Professional Documents
Culture Documents
300 500
Krauss (1996) 1.
2. (state)3. Hinton
(2001)
(p. 3)Bielenberg (2002)
(1994)
(1998)40.12%1999
9%
(2002Ciwas Pawan2005) (1996)
(1999) (1995) (1995) (1998)
(1995) 50 20
Benton (1981)1970 7
Douglas & Douglas (1983:1)1970 23.3%
1%
(Polynesian)
16% 1642
(orthography)
(King2001)
1830 (Rice1992143-144)
(McRae19914)
(Orbell1995)
1840
()1867 (Native Schools Act)
1871
(Native Schools Amendment Act)
(Simon1994) 1900
45,000 (Te Taura Whiri Te Reo Maori, 1995)1970
70,000 (Benton198115) 18-20%
(King2001)
(Te Taura Whiri Te Reo Maori, 199619)
(King2001)
1945 1951 (Nga Kairangahau
19917)1960
(Boyce1995 5 )
(Tu Tangata Whanau)
() (1996
276Fishman1991237)
Te Kohanga Reo () 1982 Kura Kaupapa Maori (
) 1987 (immersion program)
(
2000364-365 )1987
(Maori Language Act)
(language camps)
1985
(Waitangi Tribunal) 1986 1995
23 1995
(King
3
2001)
Te Kohanga Reo ()
/ (King2001)1982
Wellington
(King2001) 6
(reattach)
(total-immersion program)
(whanaungatangafamiliness)
(mihi)
(Tangaere1997King
2001)/
(self-determination) (Tangaere
1997)
(CazdenSnow & Heise-Paigorkia1990)
(CarkeekDavies & Irwin1994)
3 (Benton1997)
0 6 (Holms1992)
9 3 (King2001)
Aotearoa
(Cherrington200034)mihimihi ()karakia ()
himene ()waiata ()poi and haka ()
(spiritual world)
(Tangaere1997) (CarkeekDavies & Irwin
1994)
() (CarkeekDavies & Irwin1994
King2001)
(1996275)
Te Kohanga Reo National Trust ()
(King2001)
(
)1989
1990
5
1986 Department
of Justice
(Waitangi Treaty)
(Waitangi Tribunal1997)1986
1989
(Spolsky1990)
10
(Cazden 1990)
(Tangaere1997King2001)
(King2001)
45 Blue Book
(spirituality)
(McPherson1994)
(King2001)
(Cazden 1990)
(
)
(
)(King2001)
(
2000359 )
(King20012000359 )
(King2001)1997
(Education Review Office) 1995 1996 100
7
27%
(King2001)
1960
2000 Te Ataarangi
(1996286)
()
(language immersion)
Cummins (19811989)
(conversational language
proficiency) (academic language
()
Fishman (1991)
(intergenerational mother tongue transmission)
400 500
72 36
()
()
10
1994
47-55
1999
1995
131-177
1995
(1990~1994)
97-110
(2000)
(343-373 )
(1996)
(267-292 )
1996
() 1995
179-201
1998
101-112
Benton, Richard A. (1981). The flight of the Amokura: Oceanic languages and formal
education in the South Pacific. Wellington: New Zealand Council for Educational
Research.
Benton, Richard A. (1997).
NZCER.
Wellington:
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Cazden, C., Snow, C., & Heise-Paigorkia, C. (1990). Language planning in preschool
education. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 324 929).
Che
r
r
i
ng
t
on
,Ka
t
e(
2
000
)
.
El
ua(
Cha
p
t
e
r2)Bui
l
di
ngac
hi
l
d-c
e
nt
e
r
e
dmo
de
l
:
An
indigenous model mus
tl
ookt
ot
hef
ut
ur
e
.
I
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n
e
t
t
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p
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ok
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niPa
d
e
ke
n
Ciwas Pawan (2005).
Culturally relevant indigenous language instruction and
curriculum. An unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. Arizona State University.
Cummins, Jim (1981). The role of primary language development in promoting
educational success for language minority students. In California State Department
of Education, Schooling and language minority students (p. 3-49). Los Angeles:
Evaluation, Dissemination and Assessment Center, California State University, Los
Angeles.
Cummins, J. (1989). Empowering minority students.
Association for Bilingual Education.
Douglas, Edward M.K., & Douglas, Rahera B. (1983). Nga Kohanga Reo: A Salbage
programme for the Maori language. Paper read at the symposium on The Survival
of Indigenous Languages, Multilingualism and the Emergence of Pidgins and
Creoles. 53rd ANZAAS Congress, Perth, W.A., Australia. (Manuscript)
Fishman, J. A. (1991).
Ltd.
st
h
e
s
i
s
.
Ta
i
t
u
ng
:Na
t
i
o
na
lTa
i
t
ungTe
a
c
he
r
sCol
l
e
ge
.
Jackson, Syd (1993). The first language.
215-218). Auckland: Reed Books.
12
Auckland:
McPherson, J. (1994). Making changes: Action research for developing Maori language
policies in mainstream schools. Wellington: New Zealand Council for Educational
Research.
McRae, Joan (1991). Maori literature: A survey. In Terry Sturm (Ed.), The Oxford
history of New Zealand literature in English (1-24). Auckland: Oxford University
Press.
Nga Kairangahau (1991). Maori education: Current status. Produced by Nga
Kairangahau, Manatu Maori. Wellington: Ministry of Education.
Simon, J. (1994). Historical perspectives on education in New Zealand. In Coxon, E.,
Jenkins, K., Marshall, J., Massey, L (Eds.), The politics of learning and teaching in
Aotearoa-New Zealand. Palmerston North: The Dunmore Press.
Spolsky, B. (1990). Maori bilingual education and language revival.
Document Reproduction Services No. 356 648)
(ERIC
Tangaere, Arapera Royal (1997). Learning Maori together: Kohanga Reo andhome.
Wellington: New Zealand Council for Education Research.
Te Reo Maori Claim, Waitanga Tribunal. (1997).
4/waitr_db/text/wai011/doc027.html)
Te Taura Whiri Te Reo Maori (1995).
Whiri Te Reo Maori.
(www.knowledge-basket.co.nz/topic
Wellington: Te Taura
Te Taura Whiri Te Reo Maori (1996). Toitu Te Reo: Draft consultation document about
the Maori language. Wellington: Te Taura Whiri Te Reo Maori.
United Daily Newspaper (December 30, 1999; ). Only 9% of indigenous
children can speak fluent native languages. Taipei, Taiwan.
WWF International/Terralingua (2000). Indigenous and traditional peoples of the world
a
nd e
c
or
e
gi
on c
on
s
e
r
v
at
i
on
:An i
nt
e
g
r
at
e
d app
r
oac
ht
oc
on
s
e
r
v
i
ng t
hewo
r
l
d
s
biological and cultural diversity. Gland, Switzerland: WWF.
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