Physics Lecture

Unique in Admission Coaching
Unique in Admission Coaching Unique in Admission Coaching Unique in Admission Coaching

Engineering Admission Coaching Lecture Sheet Physics–7
Electrostatics
(Surface Charge Density)
Formula:
1. If Q charge is evenly distributed over a surface area A, surface charge density will be = Q
A
2. For sphere, surface charge density,  Q 2 [r=radius of the sphere]
4r
3. A and B are two spherical conductors with radii r1 and r2. Q1 and Q2 charges are stored on the
spheres. Surface charge density for A, = Q1 2 ; Surface charge density for B, = Q2  1  Q1r2 
2
4r1

4r2
2
2 Q2 r1
2
If Q1=Q2,  1  r22 
2
4.
2 r1
Note: charge is always distributed on the surface, not on the inside of hollow conductors.
Problem:
1. Determine the necessary charge that makes the surface charge density 2.1210-6 Cm-2 of a sphere
with .04 m radius.
Q
Solve: We know, = Q=2.1210-64(.04)2 Q=4.2610-8C (Ans.)
4r 2
2. Two conducting spheres have the radii .06m and .12m| 16.710-9C and 3310-9C charges has

been injected on them. Compare their surface charge densities.
Q 16.7  10 9
Solve: We know, = 1=
4r 2 (.06) 2
33  10 9 
=  1 =2.02  =2.02 : 1 (Ans.)
(0.12) 2
2
Problems to Solve: 
 n similar water drops are brought together to make a big drop. Every small droplet had equal
positive charge stored in them. Show that, ratio of surface charge density of a small drop to the big
one is 3 n |
2. Radius of nucleus of an element with proton number 70 is 510-14m. Assuming nucleus as a

conducting sphere, determine its surface charge density. [Charge of Electron=1.610-19C] [Ans:
3.57108 Cm-2]
3. Determine the charge required for a conducting sphere of radius 0.8m to have surface charge
density of 2/ Cm-2. [Ans: 5.12C]
COULOMBS LAW
1. Two charges q1 I q2 with separation d has the attraction force
1 q q
Fo=  1 2 2 ... ... ... (i)
4 o d
1
o =Permittivity of free space =8.85410-12C2N-1m-2  =9109Nm2C-2

4 o
For any other medium than free space or air F= 1 q1q22 ... ... ... (ii)
4  d
Sunrise–2

2. Relative permittivity, r = Fo  m
Fm o
Note: this force is a vector quantity.
Problems:
1. How should be a charge q be split in two parts so that repulsion force between them is maximum?
q1q2
Solve: We know, F=9109 , lets split charge, q as qo and (q-qo)
d2

qo (q  qo ) 9  109 9  109
F=9109 = {q o(q-qo )} {qoq-qo2}
d2 d2 d2
=
9  109
{- q2
+ q q-q 2
+ q 2 }= 9  109 { q 2 -( q - q )2}
o o o
d2 4 4 d2 4 2
F will be maximum, if and only if q -qo=0

2
qo = q , the charge should be split in two equal half (Ans.)

2

2. Two balls of Styrofoam are of mass 10-3kg and they are hung from a common point by a 0.8m long
thread. They are equally charged and repulse each other 0.04m apart. Determine the charge in each
ball. T T

q1q2
Solve: F F=2.410-4 N = 9109 , Here, q1=q2=q, d=0.04m
F d2
m1 m2
sin θ = 0.02/0.8  θ =1.4


F/sin(180-θ) = mg/sin(90+ θ) = T/sin90 q2=4.2610-17
F/sin178.6 = mg/sin91.4
q = 6.510-9C (Ans.)
Problems to Solve:
1. Two equal and similar charges are 0.5m apart and repulses each other with 0.1N. Determine the
amount of charge. [Ans: 1.6710-6C]
2. A Styrofoam ball of 0.1g has –6.6710-9C charge on it. From what height can another ball with
+6.5310-9C charge keep the first ball floating in space? [Ans: 210-2m]
Sunrise–3

Electric Intensity
1 q
1. In space, d distance apart from a charge +q, electric intensity Eo=  2
4 o d
2. Relation of intensity with force, F=qE
Note: Electric Intensity is a vector quantity.
Problems:
1. What will be the electric intensity at some place for an electron to feel an equal force of its weight?
Solve: F=Eq  mg=EQ  9.110-319.8 = E1.610-19 10-11NC-1

2. Two charges 3010-6C and -6010-6C are 1.2m apart. Determine the electric intensity at the
middle point of the line connecting them?
A B C
Solve:
3010-6 -6010-6C
6
E1=9109 30  102 along AB E=E1+E2= 22.510-5 NC-1
(.6)
6
E2=9109  60 210 along BC E=22.5105NC-1 ; towards -60106C charge
.6
(Ans.)

