12

CLASS

Current
Electricity
Variation of Resistance
with Temperature

Jayant Nagda
Jayant Nagda
B.Tech, IIT Bombay
IIT-JEE AIR - 161
12+ Years of Teaching Experience
Trained Million+ students
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 Effect of Temperature on a Material

As temperature increases,

molecules vibrate more and

it increases thermal agitation

High Temperature Low Temperature

Effect of Temperature on a Material

As temperature increases,
it increases thermal agitation
which causes rate of collision
to increase
Effect of Temperature on a Material

As the temperature increases

Thermal agitation increases,

Collisions are more frequent.

the relaxation time (τ) decreases

the resistivity increases and hence

resistance also increases.
Effect of Temperature on vd, σ & ρ

+
+
+ eE𝝉
𝛎d =
+ m

+ ne2𝝉
𝛔=
m
+
+

1 = m
𝝆=
𝞂 ne2𝜏
 Variation of Resistivity with Temperature
For small range of temperature increase
resistivity of metallic conductors increases linearly with temperature as

Where, α : temperature coefficients of resistivity

ρ0 : resistivity of Conductor at To oC

ρ : resistivity of Conductor at T oC

△T = T - To in oC or K
To is reference temperature
generally either 0°C or 20°C.
 Variation of Resistance with Temperature
Since resistance is proportional to resistivity, considering dimensions to be
hence resistance also varies with temperature. invariant with temperature

T Where, R : Resistance of Conductor at To C

R0 : Resistance of Conductor at TooC
α : temperature coefficient of Resistance
depends on material and
reference temperature To.
A metal coil has a resistance of 10.0 Ω at 0°C and
a resistance of 16.4 Ω at 80°C. Find out the temperature
coefficient of resistance of metal.

A. 4 x 10-3 °C-1

B. 4 x 10-4 °C-1

C. 8 x 10-3 °C-1

D. 8 x 10-4 °C-1
A metallic wire has a resistance of 120 Ω at 20° C. Find the
temperature at which the resistance of same metallic wire rises to
150 Ω where the temperature coefficient of wire is 2 x 10-4 °C-1.

A. 1250 °C

B. 1270 °C

C. 2500 °C

D. 2570 °C
Statement 1: The temperature dependence of resistance is usually
given as R = R0(1 + αΔt). The resistance of a wire changes from
100 Ω to 150 Ω when its temperature is increased from 27°C to 227°C.
This implies that α = 2.5 x 10-3/°C.

Statement 2: R = R0(1 + αΔt) is valid only when the change in the

temperature ΔT is small and ΔR = (R - R0) < R0.
[AIEEE - 2009]

A. Statement 1 is true, statement 2 is true, Statement 2 is the

correct explanation of Statement 1
B. Statement 1 is true, Statement 2 is true, Statement 2 is not
the correct explanation of Statement 1
C. Statement 1 is false, Statement 2 is true
D. Statement 1 is true, Statement 2 is false
 Variation of Resistivity with Temperature

ρ ρ = ρ0 ( 1 + αΔT + βΔT2 )

Metals
α, β : temperature coefficients of resistivity

T
Variation of Resistivity with Temperature

ρ ρ

Metals Non-Metals

T T

α is positive for metals and negative for non-metals

 Resistivity in Semiconductors

Semiconductors like: Silicon, Germanium

conduct electricity due to movement of

Holes

which is basically an empty seat of electron

lack of an electron at a position where one
could exist
 Resistivity in Semiconductors

For Semiconductors
resistivity decreases with temperature

as conductivity increases due to

creation of more charge carriers
with temperature.
By increasing the temperature, the specific resistance of a
conductor and a semiconductor -
[AIEEE - 2002]

A. Increases for both

B. Decreases for both

C. Increases, decreases respectively

D. Decreases, increases respectively

 Variation of Resistance

α is (+) for metals, 0.004 per degree for Cu

𝛒 𝛒 Carbon,
Semiconductors &
Copper Insulators

T
T
and (-) for semiconductors and insulators.
 Variation of Resistance

for alloys such as manganin( α= .00001 per degree),

nichrome, constantan, eureka,
𝛒 Conductors like Hg becoming
super conductor at very-very
Alloys e.g., manganin, low temperature
Nichrome very-very 𝛒
low temp. coeff.

(+) but very small (almost zero)

T (K)
2 4 6 8 10
Superconductors Mercury offers zero resistance at 4.2 K

This phenomenon is called super conductivity

and the metal is called superconductor
ρ
ρ

Tc T

and temperature at which this happens

is called Critical Temperature
 Variation of Resistance with Dimensions of Conductor

1. Variation with length

wire is cut (area remains same)

A cylindrical copper rod of resistance R is cut into three equal
portions each of a third of its original length with no change in
area of cross section. The resistance of one such portion is -

A. 3R

B. R/3

C. R/9

D. R
 Change in Resistance of a Stretched wire

1. Variation with length

l ηl

R R’ = ?
Wire of length l and resistance R is stretched till its length
become 2l. Assuming density of material remains constant.
Determine Resistance of the stretched wire.

l 2l A. 4R
B. 2R
R R’ = ? C. R

D. R/2
The resistance of a wire is 20 Ω. The wire is stretched to
three times its length. Assuming density of material remains
constant. Then the resistance will be -

A. 6.67 Ω

B. 60 Ω

C. 120 Ω

D. 180 Ω
 Variation of Resistance with Dimensions of Conductor

2. Variation with Area ⍴l

R=
A

If area is increased/decreased
but length is kept same

If area is increased/decreased
but Volume is kept same
For a metallic wire, the ratio V/I (V = applied potential difference,
I = Current flowing) -

A. Increases or decreases as the temperature

rises, depending upon the metal
B. Decreases as the temperature rises

C. Independent of temperature

D. Increases as the temperature rises

The current–voltage graphs for a given metallic wire at two different
temperatures T1 and T2 are shown in the figure. [IIT - JEE 1985]
A. The temperature T2 is greater than T1.
B. The temperature T1 is greater than T2.
C. No Conclusion can be drawn
Wire of resistance R = 1 kΩ is heated by 1000 C.
Determine the change in its resistance if α = 0.001 per °C.

A. 1 Ω

B. 10 Ω

C. 100 Ω

D. 1000 Ω
A cylindrical copper rod of resistance R is
reformed to twice its original length
with no change in volume. Now its resistance -

A. 8R

l 2l 6R
B.

R C. 4R
R’ = ?
D. 2R
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