Republic of the Philippines

Tarlac State University

COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
CENTER OF DEVELOPMENT
Lucinda Campus, Tarlac City
Tel. No. (045) 493-0182; Fax No. (045) 982-0110
Re-accredited Level III by the
Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities of the Philippines (AACUP), Inc.

Name: Balaba, Jaycel

Castro, Joemari
Espinosa, Franz Kervie
Espinosa, Maureen Joy
Lagmay, Mary Christine
Musni, Hershey
Patron, Jamaica Marie
Sagun, Abegail
Siapo, Ronalyn

Year and Section: BSEd English 1-1

Group # 1

Unit I: Speech Art - An Overview

Objectives:
1. Explain and expound the major concepts in speech arts - contexts, modes, processes, segmentals,
suprasegmental, and public speaking.
2. Evaluate the importance of speech arts as a linguistic activity in a society
3. Exhibit speech arts via sharing of insights, and answering questions.

Topic outline

• Concepts of Speech and Communication

• Levels of Context of Communication
• Modes of Communication
• Review on the Process of Communication
• Review on Speech Sounds
• Focus on the Suprasegmentals as Tools for Speech and Theater Stress, Pitch, Volume,
Enunciation, etc.
• Public Speaking
Discussion Proper
Speech arts is study of vocal variety, body language and physicality, eye focus, characterization, and
emotional awareness. Using tools, from literature, allows student to have a good vocal and performance
habits and helps them develop critical and creative thinking.
 Concepts of Speech and Communication
Speech- the expression of or the ability to express thoughts and feelings by articulate sounds. generally,
refers to the action of producing speech or the act of speaking. So, someone with a speech challenge may
have trouble with specific sounds, patterns of words, or intelligibility.
Communication- means of sending or receiving information. is the broadest category. Communication
includes spoken language but also includes many other nonverbal cues which are essential for interacting
and communicating with others.

What is Speech Communication?

From Latin "communis", meaning to share) is defined as a process by which we assign and convey
meaning in an attempt to create shared understanding.
Speech communication refers to the use of the oral medium of passing information, whether formally
or informally, by a speaker to an audience. The information could be a speaker's way to be understood
on a topic, building an argument, and evoking emotions among the audience.
Forms of Communication
• NON – VERBAL COMMUNICATION - Nonverbal communication is commonly understood as the
process of communication between individuals by sending and receiving wordless (mostly visual) signals.
• VERBAL COMMUNICATION - To generate auditory interest for your audience, how you phrase and
intone your real words is important.
ORAL COMMUNICATION
Oral Communication is the capacity to interact and share knowledge and ideas with others. The difference
of oral and verbal communication is that Oral refers to things that go into or come out of the mouth, while
verbal refers to spoken communication.
Functions of Communication

✓ Gives information

✓ Decision making

✓ Express feeling / emotion

Types of Speech Communication

A. Informative - This speech serves to provide interesting and useful information to your audience.
Informative speaking generally centers on talking about people, events, processes, places, or things.
Informing an audience about one of these subjects without being persuasive is often a difficult task to
complete.
B. Demonstrative -This has many similarities with an informative speech. A demonstrative speech also
teaches you something. The main difference lies including a demonstration of how to do the thing you’re
teaching.
A demonstration speech is a type of presentation in which the speaker's goal is to teach the audience
how to complete a task.
One way people refer to demonstrative speech topics or demonstrative speech itself is “How-to.” because
they show: How to prepare (or make) something.
C. Persuasive - A persuasive speech works to convince people to change in some way: they think, the
way they do something, or to start doing something that they are not currently doing.
A persuasive speech is a speech that is given with the intention of convincing the audience to believe or
do something.
The aim of a persuasive speech is to inform, educate and convince or motivate an audience to do
something. You are essentially trying to sway the audience to adopt your own viewpoint.
D. Entertaining - The after-dinner speech is atypical example of an entertaining speech. The speaker
provides pleasure and enjoyment that make the audiences laugh or identify with anecdotal information.
One that is intended to entertain or regale the audience while still getting the point across. While amusing
speeches should convey a clear point just like more conventional informative or persuasive speeches, the
style of speaking utilized in an entertaining speech is often different. A toast at a wedding, an acceptance
speech at an awards banquet, or a motivating address at a conference are just a few examples of
entertaining speeches that are frequently given on special occasions, hence the term "special-occasion
speeches." They can also be delivered in less formal settings where the audience members are primarily
being amused or moved emotionally. Don't forget that when we say "entertain," we're talking about both
drama and humor. The purpose of an interesting speech is to stimulate an audience's emotions.

Levels of Context of Communication

Every context has an impact on how people communicate. Contexts can cross over, making a
process even more dynamic. You have communicated in many of these situations throughout
your life, and you may use the lessons you've gained from doing so to improve your business
communication.

Intrapersonal Communication
According to Amy Kasza (2021), only one person acts as both sender and receiver in
Intrapersonal Communication.

This is how a person communicates to itself. Due to the person's dual roles, miscommunication is
not conceivable at this level of communication. This kind of communication may be verbal,
written, or mental. Writing a diary, imagining or visualizing something, and imagining or
visualizing something is some forms of intrapersonal communication.

Essential Components of Intrapersonal Communication

I. The Communicators: The Self

II. The Message: Communication with one's self
III. Noise: Physical Noise, Psychological Noise
IV. Feedback: Self-feedback
V. Channel: The channel is your brain, which processes what you are thinking and feeling.

Merits: Demerits
Self-Awareness Introverted
Self-confidence Wrong assumptions
Self-management Incorrect decisions
Self-motivation Over-thinking
Focused Arrogance
Independence
Adaptability

Interpersonal Communication

According to Amy Kasza (2021), having a conversation with another individual is an

Interpersonal Communication.

Two people are participating in the contact at this level of communication, and information,
ideas, and thoughts are exchanged between the two participants orally and nonverbally (virtually
or personally). Because the roles are interchangeable, either participant could play both the
transmitter and the receiver roles. Interpersonal communication includes things like texting,
talking to a friend, and video conferencing.

Essential Components of Interpersonal Communication

I. The Communicators: For any communication to occur there must be at least two people
involved.
II. The Message: Message not only means the speech used or information conveyed, but also
the non-verbal messages exchanged such as facial expressions, tone of voice, gestures
and body language.
III. Noise: Semantic Noise, Physical Noise
IV. Feedback: Feedback consists of messages the receiver returns, which allows the sender to
know how accurately the message has been received, as well as the receiver's reaction.
V. Channel: In a face-to-face context the channels which are used are speech and vision,
however during a telephone conversation the channel is limited to speech alone.

Merits: Demerits:
Promotes feedbacks May suffer from inaccuracies
Is easy to use Time consuming

Group Communication

Group communication, also referred to as small group communication, describes interactions

between three or more people who are linked by a shared identity, mutual influence, or a
common goal. Group communication, according to Mc Lean (2005), is a dynamic process where
a small group of people engage in a discourse. The greatest number of individuals that can
participate in group communication, according to certain studies, ranges from 3 to 8. A
workplace with multiple departments might serve as an illustration of group communication.

A workplace with multiple departments might serve as an illustration of group communication.

Every firm is organized into various departments, and each of these has a unique function for the
business. Each department may have between 5-8 employees, and it is expected that everyone in
the department—including the team leader—will communicate with one another in order to
address issues that will help their department work more efficiently and, ultimately, benefit the
business.

Essential Components of Group Communication

I. The Communicators: A group of people with the same interests.
II. The Message: Something Important or Ideas.
III. Noise: Physical Noise, Physiological Noise, Psychological Noise, Semantic Noise,
Cultural Noise
IV. Feedback: Feedback can come from the different members of that group.
V. Channel: In-person meetings, Conference calls, Digital messages, Memos

Merits: Demerits:
Promotes feedbacks May suffer from inaccuracies
Is easy to use Time consuming

Public Communication

Public speeches that we give in front of audiences are referred to as public communication. In
order to avoid direct engagement with a particular audience, the speaker in a public
communication is organized and ready for his speech. The only means of interaction between the
listener and the speaker at this level of communication is nonverbal. Additionally, it is unlikely
that a one-on-one dialogue will take place in this context of communication. But keep in mind
that for this communication to be successful, you as a speaker must make sure you can grab the
attention of your audiences or listeners.

When a writer raises a question, readers may respond by writing it or sending it via email. This is
especially true of public written communication (the kind utilized by public relations experts).

In a public speech, for instance, the audience cannot directly converse with the speaker during
the speech; rather, their body language and movements are interpreted as their reaction to the
speech that was delivered by the speaker.
Essential Components of Public Communication
I. The Communicators: Professionals, who often speak to an audience in speeches or
lectures to inform, persuade or entertain them.
II. The Message: An overall aim, objective and purpose.
III. Noise: psychological noise, physical noise, physiological and semantic noise.
IV. Feedback: (mostly nonverbal) feedback.
V. Channel: Microphone, Radio, Television

Merits Demerits:
Career advancement Risk of Embarrassment
Boost confidence Time Sink
Personal development Lack of Control
Improve communication skills Anxiety and Depression
Make new social connections Irritated Audience
Personal satisfaction

Mass Communication

('Judith' | GIGIL for CLiQQ App Bills Payment, n.d.) Sample Video

A mass communication is the context communication level at which the speaker can address a
sizable audience. Communications technologies and mass media are prioritized in this scenario.
The speaker will use tools like social media and other types of media to convey a message to the
audience in order to simultaneously reach a huge or mass of people.

