2021 Taiwan Physics National Team

Selection Test Round 3

Theoretical Test-1

11th September, 2022

1. As shown in figure, two vertical springs with force constants k1 and k2

are connected at the upper end to the inextensible slender bar across
the pulley, and the lower end is connected to a uniform bar with mass m
and length 2L. The moment of inertia of the bar about the horizontal
axis of its center of mass is I ′ . The mass of the pulley is M , the radius
is R, and the moment of inertia about its central axis of rotation is I.
Assuming that the masses of the springs and the wedges are negligible,
the pulley can rotate freely and there is no slippage between the spring
and the pulley.

(a) If the wooden sliver remains on the original vertical plane after
being slightly disturbed, and vibrates and rotates with a slight
amplitude near the equilibrium position, what is the angular fre-
quency ω of its normal mode oscillation (i.e. standing wave simple

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 oscillation)? What are the conditions under which such normal
modules can exist?
(b) Continuing from the previous question, if k1 = k2 = k, I =
M R2 /2, I ′ = mL2 /3, what is the angular frequency ω?
(c) Under what conditions, after the wooden sliver deviates slightly
from the equilibrium state, it can remain horizontal, and its center
of mass can simply vibrate vertically up and down? What is the
angular frequency Ω of this vibrational motion?

2. A cylindrical container with a cross-sectional area of A, placed in the

atmosphere, contains an incompressible and non-viscous liquid, and
has a circular hole with a cross-sectional area of a at the bottom of
the side. Initially, the vertical distance from the liquid surface to the
circular hole is H, and the liquid begins to flow out from the circular
hole, as shown.

(a) When A >> a, when the liquid level in the cylinder decreases from
the height of H to h at a certain time, what is the instantaneous
rate of the liquid flowing out of the circular hole at this time?
(b) It is known that A > a; and A2 >> a2 , (that is, the influence
of the circular hole on the water level of the cylinder cannot be
ignored), then when the liquid level in the cylinder drops from
the height of H to h at a certain time, what is the relationship
between the rate V of drop in liquid level in the tank and the
height h of the water level in the tank?
(c) From the result of (b), find the relationship between the liquid
level h and time, and find the time when the liquid stops flowing
out, that is, the time when the water level drops to the circular
hole.

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 (d) From the result of (b), find V (t), that is, the relationship between
the rate of liquid level drop in the container and the time t, and
find the liquid rate v(t) flowing out of the circular hole.

3. (Note: The answer to this question should be expressed as the param-

eter given in the question and the vacuum permittivity ϵ0 )

(a) As shown in figure, an insulator sphere with a radius of R has

positive charges with a density of ρ evenly distributed inside. Try
to calculate the electric field at a distance of r from the center of
the insulator sphere.

(b) If the interior of the insulator sphere in figure above is hollowed

out to a spherical cavity with a radius of R/2, and the position
vector of the line connecting the center of the insulator sphere and
the center of the cavity is ⃗a, as shown in figure, try to find the
electric field inside the cavity and at any point inside the insulator
ball outside the cavity.
(c) Now consider overlapping two uniformly charged insulating spheres
with radii R1 , R2 , and charge densities +ρ and −ρ respectively,
so that the distance between the centers of the two spheres is
d (d < R1 + R2 ), as shown in figure, try to calculate the electric
field at any point in the overlapping part of the two spheres.

(d) If the radii of the two spheres in question (c) are both R, and the
distance between the centers of the two spheres is d << R, the
two overlapping spheres can be approximated as a layer of thin

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 spherical shell with a density of σ and −σ in each of the left and
right hemispheres, as shown in figure. Now, find the relationship
between the surface charge density σ of the thin spherical shell
of this layer and the angle θ of the line connecting the position
of the sphere center, the position and magnitude of the maximum
surface charge density σ0 , and the electric field intensity inside the
sphere after overlapping.
(e) Continuing from the previous question, if the potential at infinity
is set to be zero, what is the potential at any point on the surface
of the sphere after resetting?

