LESSON 5 GRAMMAR Nouns. Other declensions. ‘There are some nouns in the consonant declension that are neuter and have the ending -u<-w> in the nominative and accusative singular and -e<-y> in the numerative. The only oblique forms ofthe ‘numerative noticed so far are of lght-stem neuter nouns, which take the ending -ya <-y">. Examples of neuter nouns are ot , nom, Btu, “wild animal” and fayan <$ym>, nom. Boymu, “temple.” [Neuter forms of adjectives are quite common and also function as adverbs: kB "() litle,” ind “(what is) good, good things, well." wisp “everything, all (together): aspard - “complete(ly)” is probably an archaic neuter of aspaté, a vocaie stem). ‘The following words from old w-stems have -<-w> in the nom.-ace. and gen.-dat, singular Famn - “Ahrimen, Satan,” rad "10 seconds,” xt “judge.” No plural forms are known of these words. "The word for famonda, ‘The word ué fem. “wife” was an d-ster in Old Iranian. It has the following forms: nom.-acc. uBiludow , gen.-dat,instr-abl.uduyd , plur. *uBit "Nouns denoting family relations were original rstems and “brother” and “daughter” have retained traces of this declension in the plural: frar, plur. Ardtar, ob. Bratart ; Suyd- fer. plur. Supdart, ob). Surdarti . ther nouns denoting family relations are regular patar- “father” and napéton “grandson” are regular consonant stems with plural stems pafart and nap2fond; xwdr- “sister” has plur,xwdrTn,zdmadré "son-inclaw." 2418 “son” are regular vocalic stems. The plur. of mdr “mother” does not seem to be attested. ‘On the nom.-acc. plut. forms in-T or -ya in SSogdian and CSogdian see lesson 16. ime, hour” Zaman has ac. Yamnu, lo. Zamnuya and Zamanya, nom.ace. plu. Pronouns. Pronominal declensions. ‘The pronominal adjective wisp- “every, all” has forms resembling those of personal and demonstrative pronouns: Singular Plural om, wispl- wispd ce, wisp or gen-dat, wispané wwispéian inste-abl.—_wispand ‘The forms wisp and wispu can also be used before nouns in all case forms. ‘The inst-abl. is found in Gan wispand “from every(thing)” and dan wispand6 “the others, the second’, (<->, thus: kaya “whose,” ama ‘Verbal nouns and adjectives. Sogdian has a number of adjectives and nouns made from vesbal stems. Among these are the following: 1 The present participle active ends in andé <-()ndy>, which, when used as an adjective, has fem, -andaé <-(ynde>. ‘The present participle middle ends in-ené <-yny>, fem. en’ <-yne>. Many or most present 2110103 35P.O. Skjerve. Manual of Sogdian participles are used as adjectives and nouns: eran thats anata ag sn agntiniy gaat urankénd nayOaktké une Zowandé priwi mazéxya potzinand “ihe faithful hearers who recognize the greiness of the Living Self" (BBB) obandot apsi“a perfumed garland” arian oiterchnss wwénandé maryiit ati akutst visible birds and dogs" ensbermut oe eneos anrtaee wispu xurené “al-eating, omnivorous” suastnd nanenn na-yarenét “incomprehensible” teases zation afCamba6i €65¢ pabufsené fot ass waranadaXe open mwebsertgint ited ses “for whom (lt. who for them) there is anything ofthe world to cling to” 2. A verbal adjective in -€is used ina sense close to that ofan active present participle, especially together ‘ith verbs of motion, eg. 25 Rustami kit kanOor param aitaré Sawa anes gobgnd unt Laan am tanniad, “Rustam went in pursuit (of them) tothe city gates” witarand yaxé Rustomi parwe6e shenta odcoanb ager atin, they departed in search of brave Rustam” 3. Another verbal adjective used in sense close to that of an active present participle can be formed from the present stem plus the suffix -dk e.g, rarBak “sb. who knows, wise” (ef. Mid, Pers. ddnds, Pers, dnd}. 4. A verbal adjective with future meaning but neutral with respect to active-passive is formed from the present stem + the suffix -E (it, e.g. sumbo2k “about to bore/be bored,” kunjik “about to make.” ‘5. A noun of action can be formed from the present stem plus the suffix -dmandi, e.g. wéndmandi “see {0 see," also used in such expressions as “beautiful to se pan] SBartya anwétdmandi “the gathering ofthe five gates” serene atl ea, patiyams Malt-Boyt Sowdmandi recennen a auans ask, “"The coming ofthe Third Messenger’ is ended” ‘asin tetany aontnes eeeanenen etonntd ate Tate ti pard frbe wendmandlSr-8r wyatandét uBand “and they became extremely joyful at seeing the apostle" oman artben wea tyuqunint anqsiat an alt gen oanes gustadlaye bie rata ntteston iris Eatfaramik supe Borya uya rexionu ruxina-yoroémant wi8asanik karina wenimandi “and the fourth (s) the Pure Ether in the light Light Paradise, marvelous (and) beautiful to behold” Uses of the cases. Genitive-dative, ‘The functions of the Sogdian gen.