(MTUM-I3

Hermitian onugqtion cmd Adjoint pena t r

awe applued perq tos
So fo w
Ret (7. Hcw Can,f at al,
we apb
C
br9 4P <¢|.
A On
Cn
elAlV
ro he ma tox elem en s
4 4 l a n d A, we
tatur xed
we tinel Wach dependo
anumbey
t evr [P> uned
ha wt
haut a

. hun,
Linea <eland A, laseh
uens
A he
h eua
s
ba
bra
i
lhha
a l

ew q
houre q
>
hat , we

n
belnas t o t oluelpate

beens
<¢CAIe>)

<A) /v> =

we
uow Qhst -for
e n
ane
anAouak <lA
neay. On
AT+ A24|A
+ AL2D A= >, < |
CA<
perator
neav
And henie A s a

4+lA"
<| =

A <¢I)
ZY|4>=
alaw procueF,
Using
Wrihna fw
| <+|qnd

I AId= <4IAlY>
 (10TS-14
Hermi ban pe>qtox
A
A Hermitian opeqfor

dutinndby
A- A
ka
aker Sul ae nd
Fsorm
om

pl Al IA |
A
7k
San.
Hexma
ope~qw P opemtors
anll
l l
Course tk Hrmi hah
Dreotnt tik obau
when wt

be e x e mey
ua u
ghualuey and egenuecFoN.
 MTaN-
Repoenbh'on th Shal Spo
T Btet Spacs E a
Cemteuins ae h properho of
w a n um Syskm i nformq ho
exkacF b tnformq ho h
Lh Ovdey to
S y s t m.
we nee) to
u kels and epe>ators
fron u chaite
baeis Aek.
e m Ring
w eind o
lickatd t
banis Aet a Leeleing
loeingr aa.
we
l k &ystem
Prperhio ot emrn B
elemrn
e
orurse,
he bam tund bons a n ,
&t pace e.
Ib the t-lonnng
wi wn
l
de extnsio n
discoce
ba2is AcH,
Wore nitk wil be obvious
obviows
t
baw
t C o n i nuou
most Cani
n

An Othonrmal BasisS
dis (ek Áet
we chcme a

baoi tunchonw
kes
o 3l u f , w h i c k au
Aatis hy l h
fur AteG spocr E. Ty
and e closye
condib'on
orhonormaliy

Conditon
i
and
 T&M-1e
Sune 14r? au baeis functhon, we
Can
expand any Ret I9 in Lems
tems
u&s as tollo

l4> (3)
a expaneion Coehinb ont

en by (4)
e; 44Y7
Can u k fr Cj
Ln Ordev to prove (2) we

Ih e (3) n terms t e . (4A),

Z 44: 14> |9> S)

w Cem moUt
nie uil >y a numbev
aYund and unit 17

(6)

Let Zl44; hea om e )

Psu.must be drnhl Hance

Z l4> <u¢l = L
whuch t te cloowne Fela hon
 MTS-17
N
Noo w want to lee uwhat happrn to keb

Cnd bvas oaFala Apa E tf un tem

tevms 1ui> f.

Repesen taham kes

(

And
in formah on albrut 1 . We w»k P o
in terme a n-Ceumnb
We rproent Y
mamx 9tven by
2u,1
C
U3 ()

brqs
Repre Srn tea ton
<ewad ey an arhhay b>q
¢l belemgtag o E and expand ctin
intm
 MT&M-18

Fu te idenhhj epevatr wr inbe duce

(

So lat wchete

(12)
oh
Since ¢ l y ndep ndent e Summa
it inSede
index , we Lan talee
ummation to gcE

(13

as a uhgu pas n
bra 24
u i l 5 Ret
kek l ,
1U'?,
bra <u:l @Aoria
td
nterms

Aee llka
We
w e al so

4|u> - <uel¢ (4
2 | u i > keE
w Cen u e

loctLoot a Lonponens fu scalav

o kels
Produc+ o

u.?
 MT&M- 1

Lhn h a t Uad
and 2uclV
(16)
Thw Can uproent (w Cponenk4
n l i Cnu T n a r e
bra CL Sw -
ma my
in ine celumrs. That n
po by

hton Ope vatur

Repcoen
he e p r d
An operator A
cam

choice
a zVen
i totuywnng way fuv
otbaei sek /iue7f
rlAluj
(18)
A mabnx-
be rpesnta by asqLcani
which Can

A
An A
A2
(19)
Ai
Can umaix eltmtn
calcn let
Simlay, ene

I k product twoepera ton AB

| AB|;) ZuAi4gKUJ
 MTM-2

Z 44 AlR><Uk B|4:7 (20)

Reprooentati on IY>= A \y7

we a v baou ^M¢7? in Whic
IP> and la
ee kno lii Componenh want to
Na we
mamx elem ehk tf A.
ni
* ('7 weing
Componen s
ge haue
F 1Y w

ame b a n .
21)
(2t)
Subs titula for lY>
= A l4

Z u c l A l u > u j I+?
2

. A
C23)
OY C

oettien.
Lolic 9we equired
m a i x neprcsen
neprsen -
manux
-

l
Can showr
Sinn layy, we

taion of 4IA(P.
 MTAM-2
Repoc>en Fecio Adjoint Ato( A
we hart Anouww l a

<41A*I t 7 - <¢lA|Y (24)

yom whuch we Cam 3hoJ thal

(A) u;| A"|4,
u|AT4
(2s)
Ihon
A s Hermhian , A A,
t op eratoY
(26)
Aji lepcoente
operaoY
hus, a Herm1 tan
by Hevm1h'a mamx
 MTOM-22

Chan ge 4 Represen tahons

Suppoje w make a chans

om 1u I t > f (Grh ar
bar's
) .Thew wR wcint o De
honormal
<lemfn s Weins Ln
h o
m mahx
ma
Changts H
tranc-formah on to
baais,
complei
Speecti- b
by
hw baey
a
Uing bu Stk

SiR?
27
SE Sik Calle
Iuc?.
evey 14
F @nd

manx fS lhi
ha toansormati on
o S he
Hermithan lon(ugak

(S (Sin)
(28)
a k apprepnae
Tdmbty eperatuY
By Inboducing L h o r d h a t Iki trans korm-d
Can
place ene
expreosOns qiven by
(21)
i

(20)
4tAl>= Ar B/)
 VIT&M-23
ObserUables
Ergenvauu tgua bons Cne

o u Lineay eperaw
ektet
1s
A n Y7
Al ¥

such dalisty
h vauew
f
inen kek, a
eG
e i g e ehvaluws
u
hvaluws
howm t
e.
() an
knoon o
itsel f
A. Te ee (1)
Gthuale eena ub h
eay
romq. (), it
is an
eigfnuectv of
Aee kat ikIV
bo ty XI V
k
eigenUaue
Lh
l ha
A w h .
Bame e i g e n v a l u e
emerale
h Ab nonde9
itnvoluR
T is unugue
pon &ing eg envectr
Cones On lt ottrov
cthoy

tm a
onstunt fac tov.
to
to w
an more 1an
Tan
hen
e i g e n u fr c t e r o f A
hand dame e i j n v a
Hrom
lu

indepen denf
drn hen
indeprn
au unear
Cmd hy ah desrnrracy
desenerak
.

i
II eis thvalue t
in dependen
number ef lineary
equals t A.
Aame e'lgrhvalut
la
eenehvectos w h
outune haw to find out a einen-
Nex we

Uecfos qnd u elqfhuaus f ee . (1)

 T6M-4

Eign vahus 2 honvectors Gt om Operqer

Let w thoou a repre ntah on

9tvn by b a s Ack 3 14,7 and
apo
aoln

take Compo henk o eq. (1) ento

tuncto 2 l?t,
Oarnew ba
(2
u:lA 47 <ul4
YZu,|A|u,><u;|47 <u:lY>

(3)
ZAC
Cer Wu & eq. (3) a
kroneckev del i we
sin
(4)
(AA ij)
callrd sae

9 neaw and

omo9ehe cws Gnd hay a Antue

de hrminan+ B
h Coeh-
eny tf l
unk C 3ro, NXN manx
Det A - A l =c un h elem ents A

S)
I denh k maix

Eq 5 ) s knan a ( De cu lay cv

charactershc e uahon