Sending a message to a large group of people simultaneously is another aspect of mass

communication. Aside from social media, other mass communication media include books,
television, movies, magazines, and newspapers. The ability to learn about faraway events and the
perspectives of other people of various races is one of the major benefits of mass media.
The marketing tactics used by various businesses might serve as an illustration of mass media.
via television Companies can showcase their products and convince consumers to buy them
through commercials and social media advertising. Because businesses can be sure of reaching a
big number of people who could be their future customers, this form of campaign is currently
highly popular.

Essential Components of Mass Communication

I. The Communicators: A reporter, journalist, lyricist, scriptwriter, author, official

spokespersons and so on.
II. The Message: The actual information or news to be communicated to the audience.
III. Noise: Physical Noise
IV. Feedback: Feedback is a tool which allows for those who are responsible for
dissemination of mass communication to understand what affects it has on those who
consume it. Feedback can be obtained through surveys or polls.
V. Channel: The channels are the mass media. These are the vehicles that transmit the
message to the audience. Media of mass communication are newspapers, magazines,
posters, lifter, radio, television, films etc.

Merits Demerits
Spread awareness Sometimes spreads fake news and creates
rumors
Real-time updates are available Also lends more power to the already
powerful and rich
Gives voice to the voiceless It can also distract children
Educates people Tough to restrict content for children
Encourage talent

MODES OF COMMUNICATION
Mode is a concept used to describe how something is performed or perceived. If we use the term mode of
communication, we explain how communication is expressed. In other words, we're concerned about the
method of communicating. (Arnold, 2017).
Interpretative Communication
Interpretive communication is a one-way method of communication in which the presenter presents
information and the listener or reader (or viewer in the case of television and other types of visual media)
infers or interprets the concepts conveyed to them. Interpretive communication encourages personal
values and perception to be absorbed and dissected.
Examples: Stories, articles, speeches, songs, videos, presentation
Interpersonal Communication
Interpersonal Communication is a two-way communication process that helps participants to evaluate and
respond to each other. In interpersonal communication, two people who talk and listen to each other,
either in a face-to-face conversation or over the internet are participating in interpersonal communication.
Examples: Conversation, text messages
Presentational Communication
Presentational communication is another form of one way communication. With this mode of
communication, the presenter introduces knowledge, concepts and ideas in spoken or written form to
listeners or readers with whom there is no immediate interaction.
Examples: PowerPoint presentation, script, telling story, reporting, speech
Linguistical or Alphabetic Communication
As one of the popular modes of communication, Linguistical or Alphabetic Communication mainly refers
to written or spoken communication where the sender conveys their message through writing on a paper
or through speaking.
Examples: Text messages, formal conversation, emails, speech, audio messages
Gestural Communication
Gestural Communication has its quintessential emphasis on body language and physical movements to
communicate messages.
Examples: Sign Languages, Body Languages
Aural Communication
As the name suggests, oral communication uses audio mode to convey messages whether it is through
sounds or spoken audio. The speaker’s voice and pronunciation need to be clear and precise with no
background noise.
Examples: Audio messages, Radio, songs, recordings, audiobook, podcast
Visual Communication
Visual Communication can be simply termed non-verbal communication as it comprises visual messages
from the sender to the receiver. It is one of the oldest modes of communication when the ancient people
didn’t know a language to communicate with. it is through pictures, drawings and symbols that they were
able to talk and converse with each other.
Examples: Pictures, videos, charts, graphs, symbols
Spatial Communication
Spatial Communication elaborates upon the use of physical space in the text as well as its overall
structure to convey certain meanings and messages. The physical layout of any written text is deliberately
designed to make it look a certain way and adhere to a particular theme.
Examples: Tri-fold pamphlet, printed and folded on paper, lines, arrangement of chairs and maps
Multimodal Communication
Multimodal Communication can be simply referred to as communication through varied modes such as
verbal, written, gestures, etc. There are different modes under multimodal communication, and it is
popularly used in higher education to accentuate the learning experience for students. Here are the major
5 modes of communication:

• Linguistical or Alphabetic: Either written communication or spoken communication

• Gestural: Using Gestures
• Visual: Pictures, Videos, Infographics
• Aural: Audio, Music, Sounds
• Spatial: Physical coordination, positions, proximity

Various Cultural and Intercultural Modes of Communication

Several cultural modes of communication are specific to each area and culture. It can be symbolic usage
of actions, body language, etc. The culture of a person is not just what they eat or wear but also how they
communicate.
Examples: Touch, Eye contact, gestures, facial expression, physical space, posture
Review on the Communication Process

Communication is a process of sharing and conveying messages or information from one person to
another within and across channels, contexts, media, and cultures (McCornack, 2014).

Functions of Communication

1. Regulation / Control – Communication functions to control behavior. It can be used to regulate the
nature and number of activities people engage in.

• “Take your medicine before you go to bed.”

• “Finish your meal before you go.”
2. Social Interaction – Communication allows people to interact with others to develop bonds or
intimacy. It also allows individuals to express desires, encouragement, needs, and decision or to give and
get information.

• “Would you like to go to school with me?”

• “Come on! You can do it!”
3. Motivation – Communication persuades or encourages another person to change his/her opinion,
attitude, and behavior.

• “You’re on the right track. Keep up the good work.”

• “My dream is to finish my Senior High School despite this pandemic”.
4. Emotional Expression – Communication facilitates people’s expression of their feelings such as love,
fear, anger, joy, hope, or any other emotion.

• “I’m so happy to have you in my life.”

 • “I like you so much.”
5. Information – Communication functions to convey information. It can be used in giving and getting
information.

• “The Philippine Normal University was founded in 1901.”

• “You can find the bathroom right next to this door”

A failure to communicate (video)

https://youtu.be/8Ox5LhIJSBE
The Process of Communication
• It can be a “linear” communication process, often called the “one-way communication process”,
where the message/information flows directly from the sender to the receiver and the receiver is
not expected to provide any feedback.

Sender Message Receiver

•

Figure 1. One-way Communication Process

• "Two-way" communication process which always involves a feedback from the receiver to the
sender and allows the sender to know that the message is received accurately. In this process,
after the message is received by the receiver, the original sender and receiver will change
functions as the receiver send his/her feedback.
•

•
 Figure 2. Two-way Communication Process

How does communication process works?

In order to
successfully
communicate,
it is important
to understand
the process of
communication. The diagram above shows the basic steps.
1. The speaker develops an idea to be sent.
2. The speaker encodes the idea or converts it to words or actions.
3. The speaker transmits or sends out the idea using a specific medium or channel.
4. The receiver gets the message and decodes or interprets it.
5. The receiver provides or sends feedback.
At any point of the communication process, noise may take place and hinder the flow of
communication process.
The Elements in The Process of Communication
Sender
• The sender is the one who initiates the message that needs to be transmitted. He sends the
message that may be in different forms such as pictures, symbols, postures, gestures, or even just
a smile. After generating the idea, he sends it in such a manner that can be understood clearly by
the receiver.
Message
• Message refers to the information intended to be communicated by words as in speech, letters,
pictures, or symbols. It can be verbal or non-verbal. It is the content the sender wants to convey to
the receiver.
Encoding
• It is the process of expressing the idea into appropriate medium. It may be verbal or non-verbal.
The sender may put the message into a series of symbols, words, pictures or gestures.
Channel
 • It refers the medium or passage through which encoded message is passed to the receiver. It may
be transmitted through face-to-face communication, telephone, radio, television, memorandum, or
computer.
Receiver
• Receiver refers to whom the message is meant for. He plays a significant role in the
communication process like the sender. He needs to comprehend the message sent. His
translation of the message received depends on his/her knowledge of the subject matter of the
message, experience, and relationship with the sender.
Decoding
• It means translating the encoded message into a language that can be understood by the receiver.
After receiving the message, the receiver interprets it and tries to understand it.
Feedback
• It refers to the response of the receiver to the message sent to him/her by the sender. Feedback
ensures that the message has been effectively encoded and decoded.
Noise
• It is a hindrance to communication. This can take place at any step in the entire communication
process. There are various types of noise. Examples of physical noise are loud music, an
irritating sound of an engine of a machine, or a classmate who talks to you while the teacher is
giving a lecture. The second type of noise is physiological – when the body becomes the
hindrance to communication such as headache, toothache, or hunger. The third type is
psychological noise that refers to qualities in us that affect how we communicate and interpret
others such as prejudice and any feeling can interfere with communication. Noise is considered as
a barrier to effective communication.
Context
• This is the environment and circumstance in which communication happens. Context, like noise,
may have an effect on efficient information exchange. It may have a physical, social, or social
component to it.
Review on Speech sounds

Phonetics is the general study of the characteristics of speech sounds.

Speech sounds are.also called “phonemes”.
A phoneme is smallest unit of speech sounds. It is a meaning-distinguishing sound.
The English alphabet only has 26 letters but there are 44 speech sounds. This includes 24
consonant sounds and 20 vowel sounds.
Voiceless vs. Voiced sounds
Voiceless sounds produce no vibration in the vocal cords.
Voiced sounds produce vibrations in the vocal cords.
Consonant sounds – are speech sounds articulated with complete or partial closure of the vocal
tract.

