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1-3 (Full Permission)
the original amount of the isotope, t is the elapsed time, and t12
is the half-life of the isotope.
The half-life of tungsten-187 is 1 day, so the decay rate for
tungsten-187 is described by the following equation.
1 t
AL = AO where t is the elapsed time in days.
2
The above equations are examples of exponential equations.
These are equations in which the variables appear as exponents.
SOLUTION
The base 4 on the left side is a power of 2.
4 x + 1 = 2x − 1
Rewrite using base 2: (22)x + 1 = 2x − 1
Simplify exponents: 22x + 2 = 2x − 1
Equate exponents: 2x + 2 = x − 1
Solve for x : x = −3
20 MHR • Chapter 1
Check.
L.S. = 4x + 1 R.S. = 2x − 1
= 4–3 + 1 = 2–3 − 1
= 4–2 = 2–4
1 1
= 2 = 4
4 2
1 1
= =
16 16
L.S. = R.S.
The solution is x = −3.
SOLUTION
Both bases are powers of 3. Check.
93x + 1 = 27x L.S. = 93x + 1 R.S. = 27x
2 3x + 1
Rewrite using base 3: (3 ) = (33)x 3 –2
=9 3
( )
– +1
= 27
– 2
Simplify exponents: 36x + 2 = 33x 3
SOLUTION
3x + 2 − 3x = 216 Check.
Remove a common factor: 3x(32 − 1) = 216 L.S. = 3x + 2 − 3x R.S. = 216
3+2
Simplify: 3x(8) = 216 =3 −3 3
SOLUTION
1
25% =
4
1
so AL = AO
4
t
1
Write the equation: AL = AO 8.2
2
t
2
1 1 1
Substitute AO for AL : A = A
O O
8.2
4 4
t We b C o n n e c t i o n
2
1 1
Divide both sides by AO : = 8.2
www.school.mcgrawhill.ca/resources/
4 To investigate the modern uses of radioactive
2 t
2 2
1 1 1 isotopes, visit the above web site. Go to
Rewrite using base : = 8.2
Math Resources, then to
2
MATHEMATICS 11, to find out where to go
t
Equate exponents: 2= next. Write a short report on a beneficial
8.2 use of radioactive isotopes.
Solve for t: 16.4 = t
So, 25% of the iodine-131 should remain in the thyroid gland of a healthy
person after 16.4 days.
Check.
1
After one half-life, or 50% is left.
2
1
After two half-lives, or 25% is left.
4
Two half-lives is 2 × 8.2 days, or 16.4 days.
22 MHR • Chapter 1
Key Concepts
• In exponential equations, the variables appear as exponents.
• If ax = a y, then x = y, for a ≠ 1, 0, −1.
• One method for solving an exponential equation is to rewrite the powers
with the same base, so that the exponents are equal. Equating the exponents
gives an equation that can be solved.
• Some exponential equations can be solved by first removing a power as a
common factor.
Communicate Yo u r Understanding
1. Explain why the second key concept, above, includes “a ≠ 1, 0, −1.”
2. Describe how you would solve 2x + 3 = 4x − 1.
3. Describe how you would solve 2x + 1 + 2x = 48.
4. To solve 3x − 3 = 1 using a common base, how would you rewrite 1?
Practise
A
1. Solve. e) 75d − 1 = 72d + 5 f) 3b − 5 = 32b − 3
a) 2 = 16 3 = 27
x x
b)
4. Solve.
c) 2 = 128 5x = 125
x
d)
a) 162x = 83x b) 4t = 8t + 1
e) 4 = 256 729 = 9z
y
f)
c) 27x − 1 = 92x d) 252 − c = 1252c − 4
g) (−3) = −27 (−2)x = −32
x
h)
e) 162p + 1 = 83p + 1 f) (−8)1 − 2x = (−32)1 − x
i) (−5) = 25 81 = (−3)x
a
j)
k) −2 = −16 −4y = −64
x
l) 5. Solve and check.
m) −5 = −625
x
n) (−1)x = 1 a) 2x + 5 = 4x + 2 b) 2x = 4x − 1
o) (−1) = −1
m
c) 92q − 6 = 3q + 6 d) 4x = 8x + 1
e) 27y − 1 = 92y − 4 f) 8x + 3 = 162x + 1
2. Solve.
a) 7w − 2 = 49 b) 3x + 4 = 27 6. Solve and check.
