Course Code Course Title Credit Hours

COMP-1111 Introduction to Information Technology 3(3+0)

Unit-1 Computers and Networks

 Introduction to Information Technology:

Information technology is the technology that uses computing with high-speed communication links
to spread information from one place to another. The interconnection of computers enables people to
send and receive information. Information plays an important role in every field of life. Information can be
used to improve the standard of life. For example, if a person has the latest information about the medical
field, he can use this information to solve different diseases.
 IT Professionals
A person who has adopted the field of information technology as a profession is called IT Professional.
IT professionals are responsible for developing, maintaining, operating hardware and software with
computer and communication networks.
Types of IT Professional
Different types of IT professionals are as follows:
1. Computer Programmer:
A computer programmer design, codes and tests computer programs. A programmer also modifies
existing programs to meet new requirements.
2. Security Specialists:
A security specialist installs and configures antivirus software. He works with management and
employees to develop policies and procedures to protect computer data.
4. Database Administrator:
Database administrator is a person who develop, install and maintain the database. He determines the
most effective way to collect and store data. He also responsible for the security, backup and supervises
the use of database.
5. Network Administrator:
Network administrator is a person who plans, install and maintains computer networks. He provides
network accounts and access right to the users. He solves the problems in the network.
6. Computer Operator:
A computer operator works with system software for network servers and supercomputers. Computer
operator monitors computer performance, install software, performs backup and restores data as
necessary.
7. Website Designer:
A website designer creates, tests, posts and modifies web pages. A good sense of design and talent are
required for this job as well as an understanding of graphical user interface.
 Introduction to Computers:
Computer is an electronic machine used to solve different problems according to a set of instructions
given to it. A computer can accept data, process data into useful information and store it for later use.
The word “computer” is derived from compute that means to calculate. Computer can be used as a
calculating machine to produce results at a very high speed. It can be used for different purposes.
Computers are available in different shapes and sizes.
Characteristics of Computer
The important characteristics of a computer are as follows:
1. Speed:
Computer processes data at a very high speed. It is much faster than human beings. A computer can
perform billions of calculations in a second. For example, the process of multiplying 750 and 927 can take
one or two minutes if it is performed by human beings. However, a computer can perform millions of such
calculations within second.
2. Accuracy:
Accuracy means that the computer provides results without any error. Computer can process large
amount of data and produce results accurately. The result can be wrong only if the data given to the
computer is not correct.
3. Storage:
Computer can store large amount of data permanently. People can use this data at any time. The user
can store any type of data in the computer. A computer can store thousands of books easily.
4. Communication:
Most computers today have the capability of communicating with other computers. We can connect
two or more computers by a communication device such as modem. These computers can share data,
instructions and information. The connected computers are called network.
5. Recalling:
A computer can recall the stored data and information when required. The data stored in the
computer can be used at a later time.

 History of Computers:
Computer was invented because “necessity is the mother of invention”. Man always searched for a
fast calculating device. A brief history behind the invention of the computer is as follows:
 Abacus:
Abacus was the first computing device. It was developed 5000 years ago. It was used to perform simple
addition and subtraction. Abacus was the wooden rack. It contained horizontal wires with beads stung
on them. The beads could move easily. All arithmetic calculations were performed by moving these beads
according to programming rules.
 John Napier’s Bone:
John Napier was a Scottish mathematician. He created logarithm tables to facilitate calculations. He
also created a device known as Napier’s Bones. The device used rods to perform arithmetic calculations.
It was designed in the early 17th century. The device was widely used by accountants and book keepers.
 Blaise Pascal:
Blaise Pascal is a French mathematician. He invented a mechanical adding machine in 1642 known as
Pascaline Calculator. The machine contained different metal wheels. Each wheel displayed the digit 0 to
9. It could only add and subtract numbers. Division and multiplication were performed by repeated
addition and subtraction.