Place of Articulation
• Bilabials – sounds produced using oh upper and lower lips.
- [p], [b], [m]
• Labiodentals – sounds produced using upper teeth and lower lip.
- [f], [v]
• Dentals – sounds formed with the tongue tip behind the upper front teeth.
- [Θ], [ð]
• Alveolars – sounds formed with the front part on the tongue on the alveolar ridge.
- [t], [d], [s], [z], [n]
• Palatals – sounds produced in the roof of the mouth.
- [ʃ], [tʃ], [ᴣ], [ʤ]
• Velars – sounds produced beyond the hard palate.
- [k], [g], [ŋ]
• Glottals – produced without the use of tongue and other parts of the mouth.
- [h]

Manner of Articulation
• Stops – stopping the air stream and then letting it go abruptly.
- p, b, t, d, k, g
• Fricatives – almost blocking the air stream and having the air push through the very
narrow opening.
- f, v, Θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ᴣ
 • Affricates – a brief stopping of the air stream with an obstructed release.
- ʤ, tʃ
• Nasals – the air stream is allowed to flow through the nose.
- m, n, ŋ
• Liquids – letting the air stream flow around the sides if the tongue.
- l, r
• Glides – sounds are produced with the tongue in motion.
- w, j
• Glottal Stops – uh-oh, butter, bottle
• Flaps – tongue tip tapping the alveolar ridge briefly.
- later, ladder, metal, medal

Vowel sounds – are sounds in which there is a continuous vibration of the vocal cords and the
airstream is allowed to escape from the mouth without any interruption.

• Diphtongs – combination of two vowel sounds.

International Phonetic Alphabet – is a system of phonetic notation devised by linguistics to

accurately and uniquely represent each of the wide variety of sound used is spoken human
language.
 Focus on the Suprasegmentals as Tools for Speech and Theater Stress, Pitch, Volume,
Enunciation, etc.
Suprasegmental is a word made of supra which is the prefix that means beyond and segment. So
suprasegmental means “beyond the segment” or level.
In phonetics and phonology, suprasegmental refers to a vocal effect that extends over more than one
sound segment in an utterance. We know that speech is made up of consonants and vowels. Consonants
and vowels join together to form syllables, every consonant or every vowel is a sound segment but those
are the minimal building blocks of language, by themselves, they can’t do much it’s only when they join
each other that they can form bigger blocks that can serve meaning and communication. We have here 6
features of suprasegmental.
Pitch
The quality of a sound is governed by the rate of vibrations producing it; the degree of highness or
lowness of a tone. It is similar to intonation because here in pitch we are identifying the highness or the
lowness of a tone
This pitch is important in speech and theater, as I said earlier pitch is the degree of highness or lowness of
a tone. In theater low may convey sadness whilst high pitch could convey joy. It is used to indicate where
a character is from, specifically in which country or region. Also, it can help to distinguish class and
status.
Example:
This is my father.
In this sentence, the word father contains two syllables the first syllable is the highest pitch while the
second syllable is the lowest pitch.
Now observe the pitch changes in a question.
Is this your father?
In this sentence, the first syllable has the lowest pitch while the second syllable has the highest pitch.
So, imagine how important the pitch is in speech and theater. Here, we can identify the feelings of a
person and etc.
Length
Length is the time how long it takes to pronounce a vowel.
Example:
I can say car, I can say (caaar…)
Obviously, in the second instance, I’m pronouncing the word longer because I’m extending or
lengthening the duration of the vowel.
Length can be considered as a suprasegmental feature, but what does it mean to say a segment that has
more length?
It makes sense if it’s compared to another vowel.
For example:

If you want to say the word octopus.

You could say the word o the vowel has more length than the second and third vowels.
Length makes sense only when it’s compared to another vowel in that word. We have to
compare the segments.
The relation between the length of a sound segment in speech and theater is. We pronounce the
word perfectly, and it is good that we know the length or the duration of a vowel in a segment, for
example, earlier the octopus the letter o has more length than the second letter o in the second
syllable and u in the third syllable.
Loudness.
The loudness of a sound relates the intensity of a given sound to the intensity at the threshold of hearing.
In a spoken utterance, a syllable is never produced with the same intensity.
Let’s look at an example, the united nation.
I will now read out this name without suprasegmental effects that are in steady state mode, u-ni-ted-na
tion. And you will certainly agree with me that this is not the normal mode of speech. In real speech,
some syllables are unstressed, that is they are weaker, other stress is produced with a higher degree of
loudness that’s why they are stronger. A stressed syllable is produced with an increase in respiratory
activity. More air is pushed out of the lungs. So, a normal or real pronunciation would be something like
“united nations” and then you would certainly agree that the syllables “ni and na” received more stress
than the other syllable.
In speech and theater suprasegmental feature like loudness is very important for the actors and actresses,
without this loudness they can’t express their act as angry, sad, or happy because they don’t add intensity
to their utterances or segments. Loudness has a significant role in speech and theater.
Intonation- describes how the voice rises and falls in speech.
Intonation Pattern
Pattern in Tag Question
I told you, didn’t I? (Falling Intonation)

Context: The mother asking her daughter about studying her lessons.
Pattern in Tag Question
I told you, didn’t I? (Rising Intonation)
Context: I’m unsure. I want confirmation.

Pattern in list
We need a cake, biscuits, snacks and drinks.
The last word is in falling intonation because if it is rising intonation, the listener might wonder if you are
done stating the list or not. The falling intonation is the signal of the end of the list.
Stress is the relative emphasis that may be given to certain syllables in a word, or to certain words in a
phrase or sentence.
Example:
refresh(noun) refresh(verb)
convict(noun) convict(verb)
present(noun) present(verb)
refund(noun) refund(verb)

Enunciation to simplify, Cambridge Dictionary defined Enunciation as the act of pronouncing words
or parts of words clearly.

Public Speaking
Public Speaking is a presentation that's performed live in front of an audience. It is an organized and
intentional speech with the purpose of informing, persuading or entertaining the audience. In the early
20th century, two scholars of public speaking who’s named Edwin Du Bois Shurter and James Albert
Winans wrote of public speaking as an “enlarged conversation”. They also imply that it has some of the
characteristics of a conversation but also has a significant difference.
Traits of public speaking as a normal conversation:
1. Awareness and sensitivity towards the audience.
2. Detailed and clear explanation about the content and less explicit ones about relationship (how you
relate to one another, such as trust, liking, respect).
3. Dependent on feedback; to know if your message was clearly conveyed and understood by the
audience.
4. It happens in a face-to-face context rather than mediated (through a computer, telephone, mass media,
or writing).
Difference between Public Speaking and a normal conversation
1. More purposeful.
2. More formal.
3. Usually dependent on resources outside of your personal experience (research to support your ideas).

Recognize public speaking as a relevant linguistic activity in society. What are the effects of public
speaking in a person? (Without a person there is no society)
Public speaking skill empowers a person to voice out his/her ideas.
- When a person masters public speaking, he/she will be able to: think critically, behave ethically, and
analyze the messages offered by others.
Think critically.
- He/she will learn how to think critically by asking whether the information he/she read, see, or hear are
relevant to his/her ideas or concept. Also, as the speaker present his/her speech, he/she will be able to
adjust he/she message in accordance with the nonverbal behaviors of the listeners.
Behave ethically.
- Choosing the appropriate words and attitude to be both clear and compelling for the listeners.
Analyze the message of others.
- An expert of public speaking would be able to see how other speakers present their arguments, the flaws
in their speech, and how do they use their emotions to persuade others.
Being an expert in public speaking.
- Will enable an individual to convey difficult ideas in a manner that can be understood by the audience.
“We are more likely to share our ideas when we understand them.” This boldness will help him/her to
share his/her ideas to the benefit of others.
Public speaking skills will assist ones-self to pursue his/her career goals.
- A surveyed commissioned by the Association of American Colleges and Universities, stated that oral
communication is the most important skills that a newly hired individual must possess. Signifying that
honing and mastering public speaking will help a person to become successful.
Types of Speech
According to purpose.
- Expressing the purpose of our speech or presentation in one sentence or writing down a statement of
purpose provides clarity. Generally, a speech or presentation is made to inform, persuade or entertain.
According to delivery.
- It promotes the likelihood that you, the speaker, will be perceived as knowledgeable and credible since
you know the speech well enough that you don't need to read it. In addition, your audience is likely to pay
better attention to the message because it is engaging both verbally and nonverbally.
Principles of Speech Writing
- Just like events planning, or any other activities, writing an effective speech follows certain steps or
processes.
The following are the components of the speech writing process:
1. Audience analysis - entails looking into the profile of your target audience. This is done so you can
tailor-fit your speech content and delivery to your audience. The profile includes the following
information.
• Demography - (age range, male-female ratio, educational background and affiliations or degree program
taken, nationality, economic status, academic or corporate designations.)
• Situation - (time, venue, occasion, and size)
• Psychology - (values, beliefs, attitudes, preferences, cultural and racial ideologies, and needs)
2. The topic - is your focal point of your speech, which can be determined once you have decided on your
purpose. If you are free to decide on a topic, choose one that really interests you.
3. Narrowing down a topic - means making your main idea more specific and focused.
4. Data gathering - is the stage where you collect ideas, information, sources, and references relevant or
related to your specific topic.
5. Outline - is a hierarchical list that shows the relationship of your ideas. The elements of an outline
include introduction, body, and conclusion.
• Principles of Speech Delivery
1. Articulation - it is articulateness in pronouncing the words and speaking with clear diction that
effectively transmits the Message of the Speaker
2. Modulation - the capability to adjust or manipulate the resonance and timbre of the vocal tone.
3. Stage Presence - The ability to “own” the stage, of the Speaker being able to fill the space and project
his/ her personality to the Audience.
4. Facial Expressions, Gestures, and Movement - The Message of any speech is reinforced, clarified, and
complemented by Nonverbal Communication such as facial expressions, gestures, and movement.
5. Audience Rapport - one will know how to deliver the Message to the Audience and connect with them
at a deeper level.

