AS LEVEL

PSYCHOLOGY

MADE BY RAIDAH ANWAR

 wise
ngicae
Assumptions
→ Behaviour and emotions can be controlled
evolution the nervous by
hormones
biological systems like
genes , ,
system and
,
.

→ Behaviour and emotions be

investigated by manipulating
can

measuring
and brain biological responses such as
eye
movements pulse rate .

activity
caulis et al

Background
FMRI Functional is
procedure
magnetic resonance imaging brainneuroimaging
→ a

activity by detecting
MRI that measures
using intechnology
changes bloodtheflow Because
hydrogen concentrations
vaey
in
.

different poets scanner is able to crate

,

very
detailed
picture a

Amygdala where
which memories are
→
Responsible foe and
kept
-

Aim
→ whether the based
subjective
amygdala
emotional
is sensitive to
degrees of emotions on

experiences emotional .

→to
investigate
whether the
degree of intensity affects the role

of amygdala memory recall of the stimuli classified as emotional

in
.

Design
Research Method Lab experiment
→

Experimental Design → Repeated Measures

In
dependant V.
Intensity
→
of stimuli
Dependant v. level
of
→

amygdala activation
10 right handed female ↳ CHOSEN BECAUSE
by measure
of memory
sample →
females all more
intense emotional
→

sample technique Volunteer experience to

→

likelyand report
Procedure
show deactions
physiological
Participants viewed 96 scenes that were presented overhead and
→

5.44
on
projectile
fol case of viewing
mill ol I→ RATED → 1- 17 -

older pictures randomised al closs participants

→
of
→ Picture
presented seconds Interval
for 2.88
interval
.

of 12.96 seconds
viewed fixation diving
cross
→ a
.

participants hated the pictures dueling interval

according
→

emotional
to
intensity not
.

emotionally intense
intense 3
RATED 0-3 0
emotionally
→ = =

, ,

right
All rated button with hand
Must viewby picture
pressing for the entire time
→ a
.

→ .

11 flames to measure neural

captured activity
→ FMRI .

→ called
foe unexpected llwgnitioh test 3 weeks later
.

→
viewed all 96 scenes 48 plus foils .

→
Participants were asked if they had seen the images before
→
If yes RATED Remember Cee tain) know [uncertain
→
,
 Results
correlation of participant emotional
intensity and
→

Normative Valence→ O 66 - -

Arousal→ O 68 .

Amygdala
ratings
activation was
significantly correlated with
higher
→

individually
ofrecall experienced emotional
intensity intense
.

Memory was better for those dated as

emotionally
→ .

significant correlation between memory recall and left amygdala

→ .

Conclusion
emotional
→
Amygdala activation
ofstimuli
intensitydata
is sensitive to
individually experienced
.

left any during viewing is predictive of subjective memory

→

Ethics
Informed consent → All
giventheinformed consent and well
had
→
participants
aware the
Individuals
of nature
of
FMRI were trained and
experiment
→
Healthy safety →

harm → operating compote

that were stressful
ut
protection
from Exposed to images
→

mental state
cheating a negative
.

Evaluation

→Strengths
Standardization by controls
↳
Laboratory Experiment means all the well tested in a
participantsall Heated with the
standardised environment all the participants .

same plocedull LF ol example same no of pictures same

pictures same
.
.

, , ,

→ µ,
anbjHigh
↳
mejluthfs
means results can be

controls
of the
to check for depleted
om it
reliability
experimentasthat comes
ftcan bebeing
in a
lab means there is a
high validity fewer study
the more sure
that the results are
Mohe confident in affected by casualconfounding variables

establishing relationship
a
.

→ Quantitative Data
↳ Use the dependant valuables
of a fMRI to measure one
of .

↳ Use likert scales to measure

subjective emotional
of intensity
.

↳ Statistical correlational results .

data
All
of above
the
quantitative us and
gives objective findings
need
not be
the like t scales allowed
Ilseaediles Ful the mole the statistics
interpreted by statistical and cool atonal
.

from The statistics could also have been used to

foe
analysis compare results
.
.

→ Demand Characteristics

ate not so it is not possible feel the

↳
Although ecological
FMRI
scannings
to respond to demand characteristics and alter the hesalts
participants
,

the results more valid

the fMRI scans
of making
.

→
Repeated measures
↳ Since each
.

the
of participants did all the level of IV there is no chance
,

of participant variables
increasing validity
,
.

,
→
Operation aliSati on
↳ Variables

measurement
such as time were
operationwised
giving
an unit
of ,

increasing internal validity

-

,
 Weaknesses
→ Mundane Realism
↳ this
experiment
done in the real
involves the
life therefore
participants in
doing a task that is not
lacks mundane realism .

of Qualitative
tackUnable data
→ .

to understand the participants chose the particular

due to not subjective data why solution Could 've used questionnaireseating
-

→
→
unrepresentative sample
↳ Includes
only females (es.uoceuu.iq therefore results can't be
generalised
↳ Includes
to males who
handed may
Respond differently results
.

right
only participants
handed
and
whose
therefore
generalised left amygdala may
can 't be to -

people
respond differently
.

Small
↳ sample it can't
so
handed easily generalised
even be to the
general
population of eight females
-
.

→ cometation al
↳ Use
of study
correlational data shows a
only relationship between two
and can not establish a cause and
factors effect relationship .

Applications to Real
life
can be
helpful to
advertising
to agencies Helps them to
as an emotional
identify what can be
.

emotionally and
intense consumers stimuli can be intense
memorable what will attract that mends
-

Nature vs Nurture

subjective
findings of the
experiment supports the native side however as ,

experience to each scene is not taken into results vulture ,

could 've
played a part too
-

situational Individual
vs
canti demonstrates both individual
expiation in a sense that each
participant
had their own
degree intensity
the scenes but
different of emotional while
situational in a sense that the scenes were emotional
viewing
and
vehement Kleinman

Background detects and he colds electrical

electroencephalogram
An
EEG →
nerve and muscle cells
in
measure provided is dltiable -
activity -

m
detects movement
eulogy
an electro
-

EOG am
eye
→
.

REM → movement
Rapid eyeand sleep
associated with
when our
eyes
move
rapidly isunder the

eyelids dreaming
.

elapid eye movement sleep is when the

eyes all still
n REM → Non -

IIFto whether dream recall different dueing and ukEM

investigate is REM .

investigate
To whether there is correlation between subjective est
2
positive
→ a
a
tes
of dream duration and
length of REM -

movement is related to dream content

To
investigatewhether
3 →
eye
-

-
IsseiYauch Method 9 Natural Entree i ment Colletti onal
Study 3. Interview
→ .

a .

Experimental Design Repeated Measures

→

movement
In dependant v
! Stage of sleep a Length of Sleep
→ 3
Eye
-
-
-

Dependant V.→ , Dream recall 2- Estimated 3 Dream content

length
.

7 Male 2 Female (5 Studied in detail 4 to

sample →
confirm results)
.

, ,

sampling technique opportunity

→

Procedure
Refrain containing study
drinks on the the
from caffeine day of
→ -

Arrived in the lab

→
before
dat k boom
bed time
→
slept with
in a
quiet
→
Slept electrodes attached Wiles
gathered together like a
ponytail
. .

All were woken wild doorbell

by counted if the participants can remember the
→
up a
.

Dream
report only
→

vividly
dream and it 's content .

Aim I
↳
Participants were woken
up from was
REM ol n NREM
sleep
↳ The choice all
of ↳
REM da n REM
different
Random number table
period
foe
↳
Groups of 3 REM and Suk EM
only it was random
↳
in Told REM but
↳ No
specific older
↳
They
not told
were
flow which
stage
to avoid demand
↳ CAUSE they:characteristicsfrom
were awaken
.

I→ recorded
They asked if
were
the content they had dllaent If
dream yes they
.

↳ of their tape recoildel on a

times to ask
Aim
Experimenter
2
came in a
few questions
two set time at first)
after
↳ Woken 5 min a 15 min REM
↳ Told to
up the duration (were given no choice at first )
of sleep
guess
.

↳ Recorded dream and humble w olds in the nablative well decorated

of
.

Aim 3

Participants movement
↳
were woken
the EEG )
an
than a minute Movements up after showing eye
(recorded
by fol longer
-

include → vertical
Mainly horizontal
Mainly vertical and horizontal
→

→
Both

Very little or no movement

→

EYEfrteeeupted dream lasted 50 min tie minutes )

stages 3 -
=
20

Uninterrupted dream
sleep night
at
stages were
longer
→

No REM w ele seen

during the onset the
→
The
n

varied between
of but were consistent
cycle length participants
→

between individuals (70 I 04 a- 923

.
-

m
=

when awaken in REM no dream until the next REM

stage
→ .

Aim I
↳ In REM
there were 79 6 I dream hecall (152/191) .

↳ In n REM there were 7 t dream recall ( l l 160 )

l -
 ↳
waking pattern rarely affected dream recall
Specifically WD .

wasn't less accurate he was mislead

though even and
DN wasn't more accurate
though he could 've
even
guessed the

pimpzattelu of awakenings
This meant there were
.

practice effect no .

estimation of 5 minutes were 881 (45/61)

of
↳
the
↳The accuracy
.

15 minutes were 78%147760)

of estimation
of
↳ DN accuracy underestimated because he could
alwaysend of his dreams
remember
the only .

↳ there was a moderate to correlation between

significant
FD due Ati on (O 4
jumble of w olds and REM o
. -
- .

µm
.

vertical movements
mainly
↳ 3
eye
↳ 9. theowner
hoist and standing
at the bottom
of diff operating
at the woe Kees in levels
a

and looking
,

down at the machine

different
↳ cooking ladder and and
Dreamed
climbing looking
2- was
up a

Dreamer wasclimbing
down while .

↳
shooting basketball
looking atthe
3 a
up
-

net and looked down to pick up ball a

.

↳ horizontal movement
mainly
I
↳ Dreamer watched 2
↳
people throw tomatoes
10 dreams little to no movement
.

