Introduction to

Information Technology
 Information
Technology
 Information technology is defined as the
combination of communication and computer
technology is called information technology.
 Newly merged advanced information
technology is commonly used in today’s
organizations.
 Information technology (IT) is the application
of computers and telecommunications
equipment to store, retrieve, transmit and
manipulate data,
 History of
Computers
 Abacus developed 1st Calculator device.

 Charles Babbage was a British Math Professor.

 Charles Babbage known as Father of Computer.

 1936 Konrad Zuse made world 1st computing

program machine in Germany. Named as Z1.
 Abacus
 Charles Babbage
 Konrad Zuse

1st computer developed in 1944

 Mark-1
 In 1944 American Dr: Howard Aiken a
professor of Harvard university design a
calculating machine was named as
mark-1

 which is fully automatic calculating

machine.
 ENIAC(1943- 1946)
 Electrical Numerical integrator and
calculator. 1st Electronic computer. it was
developed in 1946 by I.J Eckert and john
mauchly in USA.
 It contain 18000 vacuum tube about 1500
square feet with weight 30 Ton. ENIAC was
programmed physical connecting electrical
wires in proper order.
 EDVAC(1946- 1952)
 Electronic discrete variable automatic
computer. It was design by Dr Vohn
Neumann. It was designed on stored
program concept. Dr Vohn Neumann
gave the concept of binary form (0& 1).
 EDSAC(1947-1949)
 Electrical Delayed storage automatic
computer. it was developed in 1949
at Cambridge university by a group of
scientists headed by Prof: Maurice
Wilkes.
 UNIVAC(1951)
 Universal automatic computer. it was
developed by J.P Eckert and john
mauchly in 1951.it was 1st digital
computer. the program and data
were saved in this commuter through
magnetic tape.
 Computer
 The word “Computer is derived from the Latin word “
Compute” which means to calculate. In the past, the
computer was normally considered to be a calculating
device used to perform arithmetic operations. But
today, computer is used in every field of daily life to
solve problems of different kinds. So computer can be
defined as:

 Computer is as modern electronic machine that is used

to solve different kinds of problems according to as
set of instruction given to it.
A Computer can be perform the
following functions:
 Accepts data as input.
 Receives instructions.
 Processes of manipulates the data
according to the given instruction.
 Produces output called information.
 Stores information for future use.
 Retrieves information when required.
 Data
 The collection of real fact and figure is called
data.
 The collection of values is called data.
 It is raw material or It is unprocessed
material.
 Types of Data
 Alphabetic
 Numeric
 Pictorial
 Alphabetic numeric
 Characteristics of
Computer
1- Speed
2- Accuracy
3- Data Processing
4- Automation
5- Storage
6- Diligence
7- Communications
8-No Feelings
 1-Speed:
 Computer is very high speed electronic device. It can
execute millions or billions of instructions in one
second. In other words, it can process a large amount
of data in one second. The speed of computer is
measured in Mega Hertz (MHz) or Gega Hertz (GHz).
Different computers have different speed.

 Mille seconds = 1/1000th of a second

 Micro seconds = 1/1000th of a Mille
second
th
 Nanoseconds = 1/1000 of a Micro
second
 2- Accuracy:
 In addition to being very fast,
computer is also very accurate
device. It gives accurate output result.
However, the output result depends
upon the correct input data and set
of instructions given to computer
 3- Data Processing:
 Different operations are
performed on the data to get the
required result. A sequence of
operations on data to convert it
into information. Data processing
is the most important feature of
computer.
 4- Automation:
 Once data and instruction are
given to computer, It can
automatically perform different
operations on data. It executes
automatically the program
instructions one by one.
 5- Storage:

 A computer has internal storage

(memory) as well as external storage
called secondary storage. In
secondary storage, a large amount of
data and programs can be stored
permanently. The stored data and
programs are available anytime for
processing.
 6- Diligence:
 A computer can continuously
work for hours without creating
any error. It does not get tired
while working. After hours or work
it performs the operation with the
same accuracy as well as speed
as the first one .
 7- Communication:
 A computer has the capability of
communicating with other computer in a
computer network.
 Computers are mostly used to exchange
messages or data through computer
network all over the world.
 8- No-Feelings:
 Computer is an electronic machine. It
has no feelings. It detect object on the
basis of instructions given to it. Based on
our feelings, taste, knowledge and
experience, we can make certain
decisions and adjustment in our daily life.
 Generations of

Computers
The term generation indicates the type of technology
used in the computer construction. As new
technology was emerging, It was being used the
making of computers. Different technologies have
used for computers as different times.
 1st =(1942 - 1955)
 2nd =(1955 - 1964)
 3rd =(1964 - 1975)
 4th =(since 1975)
 5th =(since 1980)
First-Generation Computers (1942 -1955)
 The Vacuum tube technology was used
in first-generation computers. A Vacuum
tube was a glass device. It control and
amplify electronic signals. The vacuum
tube is shown in figure is below.
 Advantages:
 The main advantages of first-generation
computers were:

 These computer were fastest of their time.

They could perform calculations in
milliseconds.
 They were programmed using machine
language.
 The electronic digital computers were
introduced due to the vacuum tube technology.
 Disadvantages:
 The main disadvantages of first-generation
computers were:
 1- Very big in size. 2 More costly.
 3- Not reliable. 4- Non-portable.
 5- Consumed a large amount of energy.
 6- More heat generated and air-
conditioning required.
 7- Quite slow speed in data processing.
 Second-Generation Computers(1955-1964)
 The Transistor technology was used in
second-generation computer. Transistor is an
electronic component. Transistor could
perform the same function in computer as
vacuum tube. The transistor is smaller in size
and more reliable than vacuum tube. The
transistor technology was used in computer in
place of vacuum tube technology.
 Advantages:
 The main advantages of second-generation
computers were:

 1- Less expensive than a vacuum tube.