 Charles Babbage:
Charles Babbage was an English mathematician. He was known as father of computers. He designed an
automatic mechanical calculating machine in 1822 known as Difference Engine. The machine worked by
steam power and was fully automatic. The machine could calculate the table of numbers.
 Generations of Computer
The development of electronic computers can be divided into generations depending upon the
technologies used. Different generations of computers are as follows:
1. First Generation Computers (1942-1955):
 The first generation computers were used during 1942-1955.They were based on vacuum tubes. It was
developed by two scientists Mauchly and Echert at the Census Department of United States in 1947.
Examples of first generation computers are ENIVAC and UNIVAC-I etc.
 Advantages of first generation computer:
 Vacuum tubes were the only electronic component available during those days.
 Vacuum tube technology made possible to make electronic digital computers.
 These computers could calculate data in millisecond.
 Disadvantages of first generation computer:
 These computers were very large in size.
 They consumed a large amount of energy.
 They heated very soon due to thousands of vacuum tubes.
2. Second Generation Computers (1955-1964):
The second generation computers used transistors. The scientists of Bell Laboratories developed
transistors in 1947. These scientists include John Bardeen, William Brattain and William Shockley. The
examples of second generation computers are IBM 7094 series and IBM 1400 series.
 Advantages of second generation computer:
 Smaller in size as compared to first generation computers
 Used less energy and were not heated.
 Better speed and could calculate data in microsecond.
 Disadvantages of second generation computer:
 Air conditioning was required.
 Commercial production was difficult.
 Punch cards were used for input.
3. Third Generation Computers (1964-1975):
Third generation computers used the integrated circuits (IC). Jack Kilby developed the concept of
integrated circuit in 1958. It was an important invention in the computer field. The first IC was invented
and used in 1961. A single IC chip may contain thousands of transistors. The example of third generation
computers are IBM 370, UNIVAC 1108 etc.
 Advantages of third generation computer:
 Smaller in sizes as compared to previous generations.
 Better speed and could calculate in nanosecond.
 Used keyboard and mouse for input.
 Disadvantages of third generation computer:
 Air conditioning was required.
 High technology required for manufacturing of IC Chips.
4. Fourth Generation Computers (1975-Present):
The fourth generation computers started with the invention of microprocessor. The microprocessor
contains thousands of ICs. Ted Hoff produced the first microprocessor in 1971 for Intel. The technology of
integrated circuit improved rapidly. The examples of fourth generation computers are Apple Macintosh
and IBM PC.
 Advantages of fourth generation computer:
 Less power consumption and less heat generated.
 No air conditioning is required.
 Most powerful and reliable than previous generations.

 Disadvantages of fourth generation computer:

 The latest technology is required for manufacturing microprocessors.
5. Fifth Generation Computers (Present and Beyond):
Scientists are now working on the 5th generation computers using recent engineering advances. It is
based on the technique of artificial intelligence (AI). Computers can understand spoken words and human
reasoning. The ability to translate a foreign language is possible with fifth generation computers.
Scientists are working to increase the speed of the computer.
 Classifications of Computer
Normally, computers are classified on the basis of size, speed, processing power and price. However,
categorizing computers is not very straight-forward. The distinction between these categories is
sometimes not very clear. Computers can be classified into the following categories:
1. Personal Computer:
Personal computer is also called microcomputer. It is designed to be used by one person at a time. It
is a type of computer that performs input, output, processing and storage activities by itself. It consists of
input device, output device, and storage device, memory processor. It generally consists of single
processor. However, some personal computers may have multiple processors. Most commonly used
personal computers are PC and Apple. The price of personal computer is from several hundred to several
thousand dollars. Personal computers have different processors and operating systems. Some PC
compatible computers include Compaq, Dell and Toshiba. For Example, Desktop Computer, Portable
Computer.
2. Mini Computers:
Mini-computer is larger and more powerful computer than personal computer. It can execute five
million instructions per second. It generally consists of two or more processors. It is more reliable than
desktop computer. Mini computers were introduced in 1960s. Mini computers are also called mid-range
servers. Mini-computer can serve up to 4000 connected users simultaneously. It is normally accessed by
users via personal computer. It has no processing power and cannot work as stand-alone computer. It
has to be connected to a server. For example, HP 3000, Prime 9955, AS 400.