Generalization
The study of how people produce common meaning is Speech Communication by using symbols that are
verbal and non-verbal. Communication Majors for Voice in their public speaking, interpersonal, and small
group communication skills, they work to improve confidence and performance. The art of one’s
communication reflects the art of one’s thinking. In conclusion, communication is not a simple process that
starts with the speaker and ends with the listener-there are many factors that should be considered.
With very few exceptions, everyone engages in daily communication. Communication contexts include
intrapersonal, interpersonal, group, public, and mass. Each context has its advantages and disadvantages,
and it's appropriate and inappropriate uses. No one theory can explain every instance of communication.
Mode is a concept used to describe how something is performed or perceived. If we use the term mode of
communication, we explain how communication is expressed. In other words, we're concerned about the
method of communicating. (Arnold, 2017).
There are 10 Modes of Communication. Interpretative Communication, Interpersonal Communication,
Presentational Communication, Linguistical/Alphabetical communication, Gestural communication, Aural
Communication, Visual Communication, Spatial Communication, Multimodal Communication and
Various Cultural Communication. To be understood, we frequently employ gestures, expressions on our
faces, voice, etc. We frequently employ various methods of communication, such as a wink, a nod, or a
smile. These 10 modes of communication are an essential part of social interactions and help us
communicate effectively with others.
The elements of the communication process are: (1) sender (2) message (3) encoding (4) channel (5)
decoding (7) feedback (8) noise and (9) context. Communication can be a two-way or one-way process
depending on the content of the message or information to be sent by the sender.
Speech is part of our everyday lives. Verbal communication is an essential part of our socialization.
Understanding the manner and place of articulation is a basic knowledge we should always know as future
language teachers. The International Phonetic Alphabet is the manual for pronunciation and is much
important to the language community. To be familiar with these concepts will gain us advantage in the
world of language.
Suprasegmental information includes the pitch, loudness, and length of sounds, and these factors contribute
to the rhythm and stress patterns of spoken language. Through the use of these features, we can identify the
person in terms of their status, nationality and etc. Furthermore, Suprasegmentals have a big role in Speech
and Theater because they can express their feelings.
Word stress is the emphasis we place in a specific syllable of a word when pronouncing it. Intonation is a
complex system of meaning communicated through the rise and fall of a speaker's voice. Enunciation is the
act of pronouncing words or parts of words clearly. The word enunciate comes from the Latin word nuntiare
, meaning "to report or declare."
Public Speaking is a vital area of personal development and a crucial factor in your professional success.
Being able to speak with integrity, in a style that both engages and motivates listeners. Public speaking is
spine-chilling but if we are able to identify, recognize, and appreciate it we can do better than we expected.
References
1. Loversuch, B. (2015, April 1). ‘Communicare’ – Latin for communication, meaning to share. Aspect
Personnel Recruitment. Retrieved from https://www.aspectpersonnel.com.au/news/and-8216-
communicareand-8217-and-8211-latin-forcommunication-meaning-to-share-/25785.
2. Context of Communication - Explained (Gordon, 2022)(n.d.). Retrieved February 2, 2023, from
https://study.com/academy/lesson/the-importance-of-context-in-communication.html
3. TEDx Talks. (2012, May 29). TEDxSomerville: Sam Sommers - The Hidden Power of Context [Video].
YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OztAiKJbU1A
4. Team Leverage Edu. (2022). Types, Methods and Modes of Communication.
https://leverageedu.com/blog/modes-of-communication/
5. Avacinc. (2021). Encouraging Multimodal Communication In AAC
learners.https://avazapp.com/blog/encouraging-multimodal-communication-in-
aaclearners/#:~:text=Multimodal%20communication%20is%20a%20crucial,use%20different%20mean%2
0to%20communicate
6. G. Arnold, (2017). Modes of Communication.
Study.com/document/406795328/THREE_MODES_OF_COMMUNICATION.pdf
7. Department of Education [DepEd]. (2020). Oral Communication in Context. depedtambayan.net.

8. Nordquist, R. (2020, April 6). The basic elements of the

Communicationprocess.ThoughtCohttps://www.thoughtco.com/what-iscommunicationprocess1689767
9. Chand, S. (n.d.). 7 major elements of communication process. Your Article
Library.https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/businesscommunication/7-major elements-of
communicationprocess/25815
10. The Study of Language: Fourth Edition (Yule, George – 2010)
11. Anderson, C. (2018, March 15). 3.3 Stress and Suprasegmental Information – EssentialofLinguistics.
Pressbooks.https://ecampusontario.pressbooks.pub/essentialsoflinguistics/chapter/3-8 suprasegmentals/
12. White, M. G. (2021)
13. English, B. (2022)
14. Chapter 1: The Basics of Public Speaking. (n.d) https://alg.manifoldapp.org/read/exploring-public-speaking-
the-free-dalton-state-college-public-speaking-textbook-4th-edition/section/165f9b31-7b34-4900-9657-
736cc8f007fd
15. Desacula, S.M., Speech and Theatre Arts Chapter 2 Discussion
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sfOtcaaywyc&t=43sC & E Publishing, Inc. was established in 1993 and
is a member of ABAP, PBAI, NBDB, and PEPA
https://buenavistanhs.weebly.com/uploads/7/2/2/8/7228051/oral_communication_in_context__lm_for_shs.
pdf
16. ELCOMBLUS December 17, 2020 https://www.elcomblus.com/principles-of-speech delivery/ Chapter 1:
The Basics of Public Speaking. (n.d). alg.manifoldapp.org. https://alg.manifoldapp.org/read/exploring-
publicspeaking-the-free-dalton-state-college-publicspeaking- textbook-4th-edition/section/165f9b31-7b34-
4900- 9657-736cc8f007f
17. Exploring Communication in the Real World by Chris Miller and Mia
https://cod.pressbooks.pub/communication/chapter/chapter-4-nonverbal-delivery-in-the-publicspeaking-
context/
 Republic of the Philippines
Tarlac State University
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
CENTER OF DEVELOPMENT
Lucinda Campus, Tarlac City
Tel. No. (045) 493-0182; Fax No. (045) 982-0110
Re-accredited Level III by the
Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities of the Philippines (AACUP), Inc.

Name: Sangalang, Rance Zopia G. Year and Section: 1-1

Year and Section: BSEd English 1-1
Group # 2

Unit II: TYPES OF SPEECH DELIVERY

Objectives:

1. Demonstrate expanded and conceptual knowledge on these different creative speech productions
for English language study.
2. Distinguish the differences among the different styles and types of speech. Explain the connection
of these speeches to other macro skills and their contextual situations. Perform creative speech
productions with proper verbal and non-verbal communication strategies in relation to English
language teaching activities

Discussion Proper:

Types of Speech Delivery

Public speaking involves a formal presentation that is given in front of an audience. This can be
pre-recorded, done remotely, or performed in front of a live audience. Speeches are used in business
meetings, educational settings, or any other scenario that warrants a presentation in front of others.

There are many types of ways a person can perform speech delivery, though this lesson will focus
on five specific types. Each type of speech delivery will have different practical applications and
characteristics that prove them useful.

The five types of speech delivery this lesson will cover are:

• extemporaneous speech
• manuscript speech
• memorized speech
 • impromptu speech
• monologue

Each speech delivery method has its unique advantages and disadvantages. The speaker should understand
when they should be used to fit the type of scenario they are being called to speak at. This will be discussed
in detail in the following sections.

Extemporaneous Speech

What is extemporaneous speech delivery? The extemporaneous speech delivery method is when a person
appears to be speaking conversationally to their audience. However, the speaker has carefully practiced and
memorized their speech.

There are pre-planned pauses in the speech to seem as though it is a casual conversation with the crowd.
The person delivering the speech will have access to brief notes that they can reference during the speech
to serve as prompts. This keeps the person on target for the speech but still allows them to maintain eye
contact with the crowd and gauge understanding. It also allows them to connect with their audience.

The advantage of extemporaneous speaking is that the speakers are able to speak in a more conversational
tone by letting the cards guide them, but not dictate every word they say. This method allows for the
speakers to make more eye contact with the audience. The shorter note forms also prevent speakers from
getting lost in their words. Numbering these cards also helps if one gets out of order. Also, these notes are
not ones the teacher sees or collects. While you may be required to turn in your speech outline, your
extemporaneous notecards are not seen by anyone but you. Therefore, you can also write yourself notes to
speak up, slow down, emphasize a point, go to the next slide, etc.

The disadvantage to extemporaneous is the speakers may forget what else was planned to say or find a card
to be out of order. This problem can be avoided through rehearsal and double-checking the note order before
speaking.

Many speakers consider the extemporaneous method to be the ideal speaking method because it allows
them to be prepared, keeps the audience engaged, and makes the speakers more natural in their delivery.