 2- Smaller in size. - 3 Fast in speed.
 4- portable.
 5-Less heat generated. 6-Less possibility of
hardware failure.
 7- More reliable and accurate in calculations.
 8- Consume low power
 Disadvantages:
 The main disadvantages of second-generation
computers were:

 1- Air-conditioning required.
 2-Only used for special purposes.
 Third-Generation Computers(1964-1975)
 The IC (integrated circuits) technology
was used in third-generation computers.
In a small IC chip (5 mm square size) a
circuit is designed having large number
of electronic components like
transistors, capacitors, diodes, resistors
etc.
 Advantages:
 The main advantages of third-generation as
compared to pervious generations of computers
were:
 1- Smaller in size. 2- More reliable.
 3- Low power consumption.
 4- Easily portable. 5- Easy to operate.
 6-Upgrade easily.
 7-More storage capacity.8-Low heat
generated
 9-Many input/output devices were
introduced such as mouse & keyboard etc.
 Disadvantages:
 The main disadvantages of third-
generation computers were:

 1- Air-conditioning required.
 2- High sophisticated technology
required for the manufacturing of IC
chips.
 Fourth-Generation Computers(1975-onwords)
 With the advancement in IC technology, LSI
(Large Scale Integration) chips were
developed. It was possible to integrate over 30,
000 or more components on to a single LSI
chip. After LSI, the VLSI (Very Large Scale
Integration) was developed and made the
development of microprocessor possible.
 The microprocessor was used as CPU in
fourth-generation computers. The fourth-
generation computer may be called
microprocessor generation.
 Advantages:
 The main advantages of fourth-generation
compared is:

 1- Smaller in Size. -2 Very reliable.

 3- Production cost is very low. -4Totally
general purpose.
 5- Easily portable because of their small size.
 6- Air-conditioning is not compulsory
 7- Very high processing speed
 Disadvantages:

 The main disadvantages of fourth-

generation computers is:

 1- High sophisticated technology

required for the manufacturing of
microprocessor chips.
 Fifth-Generation Computers

 Fifth generation computer devices

based on artificial intelligence, are
still being developed. The scientists
are working to design fifth
generation computer that will have
the following features.
 1- Having their own thinking power.
 2- Making decisions themselves.
 3- Having capabilities of learning.
 4- Having capabilities to communicate with
the user in natural spoken language.
 5- Having capabilities of reasoning.
 6- Having large capacity of internal storage.
 7- Having extra high processing speed.
 8- Having capabilities of parallel processing.
 Types of Computers
 Computer can also be divided into three
categories depending upon their
construction and function. These are:

1- Analog Computer
2- Digital Computer
3- Hybrid Computer
 1-Analog Computer
 The word “analog” means continuously
varying in quantity. The analog computer
accept input data in continuous form and
output is obtained in the form of graphs. It
means that these computers accept input and
give output in form of analog signals.
Examples of analog devices:
 Thermometer , Analog Clock:
 Speed meter, tire-pressure gauge are also
examples of analog devices.
 2 - Digital Computer:
 The word “digital” means discrete. It refers to
binary system, which consist of only two
digits, I.e. 0 and 1. Digital data consist of
binary data represented by OFF (low) ON (high)
electrical pulses. These pulses are increased
and decreased in discontinuous form rather
than in continuous form.
Examples of digital devices are:
 Calculator, digital watches, and digital
thermometers, etc.
 3 - Hybrid Computer:
 The hybrid computers have best combined
features of both analog and digital computers.
These computers contain both the digital and
analog components. In hybrid computers, the
users can process both the continous (analog)
and discrete (digital) data.

Examples of digital devices are:

 ECG Machine and other devices use in ICU.
 Devices used in petrol pump.
 Difference between Analog and Digital
computers.
Analog computer
1. Accept input data in continuous
form and output is measured on a
scale.
2. It may have some errors in output.
3. Have low internal memory.
4. Have fewer functions.
5. It is used only in scientific,
industrial and medical function.
6. It is costly.
7. It is not easily programmed.
8. It is slow in data processing.
9. It is used specific field of life.
10. It is not easy to use.
Digital Computer
1. Accept input data in digital
form and output is received in
digital form.
2. Output is accurate.
3. Have large internal memory.
4. Have large num of function.
5. It is general purpose in use.
6. It is low in cost
7. It is easily Programmed.
8. It is fast in data processing.
9. It is use in all field or life.
10. It is easy to use.
11. It has two states: ON (1) and
OFF (0).
 Classification of
 ComputersComputers
are being manufactured in
different size, data processing speeds etc.
Computers are classified according to their
data processing speed.
 Depending upon their speed and memory size,
computers are classified into following four main
groups.
1-Supercomputer
 2-Mainframe Computer.
 3-Mini Computer
 4-Microomputer
 1-Supercomputer.
 Supercomputer is the most powerful
and fastest, and also very expensive. It
was developed in 1980s. It is used to
process large amount of data and to
solve the complicated scientific
problem. It can perform more than one
trillions calculation per second.
Supercomputers are mainly used for:
 Weather forecasting.
 Nuclear energy research.
 Aircraft design.
 Automotive design.
 Online Banking.
 To control industrial units.