↳ theauras watched in the distance ol stated

at an
object
.

something
left
2 had several movements to the
large
↳
↳ I Dreamer stared at the road ahead while
deriving
-

Startled at the
↳ a theowner
.
a
by
staled at
cat in the
speeding
the road ahead and saw a
left junction
and him
left acknowledged
man to the .

Conclusions
deported in REM but not n REM
Dreaming
→ is .

we
REM
can
accurately
pattens relate
estimate the
to dream content and is notlength of
one dream
random
purely
.

Evaluation
strengths
.

made it to control extraneous variables

↳ Lab
experiment
standardized Lex alleasy
.

↳
Highly
but I
went to dat k doom waken
the results Seti able and up by
plication
a
,
a

making easy foe de .

Participants were not told about their

pattern to awakening
↳
avoid demand characteristics .

↳ correlational results allow statistical foe analysis

.

ed
validity
alis
↳ Dream was
deadly operation .

raising dreams
.

differently
↳ Reduced variables as
participant everyone
.

↳ Quantitative data
from EEG and EOG allows foe objective way of
investigating data
dreaming
.

↳ Qualitative such dream as

deports provided a subjective
insight into the reasons for the results flow EOG G EEG
 Standardised procedures
stag
↳ allowed the to be more
easily
replicated therefore it can be tested foe For
rleliabitity
-

.
.
ex
,

Knowing how
replication long they
is possible . .
had to be in REM means exact

Weakness
↳
Sample size
therefore can it be
is small
generalised to the
population
ecologically
↳ valid as participants don't sleep connected to
machines
Not
↳ Not
in real
lifevalid as
participants
ecologically
have been used to
may dreams and sleep
drinking coffee or alcohol and experienced
experiment
differently than how it was done in the
-

↳ coseelaliohal studies does not show cause and

effectthe study
.

↳ All beauts are based on mechanism so

be reductionist biological
may of
through self truthfulthemay
↳ Most the data were collected -

reports which
be unreliable because we do not know how
all this could seduce
participants validity
.

Ethics
→
one
participant WD was deceived as he was mislead to think he
awakened REM period therefore he couldn't
was
being
informed consent
every . give

Application to Real alife disoedllllike insomnia in a patient

→
Helpcould
diagnose sleep
an EEG whilst Rtm and
.

They ukEM isundergo sleeping if

-

to see

happening correctly
" "

Native vs Nuttall
Biological approach mainly focuses on the native side which
→

allows
is
foe
usefulastoit collecting
be able to collect though data
physiological
procedures such as EEG It
evidence about brain
.

direct evidence fee the

provides
activity process underlying
biological
→ Dream content relates to our
experiences product of
.

so is a ,

vulture This at least the

party explains differences in a
.

,
,

dlealns about individual .

→ However even a fetus

, experiences REM sleep so the
ability to
dream is a product nature
of
.

Psychology being investigated

→ REM is
phase of
a
sleep where a
person is paralysed
-

Their
flicker and breathe but all the other muscles
eyes they can
are
paralysed
WREM are the other and differ in brain
stages of sleep they activity
→

Dreaming subjective experience of

is while we
imagery
→ a are

asleep
.

brainwave
activity used to measure
→ EEG measures
They
.
are
the
amplitude and frequency of brainwaves .
shatter { single
Aim
To test out the two which is that emotional
I
factor theory experience
→

label and some arousal

from cognitiveof physiological
comes a
.

a → to the role
investigate
arousal with cognitions when we are in state
of a

physiological immediate
no
explanation
.

To
investigate
whether we
appropriately
label our emotions when
3 →

we do have an immediate
explanation
.

Design
Research Method → Lab Experiment / Controlled Observation / Question air
In dependant
Experimental Design →

① Emotional situation
In
dependant V →
-

Angel Euphoria
↳ ↳ .

②
Injection information
→

↳ Placebo ↳
Pulse Rate
↳ informed Misinformed ↳
Ignorant
on Question cute Behaviour obsa
Dependant V185 male -
→

Ratings , .
.

Sample → students
of Uni
of .
Minnesota .

Sampling technique
course credit 12
volunteer were →
;
given points
Procedure
of all choked to ensure there
→ Health records
participants were were
no
halmful effects were told to the
injection
.

All the participants the

following
→

↳ The was about vision

study
↳ About how vitamins vision
affect
↳ About
Supeoxin
is assessed
being
to
↳ Asked
for permission get injected with Supeoxiu
↳ the injection was mild / harmless .

→
Epi in f. well told
↳ there were side
effects to the injection
↳ The side
effectsare short
-

lived
they'llhand will
↳ last 15 minutes
↳ Their
begin to shake ,
the heart will pound ,
their
face
may get
warm .

→
Epi mis Well told
.

↳ there be side
may effects lived
-

↳ The side
effects
are sweet
-
-

They'll will
last 15
↳ minutes
↳ theirfeet feel numb they'll be itchy and might get a
,

headache
slight
Epi Ign well told
→ .
-

side
↳ About no
effects
↳
Repeated that the
injection was harmless .

→
Participants were then divided into and euphoriatogroup
angel
.

the
experimenter entered with Stooge who was
pretending be
→
a
another participant .
 Angel condition
→

will take 20m to absorb and the

↳
they were told the
supeoxiw
experimenter will return then
had to
↳ Meanwhile
the
they
started
,
complete a
questionnaire
about the questionnaire with
.

Stooge
statements aboutcomplaining
↳
it
at being
unfair
.

↳
He was
annoyed being injected
.

↳
the
the Stooge began
then to show
↳ angel more personal
questions begin innocently turning
.

↳ the
Stooge answer to match the
participant
"
his 's
paces
"

↳ The makes standardised comments about the

↳ Stooge
comments were innocent and became
questions
increasingly
hostile .

↳ He at the end
the
the
crumplesout
up questionnaire .

stamps wereof observed

↳
the room .

↳
Participants though the one
way
mirror -
.

↳Their behaviour was

placed into 6 categories
.

↳
Agrees
Disagrees agreement
↳
↳ Initiates

watches disagreement
↳ initiates
↳

Ignores
↳
condition
.

Euphoria
→ .

↳The were told it would take 10m foe the

participants
tin to absorb and the
super
would return then
experimental
.

mess and saidallay could use the

apologized
↳ the room was in a mild dis the
experimenter .

for
the room
the
.

they stuff in

introduced and made ice bleaker

↳the
Stooge himself again
-

comments and launched in a standardised routine .

Which consisted
paper pencil
,
of him
folders,
and playing
hula hoops
with bubble bands,
.

↳ the
↳ theirStooge suggested they the
into 4 activity
join
.

behaviour was
placed categories .

activity
↳ initiates new (laughing hula hoop ) .
↳ watches
Stooge lit they
↳
Ignores Stooge gave creative
ia outside the routine
cup not
joins new
activity
↳ →

questionnaire
After the session the participants had to complete a
→
,

about their mood and condition

physical
.

The included were

questions
→ :

↳ Have experienced
you tremor palpitation (O =
not at all
)
↳ Do intense amount
you feel 3 =

↳ How irritated
annoyed you Ifeel7 ( O not at all ) = . . .

↳ How good or happy do feel? 4 extremely

you
= . . .

→
participant's pulse was taken
→
participants well debriefed .
Results
(EUPHORIA)
Activity Index
→

↳
Inf 12 : ↳ Mis 22-58 ↳
Ign 18 28
: : -

↳ the
Epi Inf were significantly less euphoric than both the other
groups
-
.
.

there were no difference in the

↳

↳ Mis
level the placebo
of euphoria
involved in the most activities and initiated mole
g
mis .

Epi
behaviour
.

than other
groups
.

Index (ANGER)
Activity
→

↳ No
significant thedifference
they
However
Inf reported highest
↳ level
Epi
reported of angel were
- .

to have shown the least level

of observed angel
.

↳
Epi Iger showed the
-
most
angel
.

Conclusion
there are two factors involved when emotion A
experiencing physiological an .

one and a /
biological psychological cognitive one .

Evaluation
strengths meant thee were
↳ Lab experiment
established This
high controls So cause and .

effect was the ealchels can

.
sure
means des be
that caused the
that it was the
participants information
and behaviourgiven
↳the thoughts
'
.

standardisation that made the

study had
high
to replicate to check foe study
easy ileliablity For
example the -

actions
of the Stooge in the
different conditions could be
replicated another ilesealch team to check foe
by allowed foe quick collection ileliability
.

quantitative
Questionnaires
↳
of
data this allows for
comparison and statistical
.

analysis
.

participants
Along though observed
↳ will oe a one
way
were
-
.

with the double-blind

technique
demand characteristics
with the
Stooge ,

of increasing validity
risk .

,
Weakness
↳ Lacks mundane realism and
ecological validity
Completing
.

the
questionnaire give enough
doesn't freedom to
do not
express feelings their
people . Ful thee mole ,
experience emotions the
way this
study onset of arousal assumed so .

we
oftenareaware
of
events
before the

↳ giving
us
V0 Whale information to
interpret
not be
one cues
representative of a wider
.

sample may
population
.

biased females
↳
Sample is
ungenelatizable gender as it is -

could experience emotions

↳ No assessment differently mood
before
.

the
participants the
'
of a baseline to measure a
injection change
to as the
gain
of theor
Stooge Participants could 've
naturally
result been .

before
euphoricvariables flour have introduced
angry
.

↳ in
dependant
variables .
participant may
Ethics .

→
confidentiality
know that
is
they
→ No individual data was
well students
published
from the Uni
of
-
since all we
Minnesota .

about the injections

→
Reception Given
→

all were told

false information for
ex
they means get supeoxiufoe
would vision .
.

Deliberate deception were unable to

they give
→

informed consent
they were deceived about the aim
-
.