Problems to Solve:
1. Four charges of equal magnitude are placed on the four corners of a square. Each charge is of
equal magnitude, 410-6C and length of the sides of the square is 0.2m. Determine the intensity at
the center of the square. [Ans: 0 NC-1]
2. Two parallel plates of metal with surface area (56) cm2 has electric field intensity 1.24106NC-1
between them. Determine charge on each plate? [Ans: 3.2910-8C]
3. Water droplet of 10-6m radius is charged with an electron. Determine the electric field intensity to
keep it still against gravitational force. [Ans: 2.56105 NC-1]
4. Determine the acceleration of a proton placed in 500NC -1 electric field. [Ans: 4.81010 ms-2]

Electric Potential
1. In free space or air, electric potential at a distance ‘r’ from charge +q, Vo= 1 q
4 o r
1 q [K=  Fo = ]
2. In some medium with permittivity  electric potential, V=  r
4 or r o Fm
3. To bring a test charge q from infinite to some point inside an electric field, work done-
W=Vq [V=potential of that point]
If charge is taken from VA to VB, then W=(VB-VA)q
Relation between electric field intensity and electric potential:

Electric Field, E= potential difference (V)
distance(d)
Sunrise–4

5. Potential Gradient = dV
dr
6. For the charges q1, q2, q3, q4 ... ... ... qn if the voltages at some point are V1, V2 ... ... ... Vn then
the net voltage of that point,
V= Vn =V1+V2+V3 + ... ... ... + Vn = 1 qn

4 o rn
Note: voltage is scalar. Therefore it can be expressed as V=V1+V2+... ... ... +Vn
Problems:

1. an automobile has a 12V battery. Determine work done to transfer 2.5C charge from the positive to
negative terminal of the battery.
Solve: We know, W=Vq  W=122.5 W=30J (Ans.)
2. 2010-6C, 2510-6C and 3010-6C charges are placed at three corners of a square in air. What
charge should be placed at the fourth corner to make the net potential zero at the center of the
square?
Solve: let, the distance from a corner to the center of a square is, d
V=9109  q1  q2  q3  q4 

 d d d d
9  109
0= (2010-6+2510-6+3010-6+q) q7510-6C (Ans.)
d
3. Voltage difference between to pots separated 0.037m apart is 8624V. Due to electric field and
gravity, a charged oil droplet of radius 10-6m is floating between the pots. Determine (i)Voltage
Gradient (ii) Charge of the oil droplet [Density of oil= 0.91103 kgm-3]
Solve: (i) Voltage Gradient (ii) For the oil droplet, coulomb’s force=gravitational force
= dV  dV q=Vg

dr dr
= 8624  2.33105q = 4  (10-6)30.911039.8

.037 3
5 
= 2.3310 Vm-1  C (Ans.)
Problems to Solve:
1. Determine the voltage difference between two points 15.8cm away inside an electric field of
1.34105NC-1 [Ans: 2.12104V]
2. +610-9C, -1210-9C, and +1410-9C charges are placed at the three corners of a square. What
charge should be placed at the fourth corner to make potential zero at the center? [Ans: -810-9C]
Sunrise–5

3. Distance between two parallel metal plates is 0.10m and voltage difference between them is 28V.
A small ball of 610-4 kg is hung by a thread from the upper plate. If 20C charge resides on the
ball, determine the tension of the thread. [Ans: 11.48 mN or .28 mN]
Potential of a uniformly charged sphere
1. An uniformly charged sphere has all its charge on the surface. There is no charge inside it. Therefore there
is no field line inside it.

1 Q
Inside the sphere, (i) Intensity, E=0 (ii) Potential, V= Surface Potential = .
4 o R
If we follow the field lines to the center of the sphere, it seems like all the charge is residing at the center.
1 Q 1 Q
2. Potential and Intensity on surface of the sphere V= . and E=
4 o R 4 o R 2
3. Potential outside the sphere at a distance d, V= 1 . Q and intensity, E= 1 . Q

2
4 o d 4 o d
Problem:

1. Radius of a conducting sphere is 0.5m and 10C charge is given to it. Determine potential at a distance of (i)
1m (ii) .5m (iii) .1m from the center
Solve:
Q
(i) We know, (ii) V=9109 (iii) As potential inside the sphere is
R
1 Q 10
V= . =9109  equal to the potential on its surface
4 o R .5
10

 V=  V2=1.81011V (Ans.) V3=V2=1.81011V (Ans.)
1
 V1=91010V (Ans.)
Problems to Solve:
1. Two 10C charge is placed on a sphere of radius 0.1m. What will be the potential at its center?
[Ans: 1.81012V]
2. A conducting sphere of 0.03m radius has 910-9C charge on it. Determine intensity and potential
at (i) a point on the surface (ii) a point 0.07m apart from the surface (iii) a point at the center (iv) a
point 0.02m away from the center.

[Ans: (i) 9104NC-1, 2700 V; (ii) 8100NC-1, 810V; (iii) 0NC-1 , 2700V; (iv) zero and 2700V]
Sunrise–6

Capacitance
Q
1. If Q charge is required to increase the voltage of a conductor by V then capacitance, C=
V
Q=CV
2. If a sphere of radius r is placed in a place with permittivity, r its capacitance will be, C=4rr
If the sphere is in air, C=4r
3. If two conductors with capacitance C1 and C2 are connected and their charges are q1 and q2 then,

q1= C1 Q and q2= C2 Q and common potential, V= Q C1V1  C2V2

C1  C2 C1  C2 C C1C2
4. Two parallel plates at distance d has surface area A. The space between them has a medium with
r o A  A
permittivity r. Capacitance, C= 
d d
5. Equivalent capacitance of the capacitances C 1, C2, C3, ....., ... ... ... Cn,
(a)Series combination - 1

1

1 + ... ... ... + 1
C s C1 C2 Cn
(b)Parallel combination - Cp=C1+C2 + ... ... ... + Cn


Problems:
1. A parallel plate capacitor with air as dielectric medium has its plates 0.1cm apart. If its capacitance
is 1F, determine the surface area of the plates.
o A 8.854  10 12  A
Solve: We know, C= ;C   A=1.13108 m2 (Ans.)
d .001
2. A spherical metal conductor has radius 12 cm. Determine its capacitance (i) in air (ii) in a
dielectric medium with relative permittivity 1.2.
Solve: (i)We know, C=4r=43.148.85410-12.12 C=13.3410-12F (Ans.)