 Super computers are used in large organizations,

research, laboratories, aerospace centers, large
industrial units etc.
 2-Mainframe Computer.
 Mainframe computer is the second largest
computer. It was introduced in 1975.
Mainframe computers are also very expensive.
The mainframe computer require a very large
room with air-conditioner. The mainframe
computer used in large organizations such as
insurance companies, banks, (which is usually
organized into one or more huge database).
Airlines use mainframe computers for flight
scheduling, reservations, and ticketing etc. IBM
is the major manufacturer of mainframe
computers.
 3-Mini Computer.
 Minicomputer are known as minicomputers
because of their small size as compared to
other computer at the time. The capabilities of
minicomputer are between mainframe and
personal computer.. These computers are
also known as midrange computers
 The minicomputers are use in business,
education and many other government
departments. The first minicomputer was
introduced in the mid-1960s.
 4-Microcomputer.
 The microcomputer are also known as
personal computers or simply PCs,
microprocessor is used in this type of
computer. Microcomputers are typically
developed for individual users. These are very
small in size and cost. Almost use in homes,
small offices, in education etc.
 The IBM's first microcomputer was designed
in 1981 and was named IBM-PC.
 Hardware
 The physical parts of computer are known as
computer hardware. You can touch, see and feel the
hardware. The hardware consist of circuit and
mechanical equipment etc. use to perform various
functions in computer. The hardware components
are:
1- Input Devices.
2- Output Devices.
3- Central processing unit (CPU)
4- Memory Unit.
5- Secondary Storage Devices.
 Components of Computer.
 A computer consist of different components. Each
component performs a specific function in the
computer.
 The internal architecture design of components.
 1- Input Devices.
 The data and instructions are given to the
computers as input. The input devices is used
to give input to the computer. It accept input
data & program instructions) in a form that a
computer can use, and then enters into the
computer.
 Examples. Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner,
Joystick, Digital camera, light pen and
Microphone etc.
 2- Output Devices.
 The processed data is also known as
output. Output devices is used to get
output from the computer. It displays
processed data or results in a form the
user wants.

 Examples. Monitor, Printer, Plotters,

Projector and Speaker etc.
 3- CPU.
 CPU is the most important component of
the computer. It is also known as
processor. It is considered as the brain of
the computer. It process (or manipulates)
input data according to the given
instructions, and convert into useful
information.
 4- Memory Unit.
 A component of the computer, which is
used to store data and instruction is
called memory. The personal computer
contains a main memory. The main
memory is the most important
components of the computer. It is used to
store data and instruction that are
currently in use.
 5- Secondary Storage Devices.
 Secondary storage devices is used to
store data and programs permanently for
later use. A large amount of data and
programs can be stored into it. Its storage
capacity in upto gigabytes (GB) for
personal computer.
 Example: Floppy disk, Hard disk, CD-Rom
and flash drive.
 6- Bus Instruction.
 Bus is an electrical path through which
data, instructions or control signals flow
from one components of computer to
another. Bus interconnection is another
important component of the basic
architecture of computer. It connects
different components of the computer.
 7- System Unit.
 The system unit is main body of computer
that contains different components of the
compute.
 Example: It contains central processing
unit, memory unit, disk drives and
connectors etc.
 The input and output devices are
connected with the system unit to work
together.
 Central processing unit.
 CPU is located on the motherboard inside
the system unit. All other components of
computer are connected to it through the
bus interconnection.
 It executes the programs instruction
programs and tells other parts of the
computer what to do. CPU contain the
following main components.
 1- CU, 2- ALU, 3-MU, 4-Registers.
 1- Control unit.
 The control unit is the most important
component of CPU. It controls and
coordinates the activities of all the other
units of the computer. The control unit as
the logical hub of the computer.
 The control unit also the execution of
instructions given to the computer. It
fetches the instructions and data from
the memory unit. It decodes and executes
the instructions one by one.
 2- Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU).
 ALU is another important component of
CPU. It performs the arithmetic and
logical operations on the data. When the
control unit encounters an instruction
related to perform arithmetic or logical
operations on data. It passes that
instruction to the ALU.
 3- Memory Unit.
 Memory is a place where we store data.
 Each computer has main memory which
is called Internal memory.
 Physical part of computer.
 Hard disk is a part of memory.
 4- Registers.
 CPU contains small storage areas that are used
to store data and instructions during program
execution. The storage areas of locations
inside the CPU are called registers. The size of
these registers is 2 or 4 or 8 bytes. The large
size of registers increase the performance of
CPU.
 Registers are the part of processor but not the
part of main memory or storage devices.
 Example: A computer having 32-bit (4 bytes)
registers means the CPU can process four
bytes of data at one time.
 Memory.
 A memory of the computer, which is use
to store data and instruction is called
memory. The personal computer contains
a main memory. The main memory is also
called primary memory. It is used to store
data and instruction that are currently in
use.
The Basic storage units of memory are
describe bellow.
BIT:
The binary digit ‘1’ & ‘0’ is called bit. The
bit stand for binary digit. It is the basic unit
of storing data in the computer memory
Byte:
A combination of ‘8’ bits is called byte. One
character takes one byte of memory. The
storage capacity of the memory is expressed in
terms of number of bytes.
 Chart of memory units:
 1 nibble=4 Bits.
 1 byte =8 Bits
 1 kilo byte=1024 Bytes
 1 Mega byte=1024 Kilo bytes
 1 Giga byte=1024 Mega bytes
 1 Tera byte=1024 Giga bytes
 1 Pita byte =1024 Tera bytes
 Types of Memories.
 In computer, there are two types of
memories. These are:

1- Volatile Memory.
 It is a temporary memory. It loses
its contents when computer is
turned off. RAM or main memory is
an example of volatile memory.
 2- Non-Volatile Memory.

