LESSON 3 GRAMMAR Adjectives. Feminine. ‘Many vowel-stem adjectives have feminine forms in-é. A preceding tis often lost before the & (e.g. in the perfect participles). Examples: “dry”: Fem. Sukaé- aide “wet”: fem. naBdae patsoydé “prepared”: fem. petsaydat alte “done”: fem. aktaé powristé “mixed” fem. patrse Heavy fer. stems: ‘ndié cnwy> “immortal,” fern, néi2é ‘marené “deadly”: martenat anyaté “entre”: fem. anyataé Ssundé “purified, pure: fem. dsuyt Demonstrative pronouns. ‘The simple demonstrative pronouns are y6 (2), obl. (2m “this and x6, ob (a}w- “hat.” These two are ‘mostly restricted to the function of definite ancles; x also functions as personal pronoun for the 3 pers (see lesson 4), ‘There is also a demonstrative pronoun (2)80, f 5d “that there,” often with 2nd pers. reference, ‘The pronoun yé functions as nom.-ace., masc.-fem., sing plur. Sogdian has several “composite” demonstrative pronouns. The most common ones are 26/2mé6 “this” and x€6fwe5 “that” < &-/ydlam- and xdjow- +26; BndlyOné “this” and xdné “that” < &4yOfom- and xdJow-+ Masculine forms are often used instead of feminine. ‘The forms are (sing. and plur.): ene” yoné"his”™ -x6n“that, yondes” Sing rmasc.fem. ase. fem. mate. fem. hnom, — éné<'yny, yny> —_yOné yan xOné —xdnd acc. = nom. ‘még mind Gnd Swnw> — wand ewn> Plu som, and ‘ce. mind wand ‘The pronoun (2)Kd has the composite form Séné (Yoshida, 2000, pp. 81-82) ‘The forms éné, yOné, and xdné are occasionally found used as oblique case sing. and nom.-ace. plu ‘The original (newt. ace. of & is mé6 , which is used only as an adverb "thus. Beside.rdne there isthe form xonax , which appears tobe a combination of xdn(8)+ 2x5 or dissimilated from *xénak (S.-W.). [Note also the adverbs y8ne0 once, right away” and wad “thus.” 2/10)03 2P.O. Skjerve. Manual of Sogdian Most of these pronouns can be governed by pre Cimis tnthis ions @ “from, with, by means of," 6-"(dogether) and they can then also tke the suffix -and, e.g, Sing. “this” “that” ‘nom. e6 eB Plural rnom.-ace, rmeSand weand With prepositions: & "irom, with cemesccymye> wean ccywyin> & with": semes Ben86- *BEweion ket kemes ewes ckywy> er-“in, on, by": poremes —_pordwetan "from, with”: eemand sand Simand Biwand émand ewond ckywnt> arémond ——_poréwand Verbs. ‘The Sogdian verbal system is based upon two stems: the present stem and the past stem. Bath stems (if known) are listed inthe glossaries and must be learnt ‘From the present stem are made the present indicative, subjunctive, injunctive, optative, imperative, and the imperfet. ‘From the past stem are made the past tenses (simple past and pluperfect) andthe perfect tenses (present perfect and pluperfect, indicative, subjunctive, and optative. Present indicative. ‘The present indicative has the following endings: Light stems Heavy stems Singular 1 smem, 2m samen, -am <> 2 “écy> “