-dat incorporate the functions of the old genitive and dative Genitive functions 1, The first main function ofthe genitive is “adnominal.” The main adnominal functions are: ‘possessive genitive and variants thereof (“the man’s house, the man’s son, the picture ofthe man”); note especially the use ofthe gen.-dat. + "to be” which corresponds to English “to have": “mine isa son” =" have a son” 2110/03 36Lesson 5 wine Rustome x5 spi Raxsi.xwendi saga wet nrertnd odenent anne “Rustam’s horse is called Rax3" tune Rustome 264 25pa.xand"*Rustam has two horses” 8 nanan aha odacant aan seoidsoe wetdeagd gettin phte wana sense End nowé martaxmé potsik Bénifarn satan “this is the construction of (= which is) the New Man, the creation of (= which is) the Glory of the Religion” b, subjective genitive (“my love” “before”: ‘mona sir ésond “they came toward me" Vane eae 2710903 2P.O. Skjerve, Manual of Sogdian Rustome pérnamsar wand “they went before Rustam” ‘nes tanmatan cant TEXT S.1 from the Rustam sory) sessaletchan meyer boys cb i aah Latnata what is Sankey AR oes Mae A Ak tn AK ean AR ant -cmay yn prt Ba xs 2ym Bn mzyx nw RnB yaad "ww yf Swng’ By of rine py By e's ry Sw> TEXT 5.2 (Tale A cont ia, aaah die tn Lee nna So aan in Sen aaren canedgshadtin 4 Tesntenn Unen ous taren ool iat - saan tank wha wien eatin tonsonne ealnindioe gibeeesatatia 5 - eanenta nana wean shins att qigabitia 6 - NOTES 4 fayis.a shortened form of foya vocative. Séndr: numeratve. paterie-Séram: “simple past tense,” sce lesson 6, Translate as English imperfect “I hired” or perfect “I have hired.” ‘wand at: the conjunction ai “and” is frequently used with pronouns conjunctions, e.g, nd ai “so that, in order that," kaButi = kar “that &u ot*whatever -mi: the enclitic pronouns must be attached ta the First word (word group) ofthe sentence, -1ni here is dative: “for me.” _simbé: optaive 3 sing, after wdnd at (se lesson 10). 5 smis accusative with x35. (se lesson 4). adverbs to form subordinate introducing indirect speech), EXERCISES 5 1. Tronstiterat, transcribe, and wanslate into English: tein Cath At echy Lents ba ann, cnet ahs cate AG gts ue sno beak cay an gate Sonn 2, Translate into Sogdian, and write in Sogdian script. Use the sentence connectives af and drt to attach enclitic pronouns. 20903 38Lesson 5 My father's son is my brother. Are you (sing. their sister? Are your (plur.) brothers hearers? All men are evil My wife's sister is very beautiful 1 behold. Why are you pursuing this righteous Manichean? We shall go and loak for a good horse. Every man needs a woman, All Sogdians need horses. Wise men do not know any evil, and they do not do any harm, They rejoiced greatly atthe coming ofthe apostle, the success ofthe religion, and the deliverance of the Living Self. GLOSSARY 5 bry dar dyor to bring. °$w 264 (26a): two (before noun) *fomb68 aféambad fem. the world kort aku, plur. aki: dog, “np wang: *hast 2nwyj- nwt aneé- ant to gather (trans.) Bye- By ir piripirat: to obtain, be successful By'ryy Adri: the next morning ‘wa yeram heavy ‘|p Gapar: git ‘pr 6a: door, gate ‘y8 686%: hac ‘Sewnp'ay 6 shooting with bow (and arrows) 8. plur,dtyt dr Sits newt. wild animal ‘ynyfm denr-farn: the Glory of the Religion “nB'k yak: wise “pw pow: to be necessary; + infinitive frye friar fem. love Jjmnw Zam time, hour jw-zaw-: 0 live Jjwady rand (mase, and fem. living kn kan: less, 00 litle ry 20°, kaié: now aS karina: beauty smnymary, pr, mary: bird ‘matamy mortaxmé: man, person, human being, people (plu) rryne- marén-to destroy sis mas also sm&yBy Matifoy: the Third Messenger (MiB1) ampw®'k nayd6Ok: hearer ‘npyin napéfon: grandson tostick, cling pritkpori: preparation, equipment powy®- parweb: to seek P= paay- to throw pise-ptsyt patsaé- potsaye: to build, construct 20903 »P.O, Skjerva. Manual of Sogdian is'kparsdk construction lym ptymt patyam’s-(patiyams-) parame: to end, stop (intrans.) yn-pin- to open pymms's pérnamsdr: before, in front of My ru: 10 seconds Ssdr every, all sitywn safriwan: creation ron Somme Abeimen, Satan Sy'yr frtir extremely < ir “very” tym Moe again winw "ty wand ati: so that, in order that ww ube, dow fem. wife wmkyn urankén: believing, faithful ‘wetn wartan: chariot wy8’snyg widasantk: wondrous ‘wysp wisp: every, each, all xas xans: firm, sttong, secure xw'r.nedr fem. sister avy zdmdié: son-in-law _rxs- art zaraxs- (Moiraxs) zaroqd: to be delivered 2noyos 40