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o respivnh ny ideess Cud by cnbavira(SARS-CV-2) 4W CoTDnAviph
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irst diçunutd In Wuhn, CinM (Nov 2oa 1 Edward Jennr CEnglnna)

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 How does COVID-19 infect?

SARS-CoV-2
Spike
TMPRS$2 SARS-CoV-2
s
Spike
Furin protein

Healthy
ACE2 air sac (alveoli)

$1/$2 subunits cleavage by furin and

SARS-CoV-2 genomes penetrate into
the host cell

TMPRSS2 Furin
ACE2

Host cell

TCL
19 infect?
Healthy airspace
with airflow

Alrways swelling
and decreaslng
airflow
Healthy
air sac (alveoli) Inflammation
in alveolar walls

Alr space filled

with flulds
There are 7 human coronaviruses
Coronavirus
ancestor

C
Group A, B, C, D
Belacoronavirus Gammacoronavirus Deltacoronavia
Jenus Alphacoronavirus
HCoV-NL63, HCoV-OC43,
HCoV-229E HCoV-HKU1,
SARS,
MERS,
Wu et al., 2012. 0O: 10.1128/M.0CSS
CoV-2
 Primary
host

Coronavirus
Cross-species Bat
ransmssion/
2002 230 years ag0 2019
Secondary/
host

Civotcat Camel Pangolin

SARS-CoV MERS-CoV SARS-CoV-2
(Year2003) (Year2012)
(Year2019)
Diet or close Close contacd with
contact mucus or fuids (SUl Unknown)

Human
Tertiary Coronavinus

host

Human
SARS-CoV-1, MERS, and SARS-
CoV-2 likely all emerged from
bats and were transferred to
humans via intermediate hosts

More than 500 coronaviruses have

been identified in bats in China, with
estimates of unknown bat coronavirus
diversity reaching>5000

A civit cat
Why has COV-2 been
control than SARS? so much harder to
Cov-1/SARS
Spillover reservoir known: civit cats cov-2/covID-19
Most transmission
occurred in Spillover reservoir unknown
hospital setting Widespread community transmission
(hubs)
No transmission until 24-36 h after
Lack of asymptomatic symptoms Abundant asymptomatic/mild cases
symptoms
 Pandemic Endemic
Epidemic Consistently present in
Spreads rapidly across
Spreads rapidly within a the population, with
finite geographical area several countries,
relatively low spread
continents, or the world

ooo0000o

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Small Pox
1520 40-50M
Spanish Flu 30-50M
1918-1919 Plague of Justinlan
541-542

200 M
Bubonic Plague
1347-1361

25-35M 12M M
HIV/AIDS The Third Plague 3M 1.1M IM
1981- PRESENT 5
Antonine 17th Centuy Aslan Flu
1M M
Plague Russlan Flu Hong Kong Flu
Great Plagues 57-1958 1889-1890
Cholera 6
165.1 1665 1968-197 outbreak
1817-1923
1M 600K 200K 4.7K
100-15 11.3K Novel Coronavirus 850
Japanese 18th Century Swine Flu Yellow Fever Ebola
(CoviD-19) MERS
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mallpox Epldemic Great Plagues 2009-2010 LATE 1800s 2014-2016 2019 PRESENT 2015.PRESENT 2002.200
735-737
1817-1923
 FOURWAYS TO DESTROY CORONAVIRUS
1 SOAPAND WATER BLEACH SOLUTION

HANDS ARD SsuRTACES MANDS MARD Sa ACES

saAPHOLECULES NaCtO

sOONM MYPOCHLOBTE
Dot ma ble xh mithotter cleaners
Dissotres ta fato
Dasetres i wta This tan generate taae chlorine gas

WASH HANDS FORA MINIMUM OF 20 SECONDS MINIMUM CONCENTRATiON OF 0.1 HYPOCHLORTE

HOW OOES T DESTROY THE VIRUS? MOWDOES IT DESTROY THE vurus?

Soap molecules dissolve the fatty outside Layer of the virus. Ary Bte ach cxidses and destroys vrus prote ens and genetc
materal It should be lelt on surtaces for at le ast 10 mrutes
type of soap is elfective, soit doe sn'tmatter what type you use

THEANATOMYOF THE VIRUS 2) ALCOHOLHAND SANITISER HYDROGEN PEROXIDE

Coronaviruses are a group of viruses The specific coronavirus HANDS ARD suRFACES MANDS MARD SUus ACES
that causes CcoVID-19 is calted SARS-CoV-2
H,0
OH OH
oEOCKPRaroE
-Ewelepe
Nacteocapsld (fatty Layer )
Oon1 mis peraide thyinegar
(made of prota in) ETHANOL 150PROPANO This mahrs corrovve per xetk Kd
Evnlope protain
Viral ga nom
MINIMUM CONCENTRATION OF O.S% PEROXIDE
(genatk materta)
-spia protei MIN.60%ALCOHOL (HANDS) OR70% (SURFACES)
NOW DOES T CESTROY TE vIRUST
HOW DOES T DESTROYTHE VIRUS?

Peraaide crdses and de stroys vrus prote ns and genetc

SARS-CoV-2 is a new virus, so there's currently no treatment
Alcoholmolecules dissolve the faty out side layer of the virus
for it. Dy cle aning hands and surfaces we can stop il spreading and damage the structures of virus proteins matenial t should be lelt on surtaces for at le ast 10 mnutes
 THEANATOMYOF
Coronaviruses are a
THE VIRUS 2
that causes group viruses The specific
of
CovID-19 is called coronavirus
SARS-CoV-2

ucleocapsld
nade of proteln)
Envelope
(fatty layer)
al genome
netic materlal) -Emvelope protein
Spleproteln MIN. 60%
ARS-CoV-2 is a new
virus, so there's
tBy cleaning hands currently no
and surfaces we can stop it treatment Alcohol mole=
spreading and d

Andy Brunning/Compound
Interest
This graphic is shared
under a 2020-www.Attribution-NonCom
Creative Commons compoundchem.com
History of
Vaccination
Pioneered in 1796 by Edward Jenner in
England
 TYPES OF VACCINES

Whole inactivated
(nectlvated vins)
UU

M
Synthetic peptide
(Laboratory-made
plece of prolein)

Recombinant viral vector Recombinant bacterlal Virus-like particles

vector (Samo shopo 0s virus, insides changed)
(Another virus carrles
pleces of tho toroeted (Bacteria used to carry
virus) pleces ol irus)
Mutations
Spike protein
The part of the
virus that enters
the human cll
COVID-19 Variants
VOI VOI (HvoI 0voI VOC
(HVoI

Omcron
Epsllon Lambda CineageMu
B.1.621) (lneage B.1.1.529)
(lineages Kappa
(6ublineage
lota
B.1.617.1)(ineageB.1.526) (ineegeC.37
B.1.427/B.1.429)
Was the development of COVID vaccine
rushed?

We did not start from scratch.

Researchers were quick.

It was a worldwide collaborative effort.

hundred-fold more advanced than before.

Genomic sequencing was
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