et Plural 1 -in sen<-yn> 2 00 <-8>, 3 cond wénam 2 Bore wine 3 Bort End Plor 1 Barém wéném 2 Bar@6 , Bartd wna 3 Bardnd wénand Notes: ‘becomes d after n: kun + 11> kundi, ete, Ebecomes ¥ before 1: sAé +1> adit (aot sot) “itis proper, necessary (to do),” ete. Present stems in -2w (aw) <-> or -ay (-ay) <-y> have -6 and -é before consonants, e.g, {24 “to go": Sawam but Sat < *éwar, patkway “to say”: patkwayam but pattkwer < *patikwayat, Whether there were also present stems in uw opposed to -2w, e.., Zuw-or Zaw-"to live,” (and -iy) with 3 sing. in (and it) wwe da not know. “To be, become.” ‘The verbs "to be” and "to become” have some iregular forms, The present indicative paradigms areas follows: “Tobe” Sing. 1 @me’ym,-ym> Plot, 1 ém 2 eyo 2 ansada “as8°>, 50a <8> 3. autie'sty>, x08 , et 3 and, and Plus. 1 pem 2 upe- 2 "poe 3. prcwo 3 and ‘Note. The verb askow- askawsit Yo dwell” is also employed as an auxiliary withthe same functions as “to i ‘The progressive present and the future tenses, ‘The “progressive” present tense is formed from the present indicative by adding the particle <-skwn> -skun, It corresponds tothe English progressive present (“I am working”). The suffix -skun is probably an ld (mide) panciple of askow-(< *skiin or * stan <* skawan}: ‘Boramskun “I am carrying” samen wén-skun “you are seeing” (romans ‘The future tense is formed from the present indicative by adding the particle <-k'm, «'m> -kdm or -kdn. The suffix -kdm is an old noun meaning “wish” 2110103 aP.O, Skjnrvp. Manual of Sogdian BarBackdm “you will cary" veayehtst Sowém-kin'“we shall go" rene Uses of the nominative. “The functions of the nominative are as follows: 1. The nominative is used to name something or somebody, e.g 2x6 Rustami x381"it (lit. “he”) is Rustam” toh wenn Mdm wind st" aig house” tos muh othe 1 Bot wand owe ae Ses" eens 2 yds mart rand"tose are brave men” sabotaged sonar rt arte Snir a ightcous Manic” sehen oth BERS, anja dn rata ay “ith (hei) yonder Ligh Earth” wnat gah aoe, 2. The subject of a verbs inthe nominative, whether intransitive (¢. “1 am, { go"), transitive (e.g. "I do"), or passive (e., “I am called”). A personal pronoun as subject may be omitted. Examples: 220 miran-skun "Lam dying” sng aenten age ‘Rusiomi napést-skun" Rustam writes” Sapodeonuns okeaant 2x0 Raxsi martsdr ét-skun “Rax¥is coming here (hither)” —_(aomnedariows taraton ashi ng 3. The predicate noun or adjective of the verb “to be” and some other verbs (e.g. “to be called”) i i the nominative, ‘Te verb “to be” inthe present is frequently omitted (always, but not exclusively, in the 3rd sing. present). Clauses with a subject and predicate noun or adjective but without a verb are called “nominal clauses” or “noun clauses.” Examples: x6 Ras aspi ast’ Rox is horse” shart wa nen shin ‘Rustam zwendm“T am called Rustam’ anagnd waar’ xd Rustami yaré"Rustam is brave” shots nana “xd xdnd potsondéa ast “the house is constructed’ shan mylists nth oh, xd sdy node, fukEa nést “he earth is wet, not dry" Naan atten myiesta waht, sd tarsdktsuybtke and “the Christsns are Sogdians Tah bncdinonagntatizd, Cinastan Bir ast “China is faraway” shear tal Recangt 4. Am apposition to another nominative is inthe nominative: 30 Roxii x0 aspi“Rax8, the horse sanetnd wind 0 Rustam x6 ydxé"Rustam the brave” ann ean, Number with yarf“much, many (a)” and st“every, all” ‘The measure word 7urf when meaning “much” or “many a” takes a following noun inthe singular, arf dp “much water,” yarf racinyk “much light.” ‘When it means “many” and plurality is emphasized(?), the plural is also found, e.., rf &8r “many persons” (BBB 545), arf za1ét “many children” (TaleK 33), zarf Samanda “many monks” (P8.196). ‘The measure