The focus of most college courses in public speaking is the extemporaneous speech. This is because this is
the type of speech used most in business, education, preaching, and political affairs. Few of us will ever
have a professional staff of speechwriters or ever deliver a speech with the aid of a teleprompter. But when
you do have a speech or presentation to deliver, you’ll want to sound prepared, authoritative, and clear.

Here are the steps to delivering and preparing extemporaneous speech:

• Choose a topic to speak on, and write a thesis statement that embodies the topic completely.
• Create an outline with at least three supporting points to the thesis.
• Add an introduction with a fun "attention getter". This can be a light story, fact, or rhetorical
question to get the audience's attention.
 • Add a conclusion at the end that summarizes the thesis again, drawing on all main points in the
speech.
• Practice repeatedly until the speaker needs to only occasionally reference their notes.

While extemporaneous speech delivery allows the speaker to look thoroughly prepared in their field, it is
also cumbersome to prepare. To be able to speak in a conversational tone with minimal notes requires a
large amount of practice. The speaker will need to repeatedly run through the presentation until they are
comfortable with performing it in front of others while looking relaxed. Simply stated, an extemporaneous
speech is one where you will have time for preparation and practice but will not be expected to read from
a manuscript or to have the speech memorized.

Manuscript Speech

When you listen to the President deliver a State of the Union message, you listen to a well- crafted speech
being read from a teleprompter. The speech has been polished by a staff of speechwriters and has been
practiced many times. The President will know how to anticipate the reaction of the audience and will know
when to pause for applause and when to expect laughter.

This form of speaking is used when the exact words matter and when much time and energy is expended
on getting everything just right. There are times when people who are not leaders of countries deliver
manuscript speeches as well. They are used when people testify before Congress, when people read
important statements in a public setting, or when people deliver reports at professional meetings. All call
for exact words in the correct order.

Manuscript speech delivery focuses on a speaker who recites a speech word-for-word off of a written
document. It is a verbatim replication of what is written down. This is important when what needs to be
discussed has to be preserved in its entirety.

Manuscript speeches can be useful when discussing precise medical terminology or legal concepts. This
type of speech is seen when the President makes speeches off of a teleprompter and is an effective way to
stay on target while speaking.

The advantage of using a manuscript is that the speaker has access to every word they’ve prepared in
advance. There is no guesswork or memorization needed. This method comforts some speakers’ nerves as
they don’t have to worry about that moment where they might freeze and forget what they’ve planned to
say. They also are able to make exact quotes from their source material.

When the exact wording of an idea is crucial, speakers often read from a manuscript, for instance in
communicating public statements from a company.

However, the disadvantage with a manuscript is that the speakers have MANY words in front of them on
the page. This prohibits one of the most important aspects of delivery, eye contact. When many words are
on the page, the speakers will find themselves looking down at those words more frequently because they
will need the help. If they do look up at the audience, they often cannot find their place when the eye returns
to the page. Also, when nerves come into play, speakers with manuscripts often default to reading from the
page and forget that they are not making eye contact or engaging their audience. Therefore, manuscript is
a very difficult delivery method and not ideal. Above all, the speakers should remember to rehearse with
the script so that they practice looking up often

Tips for this type of speech include:

• Using the large font for easy reading- using large fonts so you could read it easily without burying
your nose in the pages.
• Prereading the manuscript ahead of time- Reading the speech does not allow you to skimp on the
preparation. Practice the speech many times. This allows you to make changes, if needed, and to
select the best words to communicate your exact meaning.
• Practice the speech to ensure correct pronunciation-
• Speak clearly and slowly- remember to speak slowly; there is a natural tendency to speed up when
we speak in public. Delivering a speech is not a race; you do not receive bonus points for finishing
early.
• Speaking conversationally will promote engagement- Remember to speak clearly and naturally -
strive for a conversational tone. It shouldn’t sound read -even if you are reading.

Manuscript delivery runs the risk of being dull and monotonous. When a person is reading off of a script,
they are unable to gauge the audience for engagement. They also cannot alter the information if the audience
seems uninterested or reacts unexpectedly. Manuscript speaking is a very rigid form of speech delivery.

To conclude, in a manuscript speech, the speaker reads every word from a pre-written speech. This seems
easy enough. Well, if your audience enjoys a bedtime story, it may work. Reading directly from the pages
of a script has its benefits. You won't miss a single word or important fact. The downside? It can be boring.
Without eye contact, animation or movement on stage, the audience may become disinterested. This is
especially true if the speech is about a drab topic.

Memorized Speech

When you were in elementary school, did you ever have to memorize a poem or a part of a speech? If you
are like most students, the answer is “Yes. ” There is nothing wrong with memorization. But if you try to
memorize a speech, you risk forgetting what you planned to say and coming across as completely
unprepared.

Memorizing your speech is even worse than reading it. All the objections that apply to the read speech also
apply to the memorized speech. Spontaneity is gone. The speech can sound stilted. Often, delivery is too
rapid. Concentration is on the words, not the ideas. Sometimes the speech sounds too formal, like a written
essay. There is minimal feedback or other contact with the audience. And what happens if your mind goes
completely blank or if an audience member interrupts? The entire presentation will likely fall apart.
Memorizing a speech puts entirely too much pressure on the speaker.
A memorized speech is also fully prepared in advance and one in which the speaker does not use any notes.
In the case of an occasion speech like a quick toast, a brief dedication, or a short eulogy, word-for-word
memorization might make sense. Usually, though, it doesn’t involve committing each and every word to
memory, Memorizing a speech isn’t like memorizing a poem where you need to remember every word
exactly as written. Don’t memorize a manuscript! Work with your outline instead. Practice with the outline
until you can recall the content and order of your main points without effort. Then it’s just a matter of
practicing until you’re able to elaborate on your key points in a natural and seamless manner. Ideally, a
memorized speech will sound like an off-the-cuff statement by someone who is a really eloquent speaker
and an exceptionally organized thinker!

The advantage of a memorized speech is that the speaker can fully face their audience and make lots of eye
contact. The problem with a memorized speech is that speakers may get nervous and forget the parts they’ve
memorized. Without any notes to lean on, the speaker may hesitate and leave lots of dead air in the room
while trying to recall what was planned. Sometimes, the speaker can’t remember or find his or her place in
the speech and are forced to go get the notes or go back to the PowerPoint in some capacity to try to trigger
his or her memory. This can be an embarrassing and uncomfortable moment for the speaker and the
audience, and is a moment which could be easily avoided by using a different speaking method.

That said, there are a couple of parts of the speech that you may want to have memorized -or practiced so
well that you can deliver them almost as if memorized. These include:

Your introduction: It sets the stage for the entire speech. The words should be well chosen and rehearsed.
You may find that as you repeat this portion of the speech during your rehearsals you do come to memorize
it word for word. If so, this is fine. After all, once you have determined the best way of saying something,
why not use it? Just make sure the presentation does not sound memorized.

Your conclusion: The summary and call to action are the final words that your audience will hear. As with
the introduction, if you practice this repeatedly you will develop the best way to say what you want and
you will probably have perfected this portion of the speech.

Impromptu Speeches

An impromptu speech is one for which there is little to no preparation. There is often not a warning even
that the person may be asked to speak.

For example, your speech teacher may ask you to deliver a speech on your worst pet peeve. You may or
may not be given a few minutes to organize your thoughts. What should you do? DO NOT PANIC. Even
under pressure, you can create a basic speech that follows the formula of an introduction, body, and
conclusion. If you have a few minutes, jot down some notes that fit into each part of the speech. (In fact,
the phrase “speaking off the cuff,” which means speaking without preparation, probably refers to the idea
that one would jot a few notes on one’s shirt cuff before speaking impromptu.
An introduction should include an attention getter, introduction of the topic, speaker credibility, and
forecasting of main points. The body should have two or three main points. The conclusion should have a
summary, call to action, and final thought. If you can organize your thoughts into those three parts, you will
sound like a polished speaker. Even if you only hit two of them, it will still help you to think about the
speech in those parts. For example, if a speech is being given on a pet peeve of chewed gum being left
under desks in classrooms, it might be organized like this.

• Introduction: Speaker chews gum loudly and then puts it under a desk (attention getter,
demonstration). Speaker introduces themselves and the topic and why they’re qualified to speak on
it (topic introduction and credibility). “I’m Katie Smith and I’ve been a student at this school for
three years and witnessed this gum problem the entire time.
• Body: Speaker states three main points of why we shouldn’t leave gum on desks: it’s rude, it makes
custodians have to work harder, it affects the next student who gets nastiness on their seat (forecast
of order). Speaker then discusses those three points
• Conclusion: Speaker summarizes those three points (summary, part 1 of conclusion), calls on the
audience to pledge to never do this again (call to action), and gives a quote from Michael Jordan
about respecting property (final thought).

You just performed an impromptu speech. This is a speech that has no advanced planning or practice.
Reflecting back on your speech, you are probably thinking about what you could have done better. Those
dirty looks may very well be the catalyst for your regret in making those word choices. Well, lucky for you,
if you are ever asked to speak before a crowd without advanced notice again, here are a few tips you can
use:

• Think for a second about what you are going to say.

• Keep your points brief and to the point.
• Take a few seconds between thoughts to compose yourself.

If you take your time and think about what you would like to say, you probably will never put your foot in
your mouth again. Some speeches play it a little safer. They are a combination of a researched speech and
an off-the-cuff speech.