→ Lack
of protection from
harm
Participants
→ were
injected with
entered
adrenaline
sotheiephysiwgy was different than what the
to Real-life
application
→ could be
treating
useful
in people with
anxiety or
panic attacks
as it will allow them to
identify
environmental
triggers
aroused
that

may
cause them to become
physiologically gfeaefu .
 approach
cogent
we

Assumptions and emotions

→ Behaviour
explained inturns
can
of cognitive
be process such
as attention
memory language thinking and memory
, , ,
.

→ similarities and differences in

people can be understood in terms of
individual patterns
of cognitions .

Andrade
Him
to test whether
doodling aided concentration or improved memory
Design
Research Method → Lab
Independant
experiment
Experimental design V→
→

dependant Doodling 4 Control

In -

V → Mean collect recall false alarms

Dependant and
memory score
- .

Sample → 40 members .

Aged
18 55
years2 males in control
-

females
18 and

doodling
→ IF
females and 3 males in
→ All
from MRC Applied Psychology Unit
-

sample technique →

opportunity sampling uhlllated

→
participants
the
had
completed an

study at uni
→

Asked if had 5 minutes to

they help with
→

Foontohseffoutdy
↳ reunite
↳ enhance the boredom
participants faster
the task
of to home by using
people who were ready go
.

Procedure
The the 40
participants
were and allotted
equally randomly
→
-

They were all taken in a and dull doom

quiet
.

A mock telephone
at a date message recording of
227 Wold
per minute
2.5 minutes was
played
of
→ .

Played at a
comfortable listening
volume
→

→ the script included

8
attending the
party
↳
people +
↳ 3 cat who would not attend
↳
people mentioned
8
places wereasked
→
Participantsthe
were to note down the names
of all people
attending party and
nothing else .

do not need to remember

of
were told
→
They they
it
any paper
.

lined
→ the control
and group was
only given a
piece of
pencil
a .
→ Instructions for doodled condition
They were given pencil for shading and an A 4 sized
↳ a

paper was a 4. 5
↳there
gin on the
left side
am Mae
↳
↳
Shapes on
and circles
paper approximately
1 am diameter
in

↳
squares
Alternating
lows
could be used to write down
information
-

↳ were told to shade in the

They shapes do it
↳ Doesn't matter how
neatly or
quickly they boredom
-

↳
Participants told were
was relieve it to -

→ The
experimenter collected sheets
the
response
→
they engaded
The
in minute a conversation .

→
experimenter were
given asuepeise test
were asked to recall names / and
→
Participants
the The tests were counterbalanced party go us
places
.

Monitoring performance score

collect
→ names alarms
↳ Plausible
minus
false
was counted as collected
↳ False alarms includedmistreating
↳
people who couldn't" attend Wiles -

↳ such as sister " new names

responses
then 0 caved
-

→
Debriefed .

→ Asked
if a test was
memory suspected
.
-

Results
→
participants shaded
doodle and
↳
Doodling mean
of
→ 36.3 Shape One didn't was ill
placed
-

↳ control none →

3
from doodling and 4 from control
suspected memory test
→ a
thefoeman score
→
Monitoring
doodling
↳ → mean
a
:
7- 7 S D= 0-6
,
.

↳ Control → mean :
6.9 Sid : 1- 3
,

significantly doodling compared to the con

↳

condition higher
in the -

↳ Uol .

↳ Monitored names were recalled more than places

↳ Both thedoodling
and 9 from control scored the maximum
↳ 15
from
.

had recall
correct group
the same
average for places (0-3) .

→
pieces of info
↳
Doodling 7.5 names 5.1
places 4 2-
→ : :
m :

↳ Control → m :
5.li names : 4 ; places
1.8 :

Conclusions
theref
the
memory for doodling
score
the condition was
ore higher
→

we can conclude
task doodling
aids concentration while

doing a
boeing
.

led to better recall

However it is unclear whether
doodling
→

because doodles
oe whether it aided happened to notice
recall
mole
of the target info
deeper the memory by encouraging some
of message
.
 Evaluation
strength
↳ Lab
experiment means there was a
higher control foe extraneous
variables for the
example →the length of the script
→

time the was

spoken toparticipant
↳ A control meant that AudeAde could be sure that the
higher
.

and
doodling
effect as causing
is found
wasthe
changes
.
in recall date
; cause

bored) makes
Stan dizati on bike was made
equally
↳ how
everyone
folieplication to check fee del
the
study easydata ability
.

↳ Quantitative allowsfoe statistic

comparison
.

↳
Doodling was opeeatiohlised
by using standardized
have been individual
doodling sheets otherwise there
may
weeudiffesseuas ,
increasing validity
↳ There was a risk
of demand characteristics because some
participants suspected a
memory test
deducing validity
.

,
↳ Lack
of qualitative data which could 've
helped under -

stand whether the cause was due

of difference to
improved
attention or solution
memory
.
→

self deports
immediatesdhfmutihftsampu.nu
-

unit
↳
from psychology
were

participant panel so
they biased
may and
be more motivated .

generalised
the
gender not be
↳
sample was
may
to males
doodling and
remembering
.

ecological validity
↳ Low
↳ how mundane Realism -

* EMthe
improvement Blain scans could 've indicated
→

reduced activation
whether
doodling
is associated with
of the cortex which
daydreaming
.

Ethics
need the
Unexpected belting test
→
Deception .

Well told there was no

of deme
from the recording memory
names .
.

Therefore unable to
give informed consent
.

→
→
Might 've experienced distress they not as
test and could not remember the names
were
expecting a

memory
Debriefed it is not a substitute foe ethical
.

→
although good
procedures
to real
Application life
to teachers should students doodle when
→ Could be useful as
they needs
a filum
watching doodle while
or a task that concentration
on a job that is
boring
Let
concentrationworking
→ woe Kees as it
will
improve
.

However
attempt to
deliberately to draw while
doodling
→
.

distracting
as it become the task
might primary people ,

Doodling allowing
rather than them to concentrate .

in this becomes
counterproductive
.
 Individual vs situational
Individual
↳ Individual as
everyone doodled in their own
based on their
personality types way maybe ,

↳ For
example who all extroverts
require to do more
than one at once to
thing
and concentrate better
stimulate themselves help may
doodle mole
↳
Therefore
↳there was a wide they may valiety
in the amount doodles
Situational of .

was made sale to be bored so the situation

↳
Everyone
↳
caused them to Doodle I concentrate more on

Doodling group
recall mole collect names this means doodling
situation had an effect on
that the
processing info
.

↳ the task
itself may have brought an improvement in
concentration as
doodling
helped focus mole .

Walsh ashen et al

Background
theory of mind
→ .

↳
to attribute mental states to ourselves
to the
Refers ability
↳ These can be desires emotions etc
,
.

↳ The
person put themselves in the position
can others
of
↳ It is also about how we use this to explain and
predict the actions others knowledge
of
.

↳ we use this to understand that people

ideas and hold
knowledge have
may
different emotions to us
different
.

Aim
→ to test
people on a
seen
revised
eyes test to see if the
original deficits
were no
longer would score
.

To see on the
if females higher Eyes test
→ .

there would be a Me and

→ to
investigate if
test scores
between
relationship
Eyes
.

Design
Research method Natural / Quasi
experiment and Questionnaire
→ -
.

Experimental design Independent →

Independent groups of naturally

✓ 4 →
✓ → Scores on All and the occurring participants .

Dependant .

1- 15 AS / HFA mates with

eyes test .

and Id
Sample → avg age
29 .

of
.

Yeats of 115
→2
122 Normal adults
.

→ 3.103 Mdm al adult students

evenly split
avg
,
of 20.8 years ,

general population
→ 4. 14 adults
from
sample Technique Ads
→ 1
.
volunteered
→

in the UK national Autistic

motive⇐
placed → well
* Volunteers tend to be
society magazine
ated. less
likely drop
to out z→
HFAI AS likely to f- wish test
Diagnosed with As / HFA With DSM Chitti a.
.

Socioeconomic class matched with

group 2
. → .
Sample technique → 2. →
← →
Opportunity
From adult education classes in Exeter
3 → From
→
public libraries in
3 → Volunteer
.
Cambridge
E- → Allpelfoemed well in A levels
studying at Cambridge crusty science
→
• .

→ 4.

E-
→

→
Opportunity
volunteer
Matched for the IQ
←→
of thefirst group
.

Procedure
the
↳ The
pilot study two "
correct word and
"
authors the
study
first chose the
the foil
" "

word .
of
.(4 males and 4 females)
then piloted
judges
↳ 8
They were
↳ Atleast
on

suitable
518
judgeshad to that the
target word was the most
agree
↳ No more than 218
judges
had to pick
trefoil
.

↳ Items that had new words created

failed target
.

↳ these were then reassessed

passed
"
until the item
"

participants completed the

the
by test
judges
which consisted
.

picking
→

that best eyes

suited the pail
of a

target of the
eyesterms to ensure
-
.

Each
participant had
glossary of they knew the
→ a
all the teems
meaning ofwere
.

→ AS / HFA also asked to

judge the sex
of the
target in the
photo
.

'
Are
participants except the normal adult were asked to
'

complete group
→

the AQ test .

testing occurred individually in quiet room in Exeter Cambridge

→
a
.

Original
Problem
Revised
us .

each
9- It contained 2 choices
only was a 50% for pail of eyes This means .

there
probability of getting the answer
right
2- There well validity questions
reducing only 25
original This means it had
in the -

containedhigh
low due
validity to
and effect
ceiling
.

3-
Original
made some items too
basic
complex mental states which

easy reducing validitysemantic

ceiling effect
.
-

,
4. the wold and the
target
each
foil were
always opposites
making
other too to
of easy guess
.

5. some
pair
direction
of
of
eyes
could be solved
the face easily
. by looking at the
gaze
6. There have been a that contributed
may
to individual scores
comprehension
.
problem
7- There
female than male
were more
eyes
.

Solutions
9. there well 4 options to choose from
2. there well 36 pails
of eyesused to make the test
now .

3-
Only
complex mental states were
and increase the likelihood
obtaining of greater danger of
challenging
performance
a
.
4- Foil Wold and wolds was made Sule to have the same
emotional target the level
valence,
increasing
5- Excluded in the devised test of difficulty .

was available to use at all times

6- A
7-
. glossary
Equal number -

allowed for a control condition .

