Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Science Notes ??
Science Notes ??
Chapter 1
(the scientific Endeavour ) -
↳ In science evidence
supporting theories and hypothesis
in #
, plays an important role
↳
A scientific question is usually accompanied by a
hypothesis . The purpose of proposing
a hypothesis is to explain a phenomenon or
propose solutions to a problem .
↳ To test a
hypothesis ,
observations should be made from repeated experiments .
a an .
Constant variables are the variables that stayed the same throughout the experiment ,
Accuracy ,
Precision and Errors
↳ When close to the true value of the
making measurements , a reading should be as quantity as
possible .
↳ If the
reading is very close to or the same as the true value the measurement,
is said to
be accurate .
↳
Accuracy is affected by errors in measurements .
-
↳ When instruments are used incorrectly the measurements
,
made can be less accurate / less
*
hypothesis -
a proposed explanation for an observation
*
phenomena -
it
an is
.
on :
' '
ex
i
↳ If multiple readings taken to
are
very close one
" ✓
another or the same ,
the measurements are said to be : *" ' " " " "
"
"
"
" ""
÷ r
✗
precise .
. .
"
'
÷i••
֥
'
••
-
••
.
. .
"
cause severe on .
, or ,
or respiratory system .
↳ Environmental effects
Toxicity Has potential to cause harmful the environment
-
on
↳
Oxidising substance Releases
oxygen easily which fire and /or explosions
-
can cause -
May cause
oxygen deficiency if gas is leaked in an enclosed space .
↳ Acute Toxity -
Can cause toxic or harmful effects to body when breathed in swallowed or on contact w/ skin .
May be fatal .
↳ Explosives -
↳ Flammable -
↳ difficulties
carcinogenicity / Aspiration Hazard -
Can cause breathing .
of Hazard
↳
Images symbols in Textbook 1A , pg 29 pls
,
memorise .
Chapter 2
( Physical Properties ) _
2. 2 -
a are can
Electrical conductivity
↳ Some materials such as metals are electrical conductors , they have high electrical conductivity -
↳ The electrical conductivity of a material is the measure of how easily an electric current flows through it .
•
Thermal conductivity
↳ Materials such as
plastic are poor conductors of heat , they have low thermal conductivity .
↳ Materials such as metal are good conductors of heat , they have high thermal conductivity .
↳ The thermal conductivity of a material is the measure of how easily heat flows through it .
↳
Temperature affects the state of a material .
↳ The
melting point of a material is the temperature at which it changes from the solid state to the liquid state .
↳ The
boiling point of a material is the temperature at which it changes from the liquid state to the
gaseous state
.
Strength
↳ the
strength of a material is its ability to
support a
heavy load without changing its shape permanently .
•
Hardness
↳ A hard material can scratch another material that is softer than itself .
↳ The hardness of a material is its resistance to wear and tear , and scratches .
Flexibility
↳ The
flexibility of a material is its ability to bend without breaking ,
and return to its initial
Density
•
↳
Density refers to the amount of matter an object has in proportion to its volume .
water sinks .
•
Determining Mass
↳ Mass is the amount or quantity of matter in an object ,
all matter has mass .
' '
↳ We can use an electronic balance
,
a common scientific tool ,
to measure the mass of a substance .
Determining Volume
↳ Volume is the amount of object occupies commonly used
space an .
%¥%É
'
3
II = 1000cm
↳ Common units of volume are em
3
m3 , mi , e. ooo am
}
,
Determining length
•
↳ Vernier
caliper has a precision of up to 0 -1cm
.
Determining Density
•
↳
Density can be expressed in grams per cubic centimetre (gkm3) or kilogram per cubic metre ( kg / m3 ) .
↳ Mathematically , mass
mass
Density
Or
=
Volume density volume
•
Effects of Different Densities
↳ The density of an object affects its ability to float on or sink in water .
↳ A
heavy object does not always sink , while light object does not always float .
hiring matter .
↳
They cannot be broken down into simpler substances .
É >
Compounds
↳
compounds consist of two / more elements that are
chemically combined -
↳
one common compound is water (1-120) ,
it is formed when the elements hydrogen and
•
Mixtures
↳ A mixture is made
up of two / more elements and /or compounds that are not chemically combined .
↳ Air is a mixture ,
it contains various substance such as
nitrogen (element] , oxygen ( element ) , carbon
dioxide (compound ) and water vapour ( compound ) .
•
Solutions
↳ A solution mixture in which dissolves another substance
is a one substance completely in .
↳ The substance that dissolves is called a solute while the substance in which the solute dissolves
,
•
Rate of Dissolving
↳ When solute dissolves solvent , we say that
a
completely in a it is soluble .
temperature of solvent
-
rate of stirring
•
Solubility
↳ The
solubility of a solute is different from its rate of dissolving .
↳
Solubility refers to how well a solute dissolves in a fixed volume of a
particular solvent -
type of solvent
-
type of solute
Suspensions
•
↳ For
example , dirty water is a
suspension as it contains substances that are insoluble in water (dirt ) .
4ᵗʰ /
" " " "" " "" "
proportion of constituents
"°
Yes
An element
up of one
Does it have the same
type of
no Yes
properties as its substance .
constituents ?
-edeasi
?⃝
?⃝
?⃝
Chapter 4
( Sepe ration Techniques ) _
Magnetic Attraction
↳ substances from
Magnetic attraction is used to separate magnetic non -
magnetic substances .
•
Filtration
↳ substances with different be / filter paper
particle sizes can separated using a sieve .
↳ Filtration is the
process of substances of different particle sieve / filter
separating sizes
using a
paper .
↳ Process of filtration :
of
mixture filter paper
sand
and
sand (residue
)
water
water (filtrate)
Evaporation
•
↳ The solvent to be
changes from a liquid to a
gas much faster than the solute This allows the solvent
.
removed from the the solute , leaving behind the solute as residue .
↳
Evaporation is a
process used to obtain a dissolved substance (solute ) from a
liquid ( solvent ) .
water vapour
/
Process of
I /
↳
Evaporation : _
i. salt Cresidue
%
.
bunsen burner
•
Distillation *
↳ Distillation is a process that separates substances with different boiling points through boiling and condensation -
Process of distillation :
thermometer
↳ n
n
☐
water out
=
distillation
flask
] -
er
sa"
↳""
%mmmm
solution
Chips
I /
water in
1 -
'
/I/ droplets of pure water
Chromatography
•
↳
Chromatography is used to separate small amounts of substances (such as ink) that dissolve to different
extents in a
particular solvent .
?⃝