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within a larger city, town, suburb or

UNIT 5 rural area.
1.3. PEE GROUP- is a group of two or
LESSON 1: PRIMARY AND SECONDARY more members who are more or less
GROUPS of the same age with a loosely
organized structure; often called
gang, barkada or tropa.
WHAT IS A GROUP? 2. SECONDARY GROUP- is a group which the
individual comes in contact with later in life.
GROUP is a collection of people whose members
It is characterized by impersonal,
interact with each other in accordance with the
business-like, contractual, formal, and
position they occupy and the roles they are
casual relationships. EXAMPLES OF
expected to perform.
SECONDARY GROUPS:
SOCIAL GROUP is a unit of interacting 2.1. Employer-Employee Relationships
personalities with interdependence of roles and 2.2. Vendor-to-Client Relationships
statuses existing among them. 2.3. Doctor to Patient Relationships
2.4. Mechanic to Client Relationships
WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT CHARACTERISTICS 2.5. Accountant Office
OF A GROUP? 2.6. A Drugstore
2.7. A University Class
01. The members interact with each other 2.8. Athletic team
over some period of time. Through 2.9. Workers in an Office
communication they affect and influence
one another
02. Each member identifies with the group and
LESSON 2: IN-GROUPS AND
is recognized as part of the group by the
other members OUT-GROUPS
03. Each member is entitled to certain
privileges and at the same time is expected
to accept certain responsibilities and TYPES OF GROUPS: ACCORDING TO
duties. SELF-IDENTIFICATION
TYPES OF GROUPS: ACCORDING TO SOCIAL TIES 1. IN-GROUP- is a group in which an
individual identifies himself and is given a
1. PRIMARY GROUP- This is the kind of group
sense of belongingness. It can be as small
where the members have intimate,
as the family or as big as the nation. It is in
personal, ―face-to-face relationships. It is
this group that the individual learns to use
usually characterized by bonds of
“my” and “we”.
tenderness, sympathy, mutuality of interest
2. OUT-GROUP- Feeling of indifference,
and a ―well feeling.
avoidance, strangeness, dislike, out of
1.1. FAMILY- is a group of people united
place.
by ties of blood (consanguinity), or
adoption which provides for the TYPES OF GROUPS: ACCORDING TO PURPOSE
rearing of the child and supplying
his needs. 1. TASK GROUP- is a group of persons formed
1.2. NEIGHBORHOOD- is a to accomplish jobs, tasks or obligations.
geographically localized community 2. RELATIONSHIP GROUP- is a group of
persons formed to fulfill the feeling of
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companionship. It is similar to a barkada or 1) They serve a normative function by

peer group. setting and enforcing standards of
3. INFLUENCE GROUP- is a group of persons conduct and belief.
formed to support a particular cause or - The significant thing about a
ideology. Examples are political parties or reference group is, in fact, that its
campaign groups. norms provide frames of reference
which actually influence the attitude
TYPES OF GROUPS: ACCORDING TO SOCIAL and behavior of a person. (T.
ORGANIZATION Newcomb (1953)
2) They also perform a comparison function
1. GEMEINSCHAFT GROUP- is a social system
by serving as a standard against which
in which most relationships are personal or
people can measure themselves and others.
traditional and often both. It is composed of
3) They serve not only as sources of current
many primary groups. Its structure is
evaluation but also as sources of aspiration
referred to as “community”.
and goal attainment (as a means of
2. GESSELSCHAFT GROUP- is a society of
anticipatory socialization).
bargaining and contract. Relationships are
individualistic, impersonal, formal,
contractual and realistic. This is also
referred to as “society”. LESSON 4: SOCIAL NETWORK

