LEADING

Group No. 2 CE-2A

WHAT IS LEADING?

It is the management function that involves

influencing others to engage in the work
behaviors necessary to reach organizational
goals.
Leading refers to the function, and leadership
refers to the process.
HOW LEADERS INFLUENCE
OTHERS

Leaders are said to be able to influence

others because of the power they possess
and powers refer to the ability of a leader
to exert force on another.
 BASES OF POWER
1. Legitimate 2. Reward Power
Power
A person has the
A person who
ability to give
occupies a higher
rewards to
position has legitimate
anybody who
power over persons in
lower positions within
follows orders or
the organization. requests.

 2.Reward Power
Classified into 2 types

01
Material Reward
02
Psychic Rewards –
– Refers to Consist of
money or recognition,
tangible benefits praises, etc.
 4. Referent Power - 5. Expert Power –
3. Coercive Power
A person can get Provide specialized
- A person forces
compliance from Text
information
another to comply another because regarding their
with orders the latter would specific lines of
through threats or want to be expertise. Possessed
punishment. identified with the by people with great
former. skills in technology.
 THE NATURE OF
LEADERSHIP

Leadership referred to a ‘process of

influencing and Supporting others to work
enthusiastically toward achieving objectives
’
Leadership expected of any manager in
charge of any monitor decision
Traits of
effective
Leaders
1. High level of personal drive
2. Desire to lead
3. Personal integrity
4. Self-confidence
5. Analytical ability or judgement
6. Knowledge of the company, industry or
technology
7. Charisma
8. Creativity
9. Flexibility
 Traits of effective Leaders

1. Personal drive 2. Desire to lead 3. Personal

integrity

Identified as willing
Leaders with a

who
A person is
desire to lead will
to accept well-regarded by
always have a
responsibility, others as one who
reservoir of extra
possess vigor, has integrity
efforts which can be
initiative, persistence, possesses one trait
used whenever
and health of a leader
needed
 6. Knowledge of the
Company, Industry or
4. Self-confidence 5. Analytical
Technology

Ability

A leader who is well-

The activities of The ability to analyze informed about his

leaders require is one of desirable company, the industry
moves that will trait that a leader can where the company
produce the need use to tide him over belongs, and the
outputs many challenging technology utilized by the
Analytical Ability aspects of leadership by the industry, will be in a
better position to provide
directions to his unit
 7. Charisma 8. Creativity 9. Flexibility

A person has Ability to combine A leader

who allows this

sufficient personal existing data, experience, situation as long as the
magnetism that and preconditions from required outputs are
leads people to various sources in such produce, is said to be
follow his flexible
a way that the results
directives will be subjectively
regarded as new,
valuable, and innovative
 Leadership Skills
Leaders need to
have various skills
1. Technical Skills
It is a specialized knowledge neededtotobe
a job
effective
perform

with people, both inside and outside the
Skills referred to the ability of a leader to deal
organization

2. Human Skills
Skills referred to the ability of a leader to deal with people, both inside and outside the
organization

3. Conceptual Skills
Ability to think in abstract terms, to see new parts fit together to form the whole
BEHAVIORAL APPROACHES TO LEADERSHIP
STYLES

Are those in positions of leadership exhibit a pattern of

behavior that is unique and different from other patterns.

The three approaches used in

classifying leadership styles
are:
1. According to the ways leaders approach people to
motivate them.
2. According to the way the loader uses power.
3. According to the leader's orientation towards tasks
and people to the loader's toward tasks and people.

Ways Leaders Approach People

(1) Positive leadership- Leaders

emphasize rewards. Neither economic like
salary increment nor noneconomic like
advisory committee membership.
(2) Negative leadership- Leaders
emphasize punishment. It may take the
form of reprimand, suspension, or
dismissal.
Leaders, sometimes, alternately use positive
and negative leadership depending on the
characteristics of the individual subordinates
 Ways Leaders Uses
Power

1. Autocratic Leaders.
Leaders who make decisions themselves, without
consulting subordinates
Motivation takes the form of threats, punishment, and
intimidation of all kinds

The autocratic style

effective in emergencies and when absolute followership
is needed.
An example is a civil engineer in charge of constructing a
temporary bridge over one that has been currently
damaged.

 Ways Leaders Uses

Power
THE disadvantages
Autocratic leadership is when the leader receives
little, if any, information and ideas from his people
as inputs into his decision-making.