word sis most commonly used alone as direct object “all of it," but it can also be used ‘with nouns: in the singular meaning “every” and inthe plural meaning “all,” e.g. Boyt “all the gods.” 2110903 24Lesson 3 Seana tga te saan Bade saaaeaton teak A, eaTens hates oan sshd TEXT 3 x5 xotu awu mars marty wind past kat (ee aden nen sabia (ri ant aah ah, Cu ark yarpe rei xo martiy patskwét kar smaryartstimbam-skun arf Ben ésondskun 20 Rustami sat patewayskm caeancanita Lie wee anL nd, xd RoxSt fae nd Bot-kdm ‘wu xotu paré xatyak pasam-kim roman vale ata antl ant weensannen vabiiauusint ctaone nnet Samar ny Ut ty vores mire ot ki ubtomate oi ndXE raxindyaraéman Sawéme kim EXERCISES 3 1. Conjugate in the present indicative yorB- “to understand” and patxwdy- “to kil.” 2, Translate into Sogdian, and write in Sogdian script: ‘This man isa judge; that man is loré. This water is pure; that water is foul ‘The airs very fragrant; the poison is deadly. ‘This isthe creation of Xormazd, Death comes quickly. You understand everything; they know nothing. Many elephants and pigs are gathering. He will be happy. ‘The entire Paradise will be very joyous. GLOSSARY 3 Note: In the glossary verbs are listed by present stem and past ster, “pap fem.: water Dey, fem. hte alte aft: done “myty, fem. ‘nyte anyaté, anyate: entire, complete Snw'nwStamwar- anu: to gather iw atv: righteous “ny dt: and skews askaw aod to del, be ws fem. wswyte Osu, osu: purified, pure “y8 26: this "Ye ny 6. nna: m0, not, don. ay ing), moshing “yny, ‘yny &né: this 2yS-, ‘ys- yt és- dyat: to come: ‘aw ou I (abet) Be. Bet for ure Bart to carey, bring fry Pri fern ai Bwdindy, fom. BB BoSondé,BiSan:Fagrant 2110/03 25P.O. Skiers. Manual of Sogdian cow due what ceynsin Cinaston: China ‘8m Bim fem. creation ‘wr Sar far, distant ‘Synd’r, BynB'y Sondir, Bendaré: holder of the religion, (good) Manichean ‘pk yandak: bad, foul ‘18- nB'Uy2rP- parfde to know, understand ‘pf yarf ouch, many Fr2dr fem: poison jetzpart: quickly W’skds: pig smn mayon: entice Pz mardz: workman ‘mre mar fem.: death smreyny, fem, mreyne maréené, maréené: deadly mry'et maryart: pearl, ris’ maresdr: hither smyr- mwrt mir-murt 0 die nly, fem. nBtc naBde, napa wet npys- npxstnapés- napa to write nwsy, fem, nwée n08é, nd8é: immortal s- fet, 8 pas- foi, fair: to ask, investigate prysty, fem. ptrysepatriste, porisé: mined pisyy, fem. pile? patsaydé, paoyt: prepared, constructed piSkwy- piikwt patibway- patil: to say pIxw'y- poxwst patnwdy- patcust 10 Kil. y8pi5: elephant wsti Rustam: proper name oxény’k ruxinyai: light sc-sdé-1 itis proper, necessary (for sb. to do); impersonal verb ssa: all, everything swydyk Sup6ik Sogdian swmb- swBt smb suf: to bore ky, fem, Swke Jokaw2, Sul: dry mn foman: Buddhist monk v= xr ow. xarr 10 g0 yrs: well very ‘yw tame: you (thou) uuvkrarsak: Christian vwinw wind: thus 1w9-wf-: to become windy uyafandé: joyous \wStenx witamde: Paradise lwyn- wyt wen wit to see tw xan: judge xty’kxatyak fem judgement nx, hwenx xdnae that my sé: that xwrmatyk, fem, xwmziye xurmazdik, -xwyn- wer to be called xyB.88: that yay yd brave 2710103 26Lesson 3 yoy pnd: this ‘ywny® ydné@ at once, right away ‘ute zwst zawart.2ust: to turn (back), eta 2/0/03, 2P.O. 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