Results
→
Eyes test score
of 21-9
↳
Group 2 I
Group 28.0
→
3 ↳ →
↳
Group 26.2 ↳
Group 4 30.9
→
→

normal distribution
the distributions
of scores
followed tough
→ a
with the modal score
26/36 test This means that
being the
→
Group I
had the most
scored the lowest in
eyes
.

mental state to they

another person (as difficulty
predictedassigning
by TOM)
→ A 0 test scores
↳
Group I 34-4
→ ↳
Group
scored the
3 18 3 ↳
Group 4 18 9 →

score compared to the strides

.
→ .

in All highest
the AS HE A
→
/
Males scaledgroup
→
higher than
females .

Conclusion
'
→The Revised problems of the oliginal
'
test overcame the version
Eyes
making
it a valid test social
of intelligence
.

People with autism have with TOM as

problems they cannot
→ see
the
perspective
the AS / HFA scored
of others

significantly towel in the

eyes test This shows the
→ .

differences between the be

explained
group can / by cognitions
in this case , Tom
thinking processes ,
.

Evaluation
strengths
The
procedure Foe
test follows a standardized
ex all
eyes
→

participants
-

had the same 36

pairs of eyes to judge so direct
alibi on can be made
↳ comp
.

Lab experiment allowed for the extraneous variables to be

controlled
the
.

improving the internal

the results
and
validity increasing
reliability of
↳ All tested on the same scale which fil thee
patients were
validity
increases .

allows
↳ Quantitative data
free statistical analysis and allows
comparisons between
groups
.

↳ Natural
Experiment allows
foe studying events that would
be unethical M
impossible to hold
using
other methods .

Weakness
↳ Lacks mundane realism .

People do notjudge emotions purely

based on
eyes and
may use other
body
cues for ex
body hang ,

speech
and .

↳ Unreliable as the revised test not measure Tom traits

may
test
but the
ability to
complete the .

↳ Not
generalizable
due to the small AS / MFA sample .
 how
validity chance to
↳ wold
↳ Lack
foul .

guess
one in the
data means the reasons target
.

of isQualitative
behaviour not explored
for
.
the

↳ Low
ecological validity
as the
real world is not solution
stimulus is
.
→ Use
videos in test
static whereas the
Eyes
.

allocation
↳ Natural
experiments
the
of
for
this introduces
participants
does not allow
.
random
participant
variables
causing
↳ Reductionist
the,
differences in
group the
scales .

Doesn't take into the account

.

full picture
of understanding emotions

Ethics
→
Participants
distress
they
especially
not
AS / HFA
have may
have
felt psychological
understood the emotions
any of
in
may
.

which could be
the
eyes stressful Lack of protection from haem .

Application
Autism
to veal
life
/
significantly
↳ The AS MFA scaled towel on the test
comparedto the other This Eyes
that
3
groups means this
group
.

lack Tom which can the AS / ME A mental

may issue and receive help
health .
form part of .

↳ the AS / HF A scaled All

compared
group
to significantly higher on the

therefore HFA people

someone with Asgiving
groups
the other two .

,
All
the
may
us
diagnose help /
.

Other Applications
↳ AS AS / HFA scored text
indicating
towel on the
a significantly
lack of Tom educators can
help
eyesthese students
out
,
them extra support to their Tom skills in
by giving
environment
help
.
safe a

use the test to see what level social

of
intelligence
↳ Teachers
may Eyes their students have those low could have
scoring
.

extra lessons to their detection emotions

improve of
.

↳
Psychologists may
wish to use the
could take the test
test to
Eyes helpDSM
diagnose
autism Patients.

alongside
criteria to ensure a correct
diagnosis happens .

Native vs Nuttall
autism and then all both
there is no known cause
single
luatule ) and environmental Luuetuee)
of
merits Several
genetic
different
algae
.

genes appeal to be involved in the autistic spectrum disorder

with some while others
happening spontaneously
spontaneously .
occurring
Use
of children
Adults were used as words were used
relatively sophisticated
that children wouldn't understand even with the
help
of glossary
a .
 raney
it ae

Background
False MemoriesPsychology being
investigated
- -

↳ memories of events in their own lives can be incorrect

People 's
.

↳ False details about real events and

added to a
person 's
false events can be
memory storage system
entirely .

the stored
"
↳ From all
of information .
people can reconstruct memories "
events
foe .

"

things filling and false information

the like
Doing using gets
↳
embedded in actual gaps
information
.

As a result people memories that contain

foem information
↳ "
new
"
,

that is not collect

.

Aim
I to
→
investigate whetherpositive false memories can be
whether implanted
.

2 → To their about
investigate a can person change opinion
something if a
false memory is
implanted
.

Experiments
Design
Research method → Lab experiment / Questionnaire
In dependant
Experimental design →

In
dependantV -
→ Love
group } Control
group
Dependence ant
Ratings
V →
question in 5 aires
-

Cali ; mean
sample → 128
undergrads studying in Uni
age
20-4 of
.

,
Volunteer ; studied at an uni and chose
sample technique →
poet
to take to believe course credit .

Procedure
→ In session 1 participants were told that they would be completing a
.

series
of questionnaire
food preference and
for a
study on the
relationship between

personality
.

→
participants then
↳ 171 I
completed the
↳ RQ
I filter
desirabilitySocial
↳

↳ Measure (filler)
Personality Hillel
Eating habits
↳ .

allocated
At session 2
after a week later
randomly
participants were
→
.

to the two
groups
.

→
they were
given false feedbacks about their false memories .

A critical item was added to the profiles the love You

"
→
of group
.

was added in the third

loved to eat cooked
asparagus position
" .

All the participants

completed the
following question aires
→

↳ FH I
2nd time
↳ Ro }
↳ F PO
↳ FCO
↳ MBQ
→
After completion participants
,
were debriefed and were told the true
nature
Food of the study LFHD .

→
Inventory
↳ 24 items
history
You loved
Including critical
"
↳ item the first time
tried it in the 16th position
" asparagus you
.

↳ had to hate each item from 1-8

they didn't happen 8
definitely did happen
↳

definitely
I
=
,
= .

→ Resewaunt Questionnaire (Ro )

↳ Asses ed desire to eat 32 dishes
"
Critical item was sauteed
"
↳
↳ Formatted to look like a menu asparagus -

↳ 5
Appetites
categories 4 Salad Main course & Desserts
Soup
-

, ,

were out on a dinner special

↳ Had to
imagine they
↳ Had to decide how would older each item I -8
↳ I likely they ,

definitely
no , 8
definitely yes
= =
.

say they
*→ NOT ACCURATE → What
questionnaire people will do in the
not mill oh their behaviour therefore we do not know
may
-

to eat said would

if they likely
'll
asparagus even if
they they
-

→ Food QuestionAire
↳
Preference
62 items
↳ Had to hate them on a likest scale
don't like to eat , 8
↳ I
definitely like to
definitely eat
=
-

→ Food cost Questionaiee

↳ 2L items
↳ Had to indicate whether would
and how much would
the 2L items
they buy
they
each
pay for
.

↳ Had to choose 1 7 Statements of .

→
Memory Belief Questionnaireto
↳
Participants responded 3 items from the FHI
including
the
asparagus
.

↳3
options to choose from
↳
Specific memory of the event
↳
Belief that the event occurred
Positive the event hadn't occurred
↳ -

→
Participants in the love group were classified into believers and
non-believers A believe had to
.

↳ increased dating
a low in 1711 in week I
give
↳

their
dating M
in FMI in week 2
↳ "

give on the MBQ

"
positive
"

belief
"

memory
Results
f- HI
for the love group increased of tee
manipulation
↳ The mean
ratings
by 2.6
points .

↳ the control mean

ratings remained
roughly the
's
group increased
same and
only was points both
by the same but
0 -2 .

↳The critical item foe

roughly groups
only increased for the love group
.
 MB Q
↳ Love → M : 22% B : 35% N / A : 43%
, ,
↳ Control → M : 12% B : 27% , N / A : 61 %
,

who were told had false memory would mole

↳
Participants they
a
build a
likely false
to
memory
.

Believes & Non Believes -

condition more classified as believes

↳ 48%
of love1711
↳ Believes increased 4- 5
points dating by
'

↳ Non believers FHI increased 0.9 points

eating by
-
' .

Higher asparagus in Romole in the FPQ

↳ desire to eat .

↳ Believes he
↳ Believes would
posted liking asparagus
as seen in Fco
more foe
↳ Over 25-1 pay
the non believes selected thetrend asparagus
buy option
"

of
-
.

↳ None the believes selected the" never

of option buy
"

conclusions
to implant false memories foe a positive childhood
possible
It is
experience
fee loving asparagus .

E-xp.IQ
.

Design method Lab

Research
Experiment / Questionnaire
→

Experimental design independent → .

Independentv →v Love
group } Control group →
.

Dependant103 un del
Ratings on
.

the 4 question ailes

sample →
glads Uni of Washington ñ age 19-9 64 F ,
,
. ,
39M

sampling technique volunteer ; received course credit → .

Procedure
that they would
→
Participants
their
were told
answers No cover
generate a
profile based on
story was
given
.
.

Participants then completed

→

↳
FH I
↳ RQ
↳ FPQ
measure I filled
Personality
↳

Social desiae [filled

After a week participants were ability
↳

allocated to the two

a profile andrandomly
groups
→
,

and well false feedback

the criticalgiven
.

item loved in the third

position for the love!
"

asparagus
"

you
→

love then
completed an euaboeatioh exercise
They need to
→

group
answer
.

a set
of questions about the
→ All were then asked what
their
memory of loving
most important asparagus
.

food-related was childhood

event in their life that the people did not report .
,

Participants then looked at 20 Slides of food asparagus including

→ .

Each slide was shown 30 seconds and asked

→

to date the
feel participant was
following questions : -

↳ How the
appetizing the picture looked picture looked
.