PEER PRESSURE- is a social pressure by members

of one's peer group to take a certain action, adopt
SOCIAL NETWORK is a social structure that exists
certain values, or otherwise conform in order to be
between actors— individuals or organizations.
accepted
- A social network indicates the way that
people and organizations are connected
LESSON 3: REFERENCE GROUPS through various social familiarities, ranging
from casual acquaintance to close familial
bonds.
REFERENCE GROUPS is a group to which the NODE- The person or organization participating in
individual refers and with whom he identifies either the network.
consciously or unconsciously. It serves as a model
to which the individual patterns his lifestyle. TIES- The various types of connections between
these nodes. Ties are assessed in terms of strength.
- Most reference groups are INFORMAL Loose connections, like mere acquaintances, are
REFERENCE GROUPS- which mean that called weak ties. Strong ties, like family bonds are
they are based on the group members' called strong ties.
shared interests and goals. Informal groups
are not structured with a specific goal in The study of social networks is called either social
mind. network analysis or social network theory.
- FORMAL REFERENCE GROUPS- have a
specific goal or mission. They also have a SOCIAL NETWORK THEORY is the study of how
specific structure and positions of authority. people, organizations or groups interact with
others inside their network.
FUNCTIONS OF REFERENCE GROUPS
EGO-CENTRIC Ego-centric networks are
connected with a single node or individual. For
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example, you, the node, connected to all your close ○ UNILINEAL DESCENT- a group in
friends. which membership may rest either
on patrilineal descent (patrilineage)
SOCIO-CENTRIC are closed networks by default. or on matrilineal descent
Two commonly-used examples of this type of (matrilineage).
network are children in a classroom or workers
inside an organization. ○ COGNATIC DESCENT- refers to all
descendants of an ancestor who
OPEN SYSTEM In open-system networks, the enjoy membership of a common
boundary lines are not clearly defined. A few descent group by virtue of any
examples in this type of network are America's combination of male or female
elite class, connections between corporations, or linkages.
the chain of influencers of a particular decision.

SOCIAL MEDIA
KINSHIP BY MARRIAGE
UNIT 6
● MARRIAGE- An institution that admits men
and women to family life.
LESSON 1: KINSHIP, MARRIAGE, AND
● It is a formal prescription which defines the
THE HOUSEHOLD rights, duties and privileges of husband and
wife with respect to each other, their
KINSHIP
children, their relatives, and the society as a
● Means relationships based on blood or
whole.
marriage.
● Every society defines the nature of kinship ● officially starts with the ceremony known as
interaction by determining which kin are wedding or in a holy matrimony.
more socially important than others, terms
to classify kin types, and expected forms of ● A marital relationship involves some kind
behavior between them of contract, written or specified by tradition,
KIN TYPES which defines the partners‘ rights and
1) FICTIVE KINSHIP- people who are not obligations to each other, to their children,
related by blood or marriage. and their relatives.
2) CONSANGUINEAL KIN- kinship based on
bloodline. ● Sociologically, marriage is a partnership
3) AFFINAL KIN- kinship based on marriage. between a man and a woman formalized by
KINSHIP either a religious or a civil ceremony.
● can refer both to the patterns of social
● Marriage can be viewed from religious point
relationships themselves, or it can refer to
of view and from legal point of view
the study of the patterns of social
relationships in one or more human ○ RELIGIOUS POINT OF VIEW-
cultures. considers marriage as a sacrament
and therefore it is the inviolable
KINSHIP BY BLOOD bond which can only be dissolved
● DESCENT- A group in which membership upon the death of one of the
depends on common descent from a real or spouses.
mythical ancestor.
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○ LEGAL VIEWPOINT- looks at ● RITUAL KINSHIP- in the form of

marriage as a contract entered into godparenthood played an important role in
by a man and a woman who vow to strengthening and extending the ties of
live together as husband and wife kinship, as it did in much of Latin America.
for the discharge of their duties to
each other and to the community ● Parents selected godparents for a child at
his or her baptism, confirmation, and
TYPES OF MARRIAGE: marriage.