While an impromptu speech can be challenging, the advantage is that it can also be thrilling as the speaker
thinks off the cuff and says what they’re most passionate about in the moment. A speaker should not be
afraid to use notes during an impromptu speech if they were given any time to organize their thoughts.

The disadvantage is that there is no time for preparation, so finding research to support claims such as
quotes or facts cannot be included. The lack of preparation makes some speakers more nervous and they
may struggle to engage the audience due to their nerves.

Impromptu speeches are given with minimal preparation ahead of time and are best utilized in informal
environments. Manuscript speeches are written down, and the presenter does not stray from the written
plan. Extemporaneous speeches are carefully rehearsed but seem conversational when the speaker is
executing them. Memorized speeches are when a speaker memorizes a written message.

Monologue
A monologue is a speech given by a single character in a story. In drama, it is the vocalization of a
character’s thoughts; in literature, the verbalization. It is traditionally a device used in theater—a speech to
be given on stage—but nowadays, its use extends to film and television.

Types of Monologues

A. Soliloquy

A speech that a character gives to himself—as if no one else is listening—which voices his inner thoughts
aloud. Basically, a soliloquy captures a character talking to himself at length out loud. Of course, the
audience (and sometimes other characters) can hear the speech, but the person talking to himself is unaware
of others listening. For example, in comedy, oftentimes a character is pictured giving themselves a lengthy,
uplifting speech in the mirror…while a friend is secretly watching them and laughing. The soliloquy is one
of the most fundamental dramatic devices used by Shakespeare in his dramas.

B. Dramatic Monologue

A speech that is given directly to the audience or another character. It can be formal or informal, funny or
serious; but it is almost always significant in both length and purpose. For example, a scene that captures a
president’s speech to a crowd exhibits a dramatic monologue that is both lengthy and important to the
story’s plotline. In fact, in TV, theater ,and film, all speeches given by a single character—to an audience,
the audience, or even just one character—are dramatic monologues.

C. Internal Monologue

The expression of a character’s thoughts so that the audience can witness (or read, in literature) what is
going on inside that character’s mind. It is sometimes (depending on the style in) referred to as “stream-of-
consciousness.” In a piece of writing, internal monologues can often be easily identified by italicized blocks
of text that express a character’s inner thoughts. On TV and in films, internal monologues are usually
spoken in the character’s voice, but without seeing him actually speak; thus giving the feeling of being able
to hear his thoughts.

Monologues give the audience and other characters access to what a particular character is thinking, either
through a speech or the vocalization of their thoughts. While the purpose of a speech is obvious, the latter
is particularly useful for characterization: it aids the audience in developing an idea about what the character
is really thinking, which in turn helps (or can later help) explain their previous (or future) actions and
behavior.

A dramatic monologue is any speech of some duration addressed by a character to a second person. A
soliloquy is a type of monologue in which a character directly addresses an audience or speaks his thoughts
aloud while alone or while the other actors keep silent. In fictional literature, an interior monologue is a
type of monologue that exhibits the thoughts, feelings, and associations passing through a character‘s mind.

In conclusion, monologues is arguably one the most fundamental parts of onstage drama and dramatic
literature. Without it, essentially only silent film and theater could exist, as monologues provide the only
way for the audience to witness a character’s thoughts.
Synthesis, Summary and Generalization

A formal presentation given in front of an audience is what public speaking entails. This can be pre-
recorded, done remotely, or presented in the presence of a live audience. Speeches are used in corporate
events, school settings, and any other situation that requires a presentation in front of an audience.

Impromptu, extemporaneous, manuscript, memorized, and monologue are the five main types of speech
delivery. Impromptu speaking entails delivering a message on the spur of the moment, such as when
someone is asked to "say a few words," whereas extemporaneous speaking entails delivering a speech in a
conversational manner using notes. Most speeches should be written in this style. Reading a fully scripted
speech is what manuscript speaking entails. It is useful when a message must be delivered precisely.
Memorized speaking is the recitation of a scripted speech from memory. It frees the speaker from the burden
of notes. Finally, a monologue is a speech delivered by a single character in a story.

There are many different ways one can deliver a speech, but the aforementioned are the ones this lesson
focused on. We learned from the discussion and this paper that each type of speech delivery has unique
practical applications and qualities that make them beneficial.

Understanding the different speaking style we have looked at in this chapter and the one before it is
illustrative rather than exhaustive of the creative tools at the disposal of the English speaker and writer.
Every time we speak or write, we are all creating a new language, making countless, often-instantaneous
choices about the best speech to use to communicate with the audience. As a result of the uniqueness of our
transformational decisions, we each develop our own distinct style.

References (APA FORMAT)

Beebe, S. A. & Beebe, S. (2008). Public speaking: An audience-centered approach. 7 th edition. Nine
Techniques to Delivering Speech with Confidence. Retrieved on November 7, 2012.from

http.www. dubililteman.com.techniques to delivering speech.

Ortiz, L.D. (2005). 40 Elocution Pieces for Speech Training. Pasig City, Philippines: ANVIL Publishing,
Inc. Tan, A.B. (2012). Public Speaking and Speech Improvement for Filipino Students,

4th ed. Mandaluyong City, Philippines: National Book Store.

USA: Allyn and Bacon. Brantley, C. P. (2008). Effective communication for colleges. Australia: Thomson.

Name: Catacutan, Shenayah Loise P.

Year and Section: BSEd English 1-1
Group # 2

Unit II: STORYTELLING AND READERS’ THEATER

Objectives for Storytelling:

1. To understand and know the concept of storytelling.

2. List down some purposes of storytelling and how it helps the audience and speaker to engage more.
3. Learn the formula to be able to tell a good and effective story.
4. Enumerate the elements of storytelling at the end of the discussion.

Discussion Proper:

Storytelling is considered as a process of using information and narratives to communicate something to

your audience. Some stories are factual, but some may be fictional. This kind of speech has been utilized
frequently to capture our imagination and improve communication with others.

Walter Fisher, scholar of rhetoric, observed that humans now primarily comprehend the world through
stories. It is crucial for conversations as well as for how we deliver speeches. For this reason, Fisher referred
to modern humans as “narrans - storytelling humans.” Researchers also concluded that out of 500 TED
Talks, a total of 65% went viral because these talks incorporated narrative.

Purposes of Storytelling

1. Stories engage the audience and make a point.

“The brain doesn’t pay attention to boring things.” – John Medina, author of Brain Rules. Storytelling is
important because it helps the audience to practice their imagination and see new perspectives. It also allows
them to feel new feelings or relate to the stories being told. It is comparable to watching a movie, but in this
case, the audience are listening to the story and imagining it with their own minds.

2. Stories help stick ideas.

Storytelling allows the speaker to associate in his life or things he sees to the topic which makes it easier
for the audience to remember it.

3. Stories inspire action.

A lot of stories the people see or read often gives them inspiration to do something, to change. With
storytelling, people get to know about the things one may have experience in their lives and use those as a
catalyst to spark change or do actions that will help them move forward.

4. Stories help people engage with topics.

Storytelling reduces boring moments in speeches as the audience become more eager to know what comes
next in the story being told.
 5. Story changes the brain chemistry in listeners.

Paul Zac, well-known seminar speaker, once delivered a story to an audience then measure the chemicals
that were released by their bodies as a result. His conclusion is that stories alter brain chemistry and
increases empathy among readers.

In relation to that, Nancy Duarte, a speech coach, asserts that, “emotions are the condiments of speech,”
which indicates that our feelings help us conduct more raw stories that people can relate to. The feeling of
getting drawn deeper into a story being told has a name according to Ohio State researchers, it is known as
transportation.

Formula for a Good Story

The best stories build conflict or tension until offering a method to resolve it. According to Dave Lieber,
the formula is to get to know the character, have a depressing moment in the narrative, and then have the
hero push through the enemy and triumph. The tension-release formula is what it is known as.

The character’s progression or change is one aspect of the tension-release model. This method enables the
reader to become immersed in the story as the suspense arises. When the climax is revealed, the story is
then released to give the audience time to process everything that has happened.

Elements of Storytelling

• Plot – it defines what the story is all about

• Characters – are the elements who are living in the story.
• Protagonist – the main character or hero to the audience cares most about.
• Antagonist – the villain
• Confidant – sidekick or best friend
• Foil – opposite of the protagonist who exist to bring the protagonist’s qualities out
• Secondary or Tertiary characters – Drive the story forward or fill in the details of the story.
• Setting – where the story is taking place.
• Message – what turns a plot into something that really sticks with readers and makes them think,
and it should be written and interwoven throughout your story.
• Conflict – one of the most important elements of good storytelling because it adds tension and
suspense, making the audience want to keep listening to find out what happens next.
• Resolution – moment of relief after the problem has been solved.
• Craft – Word by word, sentence by sentence level of writing.

Generalization

Story is a powerful tool because it interests the audience on both an emotional and rational aspect. This
makes storytelling and effective means of communication and reduces boring moments in the conversation
proper.
A good story my set the scene (setting), describe the characters, and provide enough detail for the audience
to visualize the action. A story’s action should be described so that the audience can picture the events
taking place in their heads. Stories need to have a point that the audience can clearly understand and will
remember even if they don’t hear it again for a while.

Additionally, there should be tension and release in good storytelling. The characters made a compelling
plot that shows changes in them. Stories that did not lead to a change in the main character have no true
lasting impact. The audience must be able to want to stay seated and be fully attentive to know the climax
the ending and listen to even the smallest details.