↳ How
disgusted
↳ Whether the
photograph was taken by a novice amateur .
 or a
professional
↳ the artistic
quality of the
picture
.

→ I not at all , 8 = much

very
=
.

→
participants
↳ FH I
completed
↳ Ro
↳ FPQ } 2nd time

↳ MBQ
and excused
Participants
fully briefed
→ were .

Results
FH I
↳ The mean
confidence of the Love group increased more than the - .

control
groupmean
.

↳ Love 2.5 points

mean dating increased by 1
increased
group
↳ Control
group eating by points
.

MBQ
↳ love M :
28% B 28% N /A :
45%
group
:
→
,
,
↳ Cortot M : 6% B :
38 % N A 56%
/
:
→

Believes vs.group
, ,
Non Believes -

↳ 40
participants from the love
group
well believes .

↳ On the Ro neither an increased desire free

reported
↳ On the 170 believes he asparagus
, posted a greater desire foe as paegus .

↳ Believes
found
than theasparagus
the mole
appeasing and less

disgusting
control
group
conclusions
→
Participants can be give positive false beliefs and they have cons -

on behaviours and altitudes

queues
.

→ False
memory prime people
to nose process food positively
.

Evaluation

strengths
↳ lab experiment meant that the participant were all tested
in a standardised environment For example all were
given
.

the same in the same levels

questioners questionnaire .

High
standardization means the results all reliable and
of
makes the test easier to replicate
↳ Fillet
questionnaires reduced risk
This increases internal
of demand characteristics
Researchers can be nude
.

validity
confident
-

that the one valuable caused the

↳ Quantitative data allows foe statistical
in other
change
comparison quickly
.
.

Weakness
and mundane ilealism
↳ Lacks
ecological validity
aile WE involve the same
.

Completing
question choosing
as
a
may process
will trans
to eat We do not know feel certain the
effects ?
-

behaviours
to
eating
.

↳ the included
students
sample lacksgelrllalizability
Results would
.

not be
as it
only
applicable to other age groups
.

Furthermore students
might be more impressionable .
 ↳ Conducted in a short period Therefore
of time with no follow up→
-
.

uncertain about the term

long
IMPROVEMENT A
effects
tilt
long
-
.

understand the and the

dined hesearch would
behavioural
help
consequences of false memories
durability
↳ are subjective and is restricted to a scale This reduces
Ratings
-

of the results
validity .

Data was collected

through self
reports which increases risk
↳
of
-

demand characteristics Furthermore

.

participants would want ,

to be
FPQ as socially
desi arable foe exby
in the
,
asparagus high
dating appeal
liking healthier this
makes them
asparagus
-

makes the results less valid

-

Ethics
Deception on the aim and then debriefed
of the
study
→ →

→
Informed consent→couldn't be obtained as the participants didn't
know the true aim .

Application to Real
life
-

useful fussy eater could use the same

Results can be
foe a

manipulation
→ -

like liked
always fruit change kids
"
have to
"

help
'

you
perceptions on
food
therapists / Nutliouists can use "
computer generated fake people
"
→

to
change
the memories
of food someone dislikes
treating
-

PTSD on a
particular food
.

Use
theof childrenaires had that
difficult
have been
question terminologies may
→
"
to understand sauteed
foe asparagus
"
ex ,

of study was about the child hood before

the aim the
memory
→ .

10 this would not have been possible foe children

age of
the .
.
learning approach
Assumptions
→social helps to explain
learning in behaviour
People changes
then .

may copy
behaviours seen in TV adverts or children attacks on the bobo doll
copied .

→ Classical We learn association

conditioning through
. -

peppering
Background animals with " true
'

To see humans are the

if language
only skills
→

same and
To see
if conceptual categorisation
the different
→

ale present in other animals ; of

symbolic representation
-

Aim
To see whether a
parrot can use vocal labels to demonstrate symbolic
understanding the same and
different
" " " "

of concepts
Design
Research Method→ case trained and tested for
study with a
subject al s
ye
.

Experimental Design Lab →

Familiar object a Novel object

In
dependant V →

Dependant all answered

whether the
questions correctly
v → .

Sample Attic parrot named Alex

Grey
→ au

sample technique Opportunity → .

Procedure

training
pre -

Alex had been involved in peioe descatch communication and

cognition
→ on

fee 10 years He had a considerable

.

vocabulary . He could 've named

shapes ,

www and material .

theFYIHse of the was to teach Alex to

training respond to questions with
categorical method used was model Hiv at
label -

↳
Training
One objects and asks questions
→
human acts as the trainee
→ offers correct
.

praises or rewards were

presented foe responses .

scoldings were presented with the

wrong answers and
object was taken .

↳ this is called continuous

→ The
parrot can be considered a if reinforcement
dural to the human learner ;
Alex
offers
the
eight trainee I model areoffered
vocalization he is the reward -

The holes then reversed

g Of
.

test
Alex took some time to mas teethe vocalisations matter (
of pronouncing
it as
→

delayed
"
m ah mah
testing for
"
so was
accuracy
-
.

Alex was tested trainees who didn't work with him on

by secondary
→

symbolicwell representation .

→
Pairings made
by a student foe unbiased set of stimuli
→ Other were asked to boredom
questions
↳ What www?
prevent .

they were

↳ How
↳ What many ? ?
shape
→ In each trial ,
Alex was
presented withcolour
two objects that could differ in
of the three categories shape or material
:
one ,
.

→the task would either involve pails of familial items (familial trial)
that
training Grovel)
and one or both Alex did not encounter in
objects .

The trainee well present but sat from Alex [to avoid
principal
→

demand characteristics) and away

repeat Alex's answer ( since Alex was
sometimes incoherent)
ofsteps information processing for
correct answer

Identify
multiple attributes the objects
1→
↳ of
Determine whether the
expecting
is a
question
response based on sameness or
difference
↳ work out what is same and
↳ Produce the vocal he
different
spouse as
→
If Alex responded
to him
with the collect answer praise well as the object ,

was
given
.

counted towards ' first ltial ltial late

eight
→ First time
'

response
-

away from
Alex was he was told NO ! " and the was taken
If wrong
"
object
→
.

him While the

.
trainee
faced away .

→ collection
procedure
was
repeated
until the collect
response
.

score correct identifications ÷

required
→
of presentations
→
no .
-

Results
→ 991129 trials (
→First trials + collection
process 76-6%1 collect
→ 69199169-7 %) collect
only
→ First trials .

→
Novel objects
fist trials + collection process 961113185%7 → comet
→ Novel 79196 (82.3-1) collect
objects first trials only →

conclusion
→ Parrots have the
potential to demonstrate symbolic concepts of same
" "

and different
therefore symbolic representation is not exclusive
" "

to
primates
→ Scores on tests were above chance
understanding
the
the
verbal questions This was shown
,

suggesting
via probe of
questioning
.
.

→
May
learn to
respond to vocalist categorical label
.

Ethics
→

During Alex had

the
day access to all areas
, free
the hab At
of
.

night
he was
kept in a 70cm a wire cage .

→ He was with a suitable diet and prevent boredom

fed to
Alex in an artificial given toys
highly intelligent keeping
→ Pan Ots
all so
natural tasks
settingand him
perform in non
making may
be -

unethical This was the researchers

acknowledged by
-
.

Alex
caged
→ P
allots are a social alone
thereforekeeping
and
species so
up may have
been
stressful unethical .

→ The smallest number

of animals should be used to achieve the
aim a This
of study was done so
study Alex
by only using
.

.
 Evaluation

fttffihgghthwsuteoes
and hence
-

species ahepeouetosucidal
this
beguiledfoldepetitive
control was
behaviour when bored
behaviors unrelated to
schedules were varied
learning
the process training
.andHence
testing
↳
High validity attempted by having a student unrelated
-

to the
study and controls increased of question
to select the older researcher bias
-

was limited .

to eliminate demand
characteristics
Secondary Haines asked
questions
↳ -

and researched bias .

Quantitative data collected allows foe

↳
objective analysis with stats .

Lab
↳
weakness setting
means
.
higher standardization reliable
therefore
↳ Case
study
with one means it can 't be
parrot generalized
.

↳ Lacks mundane realism as Alex wouldn't the

apply concept of
symbolism in the nature
similarly
↳
Auxisapaleotdaisedinalabtheleforeuisihesutts can 't be

generalised to the patrols in the nature

.

Teachers can use lifeto

Application to Real
same and different
mid teach the concept
of
→

service
dogs can be taught which tablets all same and different
→ .

though wyd help people identify the collect medication

to

Nature vs Nurture
shaped
conditioning throughsupports operant
Alex 's behavior was
learning from
→

and social which

learning
nurture .

→ However these are

,
differences between anon primate animal -

and humans which is not due to an environmental

factor but
datheeahin-boen-uaituuique.to different species .

Savedra q Silverman

Background
Phobia Persistent and unreasonable
→
feaeofahobjcctoean event which
avoidance and
poses little real danger but creates anxiety
.

Atom in which unconditioned

cokgfgifalm.mg learning linked
responseofbecomes
→
an

toapreviouslyneuttalstimulistodeateau.ae
association
Before
conditioning
9. :

↳ unconditioned unconditioned →
stimulus
→ neutral response
stimulus
→ notes
pause
Dulingtconditioning
2-
unconditioned neutral unconditioned
stimuli stimulus →
response
3- After conditioning
conditioned conditioned
stimulus Guv )→ eespongeltuev.mn)
neutral .
Equaling
to the in evaluation
→ Refers change
neutral stimulus Ofa
that occurs due to previously
association .

To button
conditioning
and the doll classical
investigate
the cause
of phobia of and avoidance buttons
iuselatioutofe.ae of to reduce
exposure therapy attempting
→To treat the with
phobia ,

disgust and distress associated with buttons

the .

Design method Case Observations and Questionnaires

Research
Experimental
→
study ,

design
Lab →

settingAmerican
sample 9 year old
Hispanic boy
→ -
-

↳ Fit the
DSM aittliafol phobia OCD
technique OPPEE.uphattyffmupewngau.la
,
no

sample
.