● Marriages are of different types across the ● The godparents were then tied to the
world. Forms of marriage are also culturally parents as co-parents
driven and different types of marriages in
the world are prevalent among variant ● Those chosen for the child's baptism were
societies. considered the most important, and great
care was exercised in their selection.
1. POLYGAMY- state or practice of being
married to more than one person at the ● Ideally co-parents should be a married
same time. couple;

1.1. POLYGYNY- is a form of marriage in ○ They were preferred because their

which one man marries more than unions were typically more stable
one woman at a given time. and they were more likely to be able
to provide a home for the child
1.2. POLYANDRY- the marriage of one should the need arise.
woman with more than one man. It is
less common than polygyny. ● Ideally single women of good reputation
were frequently chosen.
2. MONOGAMY- is a form of marriage in which
one man marries one woman. It is the most ● It was important that the person asked
common and acceptable form of marriage. should be of proper character and good
standing in the community.
2.1. SERIAL MONOGAMY- happens
when an individual is allowed to ● Often parents asked a close, important
marry again after the death of the relative to serve as godparent.
first spouse or after divorce but they
● The tie between co-parents reinforced that
cannot have more than one spouse
of kinship.
at one and the same time.
● The same godparents could serve for the
3. GROUP MARRIAGE- is a type of marriage
couple's successive children, a practice that
of two or more women with two or more
further strengthened the ties between the
men. Here the husbands are common
families involved
husbands and wives are common wives.
Children are regarded as the children of the ● A godparent was expected to see to his or
entire group as a whole. her godchild's upbringing, should the
parents be unable to do so.

● Co-parents were required to treat each

KINSHIP BY RITUAL
other with respect and assist one another in
times of need.
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● Marriage or sexual relations between 2.2. THE FAMILY OF PROCREATION- It

co-parents were considered incestuous; is the family we establish when we
marry and have children of our own.
○ an insult to a co-parent was a grave
matter, condemned by the 3. BASED ON DESCENT
community at large.
3.1. PATRILINEAL FAMILY- is a group
● In the countryside, ties to godparents had whose members trace their
daily social significance; relationships and affiliations with
relatives on the father side.
○ children visited their godparents
often and were expected to treat 3.2. MATRILINEAL FAMILY- refers to a
them with particular respect. family whose members trace their
relationships and affiliations with
● Not even quarrels or the death of the relatives on the mother's side.
godchildren should break the ties between
co-parents 3.3. BILATERAL FAMILY- refers to a
family whose Family members trace
their relationships and affiliations
with relatives of both parents.