(ii)Again, C=CK=13.3410-121.2 C=1610-12F (Ans.)
3. Equivalent capacitance of two capacitors connected in parallel and series are respectively 9F and
2F. Determine the value of the capacitances.
Solve: let, the capacitances C1 and C2 C1-C2= 92  4  18 =3F ... ... ... (iii)
For parallel combination (i) + (ii)  2C1=12 F
C1+C2 =9 ... ... ... (i) C1=6F
C1C2
For series combination, =2 C2=3F (Ans.)
C1  C2
C1C2=18 ... ... ... (ii)
Sunrise–7

Energy Stored by Charged Capacitor
Potential energy of charged capacitor, P.E= 1 CV2 = 1 Q = 1 VQ= o E

2 2
1.
2 2 C 2 2
Problem:
1. 3000V is applied across the terminals of capacitor of a television with 1.12F capacitance.
Determine the energy stored by the capacitor.
CV 2 1.12  106  (3000)2
Solve: We know, E=  E=5.04 J (Ans.)
2 2

SEMICONDUCTOR &ELECTRONICS
Important topics:
 Energy and energy band
 Semiconductors and their properties
 p-type, n-type semiconductors
 Forward and reverse bias
 Light emitting diodes and their use
 Transistor
 The basic format of transistor circuit

 Current flow of transistor
 Current amplification factor
 I.C.
 Solar cell
 Types of solid substances and band theory
 Types of semi-conductors
 Semi-conductor diodes
 Dynamic resistance

Dynamic resistance
v
Formule : Dynamic resistance , R=
I
Problem : Potential difference of a p–n junction is increased from 2.0V to 2.2V so that the current
increases from 200 mA to 300 mA. What is the dynamic resistance?
V 0.2
Solution : V = 2.2V – 2V = 0.2V ; I = 0.3A – 0.2A = 0.1A  R = = 0.1 = 2 Ans
I
Problem to Solve:
1. Dynamic resistance of a p–n junction is 40 If the potential difference is charged by 0.2V, find
the corresponding change in current. [Ans: 5mA]

2. Current corresponding to voltage 2V is 600mA and for 2.3V it is 900mA. What is the dynamic
resistance? [Ans: 1.0]
Sunrise–8

Current Flow In Transistor
Formulae : (a) Relation between different currents in transistor: Ie=Ib+Ic

Here, Ib=base current, Ie=emitter current, Ic=collector current
Problem : If the collector current and emitter current of a transistor are respectively 0.95 mA and 1mA,
find the base current.
Solution : Ie = 1mA, Ic = 0.95mA Ib = ? ; Ib = Ie – Ic = 0.05 mA (Ans).
Problems to Solve :

1. Change of emitter current by 8.0mA changes the collector current by 7.9 mA. To get 7.9mA
change in the collector current, what should be the change in base current? [Ans : 0.1mA]
Current Amplification Factor

Formula :
(i)Common base format: current amplification factor,  I c (VcB= constant)
I E
I c
(ii)Common emitter format: current amplification factor,  = (VcE=constant)
I B

Relation between  and :
∆IC
∆Ic ∆IC ∆IE 
= = = =
∆IB ∆IE-∆IC ∆IC 1-
1-
∆IE

=
1-
Problem: For a transistor, IB=0.02 mA and IC=1 mA. What is the current amplification factor?
Solution:: IB=0.02mA C=1mA;  I c  1 

I B 0.02
Problem: If in a transistor,  098 and IE = 1.5mA. Find Ic and IB.
IC
Solution :   I  Ic = 0.98 15  147 mA
E
+Ic=IE  IB = (1.5 – 1.47) mA = 0.03mA (Ans.)
Number System:
Base of number system:
The base of a number system is the total number of fundamental sign used in that system. In digital
circuit four types of mathematical systems are used. These are:

1. decimal or base 10 number system
2. binary or base 2 number system
Sunrise–9

3. octal or base 8 number system
4. hexadecimal or base 16 number system etc.
1. Decimal Number System: Base of decimal system is 10, since there are ten fundamental symbols,
viz. 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9.
2. Binary Number System: The base of this number system is 2. In this system figures 0 and 1 are
called bits. Normally 8 bits make 1 byte.
Example: Express binary 1010112 into decimal.

In binary number system,
1010112 = 1×25+0×104+1×23+0×221×21+1×20
= 32+0+8+0+2+1
∴1010112 = 4310(expressed in decimal)
Example II: Express decimal 2510 into binary.
2 25 resid ue

2 12 – 1
2 6 – 0
2 3 – 0
2 1 – 1
0 – 1
∴ 2510 = 110012
Example III: Express Decimal 25.62510 into binary.

In case of full number In case of decimal
252 = 12+1 0.625×2=1.25=0.25+1
122=6+0 0.25×2 = 0.5= 0.5+0
62 = 3+0 0.5×2 = 1.0 = 0.0+1
32 = 1+1
12 = 0+1
∴2510 = 110012 ∴ 0.62510 = .1012
So, 25.62510=11001.1012
3. Octal Number System:

Base of octal number system is 8. The eight numerals of this system are 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7.
Sunrise–10

Example I: Convert 5610 into octal number or 8 base number.
8 56 – residue
8 7–0
0–7
∴ 5610 = 708
Example II: Convert 0.1510 into 8 base number.