International
program
Phobia anxiety
attholida
and

University
-

Method
→
assessment
and mother
Boyand gave informed consent to
participate in the
intervention procedures
Interviewed in older to determine the cause
of phobia
→

→
Background of had to
Phobia
At
ages boy complete apeojectinahtdass involving
↳
,

buttons
was asked to come
↳ Ran out of buttons
class to take buttons .
infront of the

the bowl hand slipped and buttons

↳ While

fell
beaching
fol
on him infront teachers and students
,

of
.

incident
distressing
↳ this was a .

↳ Phobia interfered with normal Can

functioning uownges
.

weal buttons .

→ Behavioural @ vivo) Exposure

↳ The
boy produced aheitaeehyofdisgustlfeaeusiuga feelings
thermometer .

↳ the dated a selves

of scenarios with different buttons flour
0-8
depending
on how

i. tuieakhyofteae
distressing each scenario was

Large
denim
2- Small denim
buttons
jean
→ 2

jean 3
" →

3. on denim
Clip jean 3
"
→

5. Large
4- coloured "
4
plastic →

Large deal plastic 4

" →

Hugginmomwealiuglaegedeuim
6. "
→ 5
7. Medium coloured 5
plastic
" →
8. Medium deal
plastic 6
n →
medium 7
9-
Hugging plastic
"

10 Small colouredwearing
mom →
8
plastic
it
-

→
II. Small deal
plastic
" → 8
 ↳
Boy was
exposed to each of the scenario
Motive provided positive
each scenarioeheiufolcementfoe successfully
↳

↳ handling
Sessions lasted
and his mother
foe 30in with the
; wutigency management
boy
and 2dm with
boy
→'
m↳agffEsEPsYiHs Woking that
↳
into the
disgust
boyfound imagery
's
revealed
disgusting
buttons
Probing contact
upon
boy
↳ Also odours
reported that the buttons had unpleasant .

helped tofoem disgust

↳ These the exercises
imagery
.

him and to
Prompted
how imagine falling and to elaborate
↳ to buttons on
looked felt smelt
they
how
express ,
,

it made him
feel
ttonwsaswewffi q stsl m andtheh. s b.g oystfi u -g. l t
↳ what about the but
↳ the
exposures from
progressed large to small buttons inline with

hierarchy
the
boy
's
feal
.

Results
→ Behavioural Unrwa Ekposuhl
hehlilakhyoffeal
↳
By session 4. successfully
↳ However
completed all tasks in the
increased even could handle
distress
,
dating
more and mole buttons Feuflom session I -2 but dose from 2-3
. though .

↳This is consistent with evaluative

→ As sessions advanced there was a towel level distress learning

of .

Imagery Enposwre
→

distress
↳
fugues
.us/tsflienateedduaseigngtheboy ratings of
's subjective .

Mopped
↳↳Dropped to 3 flom
to 5
midway from session 9102
session 2 to 3 .

→
Aftermath treatment 6 and 12 month
Following follow up sessions
↳ ,
-

were conducted .

↳
Reported minimal distress
↳ No met the DSM criteria for
↳ No longer
phobia
.

longer
↳ Able to affected normal
functioning .

deal
meal
plastic buttons on a
daily basis
.

Conclusions
Emotions and
cognitions relating disgust are important when
to
→

to
learning respond to
phobic stimuli .

exposure and cognitive restructuring helped to

→ A
mixture
of imagery
eliminate the
feelings of disgust .

Ethical Issues
→
Informed consent was taken from both the boy { mother This was -

as there were deliberate stimuli

→
important
The participant was
Sweety
exposure to
distressed and distressing
protection provided
→
Confidentiality was maintained to maintain privacy .
 Evaluation

Sihthsfbtshtsautial quantitative data were collected which allows foe

to check for
statistical
analysis
to trying improvement
when in
the
response phobic stimuli
after therapy
.

understand
↳ Substantial
qualitative data were collected to
help
the abnormal behaviour
underlying The boy made
the reasons
for his own
.

↳
Subjective study which were
.

hierarchy of feat
individual
and
and ratings
gave personal highly
Appropriate study
to his fo
thoughts feelings a on .

specific phobia
.

for detailed data on one subject Therefore

study allows
↳ Case .

best
the be chosen to cede the
treatment can phobia
Standardised procedures like the
.

thermometer made
feelings
↳

valid
the
highly
study in therapeutic
.

setting increasing ecological validity

↳ conducted a
6-12 month follow
up means the treatment can be
↳

weakiuesedtoewug effectiveness
.

-
term .

makes it hard to
study specific about
generalize
↳

↳ Lacks
case a
phobia
mundane realism .

↳
Working
with one subject involves
building a close
relationship
-

which increases threats

of beseeches bias
reducing validity
.

↳ Demand draetuisticsaee obvious .

Might affect subjective

validity
and
eatings reducing reliability
.

Application to Real life

Principles of classical
conditioning cauuelp to treat
specific
→

Methods such
phobias as
disgust exposure
to imagery stimulus
.

cantleat fearful association phobic .

boy disgust
thermometer
→the 's
Ifeae was
found out
using
a
Feelings
Might be
useful foe schools to use use with students
-

who show
fear to help understand what is causing feal
.

Nature vs .
Nurture
which
conditioning
cured by which involves
exposure therapy
→

relies on a meth based

solely of The
expiation learning
-
.

uhlealut his phobia

boy
.

→ Phobias aheuot
genetically aquiled by
the product
neutral stimuli the
of a
negative
experience with his
slipped
a
previously
art class and the bowl
during buttons
's hand
fell on
of
boy
him this
negative
experience developed the buttons
fear of .
.

invested
Psychology being
Evaluative
learning 1 Classical
conditioning
→

comes to evaluate neutral

negative
stimuli as
apeeuiously
→

evaluation
Negative without threat
of danger
→

This illicit
disgust rather than any fear .

phobias invested when have an ihlatiohalfeae

being
object ( situation
people
Of an
ihovnduleretal

Background
Initiative The new behaviour which is observed in a
(social) learning of a
role model and later initiated in the absence
→
of that
leaving role model .

Aim
whether children imitate the
ageessive
to
investigate behaviour
of
→

① ↳ model ② same-sex model ↳

agressive
an
to whether children would imitate the
investigate ageessiohiu
→

absence a model
of
.

Design
Research Method → Lab / Controlled Observation
experiment
Matched
Experimental Design pail
→

✓
gender Lealnllgendll
1- Model 2. Model
Independent -
→ 3.
type
-

✓ → Measure behaviour
Dependant of
-

sample→ 72 children ,

evenly split mean age of 52

,
months

sampling technique Opportunity .HU/-iomStanfoedNuesuy

→ .

Procedure
Participants were divided into 8 experimental and one
groups
→

control with 24 children who watched no model

group
.

→ children in each were matched their level

group by of aggression
→ Prior to the
study
↳ Rated 0h4
51 children well
, Iatedouageessive behavioral
scales about
different
↳ ①
physical ② Verbal ③ towards ageessioh
objects ④ inhibition
'
→ All 5 point scale
'
→
↳ A Independently bythhlesealcheeahdateachel
to all children
composite
Arousal
scale was
given
→
Aggression
↳ Done so

watching ageessionmaynleducetue
production
because
↳

the obscene audit was

ofaghessioh by
necessary
to see the evidence
↳ to ensure
participants
of learning conditions in all the
would be
likely express ageessiohaerd theto
could be measured
reduction
tendency
in the .

↳ Each child was

brought in
playroom a .
.

↳ It contained These included cable

toys
.

file
doll crib Cal engine a
, ,

a
fighter jet spinning top wardrobe .

, , , , ,
↳
They well told
they could
started
playing
with them
play they were stopped
they told the toys were reserved toe tree
↳ As soon as ,
.

↳
They well then
best students .

They were told

theywelehel toysthe child
↳ best .

↳ The
experimental
this phase .
sat
away from during
→
The children well taken to the
individually experimental
.

doom
→ The model was invited to
join the
gamethe doom which looks
.

→the child was taken to the coeval

of
like a
playroom
.

→The child was made to sit at the table .

→
Demonstrations of how the child can make from pictures
potato prints / Skin .

→
they were
leftto
produce their pictures
so the child can't leave
the
experimenter initially stayed
→ -

The model was taken the

opposite corner
→
the room
of
to .

the cornel contained table chart Mallet tinkle and

toys
→
a , ,
,
a Bobo doll .

the child was told that the in the Cornel was for the
once the model was seated toys
experimenter left the boys
→ .

→ the room
.

,
condition
→
Aggressive
The model
began assembling the tinkle
toysdoll and
↳
↳
After a minute he tuned to the boba

↳ played
with it
the model punched the doll
ilepeatedly kicked it ,

ageessively
across the room sat and on it
.

The model also included verbal

"
sock him " " " Agassi on like
and throw him in the air !
POW
"
,

↳ 2 included
comments
keeps
nonaggressive coming
" he
back for more and he sure is a
tough fella
" " "

→
Nonaggressive
↳ the model assembled the tinkle
the doll toys
in a
quiet subdued
ignoring
manner .
.

→ A test
for the child 's on in where the
agassi
obscured for 20 minutes in 5 seconds interval
followed .
child was

this was a test

delayed imitation
↳ For the
ageessive group of
.

,
The
response measures for the imitation was
" "
→
↳ Imitation
of physical
↳ Imitative verbal agassi
on

↳ hnitiative agassi on
verbal
↳ non-aggressive response
partially initiative
↳ mallet agassi on

agassi oh
sits on bobo doll
↳
↳ Further
categoriesve
gunplay
agassiimitative
↳
↳ non
agassi
-
on
↳ Non
agessive play
-

playing at all
↳ Not
-

Results
there was a difference the levels imitative
agassi significant that of in
→

on between the witnessed Sion and the others

group in theages and
There were
→

verbal significant difference levels

of physical
Little
→ agassi on

difference in the agesSion level between the control group

and the non ageless ive
group
-
 to imitate male sive models
Boys likely
→ were more
ages
.