2. Participative Leaders.
When a leader openly invites his subordinates to
participate in:
Sharing in decisions
policy-making
operation methods to become a participative
leader.
 Ways Leaders Uses
Power
The advantage
Participative leadership generates a lot of good
ideas. Another advantage is the increased support
for decisions and the reduction of the chance that
they will be unexpectedly undermined.

The disadvantage
Participative leadership is that it is time-
consuming and frustrating to people who prefer
to see a quick decision reached.

 Ways Leaders Uses

Power

3. Free-Rein Leaders.
-Leaders who set objectives and allow employees
or subordinates relative freedom to do whatever it
takes to accomplish these objectives.
They are also referred to as laissez-faire
leaders.
This leadership style is most applicable to
certain organizations manned by professionals.

 Ways Leaders Uses

Power
- example; is the engineering department of
a university which is headed by the dean.
If free-rein leadership fits the situation,
there is full managerial delegation resulting
in optimum utilization of time and resources.
This happens because many people are
motivated to full effort only if given this kind
of free-rein.
Ways Leaders Uses
Power
The weakness

very little managerial control and a high

degree of risk.
if the leader doesn't know well the
competence and integrity of his people
and their ability to handle this kind of
freedom, the result could be disastrous.

Leaders Orientation Toward

Tasks and People

Leaders may be classified according to how they

view tasks and people.

Consequently, a leader may either be:

(1) Employee oriented-

When a leader considers employees as human beings of

"intrinsic importance and with individual and personal need to
satisfy.
(2) Task oriented-

If a leader places stress on production and the technical aspects

of the job and the employees are viewed as the means of
getting the work done.

CONTINGENCY APPROACHES
TO LEADERSHIP STYLE

The contingency approach is “an effort to determine

through research which managerial practice and
techniques are appropriate in specific situations”.

The various contingency approaches are as follows:

1. FIEDLER’S CONTINGENCY MODEL

According to Fred Fielder, “leadership is effective when the
leader’s style is appropriate to the situation”.

 CONTINGENCY APPROACHES TO
LEADERSHIP STYLE

Three principal factors:

1.the relations between leaders and followers.
2.the structure of the tasks and
3.the power inherent in the leader’s position.

To be effective, the situation must fit the leader.

If this is not so, the following may be tried:
1. Change the leader’s traits or behavior.
2. Select leaders who have traits or behaviors fitting the situation.
3. Move leaders around in the organization until they are in positions
that fit them.
4.Change the situation.
 CONTINGENCY APPROACHES
TO LEADERSHIP STYLE
2.HERSEY AND BLANCHARD
SITUATIONALEADERSHIP MODEL

The situational leadership model developed by

Hersey and Blanchard suggests that the most
important factor affecting the selection of a leader’s
style is the development (or maturity) level of
subordinate.

Maturity has two components:

1. job skills and knowledge, and
2. psychological maturity.
 CONTINGENCY APPROACHES
TO LEADERSHIP STYLE

Blanchard and others elaborated on the leadership

styles appropriate for the various maturity level of
subordinate. They are as follows:

Style 1: DIRECTING – is for people who lack

competence but are enthusiastic and committed.

Style 2: COACHING- is for the people who have

some competence but lack commitment.

CONTINGENCY APPROACHES
TO LEADERSHIP STYLE

Style 3: SUPPORTING- is for people who

have competence but lack of confidence or
motivation.
Style 4: DELEGATING- is for people who
have both competence and commitment

 3.PATH-GOAL MODEL OF LEADERSHIP

The path-goal model of leadership espoused by Robert J.
House and Terence R. Mitchell, stipulates that leadership can
be made effective because leaders can influence subordinate’s
perceptions of their work goals, personal goals, and path to
goal attainment.

By using the path-goal model, it is assumed

that effective leaders can
enhance subordinate
motivation by:
1. clarifying the subordinate's
perception of work goals,
2. linking meaningful rewards with goal attainment, and
3.explaining how goals and desired rewards can be
achieved.

 LEADERSHIP STYLES

The leadership styles which may be used by

path-goal proponents are as follows:

1. DERECTIVE LEADERSHIP-where the leader

focuses on clear task assignments, standards of
successful performance, and work schedules.

2. SUPPORTIVE LEADERSHIP- where subordinates

are treated as equals in a friendly manner while
striving to prove their well-being.
 LEADERSHIP STYLES

3. PARTICIPATIVE LEADERSHIP- where the

leader consults with subordinates to seek their
suggestions and then seriously considers those
suggestions when making decisions.
4. ACHIEVEMENT-ORIENTED LEADERSHIP- where
the leader set challenging goals, emphasize
excellence, and seek continuous improvement while
maintaining a high degree of confidence that
subordinates will meet difficult challenges in a
responsible manner.