3. Mainframe Computers:
A mainframe computer is a large computer in terms of price, power and speed. It is more powerful
than mini-computer. It consists of multiple processor. It is specially designed to perform multiple intensive
tasks for multiple users simultaneously. It is designed for high reliability. Mainframe computers can serve
up to 50000 users Simultaneously. These computers can store large amounts of data, information and
instructions. A typical mainframe computer can execute 16 million instructions per second. Qualified
operators and programmers are required to use these computers. Different types of peripheral devices
can be attached with mainframe computer. For example, IBM System Z10, DEC 10, IBM S-390.
4. Super Computers:
Super computer is the fastest and most powerful computer. It is the biggest in size and the most
expensive in price than any other computers. It is used to perform complex tasks. It has a very large
storage capacity. It can process trillions of instructions in one second. The modern super computer
consists of thousands of microprocessors. Super computer uses high-speed facilities like satellite for
online processing. For example, ETA 10, Deep Blue, ASCI White.
 Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Computer:
Advantages of Using a Computer:
There are many advantages of using computers.
1. Provides access to more information
2. Completes tasks that might be impossible for humans to complete
3. Saves time
4. Automates repetitive tasks
5. Allows for greater productivity
6. Allows for better communication and connections
7. Entertainment
Disadvantages of Using a Computer:
There are many disadvantages of using computers.
1. Health issues
2. Virus and hacking attacks
3. Computer cannot take their own decision
4. Negative effect on environment
5. Computer cannot work on itself
6. Online cyber crimes
7. Data and Information violation
 Computer Networks
A computer network consists of two or more computers that are connected together to share
information and resources. The resources include printers, hard disks, scanners or programs etc. The
computers in the network are connected together through communication media. The communication
media can be a physical cable or a wireless connection. The computers in the network can be in the same
room, building or different places.
 Advantages of Computer Network:
Following are some important advantages of computer network:
1. Easy Communication:
People can communicate easily and efficiently with one another using computer networks. They can
talk, chat and send email etc.
2. Data and Information Sharing:
Data and information stored on the network can be shared among different users. The information
can be shared among the people all over the world using the internet.
3. Hardware Sharing:
Network allows the user to share computer hardware. For example, all network can access the same
printer attached to the network. It helps in reducing the costs.
4. Software Sharing:
The software can be shared over a network among many users to save a lot of money. In this case,
the user does not need to purchase separate copy of the software for each computer.
5. Entertainment:
The user can enjoy games and other entertainment facilities on the network. Many websites on the
internet provide entertainment such as online games and movies etc.
 Disadvantages of Computer Network:
Some disadvantages of networks are as follows:
1. Data Security Concerns:
A poorly secured network puts critical data at risk. It may expose data to hackers and unauthorized
access.
2. Hardware, Software and Setup Costs:
Setting up a network requires an investment in hardware, software, planning, designing and
implementing the network.
3. Hardware and Software Management Costs:
Managing a network is complicated. It requires training. In a big organization, a network administrator
is hired.
4. Undesirable Sharing:
Network allows the sharing of undesirable data. Viruses are easily spread over networks and the
Internet.
5. Undesirable Behavior:
Networks can be used for abuse of company resources, downloading of illegal materials. Larger
organizations manage these issues through policies and monitoring.
 Types of Computer Network:
 Computer networks are categorized according to the way they are used and the distance they cover.
Different types of computer networks are:
 LAN (Local Area Network)
 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
 WAN (Wide Area Network)
1. LAN (Local Area Network)
LAN stands for Local Area Network. It is the most common type of network. It covers a small area. It
connects the computers and other devices within one office or a building. LAN is used to share resources
such as printers, hard disks and programs. Each computer in a network is called a node. The nodes are
connected through wires. A LAN that uses no physical wires is called wireless LAN.