That being said, it is clear that one of the speeches or aspects of speech that consistently leaves the audience
in awe is storytelling. To guarantee that the delivery of the speech goes without a hitch, it must be prepared
with great efforts and given great consideration.

References

Fisher, W.R. (2009). Narration as a human communication paradigm: The case of public moral argument.
Communication Monographs, 51 (1), 1-22.

https://doi.org/10.1080/03637758409390180

Zac, P.J. (2012). Empathy, neurochemistry, and the dramatic arc: Paul Zac and the future of storytelling.
[Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q1a7tiA10zo Standard YouTube License.

Lieber, D. (2013). The power of storytelling to change the world. TEDtalk. [Video]. YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Bo3dpVb5jw Standard YouTube License.

Duarte, N. (n.d.) Fifteen Science-Based Public Speaking Tips to be a Master Speaker, The Science of
People. https://www.scienceofpeople.com/public-speaking-tips/.

Meade, L. (n.d.). The Power of Story: The Secret Ingredient to Making Any Speech Memorable. University
of Arkansas. Retrieved January 1, 2023, from https://uark.pressbooks.pub/speaking/chapter/power-of-
story/

Greenawald, E. (2021, April 13). Be Memorable: 7 Elements of Storytelling to Master.

Skillshare Blog. https://www.skillshare.com/en/blog/be-memorable-7-elements-of-storytelling-to-master/

Objectives for Readers' Theater:

1. To know what a readers' theater is by the end of the discussion.

2. Know how a readers' theater is presented.
3. Learn the characteristics and features of a readers' theater presentation.

Discussion Proper:
The focus shifts from memorizing the script to interpreting it, which is what readers’ theater is defined as
“An oral performance of a script where the meaning is transmitted through expression and tone,”
(Scholastic Inc., 2014). It was created as a practical, successful method of presenting literature in a dramatic
manner. The performers’ aim is to read a script aloud properly so that the audience can picture the action
rather than acting out literature like in the play. By using their voice, their facial emotions, and some
gestures, performers bring the text to life. This gives readers the freedom to take their time reading a
narrative and acting it out numerous times to fully grasp all of his subtleties.

Characteristics of Readers’ Theater (Theatre of arts Center of the Lake):

• Narration serves as the framework of the dramatic presentation.

• The foundation of the speech is only through narration of a given script or story that is chosen by
the readers or the instructor.
• No full memorization.
• Scripts are use openly in performances.
• No full stage sets.
• If used at all sets are simple and suggestive; a stage is unnecessary.
• No full costumes.
• If used at all costumes are partial and suggestive, or neutral and uniform.

Features of Readers’ Theater:

• Peppy Dialogue
• High-spirited dialogues are used and read to interest the audience into listening.
• A little action
• Minimum to no action at all is used since it is majorly performed using verbal cues.
• Laugh-out-loud parts
• Some pun may be included, or humorous dialogues are put in the script to maintain the lively
atmosphere the readers are trying to establish.
• Lively narration
• The narration of the speech is done in a very specific tone that will make the audience attentive of
the speech being delivered.
• Enough roles for everyone
• Sufficient roles are given to everyone to make sure that every person is involved in the speech
production.

Generalization:

As a quick and easy technique to deliver literature in a dramatic manner, readers’ theater was developed.
Performers read from a script in sections. Everyone has a specific role to play. There is no requirement for
blocking, costumes, memorization, or special lighting. The readers perform holding scripts in their hands.
By using their voice, their facial emotions, and some gestures, performers bring the text to life.

This type of creative speech production includes a high-spirited dialogue, some puns or humorous parts in
the script, lively narration, and involves no action at all.

To conclude, readers’ theater allows performers to enact the story being conveyed only though the form of
verbal communication and their facial expressions. This can help them improve their voice quality, tone,
and control of facial muscles to prepare them for all out acting performances in the near future.

References:

Readers Theatre - TAC at the Lake. (n.d.). TAC at the Lake. https://www.tacatthelake.com/readers- theater

Reader's Theater: Giving Students a Reason to Read Aloud. (2021, September 9). Reading Rockets.
https://www.readingrockets.org/article/reader-s-theater-giving-students-reason-readaloud

Republic of the Philippines Tarlac State University

COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION CENTER OF DEVELOPMENT

Lucinda Campus, Tarlac City

Tel. No. (045) 493-0182; Fax No. (045) 982-0110

Re-accredited Level III by the

Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities of the Philippines (AACUP), Inc.

Name: Bryan L. Barrera

Year and Section: BSED ENGLISH 1-1

Group # 2

Unit II: ORAL INTERPRETATION & CHAMBERS THEATER

Objectives:

1. To help you develop your social skills

2. After this report, you will learn how to improve your acting skills
3. To better understand the different types of interpretations
4. Discussion Proper Oral Interpretation

Discussion Proper:

Reading an excerpt from a book or poem out loud allows a speaker to make that excerpt as dramatic or
banal as he or she chooses.

The excerpt can take on new life depending on how the speaker interprets its meaning, nuances, and vocal
patterns. Such a reading — and the process of assigning one's own vocal performance to the excerpt — is
called oral interpretation.

Oral Interpretation is the skill of reading aloud to convey an authors message, it is primarily oral
performance

In oral interpretation the interpreter must be concerned not only in using his voice but also In delivering the
message of the literary selection to an appreciative audience

Oral interpretation differs significantly from the general category of acting in a few ways. While both forms
stress vocal delivery, acting relies more heavily on movement and visual presentation. For example, actors
often wear costumes and make-up, and make full use of a large stage or setting.

Oral interpretation performers, however, do not employ the use of props, make-up or costumes, relying
instead on vocal delivery and subtle movement to bring their excerpt to life. In fact, props and costumes are
generally banned from performances and competitions.

What is Chambers Theater

• Is a method of adapting literary works to the stage using a maximal amount of the works original
text and often minimal and suggestive settings
• In chamber theater narration is included in the performed text and the narration might be played by
multiple actors
• The uniqueness of chamber theatre lies In the dual role of each member in the cast as an actor or
actress as well as the narrator.
• Each participant is thus an actor or actress narrator. an actor or actress interacts with other
characters yet retains the role of narrator or author who summarizes describes and explains to an
audience
 • Chamber theatre has more realistic costuming and actual movement around the stage

Generalization

Oral Interpretation is the ability to read aloud to convey an author's message; it is primarily performed
orally. When a speaker reads an excerpt from a book or poem aloud, he or she has the freedom to make the
excerpt as dramatic or as mundane as he or she wishes.

Chambers Theater Is a method of adapting literary works to the stage that uses as much of the original text
as possible and often minimal and suggestive settings. Narration is included in the performed text in
chamber theater, and it may be played by multiple actors. Chamber theatre is

distinguished by each cast member's dual role as an actor or actress as well as the narrator. As a result, each
participant serves as an actor or actress narrator. An actor or actress interacts with other characters while
also serving as narrator or author, summarizing, describing, and explaining to the audience. Chamber
theatre has more realistic costuming and movement onstage.

References (APA FORMAT)

Humanities. Debate / Poetry Interpretation. (n.d.). (2023, January 13). Language Bev, T. (2021, October
25). Readers Theater and Chamber Theater. YouTube.

Debate / Prose Interpretation. (n.d.).

Debate / Dramatic Interpretation (DI). (n.d.). Debate / Duo Interpretation/Duet Acting. (n.d.). Debate /
Program Oral Interpretation (POI). (n.d.).

Name: Vital, Francheska Joy D.

Year and Section: English 1-1

Group # 2

Unit II: INTERPRETATIVE READING AND ONE PLAYLET

Objectives:
 1. Learn the techniques or ways of delivering an Interpretative Reading and One Playlet piece
effectively.
2. To know how to communicate to an audience by performing creative speeches such as
Interpretative Reading and One Playlet.
3. Have a profound understanding on how to properly create and perform Interpretative Reading and
One Playlet.

Discussion Proper

Interpretative Reading

Interpretive reading is when a person reads aloud from a written literary script in a way that makes it feel
as though it is being performed though the person is not performing the script. The audience must imagine
the action happening rather than seeing it in front of them.

Interpretive readers will use vocal and physical cues to help convey the action that the script suggests.
Interpretive readers will not kneel or move more than approximately 1 foot in any direction. They do not
wear costuming or make sets for the performance. While interpretive reading shares similarities with
dramatic reading, it is not the same thing. The interpretive reader must find unique ways to convey
emotions, feelings, ideas, moods, sounds and smells. If done well, the interpretive reader can make the
audience feel as though they are experiencing a vivid memory or moment.

• In its simplest form, it consists of one person reading aloud to another.

• In its most complex form, it is an art by which a reader communicates the meaning of great
literature to an appreciation audience.

Examples of Interpretative Reading

• A student reading a poem aloud to the rest of the class in a way that the class starts to imagine the
action happening right in front of them even though it is not.
• A person reading out loud a passage from a popular novel in such a way that it makes it seem as
though the action is occurring in front of the audience.
• Examples of pieces may include: children's stories, poetry, essays, speeches, articles, and excerpts
from novels that stand alone.

3 Major Components of Interpretative Reading

• The author who writes the piece

• The interpreter who reads it, and
• The audience who listens to it

3 Things to do to be an effective interpretative reader:

• Understand the meaning of the piece.

 • Work for effective expression of the meaning of the piece through the use of fundamental
techniques of public speaking during the actual performance. Maintain an eye contact with the
audience.
• Intensify the meaning of the piece.

