Statistics and Probability

STATISTICS Tossing Two Coins

is the discipline that concerns the collection, What is the probability of getting tails?
organization, analysis, interpretation, and presentation F (Favorable
of data. The analysis of events governed by probability X P(X)
Outcome)
is called statistics. TT 2 2/4 = ½
HH 0 0/4 = 0
Processes Of Statistics
TH 1 1/4
✓ Collecting data HT 1 1/4
✓ Organizing data
✓ Analyzing data
Tossing a Die
✓ Interpreting data
✓ Presenting data What is the average number of spots that would appear?
- Table 𝑋 𝑃(𝑋) 𝑋 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋)
- Text 1 1/6 1/6
- Graph (most efficient) 2 1/6 2/6
3 1/6 3/6
PROBABILITY 4 1/6 4/6
5 1/6 5/6
is the branch of mathematics concerning numerical
6 1/6 6/6
descriptions of how likely an event is to occur, or how
TOTAL 21/6 or 4.30
likely it is that a proposition is true.
𝜇 = Σ[𝑋 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋)]
• The probability of an event is a number
between 0 and 1, where, roughly speaking, 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
𝜇 = Σ[ + + + + + ]
indicates impossibility of the event and 1 6 6 6 6 6 6
indicates certainty. 21
• Highest possible answer is 1 or 100% while 𝜇=
6
𝑜𝑟 4.30
the lowest possible answer is 0 or 0%.
THE PROBABILITY OF AN EVENT (e) IS
DENOTED BY
0 ≤ 𝑃(𝑒) ≤ 1

Discrete Random Distribution or a Probability Mass

TYPES OF VARIABLES Function consists of the values a random variable can
assume and the corresponding probabilities of the values.
Discrete Continuous
• Is a variable whose • Is a variable whose Mean is the measure of central tendency of location.
value is obtained by value is obtained by This is used to represent the entire set of data.
counting measuring
(countable) (measurable) Variance and Standard Deviation measure how far a
data set is spread out. It is said to be a measure of
Examples: Examples: dispersion or spread in a given set of numerical data.
1) number of pens 1) height
➢ Variance is calculated by the square of the
in a pencil case 2) weight
standard deviation.
2) number of doors 3) time
in the room ➢ Standard deviation is the square root of the
3) number of female variance.
students in a
room Standard
mean variance summation score
deviation
𝜇 𝜎2 √𝜎 Σ X

LACRA, TRISHA NICOLE B. 1

 Statistics and Probability
𝜇 = Σ[𝑋 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋)]
𝜎 2 = Σ[(𝑋 ∙ 𝜇)2 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋)]
𝜎 2 = Σ[(𝑋 2 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋)] − 𝜇2
𝜎 = √Σ[(𝑋 ∙ 𝜇)2 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋)]
𝜎 = √Σ[(𝑋 2 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋)] − 𝜇2
b). Finding the variance of the discrete random variable:
Step 1: Prepare a table of probability distribution for the
given random variable:
S P(S)
3 0.15
4 0.20
5 0.25
6 0.20
7 0.20

Illustrative Example:
Step 2: Compute for the mean using 𝜮[𝑺 ∙ 𝑷(𝑺)].
The probability that a surgeon operates (S) on 3, 4, 5, 6, 𝑆 𝑃(𝑆) 𝑆 ∙ 𝑃(𝑆)
and 7 patients in any one day are 0.15, 0.20, 0.25, 0.20, 3 0.15 3(0.15) 0.45
and 0.20. Compute the (a) mean, (b) variance, and (c) 4 0.20 4(0.20) 0.80
standard deviation. 5 0.25 5(0.25) 1.25
6 0.20 6(0.20) 1.20
a). Finding the mean of the discrete random variable: 7 0.20 7(0.20) 1.40
Σ[𝑆 ∙ 𝑃(𝑆)] = 5.1
Step 1: Prepare a table of probability distribution for the
given random variable: Step 3: Compute for the mean using
S P(S) 𝑆 𝑃(𝑆) 𝑆 ∙ 𝑃(𝑆) (𝑆 − 𝜇)
3 0.15
3 0.15 3(0.15) 0.45 -2.1
4 0.20 4 0.20 4(0.20) 0.80 -1.1
5 0.25 5 0.25 5(0.25) 1.25 -0.1
6 0.20 6 0.20 6(0.20) 1.20 0.9
7 0.20 7 0.20 7(0.20) 1.40 1.9
Σ[𝑆 ∙ 𝑃(𝑆)] = 5.1
Step 2: Multiply the value of the random variable by the
corresponding probability:
Step 4: Add a column for the square of (𝑆 − 𝜇)2
𝑆 𝑃(𝑆) 𝑆 ∙ 𝑃(𝑆)
3 0.15 3(0.15) 0.45 𝑆 𝑃(𝑆) 𝑆 ∙ 𝑃(𝑆) (𝑆 − 𝜇) (𝑆 − 𝜇)2
4 0.20 4(0.20) 0.80 3 0.15 0.45 -2.1 4.41
5 0.25 5(0.25) 1.25 4 0.20 0.80 -1.1 1.21
6 0.20 6(0.20) 1.20 5 0.25 1.25 -0.1 0.01
7 0.20 7(0.20) 1.40
6 0.20 1.20 0.9 0.81
7 0.20 1.40 1.9 3.61
Step 3: Add the results obtained in Step 2.
5.1
𝜇 = Σ[𝑆 ∙ 𝑃(𝑆)]
𝜇 = Σ[0.45 + 0.80 + 1.25 + 1.20 + 1.40] Step 5: Add a column for the product of 𝑃(𝑆) and the
𝜇 = 5.1 square of (𝑆 − 𝜇)
𝑆 𝑃(𝑆) 𝑆 ∙ 𝑃(𝑆) (𝑆 − 𝜇) (𝑆 − 𝜇)2 (𝑆 − 𝜇)2
Conclusion: The mean is 5.1. This implies that the
∙ 𝑃(𝑆)
surgeon operates with the mean of 5.1 patients per day.
3 0.15 0.45 -2.1 4.41 0.6615
Since, mean is one of the measures of central tendency,
we can say that the data centralized at 5.1 number of 4 0.20 0.80 -1.1 1.21 0.2420
patients undergo surgery. 5 0.25 1.25 -0.1 0.01 0.0025
6 0.20 1.20 0.9 0.81 0.1620
7 0.20 1.40 1.9 3.61 0.7220
5.1