Boys more physically ages

sive than
were more
gills
→ .

Girls were verbally aggressive than

boys
→ .

Conclusions
→
watching a model can produce ageless ion in the obscene .

→
Boysare more
likely imitate
to copy same gender models
children
selectively gender-specific behaviours
→ .

Evaluation

strengths
↳ Standardisation
↳ For ex all the children saw the model
.

foe the same

time
↳ length
of
.

check for Idi

ability
Allows easier replication to
foe
↳ Increases researchers
validity all mole sure the
-

conditions
differences amongst different
in the results
due to the behaviour the model
were
of
.

↳ Results are more reliable as all the children

well
exposed
condition
to the same stimulus within a
.

reliability initial observations foe

↳ Intel observer .

Checked fol both the

agassi
↳ v -

very highas it ensues the differences

eness and was .

↳ this increases
in the results were validity due to the models and
the individual
↳ controls
not
differences between the diddler .

↳ Lab
experiment control feel
means there was a
the extraneous variables higher .

↳ such as all the children would show

ensuring allowing
their agcessive
by
behaviour
ageessi
on .

↳ how demand characteristics

observed
↳ Children did not know were
mirror they being
↳ through way
a one
- .

seal and
So there behaviour
demand characteristics
well
.
.
not
affected by
↳this

↳ Matched
increases
pail validity .

↳ Reduces effects of participant variable .

↳ Quantitative and Qualitative data

↳ the
objective data allows to statistical
data analysis
the
subjective some
provided
behind the
explanation of
the reasons
children tendency of the imitative
behaviour
of
-

Weakness
↳
Improvements
*→ could be improved through self reports to explain -

the
influence
could 've followed up totyped
of sex imitation
-
.

*→ know if the imitation

 leads to If the behaviour would be
learning so ,
.

mole
peemenant
.

↳
Sample all based
↳ All the
belonged
participants to
all had muscly
a
at
able university academically
so
they
our

parents .

validity
This could reduce bias
causing
↳
by a .

↳
Only
is
6 children well

fairy
small and
each condition which
unrepresentative
in
.

↳ Low mundane realism

↳ Lacks
ecological validity
.

Ethical issues
→ Children
might
be harmed
by becoming mole
ageessive
.

Children had been

widely annoyed which was

psychologically
distressing
.

Application to
Real-life
→ As the
imitatedstudy shows that
Agassi on can be observed oh
want to censor the
content
so TV
the TV
network
might
of on the TV shows
Ensure that there all
warnings about the
→

level sive content

of ages
.

it is shown that children are more to limit the

likely
→
-

same-sex role model the same

therefore
sea parent can
.

teach a child manners imitation

through
.

Individual vs situational -

Individual
↳ Individual factors in
operant conditioning explains why
even when
their boys and
girls are exposed to the same models
behaviour is different
aquisition of
.

are awarded
boys and
differently
↳ this

for
is because
girls
sex
typed behaviour
-

↳ Aboutparticipants
imitated 113 of the
in the
aglessive condition
the control
remarks
agassichildren
while none
non ve -

of
oe did
non-aggressive
.

↳This shows that about 113

Of the children had a
personality
any
Situationalof to imitate kind behaviour .

that situational
↳ Imitation
suggests factors matter in that
the model is anaspect of the situation as are the
differences between the models
Participants were more
likely to imitate
agassi on after
↳
model
observing
↳ This
an
aggressivethe situation
could indicate to witness
of
increased the likelihood thathaving
aggression
imitated
the
participant
ageessive acts .
Nature us Nurture
Nature
than
Boys welemolelikelylo imitate
aghessive behaviour
↳

testosterone
girls possibly because
which is they have
moeeoftheuoemoue
awatwialfactoe
.

Nultule
to imitate
↳
Boys maybe more
likely aggression because
about what is they
hate
aquiled
already behaviour tamales
stereotypes
acceptable .

↳ the Condit
on more
of imitated
the behaviour
agcessive
:

compared to the non ageessive condition which

-

model this shows that

can

only be seen from a

they have
.

leaeutagsessiolrflomamodel
•
.

↳ Bandula stated that it was sit the behaviour

causing
.

Psychology
social being investigated
which revolves around
learning theory observing
→

and behaviour
Peopleimitating
.

attention to model
pay
→ a
→
information their memory
they must feel
retain in
→
capable of toimitating
They must feel motivated the behaviour

they imitate the behaviour

→ .

Delayed imitation
one point and
when is witnesses behaviour at
someone

ileploduasthe behaviour at another time

a
.

a. Some research
found
that children
an adult model when
imitate behaviour
readily
shown
Describe two by
ate
in which Bandula differs they
this
present
ways from
.

→ the control was not exposed to anrodel but observed

in the
group room
observation
alone with the
children
displayed
doll This shows aglession
that
When
left
do internalize behavioral fol the
bobo

they
.

future use .
 social vampirism

Assuptions
→ Behaviour
cognitions
,
and emotions are
influenced by
↳ social / contexts
groups other iudividuls ↳

yammarmstsetae
Background
Altruism the to do certain
willingnessbenefit things for someone while
→ →

to themselves
gaining
no .

to understand the emotional state

Empathy
the
ability of
→ →

else
someone
by imagining themselves in others shoes '
.

Design
Research Method→ Lab experiment 1 Controlled Observation
Experimental Design Repeated measures
(
→ .

)
Ability give targeted
"

Independent can and can't see

help
" "

V .

→ to see
"

Dependant behaviour collect or incorrect

Targeted helping given?
V → -
tool
chimps their mom housed at Primate Institute
Sample →5
paired with , .

sampling technique opportunity; participated in a similar research

→
-

Procedure
→ The two
chimps in a
pair where placed in
separate booths
transparent
" " →
→ can see there was a wall the booths Sep elating
.

→
there was a hole the
in wall
can't see
elating
"

There
"
the booths
opaque wall Sep above
was an
→ → .

A small window was

placed Im
→

↳ could be accessed if a wanted to look

→ A
chimp had a : 7-
objects
onlyof
chimp
to choose
from purposely
tray
-

correct tools
→
The objects included
↳ belt ↳ steaw↳stiÑ
'
↳ hose ↳ blush ↳ chain ↳
rope
were able to the 7 items
→ Pre trial the
chimps explore
-
.

→ the could
chimps pass a tool
through
the window .

helper ohleupicut
→ Each
chimp
was a '

→ The
recipient couldnt of the tools but could show
wanted a tool
reach
their arm any they
they helper through
the hole
by poking
.

→ The to choose and the collect tool

chimp had
transfer
to
help
the
→ A stick was needed to teach
heliport
complete the task to obtain the juice box .

foe juice that was out of beach

.

→ A straw was needed to drink

from the Calton fixed to the wall
.

were trained to solve the

they problem
→ .

communicate
the
chimps were allowed to
naturally
→

→
There was a second can see condition conducted
" to check"

if the
experiment did not have an older
effect
.

→ there were 48 ltials foe both conditions .

The trial started when the chimp had the box tools and end
→

was obtained ol in 5 minutes

of
when the
→ All
juice
trials well recorded in a
.

the cam
.
→

Helping behaviour was measured which tool was

by offered
.

↳ This was
operatic wised the
following way
:

Only
the first tool was counted
offer
↳

↳ counted held out a tool

when a
only
chimp .

↳ Didn't matter
if the tool was lectured
.

was in 2
categorized
↳
ways↳
request Voluntary
↳
upon
-

↳
If the recipient took a tool without
it recorded as
the
helper
noticing was no offer
.

Results
1st
"
can see
"
→
↳ There was an
offered inwas
objectthe 91 1. of the trials .

↳ From these 90%

of object upon request
-

↳ 4 of the ties t offered potential tools significantly mole

↳ than tools
Often non - .

frequently between
↳ Pan than other tools 180 %)
offered the blush more
↳ this shows that could
distinguish potential
tools
and useless they
objects .

→
"
can't see "

↳there was an
object offered 96%
Of the time .

↳ From these 90%

came
after request
.

first offeredthe significantly

4
↳
potential more
tools

offered blush more than other

frequently tools 155 %)
↳ pan
the hole
Ayumi heached

split inthrough
to look
↳
up
.

stick
↳ there was an even terms
of offering the straw
dg
.

2nd can see

" "

well tested [Ai Cleo and Pat

Only 3
chimps
↳
,

There was 97.9% of the time

object offered
↳ an
.

↳ the
offered
chimps the potential tool
frequently than non-1001
↳
they offered
irrelevant tool for
correct tool more than an
both stick and straw tasks frequently .

the results supported both the altruism and

concepts of empathy
→ .

Altruism the
majority chimps offered
↳ →

or steam to
of the a stick
This allowed
the other
chimps .

the other
chimp to teach the
juice and drink
the tool didn't
it so the chimp
the
juice
offering get
↳
Empathy the
tool majority
of the
chimp offered the collect
→

This could've been done as the

helper
.

what it was like in that

situationimagined
have
may
of needing to solve the task
a tool

conclusions
the needs of others
→
Chimps will target help towhen they understood
can .

but it must be direct

→
chimps will offer help IS how
conspecifics
.

need visual
chimps offer help altruism) but
they
→

assessment to do so .

→
Offering
the collect tool is an intentional decision
cognitive involving Tom .

→ Results could be caused automatic association from peer

by experience
.
.
 Evaluation
strengths
Lab
experiment meant controls and standardization
high
↳ .

This increased
For
example and
all
chimps had the same ,
objects .

reliability made the to

study easy replicate
.

↳
Repeated
measures ensures
design
the elimination
of
participant variables .

↳ data and method data provided objectivityand

type of ofincreased
Opeeatioulisiugthe offed reliability
" "

subjectivity
decreased .

↳ Qualitative data such as the behaviour

of the
chimp this

help understand the iheasons behind collect

targeted help
.