 It is a permanent memory. It
does not lose its contents when
computer is turned off. ROM is
an example of Non-volatile
memory.
 RAM
 RAM stands for random access memory.
Actually, the main memory is referred to as
RAM. It is also referred to as primary storage.
The program and the data must be loaded
into RAM before running the program to
process the data.

 The storage capacity of RAM or main

memory is measured in bytes. Which are
form 128 MB to 2 GB,
 It is main memory of computer.
 It used to Hold Data.
 It has temporary storage area.
 It is volatile memory.
 It is chip on motherboard
 It is internal memory b/c without this
data can not executed
 It is used for running data.
 Also called primary memory.
 Used to support system.
 The RAM divided into the 2 types.
1-DRAM.
2-SRAM.

1-DRAM.
 DRAM stand for Dynamic Random Access
Memory. DRAM is most common type of
RAM used to store data & instructions. When
program is running it must be refreshed
within than a mille second b/c it is used in
main memory.
 2-SRAM
 SRAM is very fast but more Expensive than
DRAM.
 It is about 10 times faster than DRAM.
 The SRAM chips utilize less power.
 SRAM is used as cache memory due its
speed.
 Cache memory is memory used Directly by
CPU.
 Used high speed Cache memory that
generally improve system performance.
 The SRAM is known as the cache memory.
 ROM
 ROM stands for Read Only Memory. It is type of
internal memory. The contents (i.e. Instruction and
data) stored in this type of memory can only be read
but cannot be changed or deleted. It is not possible to
write new instructions or information into the ROM.
 ROM stores data and instructions permanently.
 When the power is turned off, the instructions stored in
ROM are not lost.
 The ROM is therefore, non-volatile memory.
 It is chip attached with motherboard
 Types of ROM
 ROM is divided into following types.
1- Programmable ROM (PROM)
2- Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM)
3- Electrically Erasable Programmable
ROM (EEPROM)
 1-PROM
 PROM stands for Programmable Read Only
Memory. This form of ROM is initially blank.
The user or manufacturer can write his own
program and data in it by using special
devices. However, once the program or data is
written in PROM. It cannot be changed or
altered.
 2-EPROM
 EPROM stands for Erasable Programmable
Read Only Memory. It is another important
types of ROM. Like PROM, it is initially blank.
The user or manufacturer can write its own
program or data by using special devices.
Unlike PROM, the data written in EPROM chip
can be erased by using special devices and
ultraviolet rays. So program or data written in
EPROM chin can be changed and new data
can also be added.
 3-EEPROM
 EEPROM stands for Electrically Erasable
Programmable Read Only Memory. This kind
of ROM can be written or changed with the
help of electrical devices. So data stored in
this type of ROM chip can be easily modified.
 The difference between ROM and
RAM
ROM
 It is read only memory.
 It is permanently memory.
 It is non-volatile memory.
 It has small storage
capacity.
 Data is written into it
using special devices and
ultraviolet rays.
RAM
 It is read and write
memory.
 It is temporary memory.
 It is volatile memory.
 It has large storage
capacity.
 Data is written into it
using electrical devices.
 CMOS.
 CMOS stands for Complementary Metal Oxide
Semiconductor. It is similar to RAM but it is
non-volatile memory. It is a high-speed
memory. It uses battery to retain information
even when the power to the computer is off.
 It is stores the configuration information about
the computer, such as disk drive, keyboard,
monitor, system current date & time, password,
system startup information etc.
 Cache Memory.
 Type of memory (high speed
memory) that contain the most
reset data and instruction that have
been loaded by CPU known as
cache memory.
 Cache memory plays very
important role in increasing the
performance of a computer.
 Flash Memory.
 A type of nonvolatile memory.
 Flash memory is commonly used as a
supplement or to replacement for hard
disks in portable computers.
 It is available as a PC Card that can be
plugged into a PCMCIA slot.
 USB (universal serial bus) is type of flash
memory
 Software.
 A set of instruction given to the computer to
solve a particular problem (or to perform a
specific task), is called software. Software is
also called computer program.
 Software tells the computer what to do and
how to do.
 The hardware operate under the control of a
given set of instruction.
 Software is developed in computer
programming language.
 Types of Software.
1- System software.
2- application Software.

Software

System Software Application Software

 System Software.
 A program or set of program that is specially
designed to control different operation computer
system is called system software. It control the
working of different parts of the computer. The
system software also enables the order application
programs to execute properly.
Example of system software are:
1- Operating systems. 3- Device Drivers.
2- Utility Programs. 4- Language
processors.
 Operating System.
 An operating system is a collection system
programs that controls and co-ordinates the
overall operations of a computer.
 These programs also provide interface
between the user and the computer system.
 A computer needs an operating system to do
work.
 Without operating system, a computer is like a
car with no fuel.
 Operating System also performs the
following task .
 Accepts input from input devices.
 Sends output to output devices.
 Manages the application programs in memory.
 Manages the files on the storage devices.
 Manages & controls the I / O devices etc.
 Types of Operating Systems.
 Single user single tasking operating
system.
 Single user multitasking operating
system.
 Multi user multitasking operating
system.
 Single User single tasking operating
system

 Only one user can perform one task at a

time.
 This O.S doesn’t support multitasking
 example of this type of O.S is ms DOS
(disk operating system)
Single User Multitasking Operating System
 An operating system that is capable of
allowing multiple software process to
run at the same time.