0.15×8 = 1.20 = 0.20 + 1

0.20×8 = 1.60 = 0.60+1
0.60×8 = 4.80 = 0.80+4
∴ 0.1510 = 0.1148
4. Hexadecimal Number System:

The base of hexadecimal number system is 16. counting for this system sixteen numerals are used
such as 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F.
Conversion from decimal to octal
In case of full integer –

Example: (669)10 = (?)8
8 669 – residue
8 83 – 5
8 10 – 3
8 1–2
0–1
∴(669)10 = (1235)8
In case of fraction –

Example: (0.046875)10 = (?)8
F u ll in te g e r F ra c tio n
0 .0 4 6 8 7 5
×8
0 0 .3 7 5
×8
3 000
(0.046875)10 = (0.03)8
Sunrise–11

Conversion of decimal to hexadecimal:
Example: (886)10 = (?)16
16 886 – residue
16 55 – 6
16 3–7
0 3
∴(886)10 = (376)16

Fraction: Example (0.850)10 = (?)16
F u ll in t e g e r F ra c tio n
0 .8 5 0
× 16
(1 3 ) 0 .6 0
× 16

9 0 .6 0
× 16
9 0 .6 0
× 16
9 0 .6 0
∴(0.850)10 = (0.0999)16

Conversion of octal to decimal:
Example: (123.540)8 = (?)10
Solution:
(123.540)8 = 1×82+2×81+3×80+5×8-1+4×8-2+0×8-3
1 1
= 64+16+3+5× +4× +0
8 (8) 2
= 83+0.625+0.0625
= 83.6875
∴(123.540)8 = (83.6875)10
Sunrise–12

From hexadecimal to decimal conversion:
Example: (B5D.44)16 = (?)10
Solution:
(B5D.44)16 = B×162+5×161+D×160+4×16-1+4×16-2
= 11×256+80+13+0.25+0.016
= 2816+80+13+0.25+0.016
= (2909.0266)10

Binary operation:
Binary Addition
Step – 1: First of all, last right column is added.
Step – 2: By adding first column, the result is written at the bottom of the first column. If carry is there
that is to be placed in the next column.
Step – 3: If a carry is produced in the second step then that is to be written is the next column or to add
with the digit, if there is any, of the next column. This process will continue until there is no
column left in the right side.

Example1: Add 1101001 with 1010101.
Solution: 1101001
1010101
10111110
Binary Subtraction:
Step – 1: During binary subtraction from the least significant digit (LSD) of the minuend least
significant digit of the subtrahend is subtracted and the least significant digit (LSD) of the

subtraction is placed.
Step – 2: After subtraction by the least significant digit (LSD) if there is carry, then that is to be added
with the subtrahend of the next column which is to be subtracted from the minuend.
Step – 3: If there is carry in the second step, then that is to be added with the subtrahend of the next
column and subtraction is to be done.
Example: Subtract 101 from 1001.
Solution: 1001
- 0101
0100
Sunrise–13

Binary Multiplication:
Binary multiplication only four multiplication results are needed to be known. These four states of
binary multiplication are given below:
0×0 = 0
0×1 = 0
1×0 = 0
1×1 = 1

Example : Multiply the binary numbers 0111 and 1110
Solution:
0111
× 1110
0000
0111
0111
0111

1100010
Binary Division
Four states are created in binary division, viz. –
0/0 = meaningless
1/0 = meaningless
0/1 = 0
1/1 = 1
Example: Divide the binary numbers 1001 by 11.
0110 
Divisor 110 100100 

110
110
110
000
000
0
Problems to solve :
1. In any transistor, IC = 0.95 mA and IE = 1.0 mA, then determine its  [Ans: 0.95]
2. In a transistor, due to 8.0 mA change of emitter current, collector current changes by 7.9 mA. Due
to this change base current is changed by 0.1 mA. Determine  and . [Ans: 0.99, 79]
Sunrise–14

Practice Sheet on Physics 7

-9
1. 33.310 C charge is put on a spherical conductor of radius 0.24 m. Determine the electric
potential and intensity at a distance (a) 0.5m and (b) 0.03m away from the center. [Ans: (a)
599.4V, 1198.8 NC-1 (b) 1248.75V, 0 NC-1]
2. Two charges of opposite polarity with magnitude 210-8C are 6 cm apart. Another charge of
110-8C is placed at a distance of 4cm on the perpendicular bisect of the line connecting the two
equal charges. Determine the force acting on the charge 110-8C. [Ans: 8.6410-4N]
3. Three point charges are placed along x-axis as- at x=0, q1=2C, at x=40 cm, q2=-3C and at

x=120 cm, q3=5C, Determine the force acting on -5C charge. [Ans: .15N to left]
4. A square with sides of 0.04m has 10C charge on its corners. Determine potential at the center of
the square. [Ans: 12.7271012V]
5. A parallel plate capacitor placed in space. Distance between its plates is 5.0mm. Area of the each
plate is 2.0m2 . If 1.0104V is applied between the plates, determine (a) capacitance (b) charge on
each plate (c) electric field between the plates (d)its capacitance when a dielectric with relative
permittivity 5 is placed between the plates.[Ans: (A) 3.5410-9F (B) 3.5410-5C (C) 2106Vm-1
(D) 1.7710-8F]

6. Eight similar water drops are merged together to make a bigger droplet. The small drops had equal
charge of same polarity. Assuming no charge is lost, what will be the capacitance and voltage of
the big droplet compared to one small drop? [Ans: CBig =2Csmall; VBig=4Vsmall]
7. 3 capacitors each of 6F is connected in series. A 100V battery is connected across the series
combination. Determine the charge taken out of the battery and energy stored on the capacitor
combination. [Ans: 210-4C; 0.01J]
8. Two capacitors of 3F and 6F are connected in series. A 12V battery is connected across them.
Determine- (i) Equivalent capacitance of the circuit (ii)Potential difference across each capacitor

