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Mathematics in The Modern World
Mathematics in The Modern World
*Studying patterns help students in identifying relationships and finding logical connections to form
generalizations and make predictions.
Examples:
1. 1, 3, 5, 7, 9,
2. 1, 4, 9, 16, 25,
Symmetry – comes from a Greek word meaning “to measure together” and is widely used in the study
of Geometry
– Mathematically, it means that one shape becomes exactly like another when you move it in
some way: turn, flip, or slide
– indicates that you can draw an imaginary line across an object and the resulting parts are
mirror images of each other
*For two objects to be symmetrical, they must be the same size and shape, with one object having a
different orientation from the first.
1. Reflection Symmetry/ Line Symmetry/ Mirror Symmetry – is when an object is reflected across a
line, like looking in a mirror
Examples: face, square, circle, letter A
2. Rotational Symmetry – is when an object is rotated by several degrees, the same appearance as
the original position is still achieved
Order of Rotation (n) – number of times an object or shape can be rotated and still look like it did before
rotation began
Angle of Rotation – smallest angle that a figure can be rotated while still preserving the original
formation
360°
𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
𝑛
3. Point Symmetry (sometimes called Origin Symmetry) – occurs when there exists a position or a
central point on an object such that:
– The central point splits the object or shape into two parts.
– Every part on each has a matching part on the other that is the same distance from
the central point.
– Both parts face different directions.
Examples:
1. 1, 10, 1000, , ,
2. 2, 5, 9, 14, 20, , ,
3. 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, , ,
4. 4, 10, 16, 22, 28, , ,
5. 3, 4, 7, 8, 11, , ,
Fibonacci Sequence – named after the Italian mathematician Leonardo of Pisa, who was better known
by his nickname Fibonacci
*Starting with 0 and 1, the succeeding terms in the sequence can be generated by adding the two
numbers that came before the term.
*This pattern is very visible in nature ( spiral arrangement of sunflower seeds, number of petals in a
flower, shape of a snail’s shell)
*The ratios of two successive Fibonacci numbers approach the number 𝜑, also known as the Golden
Ratio (approximately equal to 1.618)
*Shapes and figures that bear this proportion are generally considered to be aesthetically pleasing
(Mona Lisa, the Notre Dame Cathedral, Parthenon)
Examples:
Let 𝐹𝑛 be the nth term of the Fibonacci sequence with 𝐹1 = 0, 𝐹2 = 1, 𝐹3 = 1, 𝐹4 = 2, and so on.
1. Find 𝐹8.
2. Find 𝐹19.
3. If 𝐹22 = 10, 946 and 𝐹24 = 28, 657, what is 𝐹23?