 Examples:
 UNIX, WINDOWS
Multi User Multitasking Operating System
 The multi user multitasking O.S are in which
more than one or (multiple) task perform at a
same time.
 An operating system that is capable of
supporting and utilization more than one
computer processor

 Examples: LINUX, UNIX WINDOWS

 Types of Operating System.
 The operating systems are divided into
different categories. Three basic categories
are:

1- Personal computer operating system.

2- Network operating system.
3- Embedded operating system.
1- Personal computer operating
system.
 The personal computer operating system are
also called the stand-alone operating systems
of single-user operating systems.
 The examples of personal computer operating
system are:
1- DOS
2- Mac OS
3- Windows
 1- Network operating system.
 A network operating system is an operating
that supports the network.
 A network operating system typically resides
on a server and controls the devices or
computer connected to the network
 The examples of network operating system are:
1- Windows NT Server.
2- Windows 2000 Server.
3- Unix, Solaris, Novell’s Netware
 1-Embedded operating system.
 Different special electronic devices and
handheld computers are also controlled by the
operating system the are stored into a ROM
chip.
 These operating system are called embedded
operating system.
 The examples of embedded operating system
are:
1- Windows CE.
2- Pocket PC 2002.
3- Palm operating system.
 Booting a Computer.
 Operating system starts the computer to do
work on it. The process to start or restart a
computer is called booting process.
Cool Boot.
 When a computer is switched on, the booting
process is started. This process of booting is
called cool boot.
Warm Boot.
 The process to restart the computer that is
already powered on is called warm boot.
 User Interface.
 User interface means how the user interacts
with the computer to perform various tasks.
Command-line user interface.
 In command-line user interface, the operating
system provide a prompt line on the computer
screen. The command is type manually from
keyboard to perform specific task.
Graphical User Interface (GUI).
 in graphical user interface, the operating
system provides graphical images on the
computer screen. These images are known as
icon, or command buttons.
 2-Utility Programs.
 A software that helps the user to solve the
specific problem related to hardware or
software is called utility program. It is system
software.
 Most operating systems include various utility
programs.
 Many other utility programs are available on
CD’s or can be downloaded from the internet.
 Some important utility programs are
describe below.
1- File Viewer.
A file viewer is a utility program. It is used to view the
content of folder / files as well as to manage files.
Windows explore is utility program this also used to
perform various operation on files.
2- File Compression.
File compression program is used to compress the
size of a file. The size of file is reduced. The
compressed files are also referred to as zipped files
 3- Diagnostic Utility Program.
 The diagnostic utility program is used to
diagnose the problems about the computer
hardware and software. In windows XP, Dr.
Watson is an example of diagnostic utility
program.
4- Un-Installer.
 The un-installer program is used to properly
un-install the software from the computer. All
related files and folders are removed from the
hard disk or your computer.
 5- Disk Scanner.
 This utility program is used to detect and to remove
the physical as well as logical problems on the disk
(hard disk or floppy disk). The physical problem bad
sector and errors in data files. It is also removes
unnecessary files such as swap files on the disk.
6- Backup Utility.
 This utility program is used to make the backup of the
selected files/folders or entire hard disk on zip disk,
tape, floppy disk or on CD-R. it is a good practice to
make the backup of the important data.
 Your important data may be corrupted due to attack
of virus or problem may occur in the hard disk.
 7- Antivirus.
 The special programs that are used to detect
and remove the viruses from the computer are
called antivirus programs. A large number of
antivirus programs are available. The McAfee
and Norton are examples of most popular
antivirus program.
 3-Device drivers.
 The programs that operate and control the
devices attached to the computer are called
device drivers.
 The keyboard, mouse, disk drives, CD-Rom,
drive, Modem, Printer etc. require to install
software that tells the computer how to use
the devices.
 When you purchase a new hardware device,
manufacturer of the also provides you a disk
containing a device driver.
 Programming Language.
 Programming languages provide the way of
communication between user and computer.
 A computer program is written in a programming
language.
 A programming language provides a set of rules for
written computer programs.
 The instructions of program are written in a specific
manner and according to the rules of the
programming language.
 There are many programming language.
 Each language has its own set of rules to write
computer programs.
 Types of programming language.
 Several programming language have been
developed for writing computer programs.
These programming language are divided into
two main categories. These are:

1-Low-level programming Languages.

2- High-level programming Languages.
 1-Low-Level programming.
 The programming languages that are very
close to machine language are called low-level
language. The programming instructions
written in these languages are in binary from
(0 and 1) and symbols.
 The example of low-level programming
languages are:

1- Machine Language.
2- Assembly Language.
 1-Machine Language.
 The instruction in binary form, which can be
directly understood by the computer (CPU)
without translating them is called a machine
language.
 Machine language is also known as first
generation of programming language.
 The program instruction in this language are
written in the binary from (1’s and 0’s).
 2-Assembly Language.
 Assembly language is another low-level
programming language. The program
instructions written in this language are close
to machine language. Assembly language is
also known as second generation of
programming language.
 With assembly language, a programmer writes
instructions using symbolic instruction code
instead of binary codes.
 2-High-Level Languages.
 The programming language that are close to
human languages i.e. like English language are
translated high-level programming languages.
The examples of high level languages are,
FORTAN, COBOL, BASIC, PASCAL, C++ etc.
 These languages are similar to English
language. The program instructions are
written using English words, e.g. print, input
etc.
 Difference between Low-Level &
high-Level Languages.
Low-Level High-Level
 It is close to machine  It is close to human
language. language.
 It is difficult to learn and  It is easy to learn and use.
use.  It is not machine
 It is machine dependent. dependent.
 It is difficult to trace out  It is easy to trace out
errors in the programs in errors in the program
low-level language. written in high-level
language
 4-Language processors.
 A computer understand instruction in machine
code (i.e. in the form of 0’s and 1’s). It is
difficult to write computer program directly in
machine code.
 Today mostly the programs are written in high-
level language i.e. C, C++, JAVA, BASIC,
PASCAL, etc.
 The special translator system that is used to
translate the program written in high-level
language or assembly language.
 Types of Language translator.

 The language processors are divided

into three types.

1- Compiler.
2- Interpreter.
3- Assembler.
 1- Compiler.
 The language translator program that translate
the complete source program into machine
code as a whole is called compiler. The C and
C++ compilers are best examples of compilers.
 The program translate into machine code is
called object program. The source code is
translated into object code successfully if it is
free or errors.
 2- Interpreter.
 The language translator program that translate
the source code into machine code statement
by statement is called interpreter.
 If there is an errors in the statement, the
interpreter terminates its translating process
at the statement. It also display as error
message.
 3- Assembler.
 The language translator program that translate
the program written in assembly language into
machine code is called assembler.
 An assembler performs the translation
process in similar way as compiler. But
assembler is the translator program for
assembly language. (a low-level programming
language) while a compiler is translator
program for high-level programming language.
 Difference between Compiler &
interpreter.
Compiler Interpreter
 It translates source code  It translate the source
into object code as a code into machine code
whole. statement-by-statement.
 It create an object file.  It does note create an
 Program execution is object file.
very fast.  Program execution is
 Most of high-level slow.
programming language  It easier to correct the
have compiler program. errors in the source code.
 Source code.
 The program instruction written by following
the rules of any high-level language are know
as program source code.

Object code.
 A computer understands only the machine
code. The source program written in any high-
level language and assembly language. Must
be translate into machine code before running
in on the computer. The translated program
into machine code is known as object code.
 Application Software.
 A program or set of program that is specially
designed to solve the specific problem of user, are
called application software. It is also known as
software package.
 There are different kinds of application software such
as commercial software.
 Scientific software, financial packages, games,
multimedia software etc.
 The application software is divided into two
main categories.
1-Custom-built Software.2-Packaged Software
 1-Custom-built Software.
 The software that is developed for a particular
organization or customer is called custom-
built software. It is also known as customized
software.
 Software developed maintain the records of
students of a particular college is an example
of custom-built software.
 1-Package Software.
 The software that is developed by software
development organizations (or any programmer) for
sale to the general public is called packaged software.
Packaged software is use to solve some common
problem of many people or use. E.g.
1- Word Processing software.
2- Spreadsheet software.
3- Database management software.
4- Communication software.
5- Presentation software.
6- Graphics software.
 1- Word Processing software.
 This word processing software provide several
future for creating and editing documents
such as letters, reports, essays, etc.Ex:MS
word

2- Spearedsheet Software.
 Spearedsheet software is used to store and to
process data into an electronic sheet in the
form of rows and columns. The data is entered
in the cells of the sheet.
 3- Database Management Software.
 Database management software is used to
create and manage database. A database is a
collection of related information or records on
any subject such as the record of books in the
library. Information about student of college.
4- Communication Software.
 The communication software is use to
exchange information electronically. It is most
commonly used software for sending and
receiving information on the internet.
 5- Presentation Software.
 The presentation software is use to create
slides for making presentation. The
PowerPoint is an example of presentation
software.

6- Graphics Software.
 Graphics software is use to create graphics.
Mostly the engineers, architects, desktop
publishers, and graphics artist use graphics
software.
 Difference between Application &
System Software.
Application System
 It is specially design to
 It is specially design to
control different
solve specific problem of
operation of computer
the users.
system.
 It is specific purpose
 It is general purpose
software.
software.
 It depend upon system
 It can access directly
software to access
different computer
different resources.
resource.
 Computer can do work
 Computer can do not
without having A / S
work with having S / S
such as O / S
 Input & Input Devices.
 Anything given to computer is called input.
The data and instructions are given to the
computer as input. the input into the computer
can be entered.
 Through keyboard (by typing character)
 By selecting commands (icons) on the screen and
then clinking with mouse.
 By pressing finger on a touch screen.
 By speaking into microphone.
 By sending image through digital camera.
 By scanning data printed on paper through scanner.
 Input Devices.
 The input device that are used to enter data
instruction into the computer are called input
device. The input device is a hardware
components. It takes input data from user.