One Playlet

A Playlet is a mini-play /short play or a dramatic piece, usually less than three or four minutes in duration,
that helps students learn about a subject by watching characters perform real life simulations. Scripts are
usually less than 500 words and the playlets can be performed by three or, at most four, actors.

Key Elements of One Playlet

1. Characters- a playlet usually have four or fewer characters. Dialogue- is the form of conversation
between characters. Setting- a playlet should be set in a single location.
2. Plot- a playlet must have one central plot. Theme- a playlet must have a main idea. Five Main Parts
in a Play Script
a. Plot
b. Exposition
c. Dialogues
d. Conflict
e. Climax

How to write a script for a One Playlet?

• Choose a Theme
• Make an outline
• Write using the outline
• Edit and rewrite

The true playlet is marked by the following ten characteristics:

• A clearly motivated opening–not in soliloquy form.

• A single definite and predominating problem or theme.
• A single preeminent character.
• Motivated speeches.
• Motivated business and acting.
• Unity of characters.
• Compression.
• Plot.
• A finish that develops the most striking feature into a surprise–or is an event toward which every
speech and every action has been progressing.
 • Unity of impression

Generalization

The efficient conveyance of an author's thoughts and/or feelings to the listener is known as interpretive
reading. The reader should derive meaning from the choices to connect with the audience.

Interpreting occurs in a variety of locations and for a variety of reasons, but the primary goal of interpreting
is to promote communication between the reader and the audience. Trained interpreters authentically
translate for all parties without adding, removing, or modifying the meaning.

A Playlet is a stage narrative that takes about twenty minutes to act, has a single main character, and a single
problem that dominates, and is developed through a plot that is so compressed and organized that every
speech and action of the characters moves it forward to a finish that presents the most striking features;
while the whole is so organized that it produces a single impression.

It is not easy to compose a one playlet. It takes time to finish such. You need to have an inspiration in
having your theme and writing the script. And when everything is set and done, you need to prepare and
practice for the actual performance you need to find the characters, have all the things done before you can
actually perform the playlet. In conclusion to this, One Playlet is a great piece if finished but it takes so
much effort to even finish one.

It is an integral part of being a good interpreter or performer when you get your audience attention and that
they do understand and feel the true meaning of the piece you are performing. In my perspective, I think as
a future English teacher, I should be knowledgeable about these things because they can help e to execute
properly what I need to teach to my future students.

References (APA FORMAT)

Urban Dictionary: define.php. (n.d.). Urban Dictionary. Luga, M. V. (n.d.). M. (n.d.). Oral interpretation.
https://www.slideshare.net/mylenejeremias1/oral-(n.d.).

Name: Gerald N. Miranda

Year and Section: BSED English 1-1

Group # 2

Unit II: DECLAMATION

Objectives:
 1. To develop public speaking skills.
2. To promote critical thinking and expression.
3. To encourage social awareness and civic engagement.

Discussion Proper:

Declamation is a vital art form that is utilized to convey a message or idea to an audience. It is utilized in a
variety of contexts, includeing speeches, readings, and dramatic performances

Examples of Declamations

• Martin Luther King Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" speech Uchiha Madara speech.
• Erwin Smith.

Skills needed to use Declamation. Public speaking skills, appropriate posture and body language, the
ability to read aloud with expression, memorization skills, and topic understanding

Why declamation is important. Declamation is a crucial skill to acquire in public speaking becausee it
helps to improve vocal force and control, adds emphasis and drama, and allows the speaker to successfully
communicate an argument or tale

Generalization

Declamation is a vital art form that is utilized to convey a message or idea to an audience. It is utilized in a
variety of contexts, including speeches, readings, and dramatic performances. The purpose of declamation
is for the listener to feel the emotion and power of the speaker's words.

References (APA FORMAT)

Dugdale, S. (2021, April 18). Declamation speech resources. Write Out Loud. Retrieved March 10, 2023,
from https://www.write-out-loud.com/declamation-speech.html

Name: Tristan D. Tabamo

Year and Section: BSED ENGLISH 1-1

Group #2

Unit II: SPEECHES FOR SPECIAL OCCASIONS

Objectives:
 1. To help you develop your social skills
2. After this report, you will learn how to improve your acting skills
3. To better understand the different types of interpretations

Discussion Proper

Speeches for Special Occasions

• is created to address and appeal to the emotions of the audience and the situation at hand.

Special event presentations should convey a coherent point, just like informative or persuasive speeches,
but often do it in a different way. Although some speaking occasions—such as a toast at a wedding, an
acceptance speech at an awards banquet, or a eulogy for a loved one—are truly special occasions, speeches
can also be delivered at less significant occasions. For example, large corporations regularly deliver
hundreds of speeches in public relations. The ultimate purpose of a speech for a special event is to arouse
the audience's emotions and get them to feel a particular way in reaction to the circumstance or occasion.

Let's look at four essential aspects to help us think through how to deliver speeches for special occasions:
preparation, adaptability to the event, adaptation to the audience, and mindfulness about the time.

1. Be prepared. Under- or non-preparation while giving a speech for a significant event is the biggest
error you can make. This book has emphasized the importance of preparation, so just because you're
giving a toast at a wedding or a eulogy doesn't mean you shouldn't prepare your speech in advance.
Even making rudimentary notes on a napkin is preferable to not having a plan for what to say in an
unexpected circumstance.
2. Adapt to the Occasion. Not every piece of content fits every occasion. Humor and jokes would
definitely not be suitable if you were expected to give a speech honoring the first anniversary of a
school shooting. Keep in mind that effective communication requires being both socially and
individually appropriate. Different situations will necessitate varying degrees of social propriety.
Delivering a single generic speech to various groups without customizing it for each group is one
of the worst blunders engaging speakers can make. Professional speakers actually always make
sure that their speeches are customized for various events by asking their hosts about the occasion.
People are more likely to recall speeches that are specifically tailored for special events than talks
that are generic.
3. Adapt to the Audience. Different audiences will react differently to speech content, thus the more
you know about them, the more probable it is that your speech will be successful. One of our
coauthors previously attended a seminar for public speaking instructors. Standing up, the keynote
speaker spoke about the value of public speaking. The speech completely went flat, despite the
speaker being excellent and humorous. The keynote speaker essentially advised the public speaking
instructors to enroll in courses since public speaking is significant. Correct speech, incorrect
audience.
4. Be Mindful of the Time. Being careful of your time is the final important factor for giving good
presentations at special occasions. There are certain time norms and guidelines for various speech
circumstances. For instance, acceptance speeches and toasts ought to be brief (typically under two
 minutes). An introduction speech should be incredibly succinct— just long enough to give the
audience the information they need to know about the person being introduced in a way that will
help them understand and appreciate their remarks. In contrast, depending on the situation,
commencement speeches, eulogies, and addresses to celebrate events can last ten to twenty
minutes.

There are different types of speeches for special occasions. These are the following types of speeches for
special occasions:

• Speeches of Introduction
• Speeches of Presentation
• Speeches of Acceptance
• Roasts
• Motivational Speeches

Speeches of Introduction

It is a brief speech delivered by the host of a ceremony to introduce the next speaker. Similar to
any other speech, an introduction should be an entire speech with a distinct introduction, body, and
conclusion. You should also attempt to finish the speech in under two minutes. You need to find something
that can grab the audience’s attention and make them excited about hearing the main speaker.

Speeches of Presentation

A speech of presentation is a brief speech given to accompany a prize or honor. When preparing a
speech of presentation, it’s always important to ask how long the speech should be. Once you know the
time limit, then you can set out to create the speech itself. First, you should explain what the award or honor
is and why the presentation is important. Second, you can explain what the recipient has accomplished for
the award to be bestowed. Did the person win a race? Did the person write an important piece of literature?
Did the person mediate conflict? Whatever the recipient has done, you need to clearly highlight his or her
work. Last but not least, if the race or competition was held in front of a large audience and many
participants placed second or third, you might also want to honor them for their efforts. Even if you don't
want to overshadow the winner, you could wish to highlight the contributions of the other finalists or
nominees.

Speeches of Acceptance

The speech of acceptance is a speech given by the recipient of a prize or honor. A speech of
acceptance often has three parts: 1) expressing gratitude to the people who gave the award or honor, 2)
thanking those who assisted you in achieving your objective, and 3) putting the award or distinction in
context. The persons who gave you the medal or distinction should be thanked first, as should everybody
who cast a vote for you. Second, you want to give credit to those who helped you achieve the award or
honor. Lastly, put the award in perspective. Tell the people listening to your speech why the award is
meaningful to you.
Roasts

A roast is a very interesting and peculiar speech because it is designed to both praise and good-
naturedly insult a person being honored. It is easy to claim that the roast is probably a difficult form of
speech to write given the challenging challenge of both praising and insulting the person because of this
combination of aims. Roasts are typically presented at the end of a dinner in recognition of someone's
lifetime accomplishments. Since a few years ago, Comedy Central has started hosting celebrity roasts. If
you've ever watched one, you know that the "roasters" often criticize the "roastees" harshly despite the fact
that they are pals.

Motivational Speeches

A roast is a very interesting and peculiar speech because it is designed to both praise and god-
naturedly insult a person being honored. Motivational speaking is a highly specialized form of persuasive
speaking commonly delivered in schools, businesses, religious houses of worship, and club or group
contexts.