollectaldehyde
    I I tt CrzoyoRHtlkMn04th.u.r
    c OH HtkrzoyoRHTKMn043th.u.ir
    orTotten'sreagantorFehling's
    solution h ur
    Totten's
    NOTE andFehlingsareboth
    1 alkalinesogivesaltofacid
    OH c O Totten'scolourless silverppt
    g Same as 2 n

    5 liAIH4indryetherlwaBHycaq.io
    Huni their
    sameas 5
    7 LiAlH4indryetherONLY
    oxidationof aldehydes
    o O
    1
    aldehyde on carboxylicAcid
    H4KMnO4 Purple colourless
    OR.tt kzCrzO orange green
    OR TOlen'sreagantCcokvr1ess BrickredpptgJforaldehydesonl
    silverppt1mirror
    OR Fehling'ssolutionblue
    H.u.r
    Reduction of carbonyls
    RCHO 2CHt RCHzoH
    RcoR't 2CH RCHCOHIR
    Little in dryetherlNaBH4caqs1Hz Ni
    Heat
    condensationreaction
    of carbonyls Testforaldehydesketones
    RCHO Nos
    N N H
    OR t 2,4 DNPH orangeppt I
    RCOR ti ti

    02N
    Noz Noz
    R H
    I
    H H
    C o H N N R N IN H2O
    I
    R
    Noa OrangePpt Noa
    Nucleophilicadditionin carbonyls CNT
    0 OH note Naan acts as a catalyst
    11
    R c R t HCN NacNcaq
    h.u.ir R d R and is used bk HCN is a
    IN hydroxylnitrile weak acid
    HydrolysisofNitrite
    OH OH
    dit.HUdil
    H2so4 i
    R d R hv r R Ci R
    CN cozH
    N
    CN
    HentnacNcaq or
    or
    o Diliticitnacncaqs OH OH
    Dil Hu
    hvr
    Ho o
    cozy
    or
    OH OH

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