 Keyboard Light Pen

 Mouse Digital Scanner
 Touchpad Digital Camera
 Trackball Microphone
 Joystick
 1-Keyboard.
 Keyboard is the most commonly used input device. It
is mostly used to enter text and numeric type data
into the computer. Keyboard looks like a typewriter
keypad .Some special keys are used to perform
special work. The buttons on the keyboard are called
keys.
1-Alphabetic Keys.
2-Numeric Keys.
3-Arrows Keys.
4-Special Keys.
5-Function Keys.
 Alphabetic keys.
 Used to enter alphabetic, digit and symbols.
Numeric keys.
 Used to enter numeric data and arithmetic operations
Arrow Keys.
 Used to control the movement of cursor different
programs.
Special Keys.
 Used to special purpose. It depend upon the software
used on the computer.
Function Keys.
 These keys provides easy way to give commands to
the computer.
 2-Mouse.
 A mouse is a pointing input device. It looks
like a mouse. It is most commonly used in
windows environment on the personal
computer. It is used to control the cursor or
pointer on the screen and give the command
to the computer.
 The mouse also has two or three buttons on
its top.
 Usually, mouse is selected any icon or option
by pointing.
 3-Touchpad .
 Touchpad is a pressure-sensitive pointing
device. Touchpad is also known as track pad.
It is also stationary device like trackball but its
no moving parts.

4-Joystick.
 Joystick is also a pointing device it consist of
vertical handle like a gearshift lever mounted
on a base and with one or two buttons. The
vertical handle stick is used to control the
movement of pointer on the screen.
 5-Touch Screen .
 A touch screen is a special video display
screen. Input is given to the computer directly
by touching the screen with user fingertip.

6-Light Pen.
 The light pen is a handheld pointing device. It
is a light sensitive styles, or pen-like device. It
is connected with computer by a wire
 7-Digital Scanner .
 Digital scanner is also called optical scanner
(or scanner). It is a very popular input device. It
is a light-scanning input device. It reads
images and text printed on the paper and then
translates into electronic from that can be
processed and stored by the computer.

8-digital Camera.
 The digital camera is an input device. It is used to
take pictures (or photographic images) in digital form
used to light sensitive process chip to capture
photograph images in digital form
 9-Microphoon.
 Microphone is most commonly used as an
audio-input device. Computer. The devices
that are used to enter / record sound (audio
input) into computer are called audio input
devices. The main purpose of audio-input
device is to provide digital input for
multimedia.
 Output Devices.
 The data processed into a useful form is
called output. The user can receive output
from computer on a screen or print on the
paper through printer, or sound through
speaker.
Softcopy.
 the output receive on the display is called softcopy.
Hardcopy.
 The output printed on the paper is called hardcopy.
Sound Output
 The output received in the form of sound is called
 Output Devices.
 A hardware components which is used to
receive the output from the computer is called
output devices.
 Monitors
 Printers
 Plotters
 Speakers & handset.
 Projectors.
 Monitor.
 Monitor is commonly used output device. It is
used as softcopy output device. It also helps
the users to input correct data into the
computer. Monitor is also referred to as
display screen.

1- Monochrome Monitor.
2- Color Monitor.
 Monochrome Monitor.
 Monochrome means information display in
one color (such as white, green, black, blue,
amber, or gray,) on a different color
background. These monitors are usually used
to display text only.

Color Monitor.
 Color monitor are used to display output in
different colors, today's, most of the personal
computer use color monitor. The commonly
used display screen is the RGB (red, green,
blue) can create 256 Different colors.
 Color.
 Today’s most of the display screen show in multiple
colors. The commonly used display screen is the RGB
screen

Regulation.
 The display screen divided into small dots. These
dots or called pixel. The pixel are arrange horizontally
and vertically. The number of pixel on the screen is
called regulation.

Dot Pitch.
 the distance between each pixel on the monitor is
called dot pitch. It is also referred to as pixel pitch.
 CRT( Cathode Rays Tube)
 It contain Cathode Rays Tube (CRT).
 Cathode Rays Tube Is vacuum tube.
 The front of the tube is the screen.
 The back of the screen is coated with
phosphor (chemical material that light up
when electron beam falls on it ).
 The smallest number of tiny DOTS.
 The smallest number of phosphor dots that
the electronic Gun can focus on is called
pixels.
 Flat Panel Monitor
 Flat Panel monitor is light weight display.
 They takes lees desk space.
 They also consume less power than CRT
monitor.
 Flat Panel display are made up of two plates of
glass.
 These plates contain substance in b/w them.
 These are available in different sizes such as
15, 17, 18, 20, 21, and 23 inches.
 The standard size or penal monitor for laptops
computer is 15 or 16 inches.
Types Flat Panel Monitor