(iii) Energy stored in each capacitor [Ans: 2F (ii) 8V I 4V (iii) 96 J I 48 J]
9. Two conducting spheres of radius 0.2m and 0.3m are charged so that their voltages are 3103V
and 4.5103 V. if they are connected by a wire, what will be the- (i) net potential (ii) charge flow
due to contact (iii) energy lost [Ans: (i) 3.9103 V (ii) 210-8C (iii) 1.510-5J]
Practice Sheet on Physics-7 (MCQ)

15. How many ways can an object be charged in?
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) numerous
16. How many steps it takes to charge by induction?
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 3
17. Electric induction is observed in-

(a) only in conductors (b) only in insulators
(c) more or less in conductors and insulators (d) same in all materials
Sunrise–15

18. In electric induction, how long it takes induced charges to get neutral after removing inducing charge?
(a) After a while (b) it takes long (c) never (d) instantaneously
19. In a charged conductor, charge stays -
(a) inside the conductor (b) on inner surface
(c) on outer surface (d)everywhere
20. what will be the surface charge density if 3140 unit of charge is given to a sphere with 10 cm radius?
(a) 2.5 unit/cm2 (b) 31.40 unit/cm2 (c) 25 unit/cm2 (d) 10 unit/cm2
21. If 4928 unit charge is deposited on a sphere, surface charge density becomes 2 unit/cm 2, what is
the radius of the sphere?

(a) 196 cm (b) 14 cm (c) 19.6 cm (d) 1.4 cm
22. Diameters of two spheres are 10 cm and 20 cm respectively. Their surface charge densities are 2
unit/cm2 and 4 unit/cm2. Compare the charge stored on them.
(a) 1:8 (b) 1:9 (c) 1.5:8 (d) 1.5:9
23. One of the two spheres has radius of 5 cm. if 50 and 100 CGS unit charge is deposited on them,
their surface charge density ratio becomes 4:1. Determine the radius of the second sphere.
(a) 141:4cm (b) 41cm (c) 1.414cm (d) 14.14cm
24. What is the effect of placing charge of same polarity near a charged conductor?
(a) Potential reduces (b) Potential increases (c) it will remain same (d) none

25. which expresses electrical characteristic of any object?
(a) charge (b) potential (c) intensity (d) all of the above
26. Determine the force exerted on a 1C charge by another 1C charge at a distance of 10m.
(a) 9 dyne (b) 9 Newton (c) 9107 Newton (d) 9107N
27. Two insulated spheres of radii 2cm and 6cm respectively are 2cm apart in air. If each sphere has
100C charge on it, what will be the force acting on them ?
(a) 16N (b) 2109N (c) 91015N (d) 0.16 Newton
28. 2010 C charge is place on a 0.1gm styrofoam ball. From what height an object with 19.610-6 C charge can
-6
hold the Styrofoam ball floating in air? (g=980 cm/sec2)


(a) 2 cm (b) 0.2 cm (c) 60 m (d) 0.02
29. Two objects with charges 6010-6C and 5010-6C respectively repel each other with 135N at a
distance of 5cm. Relative permittivity of the medium is ?
(a) 2 (b) 80 (c) 1 (d) 0
30. Two charges of 30unit and 60unit are 12cm apart. Determine the electric field intensity at the
center of the line connecting them.
(a) 30 unit (b) 60 unit (c) 5 unit (d) 5 unit
36 30 6
31. what will be the work done to transport a 12C charge from one point to other, if the voltage difference
between the points is 500V?

(a) 6 Joule (b) 60 Joule (c) 600 Joule (d) 6000 Joule
Sunrise–16

32. Determine the work done for transporting 20C charge from a point with potential 30V to a point
with potential 10V.
(a) 400J (b) -400J (c) 400J (d) -40J
33. Two conducting plates are charged to 700V and 400V respectively and kept at a distance of 300
cm. Determine the electric field intensity at some point in between them.
(a) 0 N/C (b) 10 N/C (c) 1 N/C (d) 100 N/C
34. From a point in air, +10, +20 and -30 c.s.u charges are placed at distances of 5, 10, 15 cm, what
will be the potential of that point?
(a) 2 e.s.u (b) 3 e.s.u (c) -2e.s.u (d) -3e.s.u

35. Combination of two capacitors, gives equivalent capacitance
(a) higher than either (b) higher than either (c) equal (d) no fixed result
36. Which combination of two capacitors will store more energy if charged by same voltage?
(a) Parallel (b) Series (c) either of them (d) uncertain
37. Three capacitors have the equal capacitance, c. If two of them is connected in series, then
connected in parallel to the third one, determine equivalent capacitance.
c 3c 2c
(a) (b) 3c (c) (d)
3 2 3
38. After depositing 100 unit charge on a conductor, its potential rises to 20 units. What is the capacitance?

