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EE 3043 – Power Systems III
Power System Protection
Types of relays and relaying principles
by
Dr. Lidula N. Widangama Arachchige
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka
Learning Objective
• Describe the principles operation and performance
characteristics of electro‐mechanical, static and numeric
relays.
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Outline
• Types of relays and relaying principles
– Operating principles of electro‐mechanical, static and
numeric relays
– Basic structure of protection systems
– Rated current, voltage and setting of relays
– Operation of basic relay types
Function of a protection relay
• Senses any change in the signal it receives
– Current and/or voltage
• Compares its magnitude against a pre‐set value
• Closes or open an electrical contact if the incoming
signal value is outside the pre‐set range
– Initiate some further operation such as issuing a tripping
signal to a circuit breaker
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Basic Connection Diagram of Protection Relay
Basic Structure of Protection Systems
Protected Unit
Display and
Recording Devices
(D&R)
• Current and/or voltage information of the primary system are conveyed to the protection
device (PD) using the instrument transformer (IT).
• PD will use this data to compare with the “set” values to determine whether abnormal
conditions exist in the primary system.
• If so, either trip commands/ warnings /alarms will be issued through the control circuit
(CC), as may be necessary.
• Display and recording device (D&R) will provide information about PD actions
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• Auxiliary supply (AS) provides the DC supply for the CC, PD and D&R.
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Classification of Protection Relays
ANSI Standard: Device numbers
Device No. Description Device No. Description
21 Line distance 59 Over‐voltage
25 Synchrocheck 67 AC Directional Over‐current
26 Overload 79 Automatic Recloser
27 Under‐voltage 81 Frequency
32R Reverse Power 81O Over‐frequency
37 Under‐current 81R Rate of Change of Frequency
40 Loss of Excitation 81U Under‐frequency
50 Instantaneous Over‐current 86 Lockout Relay
50BF Breaker Failure 87 Differential Protective
AC Inverse Time Over‐
51 87B Bus Differential Protective
current
52 Circuit Breaker Transformer Differential
87T
Protective
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Electromechanical Relays
• Earliest form of relay – used for over
100 years
• A mechanical force causes operation
of an electrical contact
• The mechanical force is created by
currents passing through one or more
windings on a magnetic core
• These relays are also referred to as
‘electromagnetic relays’
• There are number of different types:
– Attraction
– Moving coil
– Induction
• These relays, except the attracted
armature type, are now replaced by
more modern equivalents
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Attraction Type Relays
• Attracted Armature Type
– consists of a bar or plate of metal (armature) that is pivoted and it can be
attracted towards the coil.
– The armature carries the moving part of the contact which is closed or
opened, according to the design, when the armature is attracted to the
coil
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Attraction Type Relays
• Piston or solenoid type relay
– a bar or piston is attracted axially within the field of the
solenoid.
– the piston also carries the operating contacts.
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Attraction Type Relays
– Electromechanical relays operate under both ac and dc
– When used with ac, chatter that occur when the current
passes through zeros must be removed
→Use shading rings ‐ magnetic pole is split and a copper ring is inserted
to one side
– Force of attraction:
→I = current in the coil F K1 I 2 K 2
→K1 = a constant depend on the number of turns in the coil, air gap,
effective area of the pole, and reluctance of the magnetic circuit
→K2 = retaining force produced by the spring
K2
I
– Relay operates when K1
– These relays have no time delay and used for instantaneous
Operation
– Typical operating time (100‐400 ms) 12
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Moving Coil Relays
• Consist of a rotating
movement with a small coil
suspended between the poles
of a permanent magnet
• The coil has the freedom to
rotate but restrained by two
springs
– springs also serve as
connections to carry the current
to the coil
• When the coil current is
sufficiently high, coil rotates
and closes a contact
• The relay can be designed so
that the coil makes large
angular movement before the
contact is made 13
Moving Coil Relay Characteristics
• The torque produced:
– B = flux density
– l = length of the coil
– a = diameter of the coil
– N = number of turns of the coil
– I = current in the coil
• The speed of movement (due to
torque) is controlled by the
damping, which is proportional to
the torque
• The relay has inverse time
characteristics
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Induction Relays
• Induction relays work only with alternating current
• Consists of an electromagnetic system which operates on
a moving conductor (a disk or cup)
• Functions through the interaction of two electromagnetic
fluxes with the currents induced in the rotor by the fluxes
• Two fluxes are displaced in angle and physical position
produce a torque
• There are three basic designs
– Shaded pole type
– Wattmetric type
– Induction cup type
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Induction Relay Construction
• Shaded Pole Type Relay
– A portion of the
electromagnetic section is
short‐circuited by means of a
copper ring or coil
– This creates a flux in the area
influenced by the short‐
circuited section (the so‐
called shaded section) which
lags the flux in the non‐
shaded section
– Inertia of the disc provides
the time delay characteristic.