1. LCD Monitor
2. LCD Screen
3. Plasma Monitor
 LCD Monitor
 Stand for Liquid Crystal Display .
 It is desktop monitor.
 It is used as Liquid Crystal Display information.
 LCD used liquid crystal display between the
glass plates.
 The output image is formed by liquid crystal
gas between the plates.
 The gas emits light weight an electric current
is supplied.
 And creating image on the screen.
 LCD Screen.
 LCD screen used in mobile devices. These
devices have built in LCD screen.
 Some LCD screen are touch screen
 These are used in smart phones/ mobiles
phones, digital cameras and notebook
computer.
 Plasma Monitor.
 Plasma monitor OR display uses glass Plasma
technology .
 It is like a Neon Bulb.
 Gas plasma display uses gas b/w plates.
 The gas emit ultraviolet light when electric
current is supplies.
 The light of causes the pixels on the screen to
glow and form of image.
 Impact Printer.
 A printer that produced output on a paper with
striking the paper are known as impact
printers. Impact printer work like typewriter.
The print characters and graphics on the paper
by striking of print. hammer or wheel against
an inked ribbon is called Impact Printer.
1- Dot Matrix Printer.
2- Daisy Wheel Printer.
3- line Printer.
 Dot Matrix Printer.
 Dot matrix printer makes hard copy by printing
one character at one time
 Its printing speed 200 to 1000 or more
character per Minute.
 A dot matrix printer contains a print-head with
a matrix of small pins arranged in rows and
columns.
 It creates dots that form characters or graph
on the paper.
 The printout quality of these printers is not
better.
 Daisy Wheel Printer.
 Daisy wheel printer is also impact character
printer.
 It is similar to typewriter. It has a print wheel
with series of petals. This wheel is known as
daisy wheel.
 Daisy wheel printer is slower than dot-matrix
printer. However, its print quality is better than
dot-matrix.
 Line Printer.
 Line printer is an impact printer.
 It is very fast printer.
 It prints complete line of characters at a time.
 The printing speed of line printer is measured
in lines per minute (LPM). It is up to 3000 lines
per minute.
 Line printer are normally used with mainframe
and mini computer.
 Non-Impact Printer.
 A printer that produced output on a paper
without striking the paper is called Non-
Impact Printer.
 Non-Impact Printer use Electrostatic, inkjet,
laser and thermal technology for printing.
 They produce no noise during printing
1- Leaser Printer.
2- Ink-jet Printer.
3- Thermal Printer.
 Laser Printer.
 Laser stand for light amplification by
simulated Emission of radiation.
 Laser Printer is the fastest and high quality
non impact printer.
 Laser Printer available both in black and white
and color model.
 Laser Printer work like a photocopying
machine.
 Leaser printer can print both text and graphics
in very high quality.
 Ink-jet Printer.
 Laser stand for light amplification by
simulated Emission of radiation.
 Laser Printer is the fastest and high quality
non impact printer.
 Laser Printer available both in black and white
and color model.
 Laser Printer work like a photocopying
machine.
 Leaser printer can print both text and graphics
in very high quality.
 Thermal Printer.
 Thermal printer is another type of non-impact
printer.
 It can only print output on a special heat
sensitive waxy paper (waxy means polish or
shine)
 Thermal printer produce a high quality printout.
It is quite expensive as compared to other non-
impact printers.
 Plotters.
 A plotter is a special output device. It is used
for printing architectural drawing, maps, graph,
and charts.
 A plotter is typically used to print large-format
graph or maps. Such as construction maps or
engineering drawings.
 Plotter is normally very slow device.

1- Flatbed
Plotter
2- Drum Plotter
 Flatbed Plotter.
 A flatbed plotter is also known as table plotter.
 A flatbed plotter plots on paper that is lying flat
on a table-like surface.
 Most of the flatbed plotter have one to four
pens of different colors.
 These pens move across the paper to draw
charts or graph on the paper.
 Drum Plotter.
 A drum plotter is also know as roller plotter.
 It consist of a drum or roller on which a paper
is placed.
 The length of plot size very large.
 Drum plotter also consist of mechanical
device.
 Known is drawing arm that holds a set of pen
and pencils.
 Drum plotter are use to produce continues
output.
 Speaker & Headset.
 We known that microphone input device is
used to enter audio data into the computer.
 On the other hand a speaker is used to receive
audio output from the computer.
 The audio receive is in the form of sound.
 The sound is in the form of analog signals.
 The speaker is connected to the computer
through the port of sound card.
 The sound card converts the digital signal into
analog forms.
 Projector.
 A projector is also an output device.
 We can display information on a large screen.
 The information may be printed on the papers
(slides) or it may be an output of the computer.
 The output of the computer is display on a
larger screen (on the wall).
 Projectors are mostly used in collages and
universities for teaching purposes.
 Storage Devices.
 A storage devices is a computer hardware
components that performs two function writes
and reads on data from storage media.
 Storage devices are also called secondary
storage, auxiliary storage, or backing storage
devices.
 Floppy disk Drive , USB, Hard disk, CD / DVD
drive etc.
 These are secondary storage and non-volatile.
 Floppy.
 Floppy disk drive is a hardware component. It
is used to write and read data to and from the
floppy disk.
 It is named as drive A by operating system.
 In case or two floppy drives, one is named as
drive A and second as drive B.
 Floppy disk as a magnetic storage media.
 The floppy disk is plastic coated on both sides.
 IBM invented the floppy disk in 1972.
 The storage capacity of floppy 1.44 MB.
 Hard Disk.
 Today’s hard disk is most commonly used
storage device in personal computer and
laptop computers.
 Most application programs and operating
system require hard disk for installation and
operation.
 A hard disk is also called hard disk drive.
 It is a permanently storage device.
 It is non-volatile storage device.
 USB Drive.
 USB flash drive is also known as pen drive.
 It is non-volatile. Its physical size is very small.
 Its storage capacity is very high i.e. 4GB or
more.
 Its plug into USB port for writing and reading
data.
 It is portable devices for transferring data from
one computer device to another.
 CD / DVD
 CD-R stand for Compact Disc Recordable.
 It is used to store information.
 the user can also write data on an optical disc.
 The purpose of writing data on the optical disc
is called burning.
 Once data is written on the CD-R. it cannot be
changed.
 How ever you can store data on other part of
the disk until it is full.
 CD-RW it’s a generation of optical disk.
 CD / DVD
 DVD stand for Digital Video Disc or Digital
Versatile Disc. DVD-Rom is an extremely high
capacity optical disc with storage capacity
from 4.7gb to 17gb.
 DVD disc is specially used to store movie flims.
 It is also used to store huge database, music,
complex, software etc.
 DVD-R , DVD-RW