1
(a) 5 units (b) 120 units (c)
units (d) 2000 units
5
39. Potential becomes 12 unit for giving 6 unit charge to a spherical conductor. Determine the stored energy.
(a) 20 unit (b) 10 unit (c) 100 unit (d) 36 unit
40. Capacitance and potential of a conductor is 10 and 50 units respectively, capacitance and potential
of a conductor is 6 and 65 units respectively. What will be the final potential if they are connected
by a thin wire?
(a) 55.625 unit (b) 115 unit (c) 15 unit (d) 57.5 unit

Answer
15. c 16. d 17. c 18. d 19. c 20. a
21. b 22. a 23. d 24. b 25. a 26. d 27. c 28. c 29. b 30. a
31. d 32. b 33. d 34. a 35. d 36. a 37. c 38. a 39. d 40. a
Previous year Question

ELECTROSTATICS
1992. Of n capacitors of equal magnitude, first m capacitors are connected in series, rest are in parallel.
What is combined capacitance ?
1995. The side of a square is 4cm. 10 coulomb charge is placed at the corners. Determine potential at
the intersection of its diagonals.
1995. A capacitor of 0.2 F has potential difference 100 volt across it. How much energy is stored in it?
Sunrise–17

1997. 25 e . s . u charge is placed on a sphere of radius10cm. Determine additional energy required to
give extra 25 e . s. u charge to it.
1997. Eight similar water drops are merged together to make a bigger droplet. The small drops had
equal charge of same polarity. Assuming no charge is lost, what will be the capacitance and
voltage of the big droplet compared to one small drop?
2000. Two capacitors 3 F, 6F are connected in series whose terminals are connected across 12 volt battery.
(i) Determine total capacitance. (ii) potential across each capacitor (iii) energy stored by each
capacitor
2001. Two small spheres have charges 1010–8C and –510–8C respectively are 10cm away from each

other. What is the electric intensity at the middle of the two charges?
2007. A wire of resistance 4 is bent into a circle. The resistance between the ends of a diameter of the circle is:
1 1
(a) 0.4 (b) 1 (c)  (d) 
8 16
–10
2008. A spherical oil drop, carrying a charge 310 C has a potential of 500V at its surface. If such two
drops combine to form a single drop, what will be the potential at the surface of this drop? [0 =
8.8510–12 c2/N–m2]
2008. If a capacitor of 4F is charged with a battery of 9volts, what will be the amount of energy stored in it?
(a) 1.6210–4 Joule (b) 1.810–5 Joule (d) 3610–5 Joule (d) 8.110–5 Joule

2008. Three capacitors 2,3 and 6F are connected in series to a 10V source. The charge on the 3F
capacitors is:
(a) 5C (b) 10C (c) 12C (d) 15C
2010. Two circular plates are placed in parallel 0.002m apart in air in a uniform electric field of
50000vm–1. The radius of each plate is 0.08m. Determine the total stored energy in the capacitor
formed. [Ans: 4.45×10–7J]
2010. A potential difference of 10V exists between two points A and B, within an electric field.
What is the agnitude of charge that requires 2.0×10–2J of work to move it from A to B?
(a) 5.0×102C (b) 5.0×10–2C (c) 2.0×10–1C (d) 2.0×10–3C

2010. A dielectric material when inserted between the plates of a parallel plate capacitor increases the
stored nergy five times. Its dielectric constant is-
1 1
(a) 5 (b) 25 (c) (d)
5 25
2011. Twenty seven rain drops are of same size and charged at 220 V each. If they are merged to form
a bigger drop, calculate the potential of the bigger drop.
2011. A 6 V battery having 0.25 Ω internal resistance is connected in parallel to a battery of 3 V having
internal resistance of 0.5 Ω. Find the terminal voltage of the combination. A
220V 220
2011. For the following circuit, the ammeter and voltmeter readings will be:
A) 1 Amp and 220 V B) 1 Amp and 0 V C) 0 Amp and 0 V D) 0 Amp and 220 V
Sunrise–18

2010. When a load is connected to a supply of 100V it absorbs 200 watt. If the load is connected to
200V line, the load will absorb a power of:-
A) 100 W B) 200 W C) 400 W D) 800 W
2011. If ‘I’ current is flowing in a potentiometer wire of length L and resistance R, then potential gradient will be:
IR RL IL
A) B) IRL C) D)
L I R
2011. A wire of 3 is bent into an equilateral triangle. The resistance across one of the sides is:
2 3 7
  

A) B) C) 1 D)
3 2 2
2011. If the potential difference between the two points of a storming cloud is 108 V, what is the
amount of energy given up during the transport of 20 coulombs?
A) 1.25  1028 J B) 3.2  1010 J C) 2  109 J D) 3.2  10-10 J
2013. A 2 F capacitor was charged and then discharged by a conducting wire. If the heat energy of
214.3 cal that was expended in heating the wire was the total energy stored in the capacitor, then
what was the amount of voltage required to charge the capacitor ? 30000 V Ans.
2013. Two small equal and unlike charges 4.0  108 C are placed at A and B at a distance of 6.0 cm.

Calculate the force on the charge 1.0  108 C placed at P, where P is 4.0 cm away on the
1
perpendicular bisector of AB. [ = 9  109 Nm2 C-2].
40
2013. Four charges + q, + q,  q and  q respectively are placed at the corners A, B, C and D of a
square of side a. The electric potential at the center O of the square is
1 q 1 2q 1 4q
A) B) C) D) 0 (zero)
40 a 40 a 40 a
2013. The capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor increases from 5 F to 60 F when a dielectric is

filled between the plates. The dielectric constant of the dielectric is
A) 65 B) 55 C) 12 D) 10
(A) 210.00 (B) 220.00 (C) 225.00 (D) 230.00 (E) None
2013. 4 capacitors of 4 F each are conneeted in series. What will be their equivalent capacitance? [RUET]
(A) 1F (B) 2F (C) 4F (D) 16F (E) None
2014. Eight spherical drops of same are charged at 220V each. They coalesce to from a gigger drop.
Calculate the potential of the bigger drop.
2014. The capacitances of three capacitors are 2 F ,3 F and 6 F respectively. If they are connected in
series, what will be the equivalent capacitance? [RUET]