Examples:
 In a computer lab, there are 40 computers connected through LAN. The students can share software,
files and data in the lab.
 In Internet club, many computers can be connected through LAN. These computers can share single
connection of the Internet.
2. MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
MAN stands for Metropolitan Area Network. This type of network covers an area of a city. MAN is larger
than LAN but smaller than WAN. It is usually used to connect two or more LANs in a city or town.
Examples:
 The network connecting different branches of a company in a same city.
 The network connecting different campuses of a college in a city.
 Cable TV network in a city.
3. WAN (Wide Area Network)
WAN stands for Wide Area Network. This type of network covers a large area. It connects computers
and other devices in different cities and countries. WAN usually consists of several LANs together.
Computers in a WAN are often connected through telephone lines. They can also be connected through
satellites. WAN can reach the parts of the world that is not possible with LANs. WAN is expensive than
LAN. WAN is not fast as LAN.
Examples:
 The network connecting the ATMs of a bank located in different cities.
 The network connecting NADRA offices in different cities of Pakistan.
 Internet connects millions of users all over the world to share information.
 Internet:
The Internet is the largest computers network that connects millions of computers all over the world.
The computers connected to the Internet can exchange information with each other. These computers
are connected through different telecommunications links like:
 Phone lines
 Fiber optic lines
 Satellites and wireless connections
Internet is used to find information stored on computers are called hosts or servers. These computers
use a common protocol called TCP/IP for communication. TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control
Protocol/ Internet Protocol. Many people, organizations, universities and research agencies participate to
run the Internet. Everyone who has access to the Internet can get information from the Internet. Millions
of people have access to the Internet.
 Uses of Internet:
Some uses of the internet are as follows.
 To access information, news, search and educational material
 To conduct business
 To access sources of entertainment such as online games, magazines etc.
 To shop for goods and services
 To meet and talk with people around the world in discussion groups or chat rooms
 To access other computers and exchange files
 To send messages and receive messages from other connected users
 Working of Internet:
The Internet is a collection of millions of computers. These computers are linked together on a
computer network. A personal computer can be connected to the internet using phone lines, DSL or cable
modem etc. These devices communicate with the server of internet service provider. All computers and
other devices such as smart phones connected to the Internet create a network of networks. These
computers transfer data and information around the world using various wired and wireless transmission
media. Every computer or devices connected to the Internet acts as either client or server. A client is a
computer that asks for information. A server is a computer that receives the request and returns the
information to the client. Data travels between clients and servers along a system of communication lines.
 Positive Aspects of Internet in Society:
The positive aspects of the Internet in the society are as follows:
1. Globalization:
Internet has converted this world into a global village. People are connected with one another using
the Internet. It has provided more opportunities of interaction. It also enables people to understand the
views of one another.
2. Flow of Information:
Internet contains information on all types of topics. People can search information on any topic.
Search engines are used to search information on Internet.
3. Better Understanding:
Internet is an easy way of communication among people. They can exchange their views. It has created
better understanding. People can understand the views and thinking of one another.
4. Comfort in Life:
The use of Internet has provided many comforts for society. People can perform their duties easily.
They can sell and buy goods online and run their business using the Internet.
5. Knowledge:
Internet is a source of huge information. People can get information from websites. They can interact
with different people, scholars and taught persons to get knowledge.
 Email
Email stands for Electronic Mail. Email is the exchange of text, messages and files through internet.
Messages can be in the form of graphics, sounds, video clips or simple text. It is fast way of delivering
messages anywhere in the world in a very short time.
 Working of Email
An email program is used to create, send and receive emails. It is known as email client. When the
user sends an email message, the computer connects to an email server and transmits a copy of message
to that server. Email server is a host computer on Internet that sends and receives emails. Email server
receives the message and finds out the email server where the email is to be sent.
 Uses of Email
 It is very fast and timely.
 It is very cheap and inexpensive.
 The user can send and receive messages anywhere in the world.