LACRA, TRISHA NICOLE B. 2

 Statistics and Probability
Step 6: Add the products of 𝑃(𝑆) and the square of (𝑆 − CHARACTERISTICS OF NORMAL
𝜇). Get the total of the numbers in the last column. DISTRIBUTION
𝜎 2 = Σ[(𝑋 ∙ 𝜇)2 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋)]
1) Curve of the graph is bell-shaped
𝜎 2 = 0.6615 + 0.2420 + 0.0025 + 0.1620 + 0.7220
2) Symmetrical to y-axis
𝜎 2 = 1.79
3) Asymptotic to x-axis
4) Total area of the curve is 1 or 100%
Conclusion: The variance is 1.79. It is said to be in a
5) Mean = Median = Mode
1.79 gap among the location of the data given the spread
6) The Standard deviation determines the width
of is about 1.79, which could mean, that the data is of
of the curve
not so good dispersion because science is higher than 1.
NORMAL (NO SKEW) GRAPH
DATA IS OF NO-GOOD DISPERSION
If the computed variance is higher than 1 it is said to be
of no-good dispersion for there is a huge gap between
each datum and the computed mean.

DATA IS OF GOOD DISPERSION

The data is of good dispersion if the computed variance
and standard deviation are below 1 or equal to 1. POSITIVELY SKEWED

In mathematical representation it is:

𝝈 ≤ 𝟏 𝒐𝒓 𝝈𝟐 ≤ 𝟏

c). Finding the standard deviation of the discrete

random variable: NEGATIVELY SKEWED

𝜎 = √Σ[(𝑋 ∙ 𝜇)2 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋)]

𝜎 = √1.79 = 1.3379 𝑜𝑟 1.34

Conclusion: The standard deviation is 1.34. There is a

1.34 gap among the location of the data given. The
spread of the data is about 1.34, which could mean, that
the data is of not so good dispersion because the variance
is higher than 1.

SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLE

Normal Distribution, also known as the Gaussian MEANS
Distribution, is a probability distribution that is
- is a frequency distribution using the means
symmetric about the mean, showing that data near the
computed from all possible random samples of a specific
mean are more frequent in occurrence than data far from
size as taken from the population.
the mean.
MEASURES OF VARIABILITY

- are the dispersion of the sample means of the

sampling distribution. It shows how the sample means
were spread or distributed.

LACRA, TRISHA NICOLE B. 3

 Statistics and Probability
TWO MEASURES OF VARIABILITY

1) Variance of the Distribution of the Sample

Means – is the sum of the product of the
probability and the square of the difference
between the sample mean and population
mean.
2) Standard deviation – the square root of the
variance.

STEPS IN COMPUTING THE VARIANCE OF THE

SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION

1) Compute the population mean 𝜇

2) Subtract the calculated population mean from
each of the sample mean (𝑥̅ )
3) Square the difference of the population mean
and the value of the results in Step 2.
4) Multiply the probability of X to the results in
Step 3.
5) Add the products of the results in Step 3

Variance Formula: 𝝈𝟐 = 𝚺[(𝑷(𝑿) ∙ (𝑿 − 𝝁)𝟐 ]

(*the sum of the value of the Variance 𝜎 2 of the
sampling distribution of the sample means.)

LACRA, TRISHA NICOLE B. 4