4. A student attaches a golden rod with mass m and length ℓ to an ideal

spring with force constant k. A device for converting mechanical en-
ergy into electrical energy is formed on a circuit with a capacitor C
that stores electrical energy, as shown in figure. In order to convert
mechanical energy into electrical energy, he set the entire circuit in a
uniform external magnetic field B, and the circuit is perpendicular to
the magnetic field, and the metal rod can slide in the direction perpen-
dicular to the circuit line and the circuit. Assuming that the load of
the circuit is represented by the resistance R, the original length of the
spring can be set to zero, and the friction between the gold rod and the
circuit wire can be ignored, and the self-inductance of the circuit and
the resistance r of the circuit connecting the capacitors are negligible,
try to answer the following questions:

(a) When the O point is fixed, try to find the natural angular fre-
quency ω0 of the motion of the metal rod (i.e. the resonant angular
frequency without considering the resistance).

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 (b) In the case where the O point is fixed, if at t = 0, the spring
elongation is 0, but the initial speed of the golden rod is v0 , and
the resistance r is ignored at this time, it means that the capacitor
is quickly charged and has a charge q0 . Why is it q0 and find out
the upper limit of the magnetic field Bc that can make the current
flowing in the metal rod vibrate at t > 0.
(c) To convert mechanical energy into electrical energy, a student ex-
erts force to make the point O perform simple harmonic motion
with an angular frequency of ω, that is, the displacement of the O
point at time t is a cos ωt, where a > 0 is the amplitude, assum-
ing B < Bc , then when the current reaches a limit, the current
through the load resistor R can be expressed as I(ω) sin(ωt − δ),
try to find I(ω) and tan δ (represented with parameters like ω0
C(Bℓ)2
and define β = 2[mRC+R(Bℓ) 2 ] ).

(d) Take the (c) sub-problem, try to calculate the average input me-
chanical energy power ⟨Pin ⟩ and the average output electrical
power ⟨Pout ⟩. And thus calculate the efficiency of converting me-
chanical energy into electrical energy η ≡ ⟨P out ⟩
⟨Pin ⟩
and calculate
the angular frequency ω that makes the input mechanical energy
power ⟨Pin ⟩ maximum; the average here is the time average, that
is, for any physical quantity Q(t), its mean is,
1ZT
⟨Q⟩ = dtQ(t)
T 0
5. The sun is a magnetically active star, measured according to the Zyman
effect of spectral line splitting in the magnetic field (the Zyman effect
refers to the splitting of the atomic spectrum under the influence of a
magnetic field, and the size of the split is greater than the strength of
the magnetic field), the current measurement accuracy is about 3×10−5
T, the basic magnetic field strength of the sun is about 10−4 T, however,
the local magnetic field is very strong. For example, the magnetic field
can reach 0.3 ∼ 0.4 T at some sunspots. Convection, and a region of
lower temperature is formed on the surface. Although the temperature
is still about 3000 − 4500 K, it is still clearly shown as black dots when
compared with the surrounding matter of 6000 K. By analyzing the
Zyman effect of the sunspot spectrum, it is found that the magnetic
field at a sunspot may be as high as 0.4 T. If we assume that the

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magnetic field is a disk of electrons with a radius of about 107 m, with
an angular velocity of 3 × 10−2 rad/s is caused by revolving around the
center of the disk, and the thickness of the disk is much smaller than
the radius of the disk.

(a) Calculate the electron surface density per square meter of the disk
to achieve a magnetic field of 0.4 T.
(b) How many amperes is the current in the disc?
(c) If only the normal Zyman effect with zero spin is considered, by
how many eV does a magnetic field strength of 10−4 T cause the
spectral lines to split? How large is the frequency separation?
(d) The Wien’s displacement law, which describes the inverse rela-
tionship between the peak wavelength of the spectral radiance of
the black body electromagnetic radiation and its own tempera-
ture: λmax T = 2.898 × 10−3 m · K, what is the peak wavelength
at 6000 K and 3000 K ?