Lecturer C.

Muanda

BSc Hydraulic Eng; BTech (Water Eng), MTech Eng (WatSan)

PhD Fellow (Water Management & Sanitation Governance)

Contact: muandac@cput.ac.za
Cellphone: 0728574051

WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda

 Subject Content
Chapter I: Introduction
 Module 1: Sources of water supply
 Module 2: Regulations governing water in South Africa
 Module 3: Water abstraction
Chapter II: Water Distribution Systems
 Module 1: Water Demand
 Module 2: Single pipe design
 Module 3: Pumps
 Module 4: Service reservoir
 Module 5: Water Distribution System
Chapter III: Sewer design & sanitation
 Module 1: Sanitary sewer
 Module 2: Storm water sewer
 Module 3: Sanitation
Revision
WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda
 2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Storm water Management & Urban drainage
The purpose of stormwater management
 Stormwater management is based on
 the need to protect the health, welfare and safety of the public, and to
protect property from flood hazards by safely routing and discharging
storm water from developments;
 the quest to improve the quality of life of affected communities;
 the opportunity to conserve water and make it available to the
public for beneficial uses;
 the responsibility to preserve the natural environment;
 the need to strive for a sustainable environment while pursuing
economic development;
 the desire to provide the optimum methods of controlling runoff
in such a way that the main beneficiaries pay in accordance with
their potential benefits.

WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda

2.1.2 SWM and Urban drainage in developing countries
 What is urban drainage?
 Is the management of urban runoff so as o reduce the potential impact of
new and existing developments with respect to surface water drainage
discharges
 Urban drainage and environmental health
 In poorly drained areas, urban runoff mixes with sewage causes pollution
 Flooded septic tanks & leach pits provides breeding sites for mosquitoes
 Faecally contaminated wet soil provide ideal conditions for spread of
intestinal worm infections
 Infiltration of polluted water into low pressure distribution systems
contaminate drinking water supplies, causes outbreaks of diarrhoea and
other gastro-intestinal diseases

WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda

 SWM and Urban drainage in developing countries
 Operational performance and maintenance of drainage
systems
 Many problems associated are linked to poor solid waste management
 Lack of sufficient resources for solid waste management and equipment
 Poor communication between different urban authorities responsible for
the O&M of drainage network
 Inadequate integration between road and urban storm water drainage
can be attributed to
o natural causes such as intense rainfall,
o flat topography and poor soil infiltration or
o man-made causes such as improperly laid and graded street,
o poor and inefficient drainage facilities that aggravate the flooding problem

WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda

Stormwater collection system

Johannesburg, Apr 2017

WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda
Stormwater collection system

Johannesburg, Apr 2017

WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda
 Stormwater collection system

Durban, 10 Oct 2017

WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda

 Stormwater collection system

Beira, March 2018

WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda

 SWM and Urban drainage in developing countries
 Urban planning and storm water drainage
 Planning, design, O&M of urban drainage systems continue to be a challenge
for urban authorities
 The effectiveness of SW management systems can be directly linked to the
efficacy of urban drainage

WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda

 SWM and Urban drainage in developing countries
 If not adequately managed, stormwater can causes damages …

WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda

 2.1.3 Urban drainage in practice
 In practice, urban drainage is intended to ensure that
stormwater and other wastewater generated are safely
conveyed to treatment or disposal points
 Urban drainage covers
 Types of drainage
 Characterisation of rainfall
 Standard practices in the design of urban drainage
 Estimation of dry and wet weather flow
 Layout and design of sewer
 Hydraulics of urban drainage and sewerage
 Pumping stations
 Data acquisition for urban drainage and sewerage studies
 Model-based design and simulation

WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda

 2.2 Design principles
 Any drainage installation is sized according to the probability of occurrence
of an expected peak discharge during the design life of the installation.
 This is related to the intensity and duration of rainfall events occurring not only
in the direct vicinity of the structure, but also upstream of the structure.
 In addition to considering intensity and duration of a peak rainfall event, the
frequency, or how often the design maximum may be expected to occur, is
also a consideration and is most often based on the life of the road, traffic,
and consequences of failure
 Of the water that reaches the ground in the form of rain, some will percolate
into the soil to be stored until it is taken up by plants or transported through
pores as subsurface flow, some will evaporate back into the atmosphere, and
the rest will contribute to overland flow or runoff.
 Streamflow consists of stored soil moisture which is supplied to the stream
at a more or less constant rate throughout the year in the form of subsurface
or groundwater flow.

WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda

 2.2 Design principles
 The proportion of rainfall that eventually becomes streamflow
is dependent on the following factors:
 The size of the drainage area.
o The larger the area, the greater the volume of runoff. An estimate of basin area is
needed in order to use runoff formulas and charts.

 Topography.
o Runoff volume generally increases with steepness of slope. Average slope, basin
elevation, and aspect, although not often called for in most runoff formulas and
charts, may provide helpful clues in refining a design.

 Soil.
o Runoff varies with soil characteristics, particularly permeability and infiltration
capacity.

WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda

 2.2 Design principles
 The desirable minimum full flow velocity shall be 1.5 m/sec and the absolute
minimum full flow velocity should be 0.9 m/sec which is acceptable only in
unusual circumstances.
 Desirable and absolute minimum gradients are shown in the following table:

Diameter Desirable gradient 1/… Absolute min gradient 1/…

300 80 230
375 110 300
450 140 400
525 170 500
600 200 600
675 240 700
750 280 800
825 320 900
900 350 1000
1050 440 1250
1200 520 1500

WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda

 2.2 Design principles
 Most sewers are designed to flow as open channel, not under
pressure, even though they may flow full at times
 When water enters a pipe or channel at a constant rate, and
escapes freely at lower end, steady uniform flow is established
 Steady flow is that in which the same volume of liquid flows past
any given point in each unit of time
 Uniform flow is that which is free from changes in velocity along
the course of the conduit or stream
 Manning formula is widely used for open channel flow
calculations
 The n value is factor of the surface character of the channel

WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda

2.2 Design principles
 The hydraulic grade line or piezometric line
 In open channel flow, the hydraulic grade line is the water surface
 The gradient or slope is the fall or the grade per unit of length
 Under ordinary conditions, the slope of a sewer is considered as the slope
of its invert; this implies that the hydraulic grade line or water surface will
parallel the invert.
 It should be remembered that any condition that will change the slope of
the water surface will change the carrying capacity of the sewer
irrespective of the invert slope

 Required velocities:
 usually not less than 0.9m/s is desirable
 Pipe flowing 78% full has velocities less than pipes flowing full. Using
bigger pipes for low flow can make things worse
WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda
2.3 Storm water Sewer Design - Requirements

The design of sewer system involves the determination of

• Diameters,
• Slopes,
• Crown or invert elevations for each pipe in the system
WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda
 2.3 Storm water Sewer Design
 SW is collected and conveyed in sewers to discharge points (e.g. river,
wetland etc.)
 The quantity of storm water is also referred to as wet weather flow (WWF)
 The quantity of SW is often determined using:
𝐶𝑖𝐴 𝐶𝑖𝐴
o Rational method (Q = ) – can also use or 0.278CiA
360 3,6
𝐶𝑖𝐴
 Catchment area A (ha) is Q = is used
360
∑𝐶𝑖𝐴𝑖
 C factor (known as impermeability factor) =
∑𝐴𝑖
 i is rainfall intensity (mm/h)
 Q is runoff (m³/s)
o Empirical formula
 The rational method forms the basis of sewer design
 This method assumes that the catchment is a fully impervious rectangular
area (A) subjected to a depth of rain (D) which falls over a given time (t) at a
constant intensity (i).
 However, we know catchments are not 100% impervious & that losses do
occur. We can use the runoff coefficient “C”
WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda
 2.3.1 The runoff coefficient
 The run-off coefficient is a factor ranging between 0 and 1 which
compensates for variations in rainfall over the catchment, infiltration and
overland flow velocity during a storm, the shape of the catchment, ground
slope, etc.
 The coefficient 'C' forms a very important part of the calculation. 'C'
represents the physical properties of the area.
 This value is not an accurate value and is chosen by the designer on the
grounds of what is available in terms of the environment.
 If this environment changes in the future due to upgrading or any other
reason, ‘C’ cannot change and the calculation is then not correct any more.
 This is unfortunately the reality of the design philosophy.
 Therefore the designer must have a thorough knowledge of the area.