c) 21 − x = 128 d) 43k = 64 4−x 1 1
a) 5 = b) 10 y − 2 =
e) 53x − 1 = 25 f) −81 = −32x + 8 5 10 000
g) 4x − 1 = 1 h) 32 − 2x = 1 3x − 7 1 3x − 1 1
c) 6 = d) 3 =
i) (−1)2x = 1 6 81
Solve and check. 2n + 1 1 1 2 − 5w
3. e) 5 = f) = 2
a) 6x + 3 = 62x b) 2x + 3 = 22x − 1 125 256
c) 32y + 3 = 3y + 5 d) 24x − 7 = 22x + 1
1.3 Solving Exponential Equations • MHR 23
7. Solve and check. 10. Solve.
x +1
4x = 8 64 = 16 ) = 15
z
a) b) a) 3(5
9−x = 3 y −2
c) (−8)y = −2 d) b) 2(3 ) = 18
c) 5(4 ) = 10
x
1 1
e) 2 = f) 9 =
9x 6x
v+1
8 27 d) 2(4 ) = 1
−2g 4f − 2
g) 2 = 16 h) 2 = 32 e) 2 = 6(3
x 4
)
2s + 1 3x + 1
i) 9 = 27 f) 27(3 )=3
8. Solve and check. 11. Solve and check.
x+2
9x + 1 = 272x 2y − 1
a) b) 16 = 64
y
a) 2 − 2x = 48
x+3
c) 36t − 2 = 216 −2t d) 82x − 1 = 16x − 1 b) 4 + 4x = 260
a+5
e) 251 − 3x = 125−x f) 163 + k = 321 − 2k c) 2 + 2a = 1056
x+1
d) 6 + 6x + 2 = 7
9. Solve and check. x+3
x
x
e) 3 − 3x + 1 = 648
a) 5 = 25 2
b) 8=2 3
f) 10
z+4
+ 10z + 3 = 11
y a
1 x+2
c) 9 = 27
5
d) = 2 3
g) 2 − 2x + 5 = −7
2 m+1
x
h) 3 + 3m + 2 – 972 = 0
3 m2 4
n+2
1
e) 4 =
4
f) = i) 5 − 5n + 3 = −2500
8 2 9
24 MHR • Chapter 1
15. Application The biological half-life of thyroid hormone T4 is about
6.5 days. If a dose of T4 was not followed by repeat doses,
a) what fraction of the original dose would remain in the body after
19.5 days?
b) how long would it take until only 6.25% of the original dose would
remain in the body?
16. Scuba diving The percent of sunlight, s, that reaches a scuba diver
under water can be modelled by the equation
s = 0.8d × 100%
where d is the depth of the diver, in metres.
a) At what depth does 64% of sunlight reach the diver?
b) What percent of sunlight reaches the diver at a depth of 10 m,
to the nearest percent?
17. Application Determine the half-life of each isotope.
1
a) In 30 h, a sample of plutonium-243 decays to of its original amount.
64
b) In 40.8 years, a sample of lead-210 decays to 25% of its original amount.
c) In 2 min, a sample of radium-221 decays to 6.25% of its original amount.
a) 2 b) c)
C
1
21. Half-life In 8 days, a sample of vanadium-48 decays to of its
2
original amount. Determine the half-life of vanadium-48.
22. Solve and check.
22x + 1 9x + 4 8x + 2 x−3
a) =4 b) = 81 c) x + 3 = 16
2x − 3 27x − 1 4
16x + 2y 32x + 3y 1
23. Find x and y if = 32 and = .
8x − y 16x + 2y 8
1.3 Solving Exponential Equations • MHR 25
CAREER CONNECTION Microbiology
The science of microbiology is the study of micro-organisms. These are organisms
that are too small to be examined with the naked eye. They were first studied after
the development of microscopes. Examples of micro-organisms include bacteria,
fungi, algae, and viruses.
Bacteria are widely feared because some of them cause diseases in living things.
However, we make use of many other bacteria in our daily lives. For example,
bacteria are used to make yogurt and cheese from milk, to treat sewage, and to
make antibiotics, such as penicillin.
NUMBER Power
You have 1023 coins. How can you place them in 10 bags so that, if you are
asked for any number of coins from 1 to 1023, you can provide the number
without opening a bag?
26 MHR • Chapter 1