The time delay can be
increased by the addition of
a permanent magnet
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Induction Relay Construction
• Wattmetric Type Relay
– this type of relay uses an
arrangement of coils
above and below the disc
with the upper and lower
coils fed by different
values
– or, in some cases, with just
one supply for the top coil,
which induces an out‐of‐
phase flux in the lower coil
because of the air gap.
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Induction Relay Construction
• Cup Type Relay
– This type of relay has a cylinder similar to a cup which can rotate in the air gap
between the poles of the coils, and has a fixed central core.
– The operation is very similar to a two‐phase induction motor with salient poles.
– The movement of the cylinder is limited to a small amount by the contact and
the stops.
– The torque is a function of the product of the two currents through the coils and
the cosine of the angle between them.
– This relay has a small inertia and is therefore principally used for instantaneous
units.
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Static Relays – 1960s
• Static – no moving parts to create the
relay characteristics
• Early version used discrete electronic
devices – transistors , diodes etc.
• In 1970’s these were replaced by
integrated circuits
• They were like electronic
replacements of electromechanical
relays
– Reduced the space requirements
– Reduced burden on CT/VTs
– Easier setting
• Needed reliable dc power supply
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Digital or Microprocessor based relays – 1980s
• Microprocessors and microcontrollers replaced the analog circuits
• Digital relays convert all analog signals to digital
– Need A/D conversion
• Microprocessor used some kind of counting technique or DFT to
implement control algorithms
– Multiple protection functions
• Limited processing capacity of typical microprocessors and memory
capacity limited the number of protection functions of a relay
• In some applications, they were slower than static relays
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Numerical Relays – 1990s
• Natural development of digital relays due to
advancements in technology
• Use Digital Signal Processors – specialized
microprocessors optimized for real‐time signal
processing
• Various software tools are used to implement the
protection algorithms
• Numerical relays combine large number of functions into
one unit
– Use multiple DSPs to acquire the required processing capacity
– Reliability issues – Failure of one unit could cause loosing many
functions
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Space requirements of different
relay technologies for same functionality
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Advantages of a Numerical Relay
• Several setting groups
• Wider range of parameter adjustment
• Remote communications built in
• Internal fault diagnosis
• Power system measurements available
• Distance to fault locator
• Disturbance recorder
• Auxiliary protection functions ( broken conductor, negative
sequence, etc.)
• CB monitoring (state, condition)
• User‐definable logic
• Backup protection functions in‐built
• Consistency of operation times ‐ reduced grading margin
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Numerical relay Arrangement
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Information Processing in a Modern Relay
Software modules
Analog Input that implement
Signal Processing
Signals various protection
functions
Outputs (Trip
Logic Scheme
Signals, Alarms)
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Analog Inputs to the Relay
• Voltage and current signals
• Isolated by using special precision transformers to
suppress the entering of surges
• Sampled analog signals are converted to digital from
using analog to digital converters (ADC)
– Current signals must be converted to voltages suitable for
A/D conversion
– Amplitude must be scaled to a range amenable for A/D
conversion (‐10 V to +10 V)
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