More details will be provided in your hydrology module

WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda

 The runoff coefficient
 The following detail should be kept in mind when having to choose a value of 'C':
o Variations in rainfall in the catchment area
o Infiltration and overland flow velocity during a rainfall event
o Antecedent rainfall
o The shape of the catchment
o Ground slopes and abstractions such as interceptions, evapotranspiration, depression
storage
 The value of 'C' will also vary because of climate and seasonal changes.
 When considering different types of surfaces, the runoff factor is determined by
planimetring the various (tributary drainage) areas and calculating the composite
runoff coefficient as shown below
Residential area Industrial area

Type of surface % of area A Runoff factor AxC % of area A Runoff factor AxC

Roads 20 0.85 17.0 15 0.50 7.5

Roads, flat 20 1.00 20.0 30 0.70 21.0

Lawns, gardens 60 0.12 7.2 10 0.02 0.2

Pavement 0 - - 45 0.60 27.0

Total 100 100 55.7

Average Assume: 40, 45, or 50 45 Assume 50, 55 or 60 60

WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda
 Runoff coefficient C
 The runoff coefficient “C”

WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda

 The runoff coefficient
 Runoff factors (Source: Department of Water and Sanitation)
Rural Cr Urban Cu
Components Classification Mean Annual Rainfall (MAR in mm) Use Factor
<600 600 - 900 >900
Surface slope Vlei’s & pans (<3%) 0.01 0.03 0.05 Lawns
Cs Flat areas (3 to 10%) 0.06 0.08 0.11 Sandy, flat (<2%) 0.05 – 0.10
Hilly (10 to 30%) 0.12 0.16 0.20 Sandy, steep (>7%) 0.15 – 0.20
Steep areas (>30%) 0.22 0.26 0.30 Heavy soils, flat (<2%) 0.13 – 0.17
Heavy soils, steep (>7%) 0.25 – 0.35
Permeability Very permeable 0.03 0.04 0.05 Residential areas
Cp Permeable 0.06 0.08 0.10 Houses 0.30 – 0.50
Semi-permeable 0.12 0.16 0.20 Flats 0.50 – 0.70
impermeable 0.21 0.26 0.30
Vegetation Thick bushy & plantation 0.03 0.04 0.05 Industry
Cv Light bush & farm lands 0.07 0.11 0.15 Light industry 0.50 – 0.80
Grass lands 0.17 0.21 0.25 Heavy industry 0.60 – 0.90
No vegetation 0.26 0.28 0.30 Business
Suburban 0.50 – 0.70
City centre 0.70 – 0.95
Streets 0.70 – 0.95
Maximum flood 1.00
(1) Influence on return period T (2) Dense wood (man made) (1) If limited T has no influence on C2
applied only if more than 25% (2) for T = max, use C2 = 1
of A is covered by it

T (years) C1 Surface slope T (years) C1

More details will be provided ≤ 20 0.67 (Cs + Cp +Cv) ≤ 3% 10

100
0.10
0.15
50 0.83 (Cs + Cp +Cv)
in your hydrology module >10% 10 0.13
100 Cs + Cp +Cv 100 0.20
Max Cs + Cp max +Cv max For T refer to note (1)
WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda
 Storm water Sewer Design
Example:
A catchment area consists of various surfaces including watertights roof (25ha),
buildings (20ha), gardens (35ha) and forest land (20ha). The impermeability
factors for these surfaces are 0.9, 0.8, 0.1 and 0.5 respectively.
Determine the average C value.
A… Ci
A1 x C1 = 25 x 0.90 = 22.50
A2 x C2 = 20 x 0.80 = 16.00
A3 x C3 = 35 x 0.10 = 3.50
A4 x C4 = 20 x 0.5 = 10
..................
100 = 52
∑𝐶𝑖𝐴𝑖 52
I= = = 0.52
∑𝐴𝑖 100
.................
....................

Answer: ???
WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda
2.3.2 Rainfall intensity
a) Time of concentration
 Flow times must now be considered.
 When a rainfall event begins rainfall does not immediately enter
the sewer.
 The overland flow time is known as “time of entry” – te.
 This time of entry depends on:
 Surface Characteristics.
 System Characteristics – Length of flow path.
 Rainfall Characteristics. Times normally range between 5-10 minutes
 The “time of flow” (tf) is the time taken for flow at the point of
entry to reach a point “X” (the design point) in a sewer.
 The “time of concentration” tc is the time taken for runoff from
the most distant part (in terms of travel time) of the catchment
to reach a point X. tc = te + tf
WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda
a) Time of concentration
 Channel flow time: is the time of flow through the sewers to the point at which
rate of flow is being assessed. It is equal to: flow length divided by the average
velocity
 Determination of the design rainfall intensity requires knowledge of the
return period, and the duration of rainfall (which equals the time of
concentration).
 The inlet time is affected by numerous factors, such as rainfall intensity,
surface slope, surface roughness, flow distance, infiltration capacity, and
depression storage. Hence accurate values are difficult to obtain
 Design inlet flow times from 5 to 30 min are used in practice.

WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda

Time of concentration
 Kirpich’s equation can also be used to calculate inlet time as

0.00032𝐿0.77
 Time of entry te =
𝑆 0.385
o te= Time of entry (hr)
o L = Maximum length of travel (m)
𝐻
o S = Slope equal to , where H is the difference in elevation between the remotest
𝐿
point to the basin and the outlet in outlet (m)

This equation can also be written as

Tc = 0.0195 L0.77 S-0.0385 (in minutes)

WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda

Time of concentration
 The Kerby-Hatheway equation can also be used to calculate inlet
time as
0.67 𝑁𝐿 0.467
 Tc = [ ]
√𝑆

Where:
 tc = time of concentration (min),
 N = Kerby roughness parameter (dimensionless),
 S = overland flow slope (dimensionless).

If two or more time of concentrations are possible for a point, the greater of the
time of concentrations should be used for the determination of intensity.

WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda

 b) Rainfall intensity
Rainfall intensity
 The elation between accumulated rainfall height (P) and rainfall duration is
different for each place or region
 Rainfall intensity (I) is found by dividing the rainfall height (P) through the
duration of the rainfall (t).
 Typical rainfall depth – intensity - duration
Rainfall duration t(min) Rainfall depth P (mm) Rainfall intensity I (l/s/ha)
5 6.3 210
10 9.5 158
15 11.9 132
30 17.4 97
60 25.5 17
120 39.5 55
180 48.5 45
 The unit of rainfall is mm/h or l/s/ha
 Rainfall intensity I can be obtained using equations or IDF curve
WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda
 b) Rainfall intensity
Rainfall intensity
o can be obtained by using the IDF curve below

WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda

 Rainfall intensity
 The intensity of rainfall can be determined by this equation
25.4𝑎
I= (where t is the duration of storm and a & b are constant
𝑡+𝑏
dependant on storm duration
 For a storm of 5 to 10 min..........a = 30 and b =10
 For a storm of 20 to 100 min .....a = 40 and b = 20
 Other equations used include
2667
 Kuichling I = for 10 year rainfall occurrence and
𝑡+20
3048
 I= for 15 years rainfall occurrence etc.
𝑡+20
 Burkil-Ziegler
 MacMath
 Fanning
 Talbot
 Dicken
 Ryves
 Inglis
 Etc.
WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda
 Rainfall intensity
 The intensity of rainfall can be determined by this equation
𝑏
I =
(𝑡𝑐+𝑑)𝑒

 i = design rainfall intensity (mm/hr),

 tc = time of concentration (min), and
 b, d, e = parameters dependent on the watershed characteristics (specific to
each area)

WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda

Curve for estimating storm water runoff rate

WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda

 2.4 Storm water sewer design: Steps
The sewer size (in term of flow rate)
1
V= 𝑅2/3 𝑆1/2
𝑛

1
Q= 𝑅2/3 𝑆1/2 𝐴
𝑛

Where:
 Q is the flow rate in m3/s
 n is Manning roughness coefficient
 R is the hydraulic radius (= A/P)
 S is the channel’s slope
 A is the surface area

WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda

2.4.1 Sewer design requirements

WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda

Sewer design requirements

WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda

2.4.1 Sewer design requirements

WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda

 Examples
Example 1:
Calculate the maximum rate of runoff for the catchment area
consists of various surfaces including watertights roof (25ha),
buildings (20ha), gardens (35ha) and forest land (20ha). The
impermeability factors for these surfaces are 0.9, 0.8, 0.1 and 0.5
25.4𝑎
respectively. The duration of storm is 30 minutes. Use I = .
𝑡+𝑏

WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda

 Examples
Example 1:
I = 20.32 mm/hr
𝐶𝑖𝐴
Q=
360
0.52 𝑥 20.32 𝑥 100
= 360

Answer = 2.935 m³/s

WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda

Example 2
Storm sewer is proposed to drain a 12 hectares drainage area
shown in the figure below. With given data in the table below
determine the design discharge needed to convey 5-year peak
discharge. 2700 25.4𝑎
Use i = and i =
𝑡+15 𝑡+𝑏

WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda

Storm water sewer design
Upstream Area (Manhole 1): A = 4 ha
2700
o C = 0.8........tc= 10 min, then i = = 108 mm/hr
𝑡+15
𝐶𝑖𝐴 0.8 𝑥 108 𝑥 4
o Qp= = = 0.96 m³/sec
360 360

Downstream Area (Manhole 2): A = 4 +8 = 12 ha

o C = (0.8 x 4 + 0.5 x 8)/ 12 = 0.6
o Time from A – 1 – 2 = 10 + 10 = 20 min
o Time from B – 2 = 30 min (max), hence tc= 30 min
2700
oi= = 60 mm/hr
𝑡+15

𝐶𝑖𝐴 0.6 𝑥 60 𝑥 12
o Qp= = = 1.2 m³/sec
360 360

WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda

Storm water sewer design
25.4𝑎
Use i = 𝑡+𝑏
Upstream Area (Manhole 1): A = 4 ha
o C = 0.8........tc= 10 min, then i= 38.1 mm/hr
𝐶𝑖𝐴 0.8 𝑥 38.1 𝑥 4
o Qp= = = 0.34 m³/sec
360 360

Downstream Area (Manhole 2): A = 4 +8 = 12 ha

o C = (0.8 x 4 + 0.5 x 8)/ 12 = 0.6
o Time from A – 1 – 2 = 10 + 10 = 20 min
o Time from B – 2 = 30 min (max), hence tc= 30 min
25.4𝑎
o i= = 20.32 mm/hr
𝑡+𝑏

𝐶𝑖𝐴 0.6 𝑥 20.32 𝑥 12

o Qp= = = 0.41 m³/sec
360 360

WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda

Example 4
From a topographic map and field survey, the area of the drainage basin
upstream from the point in question is found to be 35 hectares.
Determine the maximum rate of runoff for a 10-year and check a 25-year
return period. The following data were measured:
 Length of overland flow = 45 m Average overland slope = 2.0%
 Length of main basin channel = 700 m
 Slope of channel = 0.018 m/m = 1.8 %
 The runoff coefficient (C) for the overland flow area = 0.14.
 Manning’s n Roughness coefficient (n) of channel n = 0.090
 Hydraulic radius = A/P, can be approximated by average depth, = 0.6m
 Land Use and Soil Data:
• From existing land use maps, land use for the drainage basin was estimated
to be: Residential (multi-units, attached) 40% (C = 0.68)
• Undeveloped (2.0% slope),with lawns, heavy soil cover 60% (C = 0.14)
• For the undeveloped area the soil group was determined from field analysis
to be: Lawns, heavy soil100%
• The land use for the overland flow area at the head of the basin was
estimated to be: Undeveloped, (Lawns, heavy soil, 2.5% slope) 100%

WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda

 Storm water sewer design
Solution
a) Overland Flow
 The runoff coefficient (C) for the overland flow area from Table 4-2 is
0.12-0.17, use 0.14.
 Time of Concentration
0.00032𝐿0.77
 From Kirpich’s formula te =
𝑆 0.385

with an overland flow length of 45 m, slope of 2.0 % and a C of 0.14, the

inlet time can be calculated:
............te = 0.027 hr = 1.6 min
 Channel flow velocity is determined from Manning’s formula:
Using n = 0.090, R = 0.6 m and S = 0.018m/m, V = 1.1 m/s. Therefore, flow
Time = (700 m)/(1.1 m/s)(60 s/min) = 10.61 min and tc = 1.6 + 10.61 = 12.21 min
WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda
Storm water sewer design
b) Rainfall intensity
 From the equation given with a duration equal to 12.61 minutes,
375
 I =
10 = 49.73 mm/hr
(12.21+5)0.71

c) Runoff coefficient
 A weighted runoff coefficient (C) for the total catchment area is
determined in the following table by using the values from C value
table presented above.

d) Peak runoff
From the rational equation:
𝐶𝑖𝐴
Q10 =
360
= 0.35 𝑥 360
49.73 𝑥 35
= 1.69 m³/s

WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda

Example 5
Work out the ratio of DWF and WWF of a city having the
following particulars:
o Area: 30,000 ha
o Water supply rate: 200l/c/d
o Population: 1,800,000
o Rainfall intensity: 15mm/h
o Average impermeability factor: 0.5
Assume that 60% of water supply reach the sewer. Comment on
the results.
Answer:
DWF = 2.5 m³/s
WWF = 625 m³/s
Ratio = 2.5/625 = 1/250
Results show a low ratio, meaning that combined system
cannot be adopted. Hence, separate system is recommended.

WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda

Example 5
Answer:
DWF = 2.5 m³/s
WWF = 625 m³/s
Ratio = 2.5/625 = 1/250
Results show a low ratio, meaning that combined system
cannot be adopted. Hence, separate system is
recommended.

WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda

 Example 6
A 40 hectares drainage basin containing 24 hectares net
residential area with average 5 dwelling units per
hectares with 4 residents, and 16 hectares zoned
commercial area. Determine the design flow for a sewer
servicing this area. Take wastewater generation for
 Residential = 300 l/capita/day
 Commercial = 1800 l/ha/day
 Peak I & I allowance = 9000 l/ha/day

WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda

 Example 7
A combined sewer was designed to serve an area of 60 km² with an average
population density of 185 persons/hectare.
 The average rate of sewage flow is 350 L/Capita/day.
 The maximum flow is 50% in excess of the average sewage flow.
 The rainfall equivalent of 12 mm in 24 h can be considered for design, all of
which is contributing to surface runoff.
 What will be the discharge in the sewer?

 Find the diameter of the sewer if running full at maximum discharge.

WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda

 Example 7
Total population of the area = population density x area
= 185 x 60 x 10² = 1110 x 10³ persons
Average sewage flow
= 350 x 1,110,000 L/day = 388.5 x 106 L/day = 4.5 m³/sec
Storm water flow
= 60 x 1,000,000 x (12/1000) x [1/(24 x 60 x 60)]= 8.33 m³/sec
Maximum sewage flow = 1.5 x average sewage flow
= 1.5 x 4.5 = 6.75 m³/sec
Total flow of the combined sewer = sewage flow + storm flow
= 6.75 + 8.33 = 15.08 m³/sec
Hence, the capacity of the sewer = 15.08 m³/sec
Hence, diameter of the sewer required at the velocity of 0.9 m/s can be
π𝐷² π𝐷²
calculated as Q = VA … … … … 𝑉 ………………15.08 m³/s = 0.9
4 4
Hence, D = 4.62 m
WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda
 Example 8
A combined sewer of circular section is to be laid to serve a
particular area. Calculate its size and from the following data:
• Area to be served: 100 Ha and population of 90,000
• Maximum velocity of flow: 3m/s and, time of entry 3 minutes and
time of flow 17 minutes
• Rate of water supply: 240 l/c/d and impermeability factor: 0.50
• Assume a peak factor to be 2, and a = 30 and b = 10 for storms of
durations 5 to 20 min.

WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda

 Example 8
DWF
 Average water demand per second: 90,000 x 240 / 24 x 60 x 60 = 250 l/s
 Using the peak factor, maximum discharge will be 2 x 250 = 500 l/s
 Assume 85% of water demand as wastewater = 425 l/s (if 80% = 400 l/s)

 DWF
 Average discharge per second: 90,000 x 240 / 24 x 60 x 60 = 250 l/s
 Using the peak factor, maximum flow will be 2 x 250 = 500 l/s
 Assume that 85% of water demand is sewage…then discharge = 425 l/s
 WWF
 Time of concentration = te + tf.....tc = 3 + 17 = 20 min (which is the duration of
storm for maximum discharge)
25.4𝑎
 Intensity of rainfall (I) = i= 𝑡+𝑏
..............I = 25.4 mm/h
𝐶𝑖𝐴 0.5 𝑥 25.4 𝑥 100
 Q= ............Q = = 3.528 m3/s or 3528 l/s
360 360
 Combined discharge = 425 + 3, 528 = 3,953 l/s or 3.953 m3/s.

WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda

 Example 8
Pipe diameter
 Q = VA and considering that the sewer is running full at the time of
maximum flow

𝑄 𝑄
 A = ...........and = 3.953/3
𝑉 𝑉
π𝐷² 𝑄
 =
4 𝑉
(4 𝑥 3.953)
 d=
(π 𝑥 3)

 d = 1.2953 m ~ 1.30 m

WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda

Thank you

WER 301S (2020) C. Muanda