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Since you know how to go from a function to its derivative, it is now time to
investigate a question that is interesting on its own merit, but also leads to Example: f (x) 3x2
unexpected and incredibly fruitful consequences.
x3
/
The question is how to go backwards, from a derivative to its original function. Since 3x 2 , it follows that
So far we have computed derivatives and used them for a variety of applications, but
F x x3 is an antiderivative of
is it possible to go backwards? That is, given a function y f (x) , is it possible to
find another function whose derivative is f(x)? Before we dive into the investigation the function f x 3x2 .
F1 x3 3
of this question, here is a basic jargon word.
However, so are F1 x x3 3
and F2 x x 1 !
3
Integral Calculus Chapter 1: Indefinite integrals Section 1: Antiderivatives and indefinite integrals Page 1
g x by G x , and so on. Notice that one could also use the notation f (1) (x) But we can even go further than that! If y f (x) has some discontinuities,
for an antiderivative, since this is consistent with the notation for higher derivatives. we can construct new antiderivatives by attaching several constants, one for each
But since this notation can easily be confused with the one for inverse and reciprocal unbroken piece of the domain of the function.
functions, it is seldom used.
1
3 if x 0
x
Definition y
1
5 if x 0
If y f (x) is a function and y F (x) is any of x
its antiderivatives, the family of functions: is also an antiderivative, since it is undefined at x 0 and its derivative on
y F (x) c each piece is our original function.
f xdx
Integral Calculus Chapter 1: Indefinite integrals Section 1: Antiderivatives and indefinite integrals Page 2
You have probably seen this notation before and may be somewhat familiar
F x c F x
/ /
0 f x
.
with its origin and the meaning of its parts, but we shall see them all in detail in later
sections. If G x is another antiderivative and f x is continuous, then F x and
G x must both be continuous, since differentiability implies continuity.
But isn’t this the same as the general antiderivative? Example: f x cos x
Integral Calculus Chapter 1: Indefinite integrals Section 1: Antiderivatives and indefinite integrals Page 3
Y
3 if x 0
4
such interval.
G x x
2
X
for which the two constants are different.
1
Example: f x 2
x Boy, that is a subtle difference!
1 I agree, and I will not insist too much on it. In fact, in order to keep the
We have seen that the general antiderivative of f x
f x dx F x c even in situations
is
x2 notation simple, I will usually write
1
Fc x c . However, f x is discontinuous at x 0 , so to get the
where several constants are warranted. That is:
x
whole indefinite integral, we need to consider the two intervals x 0 and
x 0 separately and attach a different constant to each of them. In both Knot on your finger
cases the known antiderivative is the same, so we should write:
1 The expressions “general antiderivative” and
c if x 0
1 x 1 “indefinite integral” will be used interchangeably,
x 2 dx 1 even when they refer to different families of
if x 0
c
x 2 functions, unless the distinction is important for
some specific purpose.
For instance, notice that: 6
Y
1
3 if x 0 4
But you do need to be aware of this subtle difference for the occasional cases
F3 x x
2
X
where the difference matters.
1 3 if x 0
-6 -4 -2 0 246
-2
Notice that the construction of antiderivatives and indefinite integrals is an
x -4
inverse process, just like division is the inverse of multiplication and taking roots is
-6
the inverse of taking powers. And just like for these more familiar operations,
finding antiderivatives is a more complex process than finding derivatives and in
is an antiderivative of our original function, but so is the function: some situations cannot be done at all (like dividing by 0 or taking the root of a
negative number).
Integral Calculus Chapter 1: Indefinite integrals Section 1: Antiderivatives and indefinite integrals Page 4
Also, like other inverse operations, the simplest way to start learning how to
compute antiderivatives is by reversing differentiation formulae. You can start doing
that through the learning questions and I will offer you even more opportunities after
introducing some more notation and terminology.
Summary
A function y F x whose derivative is y f x is called an antiderivative of y f x .
The set, or family, consisting of all antiderivatives of a given function is called its indefinite integral and denoted by
f x dx .
Common errors to avoid
Don’t forget that when a function is discontinuous, its indefinite integral must exhibit a separate constant for each continuous piece.
Review questions:
2. Describe what the general antiderivative is. 4. Compare and contrast the concepts of antiderivative, general antiderivative and
indefinite integral.
Memory questions:
1. What is the symbol for the indefinite integral of a function f x ? 2. How many constants are needed for the indefinite integral of a function?
Integral Calculus Chapter 1: Indefinite integrals Section 1: Antiderivatives and indefinite integrals Page 5
Integral Calculus Chapter 1: Indefinite integrals Section 1: Antiderivatives and indefinite integrals Page 6