 VROOM’S DECISION-MAKING MODEL

Vroom’s model of leadership is one that prescribes
the proper leadership styles for various situations,
focusing on the appropriate degrees of delegation
of decision-making authority.
 SUMMARY
Managers are expected to provide the required outputs by
utilizing the various inputs including labor.

The management function which involves influencing others to

engage in the work behavior.

Leaders influence others because of the power they possess

(Power may be classified as (1) legitimate(2) reward (3)
coercive (4) referent, and (5) expert.
 Leadership style may be classified in terms of behavior as
follows:
(1)according to the ways leaders approach people to motivate them.
(2) According to the way the leader the leader uses power, and
(3) According to the leader's orientation towards task and people.

Leadership style may also be classified in terms of

contingency as follows:
- Fiedler's Contingency Model,
-Hershey nd Blanchard's Situation Leadership Model
-Path-Goal Model of leadership
- Vroom's Decision Making Model
 REVIEW QUESTION
1.What is leading? Why is it important to the engineer manager?
-Leading is that management function which involves influencing others to engage
in the work behaviors necessary to reach organizational goals. It is important in
engineer manager simply because it creates a vision, develop a plan, and persuade
others to achieve common corporate and organizational goals.Managersshould
have a vision of what the end results and success of their projects would look like.

2. How do leaders influence others?

-Leaders must master the ability to influence others. To be able to do so, they are
required to perform leadership roles.Leaders are said to be able to influence
others because of the power they possess. Power refers to the ability of a leader to
exert force on another.It can be classified according to the variousbases which are
the following: legitimate power, reward power, coercive power, referent power and
expertpower.
 REVIEW QUESTION
3. What is meant by referent power? Give an example of a person with referent
power.
-Referent power is a type of power that is gained as a result of inferior employees admiring
them superior.In order to achieve this type of power, employers or superiors entrust their
employees by giving them new responsibilities or allowing them to complete projects on
their own.Elon Musk is an example of a person with referent power in the business sector.
The people that work with him are happy to do so and share his underlying principle of
using technology to make the world a better place.

4.Why is it important for a leader to have "the desire to lead"? What happens if
the said desire is not present?
-Desire is important to become an effective leader.Because they are passionate about
what they are doing, they will always put-up extra effort to perform at their highest level,
which can be especially useful when it is necessary.If desire is not present, the person is
not effective in performingthat role that will cause to failure in the goal.
 REVIEW QUESTION
5.What is meant by "charisma"? Is it a necessary ingredient for leadership?
-Charisma is a charm that inspire devotion to others.When a person possesses
enough charisma to convince others to follow his or her instructions, that person
is said to possess charisma. Charisma can be an ingredient for leadership when
used effectively, charisma may be a component of effective leadership and assist
the leader in motivating the team to achieve its objectives.

6. What is meant by "human skills"? How may these skills help the leader. -
These skills refer to the ability of a leader to deal with people, both inside and
outside the organization. Good leaders must know how to get along with
people, motivate them and inspire them. Apart from motivating, human skills
include coaching, communicating, morale building, training and development,
help and supportiveness, and delegating.
 REVIEW QUESTION
7. How is positive leadership different from negative leadership?
- Positive leadership is used when the leadership strategy prioritizes rewards. The
incentive could be monetary, like a raise in monthly pay, or it could be non-
financial, like participation in an advisory group. Negative leadership is
characterized as a style in which the leader places a strong emphasis on
punishment. The penalty could be a reprimand, a suspension, or a dismissal.

8. What are free-rein leaders? When is free-rein leader- ship

appropriate?
-Free-rein leaders are those who set goals and give their team members or
subordinates a freedom to take any action necessary to reach those goals. They
are also referred to as laissez- faire leaders. This leadership style is most
applicable to certain organizations manned by professionals like engineers.
 REVIEW QUESTION
9. When the situation does not fit the leader, what options do
management have?
- The situational characteristics vary from organization to organization. To be
effective, the situation must fit the leader. If this is not so, the following may
be tried: *Change the leaders trait or behaviors *Select leaders who have
traits or behavior fitting the situation. *More leaders around in the
organization until they are in positions that fit them. *Change the situation

10. What leadership styles may be used by path-goal proponents?

- The leadership styles which may be uses by path goal proponents are as
follows: Directive leadership, Supportive Leaderships, Participative
leadership and Achievement-oriented leadership.
THANK YOU!