Weakness

only the chimps

↳ the is small and
sample very
raised in a lab This means
consist
of
that the beauts can't
.

be
easily generalized in the wild
chimps to the .

validity ecological
↳the has low mundane realism and
study
The tools would not
normally
.
be used in the
natural environment .

that theres ults were

↳ there is a
possibility The member affected by
practice lpeactice of trials
effect
iuwhele -
-

chimp offered increased due

to
a
help
This reduces the evelytime possibly ,

practice validity of theresuits

.
.

could 've been

↳ the
chimps
the
recipient chimp
negatively conditioned
had
poke
to
@
help may
his aeon
.

the window helper

through ihepeatedly annoying
the .

Therefore the
chimp offered
,
the tool to
stop therap ,
-

tent
from being annoyingnot beof
lack data on

reasoning
-

behind
helping May empathy / altruism
.
-

Ethics
Need to use the minimum no
No
of animals → of animals
→ - -
.

Could 've considered

Replacement Shouldn't using footage from the wild
→ →

withhold food to test social behaviour

Deprivation
→ →

Application to Real
to life
-

Could be useful
→

/ altruism
teachers can teach children about .

they
empathy
and educate them by tocreating
help when its
a similar task to
not asked
complete
foe
.

Psychology
Altruismbeing investigated
another
benefit gained
Helping chimp with
→ .
no
toe ex one
-

chimp gave the

night tool
didn't feel the other
chimp to
drink juice even
though they someoneget any juice themselves .

→
targeted helping Ability to
help else in situation a
-

Pro-social behaviour those who need it

Helping emotional may
-

Empathy Understanding the state

of others
→ -
umrihgeanr
it ae

Background
dispositional
faulty
had
A
hypothesis was
suggested that
personality germans
→ a
that would cause extreme levels obedience which resulted
in the
of
large-scale phenomenon in the WW2 .

A situational
hypothesis was
offered by Milgram that
attempts to
explain
→

on the older of
compliance authority figure an
.

Aim
how obedient
investigate authority figure asking
to are to them
people
→
an

physically the dispositional

to harm another person
.

"

hypothesis ;
"
→ to test out Germans are
diff .

Design
Research Method→ Lab / Controlled Observation
setting
-

Experimental Design
→
NIA
Independent v
"
Prods
given
"
.
→

did the participant

Dependant v How
high of voltage go
to
.

→ -

Sample → 40 men ,
:
20-50
ageVolunteery From New Haven
.

Range of occupations
-
.

Sampling technique Recruited from news ad Were

given 1-4-50
→ .
-
.

Procedure
→ the participants were told the
study was about
punishment and lealuiio
introduced to the male accountant
they were He
Stooge was a
47g j
→
.

The tofind the

→
Stoogewas and the participant picked up was
a
slip of paper
-

roles It
rigged that the "
leather
Stooge the "
.
so .

The barrel was "

→
' strapped to an electric chair
apparatus .

The electric chair

apaeatus separate
"
→ was in a room .

→ The experimenter
explained that the
straps well to
prevent movement .

An electrode was attached to learner's wrist with

→
paste
-

They were told that the electrode attached to a shock

generator
→ was
The shock
generated30 buttons
→

↳ It consisted
Each switch was labelled with a
of
voltage
↳
.

↳ The volts
from hanged
15 V 450V - '

↳ Each switch increased with 15V increments .

↳
upon depressing a button , a red
light
-

↳ An electric
↳ the buttons were buzzing then
switched in the
appealed .

following
120V slight
↳ 15 V -

60 V :

↳ 75V -

moderate
:

↳ 135V lsov :
strong
-

240 V
strong
↳ 195 V
very
-
:

↳ 255V 300 V : intense

-

360 V : extreme

danger intensity
↳ 315 V -

↳ 375 V 420V : severe

-

↳ 435 V 450 V :
XXX
-
 told that a shock could be
→
they were
painful but not cause
pumen
-

ant tissue
damage
.

they were
given sample shock
→ a .

↳ the shock was

↳The shock was applied to the waist
45 V
always attached to the shock
The
↳The source was a 45V
teacher
participant) battery
were told to
get
a shock each time a
give
→

response
wrong had was
giventhe
They to announce
voltage level
buttongiven
→

the shock was

The Uae nee hadgiven a pressing
to do by
→
a
→
paired associate task
.
-

The head out a series

participant weed
pails of
→

→ Had to read out a word

single along
with 4 teems
→ The leather had to which wold had been
identify paired originally
.

with the head out wold -

.

→ this was done 1

of the 4 switches
this lit the by passing
quadrants ofin the box
→
one
up
.

→ Each inncollect answer received a shock

.

the
participant refused
→ A
prod
given if
" "
please on was
go
.

asked whether
participant following they
the told the
were
if
→

the was
suffering pain
learning Although the shock
↳
There may
be
painful
real
permanent damage
is no
↳

↳ So please on
goprods were
.

given if still befused

↳then
213
.

Preliminary with
→
Given 10 words to read
↳
were
↳ 3
eight 7 were incorrect .

when the answer was incorrect

Voltage
↳
of 105 was
given v .

the
participants behaviour was observed mirror
'

throughoe if they
1
way
→ a
- .

→ the experiment ended if the

administered
450V.
participant refused
A went to 450V well labelled as obedient
participant who asked up
.
→

Participants
on a scale
were to estimate how
painful the shocks were
of 0-14 then were also given a They questionnaire
.
-

→ The
participants well debriefedto
.

introduced
They
to the
were
Stooge
↳ make the
study
participant would leave in
ethical .

state
well-being
of and
↳ so the a
↳ reduce
any tensions between
participant Stooge
.

Results
obedient and administered a full sound shocks
" "
2b
people were
of
→ .

→ 65%
were obedient and 35% well defiant .

→ when the
experiment ended at 450V many of the participant ,
sighed
with
belief
or shook their head in
regret
.

of the men showed of extreme tension These included

"
→ Most
signs
.
: -

↳ sweat ↳ tremble ↳ stutter ↳ bit

lip ↳ ↳ smiles
groan
↳
laughing
nervous ↳
full-blown sizeWes
dig fingernails
↳ in
fled
→
Aug rating of how painful
.
the shocks well 13 -42114
Conclusions
→ Individuals
authority figure than
appeal more obedient to we

might expect .

destructively
orders to act will be
When
experience
people given
are
they
→

high level of anxiety

.

→
People will follow authority figure even
harming
if it means others
→
People are
willing to
ifharm
responsibility passed on to someone
is

Evaluation

strengths
↳ Controlled observation in lab environment meant that
a
control over the extraneous variables
there was
high a .

and
toe ex → the
appearance of the actor the
playing
Stooge This agemeant
administered of shock that the level
.

was not due to how

'
→ standardisation allows sympathetic
were to the
they
easier deputation check
for Stooges to

for reliability Foe ex 45 V was the sample shock

knowing
.
→

makes it to replicate another research team

easy by
.

↳ The actual
study
was hidden so there was
of the
aim a

of demand characteristics
low risk .

↳ Qualitative data
gave objective data Hee ex the Max → .

voltage
were
given) so
valid
comparisons between the
participants
↳ Qualitative data like observations and interviews
the tension between
provided
obeying
orders
an
or understanding
one
of
's own conscience
snowed that
A
great range of occupations
↳

the commands
people are

even obeying
of
authority
to
prone their those with a professional
an

figure
backgroundif
that puts them in
position of power This a .

makes the results and conclusions valid .

Weakness
mundane realism ofreal
act
shocking a strange if
↳ Lacks as

they get a weed pail wrong isn't a life task

menstudy Newhaven There

↳ the lacks were all
from
generous ability be differences in levels
because
they
may
.

of obedience in men and women .

Ethics
consent were mislead about the
→
Informed →
Participants aim

of the
study of informed
so lack consent

Reportedly deceived foe ex when

Deception withdraw giving the shocks
→ →

verbal
Right Lacking plods
→
to → due to
→
protection from
could 've
harm Even
after
→

showing were
distress
they weren't
,

stopped negative lasting impression guilty

who
.

Application to Real
life
-

→ The experimental
wearing an author alive
uniform appealed
need to dress
to
affect obedience
Therefore the
government
.

authority figures poteays

in an that
uniform
.
 Prods made sure the
participant kept doing to ensureTherefore
the task
→ .

needs to have a set

the
government saying
soldiers
follow correctlyto be autonomous and
orders
→
destructive
Encourage
obedience
soldiers
challenge
the participants were obedient under the pees nation
65%
of of
→

shows that
the authority
an
figure this
dearly so if an actpeopletelloeism
will follow
-

orders
of
occurs it 'll be authority
useful
figures
it 'll be of
,
to know useful to
find the

authority
terrible actsfigure
-
behind it to
stop others from committing
As the show that will destructive orders
findings people obey
→

blowing
we can establish whistle
from an authority figure
-

policies to stop doctors out

hospitals giving
in like
places
destructive orders .

Individual vs situational .

Situational
This
↳ All
of the
participants went above 300 V as a Max
voltage
.

could be due the situation of

having
to to keep them
this level
prods going
of
volts

obeyed
↳ the

Thismajority
could
of the
participants the
authority figure
.

figure in
be the situation of
having authority
an

watching
them
cab coat
a
.

carried out a series of variations to his

original
↳
Milgram
procedure ,

altering
one aspect at a time Lex to
setting
greatest
isolate the a situation that had the
features ofbehaviour The
impact on obedient results do
varying
-

that
indicate that it is
Obedient behaviour
the
.
feature
of the situation affected
Individual
↳ All This could be
participants went upto 300V as Max
voltage
-

have which makes

due to a core people
personality
them obedient to a al tain
point
.

↳ Not all to 450 V and were able to resist

participants
went
up
like the plods) which provides
evidence
situational
that
pressures
personality goatee influence
can be a .

Different participants had reactions (some

different
↳

panicked
and some teen aimed calm -3 This is a
feature that is
, indiv dualistic
uniqueto each person
therefore
.