(A) 0.5 F (B)2 F (C) 3 F (D) 1 F (E) None
Sunrise–19

2015. The total charge on a sphere is 9C and radius is 30 cm, Find the flux density.[BUET]
2017. A 120W - 60V bulbs is connected in DC line at 100V. What resistance have to be connected at
series combination for full saturation of the bulb? [RUET]
2
v1 602
Solve: R1 = = = 30
P 120
P 120
I= = = 2A
V1 60
V 100
Req = =
I 2

Req = 50
 The resistance should be connected in series combination, R2 = Req – R1
= (50 – 30)
= 20 
2017. 100 V is supplied in a step up transformer and 2A current has found. If the ratio of number of
turns at primary and secondary coils is 1:2, then figure out the voltage at the secondary coil. Also
figure out the power of that transformer. [RUET]
Ep Np

Solve: =
Es Ns
1 100
 =
2 ES
 Es = 200 V
Avevi (Again), P = ES  IS = 200  2 = 400 watt
2017. A wire of 157cm and 0.1 mm radius is added to the left side of a meter bridge and a resistance of
45  is added to the right side of the meter bridge . Then a neutral point is found 25cm distance
from the left. What is the relative resistance of the wire. [KUET]
-7 -7 -8
(A) 4.2  10  -m (B) 2  10  -m (C) 3.66  10  -m

-7 -6
(D) 3  10  -m (E) 2.8  10  -m
Solve: (d);
2017. A certain parallel plate capacitor consists of two plates, each with area 200 cm 2, separated by 0.4
cm air gap . i. Compute the capacitance, ii. If the capacitor is connected across 500 V source
what energy is stored in it? ? [BUET]
200
8.854  10–12 
A 1002
Solve : i. c= = = 4.427  10–11F
d 0.4  10–2
1 1
ii. E = cV2 = (4.427  10–11) (5002) = 5.53  10–6 J
2 2
Sunrise–20

2018. Mr. Al Amin set up an airconditioner having capacity 1 Ton in him bed room. During opration the
airconditioner taken 6.5 A current form a 220V supply line. He uses the airconditioner average 8 hrs
per day . If the dectricity fill per kWh is 5tk than what is the electricity fill for the month of April?
Solve: E = p t [BUET]
6.5  220  8
=
1000
= 11.44 wh
 Cost = 11.44 5 30 = Tk. 1716

2018. The part of the electric circuit as shower in the figure are in equillibrium and D.C current is
flowing through the resistance. It capacitance
C = 4F then what is the energy stored? ] [BUET]

Solve:
Assuming ground at A, VA = O
 VB = IR = 5  6 = 30 V
B C VD = IR = 31 = 3V
5A
VBD = 30 – 3 = 27 V

D 1A A 1 2 1
3V 2A EC = CVBD = 410-6  272
2 2
= 1.46  10-3 J
since circuit is in equilibrium, no current flows

through the capacitor C.
Thus current through BCA = 3A + 2A = 5A
Current through AD = 2A – 1A = 1A
2018. If a 30 shunt is connected to a galvenometer of resistance 120 then what fraction of the total
current will flow through the galvanometer? [KUET]
(A) 50% (B) 40% (C) 30% (D) 20% (E) 10%
Sunrise–21

Solve: (C);
120
30
V30 = VGalvanometer
 I30  30 = I  120
1
 I = I30
4

2018. A wire of resistance R is stretched till its longth is increased to n times its original length. What
is its final resistance? [RUET]
Solve : If volume remains constant
  (nlo) lo
R= = n2 . = n2 R o
 Ao Ao
 n
 
 R = n 2 Ro
Semiconductor & Electronics


2010. Reason behind creation of depletion layer at p-n junction-
(a)impulsion of holes (b)diffusion of charge carriers (c) impulsion of electrons (d)transfer of
impurity ions
2011. Which of the following does not give p-type properties to a semiconductor when used as a dopant?
A) Aluminium B) Antimony C) Gallium D) Indium
2015.
10V
1K
Vc

Vc=? ,  = 0.99
[BUET]
2016.  = 0.941 IB = .05mA then,  = IE = ? IE=? [ BUET]
 Ie
= = IC = IE  IB
1 IB
941 IEIB
= = = 0.8 mA
1941 IB
= 16  IE = 0.85 mA
2016. A styrofoam ball of 0.15 gm has 6.68109C charge on it. From what height an object with
6.54109C charge can keep the ball floating in space? [KUET]
(A) 2.0 cm (B) 1.64 cm (C) 1.58 cm (D) 1.5 cm (E) 1.48 cm
Sunrise–22

Solve : Here,
1 q1 q2
. = mg
4o mg
1 q1 q2
or, r2 = .
4o mg
–9 –19
9 6.68  10  6.5  10
= 9  10
0.15  10–3  9.8
= 2.67  10–4
or, r = 1.64  10–2 m
 r = 1.64 cm

2018. The change of emitter current of 11.6 mA changes collector currents 10.92 mA. What is the
value of ? [KUET]
(A) 19 (B) 18 (C) 16 (D) 13 (E) 15
Solve: (C); IE = 11.6, Ic = 10.92
Ic 10.92
= = = 0.99
IE 11.6
1 1
 – =1
 
1 1
 –   = 16.1  16
0.94 

 wave length. What is energy
2017. A non conductor can absorb the light which is less than 2200 A
difference in the valance band in ev.] [KUET]
(A) 6.23 eV (B) 7 eV (C) 5.44 eV (D) 6.9 eV (E) 5.66 eV
Solve :  = 2200A  = 2200  10 m
–10
hc 6.63  10–34  3  108