 The user can share any information with different people.
 Email gives the facility to send pictures, sounds and videos.
 World Wide World:
WWW stands for World Wide World. It is also called Web. It was launched in 1989 at the European
Particle Physics Laboratory in Geneva. It provides the facility to publish information on the Internet. It is
a collection of documents or web pages stored on web servers connected to the Internet around the
world. A web page is a document on the World Wide Web. Webpages are also known as hypertext
documents. A webpage may contain text, graphics, audio and video etc. Anyone can view webpages
through a web browser. A collection of related webpages is called website. Websites are stored on a host
computer on the Internet. These computers are known as web server.
 Uses of WWW:
The uses of WWW are as follows:
1. Advertisement:
Companies use WWW to provide information of products.
2. Shopping:
It is possible for the users to buy an item using WWW. User can see products and prices, and order
them by using credit cards etc.
3. Flight Information:
It is used to provide information about the programs, latest news and special events. Some television
shows different events live on the websites.
4. News:
Most newspapers have their website. Latest news and interviews are provided on these websites.
5. Search Engine:
Search engine is a website that provides the facility to find the required websites on a particular topic.
 E-Commerce:
E-Commerce stands for electronic commerce. E-Commerce means to carry out financial and business
dealings using internet. A person can deal with his customers throughout the world. People can buy and
sell good on internet. Even payments can be made using Credit Card numbers etc. The trend of E-
Commerce in rapidly becoming popular.
 Role of E-Commerce:
The role of e-commerce in daily life is becoming very important. E-commerce can be used in the
following ways.
1. Electronic Banking
Many banks ate now introducing electronic banking. Using your computer, you can connect to the
bank’s computer system via the internet and control daily financial dealing from home.
2. Electronic Shopping
It has become very easy for the people to shop from home using Internet. Different companies
present their products at the Internet. People can browse the website, place an order and even make a
payment using credit card. It has made shopping very easy.
3. Marketing and Advertising
E-commerce is playing an important part to market and advertise products all over the world. The
use of popular websites can be an effective way of introducing a product to the customers.
4. Providing Customer Services
Businessmen can interact with their customers using the Internet. They can discuss different issues
about their products. They can also deal with their complaints and provide different services to them.
5. Online Travel Reservations
Online travel reservation is a popular use of e-commerce. People can reserve seats in airline flights,
hotels or car using the Internet.
 Video Conferencing:
 Video Conferencing is a meeting between two or more people over a network or internet. The people
sitting at distant locations can transmit audio and video data. Video conference requires microphone,
speakers and a video camera attached to the computer. When one participant speaks, the other
participants hear his voice. Video conference also provides whiteboard. It is a window on the screen to
display notes and drawing on the screens of all participants. Video conferencing is a cost-effective way to
conduct business meetings, trainings and educational classes etc.
 Computer-Based Training (CBT):
CBT are different program that are supplied on CD-ROM These programs include text, graphics, and
sound. Audio and video lectures are recorded on the CDs. CBT is a low cost solution for educating people.
You can train a large number of people easily.
 Benefits of CBT:
Some important benefits of CBT are as follows:
 Students can learn new skills at their own place. They can easily get knowledge in any available time
of their own choice.
 Training time can be reduced.
 CBT contains interactive, attractive and easy material. It encourages the students to learn the topic.
 Planning and timing problems are reduced.
 The skills can be taught at any time and at any place.
 It is very cost effective way to train a large number of students locally or at distant places.
 Distance Learning:
Distance learning describes any learning that happens without the students being physically present
in the lesson. Distance learning is a method of study where teachers and students do not meet in a
classroom but use the internet and email to have classes. At undergraduate level, distance learning usually
involves students engaging with learning materials at home or work. Student can get tutorial support
through a virtual learning environment, phone, email or other electronic means. There may be occasional
face-to-face interactions with tutors and attendance. Universities and colleges make sure their distance
learning programmes and qualifications are of the same quality as campus-based programmes.