4. BASED ON WHO WIELDS POWER

VARIATION IN FAMILY PATTERNS
4.1. PATRIARCHAL- one in which family
1. BASED ON INTERNAL ORGANIZATION
authority is vested in the oldest
1.1. CONJUGAL FAMILY- a nuclear male member of the family, the
family of adult partners and their patriarch or the father.
children (by birth or adoption) where
4.2. MATRIARCHAL- one in which Family
the family relationship is principally
authority is exercised by the mother
focused inward and ties to extended
who dominates the household.
kin are voluntary and based on
emotional bonds, rather than strict 4.3. EGALITARIAN- family is one where
duties and obligations. family is one where both husband
and wife exercise equal amount of
1.2. EXTENDED FAMILY- simply a family
authority and enjoy the same rights
unit that extends past the nuclear
and privileges.
family to include other relatives
such as aunts, uncles, and 5. BASED ON RESIDENCE
grandparents. It consists of two or
more nuclear families living 5.1. PATRILOCAL- a family where the
together newly-married couple lives with or
near the home of the groom‘s
2. BASED IN ORIGIN parents.
2.1. THE FAMILY OF ORIENTATION- It is 5.2. MATRILOCAL- a family where the
a group in which we are born and newly-married couple resides with
reared. It is the family where or near the home of the bride‘s
everyone grows up from. parents.
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5.3. BILOCAL- a family where the ● a social science discipline concerned with
newly-weds choose to stay with the study of the state, nation, government,
either the groom or the bride‘s and politics and policies of government
parents.
POLITICAL ORGANIZATION
5.4. NEOLOCAL- a family where the
couple resides independently from ● any entity that is involved in the political
either groom or bride‘s parents. process. Political organization includes
political institution, political parties, and
5.5. AVUNCULOCAL- a family where in political groups, e.g. advocacy groups,
the couple is prescribed to reside interest groups, etc
with or near the domicile of the
maternal uncle of the groom. ● the existence of groups for the purposes of
controlling people‘s behavior and
POLITICS OF KINSHIP maintaining social order or the distribution
of power within a group.
● Kinship politics is built based on the classic
political principle “blood is thicker than SOCIETIES DIFFER IN THEIR POLITICAL
water”. ORGANIZATION BASED ON THREE KEY
DIMENSIONS:
● It asserts that power should be distributed
among family members A. Extent to which political institutions are
distinct from other aspects of the social
● For the sake of family security, power structure
should not be seized from those who have B. Extent to which authority is concentrated
kinship connections and must be circulated into specific political roles
only among those who are tied by blood C. Level of political integration
● The concept gave rise to political dynasties FOUR MAIN TYPES OF POLITICAL
– the rule of families in the political arena. ORGANIZATION
● BRUTUS SYNDROME- The concept is 01. BAND
accepted by reference to the fact that - basic social unit found in many foraging
politics is often replete with adversity, societies
conflict, and betrayal - It is characterized by being kinship-based
and having no permanent political structure
- It has flexible membership
- oftentimes nomadic group that is
LESSON 2: POLITICAL & LEADERSHIP connected by family ties and is politically
STRUCTURES independent
- Conflicts within bands are minimal and are
solved informally.
- Bands are integrated by kinship and
POLITICS
marriage and not by politics.
● the systematic study of the state and - All members are equal, with leaders having
government. authority or influence based on respect, but
not coercive power.
● derived from the Greek word polis, meaning 02. TRIBES
a “city” and scire, “to know”. - comprise several bands or lineage groups
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- They share a similar language and lifestyle “the number should neither be too
- They occupy a distinct territory more large nor too small. It should be
formal than a band large enough to be self sufficing and
- Qualifications include hard worker, small enough to be well governed”
generous, and good social skills. 2. TERRITORY
- The leader is in charge of determining - It is a fixed area that rightly belongs
movements of people and herds, planting to the population. There can be no
and harvesting, and times for feasts and state without fixed territory. It may
celebrations. be remembered that the territory of
- A leader relies on authority rather than on the state includes terrestrial (land),
power. fluvial (stream/river), maritime
03. CHIEFDOM (water) and airspace. It should be
- political unit headed by a chief, who holds permanent and large enough to be
power over more than one community self-sufficing.
group. 3. GOVERNMENT
- usually more densely populated - Which is the agency to which the
- have social rank, with the chief and his state is expressed, created, and
family holding power administered. This is a group of
- usually chosen by heredity, this usually people or institutions which run and
gives his family and their inner circle the rule the society.
reigns to power 4. SOVEREIGNTY
- practice redistribution, in which goods are - Sovereignty The fourth essential
accumulated by one central person or element of the state is sovereignty.
power, who then decides how to allocate The word ‘Sovereignty’ means
them among the people supreme power if the state to
[Link] command, enforce obedience its will
- a community of persons more or less from the people and final legal
numerous, authority above and beyond which
- permanently occupying a definite portion of no legal power exists
territory
- having a government of their own to which AUTHORITY
the great body of inhabitants render
AUTHORITY refers to the power or right to give
obedience
commands, enforce obedience, take action, or
- enjoying freedom from external control
make final decisions; jurisdiction
- centralized political unit that governs a
large population 1) LEGAL AUTHORITY
- with a hierarchy of differing political - based on a system of rules that is applied
positions and the power to enforce its administratively and judicially in
decisions. accordance with known principles.
- It includes a bureaucratic structure. Leaders - The persons who administer those rules are
possess coercive power appointed or elected by legal procedures.
- Superiors are also subject to rules that limit
FOUR ELEMENTS OF STATE
their powers, separate their private lives
1. PEOPLE from official duties and require written
- It is the people who make the state. documentation
Population or people are essential 2) TRADITIONAL AUTHORITY
for the state. According to Aristotle,
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- based on a system in which authority is return for different goods and

legitimate because it "has always existed". services
- People in power usually enjoy it because 3) DIVISION OF LABOR
they have inherited it. - refers to the distribution of work in
- Officials consist either of personal retainers reference to age, gender, skill or
or of personal loyal allies, such as vassals or qualification.
tributary lords. - In an economic organization, tasks
- Their prerogatives are usually similar to are specialized and there is
those of the ruler above them, just reduced interdependence among various
in scale, and they too are often selected statuses and roles
based on inheritance. 4) ECONOMIC SOCIALIZATION
3) CHARISMATIC AUTHORITY - is the process by which people learn
- is based on the charisma of the leader, who the values and behavior needed to
shows that he possesses the right to lead by fill positions in the economic
virtue of magical powers, prophecies, community.
heroism, etc. 5) PRICE
- His followers respect his right to lead - refers to the monetary value of
because of his unique qualities (his goods and services. It is determined
charisma), not because of any tradition or by the interplay of supply and
legal rules. demand
- Officials consist of those who have shown 6) LAW OF SUPPLY & DEMAND
personal devotion to the ruler, and of those - states that when demand is greater
who possess their own charisma. than supply, the price increases;
- and when supply is greater than
demand, price decreases
LESSON 3: ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS
THE TYPES OF ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS
ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION is defined as the act 1) SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP
of coordinating the other factors of production – - known as a “one-man business”.
land, labor and capital. Organization is performed - It is an economic organization in
by the entrepreneur described as the “captain of which the proprietor solely manages
industry”. the business and undertakes the
risks of the business.
ASPECTS OF THE ECONOMIC SYSTEM
- The proprietor owns capital and
1) PROPERTY performs all the functions of an
- best understood as a socially entrepreneur
acknowledged right rather than as a 2) PARTNERSHIP
material object. - a type of economic organization
- It involves the right of ownership where business is carried on by two
which differs from a simple or more men called partners.
possession over goods or - It is a business arrangement in
commodities which two or more individuals share
2) ECONOMIC EXCHANGE the capital, profits and liabilities of a
- the process by which individuals and business venture he process by
organizations give each other which individuals and organizations
valuable goods and services in give each other valuable goods and
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services in return for different goods transportation, insurance, housing,

and services labor, electric, light and power,
3) CORPORATIONS communication, professional and
- a legal entity that is separate and other services
distinct from its owners. 6) MULTIPURPOSE COOPERATIVE
- Corporations enjoy most of the - is one which combines two (2) or
rights and responsibilities that an more of the business activities of
individual possesses these different types of
- That is, a corporation has the right cooperatives
to enter into contracts, loan and
borrow money, sue and be sued, hire FUNCTIONS OF ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS
employees, own assets and pay
1) The economic organization provides
taxes. It is often referred to as a
physical subsistence for the society
"legal person”.
2) The economy generates and incorporates
4) COOPERATIVE
social changes for the continuity of society
- a business organization which is
3) The economy maintains balance with the
established for the purpose of
other social systems and among its social
providing services on a non-profit
subsistence in the production, distribution
basis to its shareholders or
and consumption of economic goods and
members who own and control it.
services.
TYPES OF COOPERATIVE 4) Economic institutions indicate the nature of
social stratification in the society. It also
1) CREDIT COOPERATIVE shows class mobility in relation to status
- is one that promotes and undertakes differentials.
savings and lending services among
its members.
- It generates a common pool of funds
in order to provide financial
assistance and other related
financial services to its members for
productive and provident purposes
2) CONSUMER’S COOPERATIVE
- one the primary purpose of which is
to procure and distribute
commodities to members and
non-members
3) PRODUCER’S COOPERATIVE
- one that undertakes a joint
production whether agricultural or
industrial
4) MARKETING COOPERATIVE
- one which engages in the supply of
production inputs to members and
markets their products
5) SERVICE COOPERATIVE
- one which engages in medical and
dental care, hospitalization,