E= = J = 9.0409  10–19 J = 5.66 eV
 2200  10–10
2017. If 1 day is passed in the space then 2 day is passed in the Earth, then what speed do the
spaceship travel?] [KUET]
(A) 2.61  108m/s (B) 2.59  108m/s (C) 2.56  108m/s
(D) 2.50  108m/s (E) 2.48  108m/s
t0

Solve : t = ; t = 2, t0 = 1
v2
1– 2
c
2018. The current in the collector of a common base transistor circuit increases from 98 A to 147A
due to an increase in the emitter current from 100A to 150 A. Determine the current
amplification factor and the current gain. [RUET]
Ic (147 – 98)
Solve :  = = 0.98
IE (150 – 100)
1 1
Now, – = 1
 
1 1
 – =1
0.98 
  = 49
Sunrise–23

Home Exam on phy –7
1. In air, a charged particle is placed 0.05m higher above +22x10-9C charge. Weight of the particle
rises by 5x10-4N. Determine the magnitude and polarity of charge in the particle.
2. The capacitance of a conductor in air is 18F & in some other media 20F. What is the permittivity of
second media ?
3. An induced capacitor has stored energy 7 Joules & applied potential across it is2400 volt.
Determine- (i) Amount of charge (ii) Capacitance (iii) Intensity
4. What will be the charge of each capacitor after connecting two capacitors of 100F & 120F.
Total charge on them is 100C

5. Four charges (each 100c) placed at the corners of a square. The side of the square is 1 meter.
Evaluate the electric potential & intensity at the center of the square.
6. The capacitance of two capacitors is in progressive order. At fist they are connected is series then
parallel. What is equivalent capacitance in each case ?
7. Four charges (each 100C) placed at the corners of a square. Determine the active force on a
single charge by the other three charges.
8. When a wire of length 314cm and radius 0.2mm is placed in the left gap of a meter bridge and a
resistance of 42 is placed in the right gap, the null point is obtained at a distance of 20cm from
the left end. Determine the specific resistance of the material of the wire. [Ans. : 4.2  10-7 -m]

9. 2.A battery having 6V e.m.f. and 0.5 internal resistance is connected in parallel with another
battery of e.m.f. 10v and internal resistance 4. Then these are connected to a wire of resistance
12. Determine the flow of current through the wire. [Ans. : 0.51A]
10. Three cells of internal resistance 1.5 and e.m.f. 2V are connected in series. If the terminals are
connected to a conductor of resistance 150, then determine the current flow. [Ans. : 0.0388A].
11. Four arms of a Wheatstone’s bridge have resistances 100, 300, 24 and 60. To attain equilibrium,
what resistance should be connected to the 1st arm and how? [Ans. 20 in series connection]
12. Why ammeter is connected in series and voltmeter in parallel?
13. A wire of resistance 15 is stretched so that its length becomes double and radius becomes half.

Then the wire is cut into two equal parts and the segments are connected in parallel. What will be
the equivalent resistance in this condition?
14. Determine the resistance between the points A and B. (Ans. : 30).
20
20 20
20 20
A 20
Sunrise–24

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Unique in Admission Coaching

Unique in Admission Coaching Unique in Admission Coaching Unique in Admission Coaching

Unique in Admission Coaching

Unique in Admission Coaching

Unique in Admission Coaching

Unique in Admission Coaching

Unique in Admission Coaching

o =Permittivity of free space =8.85410-12C2N-1m-2  =9109Nm2C-2

Unique in Admission Coaching

Note: this force is a vector quantity.

Unique in Admission Coaching

F will be maximum, if and only if q -qo=0

qo = q , the charge should be split in two equal half (Ans.)

Unique in Admission Coaching

sin θ = 0.02/0.8  θ =1.4

Unique in Admission Coaching

Unique in Admission Coaching

Unique in Admission Coaching

Unique in Admission Coaching

Unique in Admission Coaching

Unique in Admission Coaching

Unique in Admission Coaching

Relation between electric field intensity and electric potential:

Unique in Admission Coaching

V= Vn =V1+V2+V3 + ... ... ... + Vn = 1 qn

Unique in Admission Coaching

Unique in Admission Coaching

Unique in Admission Coaching

= 8624  2.33105q = 4  (10-6)30.911039.8

Unique in Admission Coaching

Unique in Admission Coaching

Potential of a uniformly charged sphere

Unique in Admission Coaching

3. Potential outside the sphere at a distance d, V= 1 . Q and intensity, E= 1 . Q

Unique in Admission Coaching

Unique in Admission Coaching

Unique in Admission Coaching

point 0.02m away from the center.

Unique in Admission Coaching

Unique in Admission Coaching

(b)Parallel combination - Cp=C1+C2 + ... ... ... + Cn

Unique in Admission Coaching

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C1C2=18 ... ... ... (ii)

Unique in Admission Coaching

Energy Stored by Charged Capacitor

Potential energy of charged capacitor, P.E= 1 CV2 = 1 Q = 1 VQ= o E

Unique in Admission Coaching

Unique in Admission Coaching

Unique in Admission Coaching

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the corresponding change in current. [Ans: 5mA]

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Current Flow In Transistor

Formulae : (a) Relation between different currents in transistor: Ie=Ib+Ic

Unique in Admission Coaching

Current Amplification Factor

Unique in Admission Coaching

Unique in Admission Coaching

+Ic=IE  IB = (1.5 – 1.47) mA = 0.03mA (Ans.)

Unique in Admission Coaching

circuit four types of mathematical systems are used. These are: