uQ,øjHj, úia;rd;aul ridhkh

d-f.dkqj

ridhk úoHd wOHkdxYh

Y%S ,xld újD; úYajúoHd,h

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 1. d-f.dkqfõ uQ,øjH ms<sn| ye¢kaùula

ye¢kaùu
ieis 1 isg 5 olajd d-f.dkqfõ uQ,øjHhkays ridhkh yeoErSug n,dfmdfrd;a;= fõ'
d-f.dkqfõ uQ,øjHhkays ridhkh b;d is;a .kakd iq`M jk w;r th s- yd p-
f.dkqj, uQ,øjHhkays ridhkhkaf.ka fndfyda fihska fjkia fõ fuu ieish ;=<
§ uOH f,day mrudKqj, bf,lafg%dak úkHdi ix.; ixfhda.hkays ixhq;hs  ix.;
ixfhda.hka ys TlaislrK wxl ix.; wxlh iy cHdñ;sh jeks jeo.;a ixl,am yd
lreKq y÷kajd fok w;r fïjd bÈß ieis f;areï .ekSug bjy,a jkq we;

11 d-f.dkqj
wiïmQ¾K f,i fyda mQ¾K f,i msreKq d-ldËsl iys; uQ,øjH d-f.dkqjg wh;a fõ
ksoyia f,dayhla ie,l+ úg nd bf,lafg%dak msÍu (n + 1)s bf,lafg%dak msÍug miqj
o (n + 1)p bf,lafg%dak msÍug fmr o isÿ fõ tu ksid d-f.dkqfõ uQ,øjH tu s- yd
p-f.dkqj, uQ,øjH w;r msysgqjd we; idudkHfhka d-f.dkqfõ uQ,øjHj,
bf,lafg%dak úkHdih (n+1)sndm fyda (n+1)s1ndm , n = 3, 4, 5, 6 iy m = 1, 2, 3
.....fyda 10 f,i oelaúh yels h

d-f.dkqj fY%aKs 4 lska iukaú; jk nj wdj¾;s;d j.=j foi neÆúg Tng fmkS hkq
we; tajd 3d, 4d, 5d yd 6d fY%aKs jk w;r tajd ms<sfj<ska 4 jk 5 jk 6 jk yd 7
jk wdj¾;j, msysghs

3d-fY%aKsfha uQ,øjH (Z = 21 isg 30&

uQ,øjH Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn
Z 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

4d-fY%aKsfha uQ,øjH (Z = 39 isg 48&

uQ,øjH Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd
Z 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48

5d-fY%aKsfha uQ,øjH (Z = 57, 72 isg 80&

uQ,øjH La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg
Z 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80

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6d-fY%aKsfha uQ,øjH (Z = 89, 104 isg 112&

uQ,øjH Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn
Z 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112

3d-uQ,øjH iy 4d-uQ,øjH ms<sfj<ska mrudKql wxl 21-30 iy 39-48 olajhs isria

ldKavhl msysá uQ,øjH ish,a, tl u ldKavhlg whs;s jk w;r" ta wkqj Sc, Y, La
iy Ac tl u ldKavhlg whs;s jk w;r" th 3 jk ldKavh f,i y÷kajhs tf,i
u Cr, Mo iy W, 6 jk ldKavhg wh;a fõ mokï mdGud,d uÜgfï § 3d-
uQ,øjHhkays ridhkh ms<sn|j jeä wjOdkhla fhduq flf¾

12 3d-uQ,øjH
3d-ldËsl msßSfuka 3d-uQ,øjH we;s fõ mrudKqjl bf,lafg%dak úkHdih u.ska tu
mrudKqfõ .=K fyda tys ixfhda.hka ys .=K ms<sn|j jákd f;dr;=re fokq ,nk nj
wms oksuq ^1 yd 2 jk ieis n,kak& WodyrKhla f,i Ca ys bf,lafg%dak úkHdih
1s22s22p63s23p64s2 jk w;r le,aishï Ca2+ whkh myiqfjka idohs
3d-uQ,øjHhkays .=K ms<sn|j 2 jk ieisfha § idlÉPd flfrkq we;

Yla;s uÜgïj,g bf,lafg%dak msÍfï wkqms<sfj< 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d,
5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s hkdoS jYfhka nj wms oksuq 3d-ldËsl 5 la we;s w;r tla
ldËslhlg Wmßu jYfhka bf,lafg%dak 2 la oeßh yel 3d-uQ,øjHhkays
bf,lafg%dak úkHdih ms<sn|j wms i,ld n,uq

13 3d-uQ,øjHhkays bf,lafg%dak úkHdih

ialekaähï (Sc) m<uqjk d-uQ,øjHh jk w;r tys bf,lafg%dak úkHdih 1s2 2s2
2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d1 fõ 3d-uQ,øjHhkays ^Z = 21 isg 30& bf,lafg%dak úkHdi iy
ldKav wxl my; olajd we;

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 uQ,øjH ^ku& Z bf,lafg%dak ldKav
úkHdih wxlh

Sc ^ialekaähï& 21 [Ar]4s23d1 3

Ti ^ghsfÜkshï& 22 [Ar]4s23d2 4

V ^jefkaähï& 23 [Ar]4s23d3 5

Cr ^fl%dañhï& 24 [Ar]4s13d5 6

Mn ^uex.kSia& 25 [Ar]4s23d5 7

Fe ^whka& 26 [Ar]4s23d6 8

Co ^fldafnda,aÜ& 27 [Ar]4s23d7 9

Ni ^ksl,a& 28 [Ar]4s23d8 10

Cu ^fldm¾& 29 [Ar]4s13d10 11

Zn ^iskala& 30 [Ar]4s23d10 12

[Ar] = 1s1, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6 ; Cr iy Cu ys bf,lafg%dak úkHdih ms<sfj<ska

[Ar]4s13d5 iy [Ar]4s13d10.

ldKav wxlh

by; oelafjk mßÈ ldKav wxlh (Group number) ksoyia f,dayfha ^Y=kH ixhqc fyda
Mo & 4s iy 3d bf,lafg%dakj, tl;=jg iudk fõ WodyrKhla f,i Sc ys
bf,lafg%dak úkHdih [Ar]4s23d1 fyda [Ar]3d14s2 jk w;r ldKav wxlh 3 fõ
tuksid Sc, Y yd La hk uQ,øjH 3 jk ldKavhg o ^merKs IIIB ldKavh&" Fe, Ru,
yd Os hk uQ,øjH 8 jk ldKavhg o ^merKs VIIIB ldKavh& Zn, Cd iy Hg hk
uQ,øjH 12 jk ldKavhg o ^merKs IIB ldKavh& wh;a fõ

ls%hdldrlu

11 fud,síäkï (Mo) 5 jk wdj¾;fha 6 jk ldKavhg wh;a f,dayh ls tys

bf,lafg%dak úkHdih ,shkak

12 mrudKql l%udxlh 40 jk uQ,øjHfha bf,lafg%dak úkHdih ,shkak

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3d-ldËsl 5 la iy 4s-ldËsl 1 la mj;S 3d-uQ,øjHhkays bf,lafg%dak úkHdihka
my; oelafjk wdldrhg wjika ljpfha bf,lafg%dak 3d-ldËsl 5 iy 4s
ldËslfhys fn§ mj;sk f,i oelaúh yels h fldgqjla u.ska iEu ldËslhla u
ksrEmKh flf¾ V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni iy Cu ys bf,lafg%dak úkHdi my; olajd we;

3d 4s

V [Ar]

Cr [Ar]

Mn [Ar]

Fe [Ar]

Ni [Ar]

Cu [Ar]

fuu uQ,øjH ish,af,ys u hq., fkdjQ bf,lafg%dak tkï úhq.au bf,lafg%dak

(unpaired) we;s nj Tng oelsh yels h ^Wod( V yd Cr j,g ms<sfj<ska úhq.au
bf,lafg%dak 3 la iy 6 la mj;S&. tuksid tajd wkq pqïNl (paramagnetic) fõ

m%( Cr iy Cu ys bf,lafg%dak úkHdih [Ar]3d54s1 iy [Ar]3d104s1 f,i

,shkafka uka o@

ms( d-ldËsl 5 la we; fya;=j jkafka ksis f,i w¾Oj msreKq (d5) iy
iïmQ¾Kfhkau msreKq (d10) d-ldËslj,g wu;r ia:dhs;djhla ,eîuhs

ls%hdldrlu

13 Y=kH ixhqc fldfnda,aÜys 3d ldËsl 5 iy 4s ldËslfhys wjidk ljpfha

bf,lafg%dak jHdma; jk wdldrh ,shkak tys hq.au fkdjQ bf,lafg%dak
.Kk ks¾Kh lrkak

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1.4 legdhkj, bf,lafg%dak úkHdi
Y=kH ixhqc f,dayhlska (Mo) bf,lafg%dak 1 la bj;aùu u.ska legdhkh ^M+)
we;sfõ ksoiqkla f,i V0 fj;ska ms<sfj<ska 1 2 3 iy 4 jk bf,lafg%dak bj;aùu
u.ska V+, V2+, V3+ iy V4+ we;sfõ V+, V2+, V3+ iy V4+ whkj, bf,lafg%dak
úkHdi my; oelafõ
3d 4s
V+ = [Ar]3d3 4s1 = [Ar]

V2+ = [Ar]3d34s0 = [Ar]

V3+ = [Ar]3d2 4s0 = [Ar]

V4+ = [Ar]3d14s0 = [Ar]

fuys § 3d-bf,lafg%dak msg lsÍug fmr 4s-bf,lafg%dak msglrkq ,efí fuhg

fya;=j jkafka f,day legdhkhkays 4s-ldËslhkays Yla;shg jvd 3d-ldËslhka ys
Yla;sh wvq h ^bf,lafg%dak msÍfï§ 4s-ldËsl j, Yla;sh 3d-ldËslj, Yla;shg
jvd wvq h&

ls%hdldrlu

14 Co+ iy Co3 ys bf,lafg%dak úkHdi ks¾Kh lrkak

15 wdka;ßl uQ,øjH

wdka;ßl uQ,øjH (M) wiïmQ¾K j msreKq d-ldlaIsl iys; whk (M, M, M3+) wju
jYfhka 1 la fyda iEÈh hq;= fõ wdka;ßl f,day TlaislrK wjia:d lsysmhla
fmkajk w;r tajd j¾Kj;a ixlS¾K whk (coloured complex ions) idohs ^2 jk
ieish n,kak& Cu wdka;ßl f,dayhla jk w;r th [Ar]3d94s0 bf,lafg%dak
úkHdih iys; Cu2+ whkh idok w;r Cu j¾Kj;a ixfhda. idohs' idudkHfhka
Sc iy Zn wdka;ßl uQ,øjH f,i fkd ie,flk w;r Sc, d-bf,lafg%dak fkdue;s
(3d0 ) Sc3+ muKla o Zn iïmQ¾Kfhka u msreKq d-ldlaIsl iys; (3d10 ) Zn2+ muKla
o idohs iuyr fmd;aj, Sc wdka;ßl f,dayhla f,i i,lk w;r Bg fya;=jkafka
Y=kH ixhqc ialekaähïys (Sc0) w¾Oj msreKq d-ldlaIslhla [Ar]3d14s2 fyda
[Ar]4s23d1 ;sîuhs

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16 nkaO (Ligands)

odhl mrudKqjla iys; wKqjla fyda whkhla nkaOhla (ligand) f,i y÷kajhs iuyr
nkaO WodiSk jk w;r ^Wod( NH3, CO, H2O& iuyr tajd RK wdfrdams; fõ ^Wod(
Cl, N, CO3, SO4&

WodyrKhla f,i NH3 wKqfjys N u; jQ tlir bf,lafg%dak hq.,h uOH f,day

whkh (Mn+ ) fj; ,nd §fuka ix.; fyda odhl nkaOkhla we;s fõ

M n+ + :NH3  M n+ :NH3 fyda [MNH3] n+

fuys § M n+ u; jQ wfkla nkaO fmkakqï lr fkdue; fuys § khsg%cka (N) odhl

mrudKqj fyda ix.; mrudKqj f,i y÷kajhs

17 ix.; ixfhda.

uOH f,day whkh (metal ion) fyda uOH mrudKqj (central atom) (M), nkaO (L)
lsysmhla iu`. tlaùfuka my; oelafjk f,i ix.; ixfhda.hla ksrEmKh l<
yel

M + n L  [MLn]

WodiSk ix.; ixfhda. fyda ixlS¾K whkj, iQ;h % ka ieu úg u fldgq jryka ;=<
,shkq ,efí ix.; ixfhda.hl ridhksl iQ;%h ,sùfï § m<uqj f,dayh i|yd jq
ixfla;h o fojkqj RK wdfrdams; nkaO i|yd jQ ixfla; o Bg miq j Wodisk
nkaO i|yd jQ ixfla; o ,shkq ,efí wekdhksl nkaO tllg jvd jeä ixLHdjla
we;súg bx.%Sis wËrdÈ ms<sfj<g ,shkq ,nk w;r th WodiSk nkaO i|yd o isÿ
flf¾ iuyrla ixfhda.j, ridhksl iQ;% my; oelafõ

(i) [CrBr3(NH3)3] kuq;a [Cr(NH3)3Br3] fkdfõ

(ii) [FeClF2(NH3)3] kuq;a [FeF2Cl(NH3)3] fkdfõ
(iii) [CoBr3(NH3)(CO)2] kuq;a [CoBr3(CO)2(NH3)] fkdfõ

ixlS¾K wKqjla fyda whkhla ødjKhl øjKh lsÍfï § tys ix>gl njg my;
i|yka f,i úfhdackh fkd jk nj ie,lsh hq;= h

[CoBr3(NH3)3] Co3+ + 3 Br + 3 NH3

ls%hdldrlu
15 Na+, Fe3+, CN iy NH3 wvx.= ødjKhl we;súh yels ir, ,jK iy ix.;
ixfhda. fokak

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18 TlaislrK wxlh (O.N.)
uOH f,day whkhl (metal centre) TlaislrK wxlh hkq f,dayh fj;ska ish¨ u
nkaO bj;a jQ l, f,dayh u; we;sjk wdfrdamKh hs WodyrKhla f,i
[CoBr3(NH3)3] fj;ska Br whk 3 la iy WodiSk wefudakshd wKq 3 la bj;a ùfuka
Co u; Ok 3 l ^+3) wdfrdamKhla we;s fõ tuksid [CoBr3(NH3)3] ys Co ys
TlaislrK wxlh 3 fyda +III fõ

fldgq jryk ;=< jQ wdfrdamKj, tl;=j ixlS¾K whkfha wdfrdamKhg [ ]n+ fyda
[ ]n ^jrykg msáka we;s wdfrdamKh& iudk jk nj ie,lsh hq;= h [CoBr3(NH3)3]
jeks WodiSk ixlS¾Khl n = 0 fõ

m%( my; oelafjk uOH f,day whkhkays (metal centres) TlaislrK wxlhka
ks¾Kh lrkak
(a) [Ag(NH3)2]+ iy (b) [NiCl2(NH3)2]

ms( NH3 WodiSk nkaOhla jk w;r N u; wdfrdamKh Y=kH fõ Cl talixhqc
wekdhksl (monoanionic) nkaOhla jk w;r laf,daÍka u; wdfrdamKh 1
fõ [Ag(NH3)2]+ ixlS¾K legdhkhla jk w;r tys wdfrdamKh +1 fõ
[NiCl2(NH3)2] WodiSsk ixlS¾Khla jk w;r tys wdfrdamKh Y=kH fõ

is,aj¾ iy ksl,ays TlaislrK wxl my; oelafjk f,i .Kkh l< yels h

uOH f,day whkfhys TlaislrK wxlh y f,i i,luq oeka fldgq jryk ;=< jQ
wdfrdamKj, tl;=j ks¾Kh lrkak th ixlS¾Kh$ixlS¾K whkfhys wdfrdamKhg
iudk fõ

(a) [ ] ;=< wdfrdamKj, tl;=j  y  2   0  1  ixlS¾K legdhkfha

wdfrdamKh

y = + 1 Ag ys TlaislrK wxlh = +1

(b) [ ] ;=< wdfrdamKj, tl;=j  y  2   1  2   0  0

y = +2  Ni ys TlaislrK wxlh = + 2

ls%hdldrlu
16 [Fe(CN)6]4 ys whkaj, TlaislrK wxlh ks¾Kh lrkak

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19 ix.; wxlh (coordination number)
nkaO ¨úia" NIau jk w;r tajd uOH f,day whkfha ysia d-ldËsl fj; bf,lafg%dak
hq., m%odkh lr ix.; nkaOk (coordination bonds) idohs idok nkaOk ixLHdj
ix.; wxlh (C.N.) f,i y÷kajhs' WodyrKhla f,i [Fe(CN)6]4 yd [Ag(NH3)2]+
ys whka iy is,aj¾ ys ix.; wxlhka ms<sfj<ska 6 yd 2 fõ

ls%hdldrlu
17 [CrBrCl2(NH3)3], [Cu(NH3)4]SO4 iy [Fe(CO)5] ys uOH f,day whkhkays
ix.; wxlhka ks¾Kh lrkak

110 cHdñ;sh (Geometry)

uOH f,day whkh (M) jgd nkaO (L) wjldYfha weisÍ we;s wdldrh ixlS¾Khl
cHdñ;sh ^fyda yevh& f,i w¾: oelaúh yels h 1.1 j.=fjys oelafjk mßÈ f,dayfha
ix.; wxlhla iu`. cHdñ;sh fjkiajk wdldrh oelsh yels h WodyrKhla f,i
[ML2] iQ;%h iys; ixfhda.hla f¾Çh (linear) cHdñ;sh fmkajhs [ML4] iQ;%h iys;
ixfhda.hkag fohdldrhl cHdñ;Ska fmkaúh yels h tkï p;=ia;,Sh (tetrahedral)
iy ;,Sh iup;=ri%dldr (square planar). [ML5] iQ;%h iys; ixfhda.hla o ;%s wdk;s
oaúmsrñãh (trigonal bipyramidal) iy iup;=ri% msrñãh hkdoS jYfhka fohdldrhl
cHdñ;Ska fmkajhs

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1.1 j.=j: f,dayj, ix.; wxlh wkqj cHdñ;sfha fjkiaùu

C.N. cHdñ;sh (iQ;%h) WodyrKh

2 f¾Çh [ML2]

3 ;,Sh ;%sfldaKdldr [ML3]

4 p;=ia;,Sh [ML4]

4 ;,Sh iup;=ri%dldr [ML4]

5 ;%s wdk;s oaúmsrñãh [ML5]

5 iup;=ri%dldr msrñãh [ML5]

6 wIaG;,Sh [ML6]

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ls%hdldrlu
 
18 (i) CO3 (ii) MnO4 iy (iii) I3  ys cHdñ;Ska ,shkak

idrdxYh
 d-uÜgug bf,lafg%dak msÍfuka d-f.dkqj we;s fõ 3d, 4d, 5d iy 6d fY%aKs
ms<sfj<ska 4 jk 5 jk 6 jk iy 7 jk wdj¾;j, msysghs

 idudkHfhka d-f.dkqfõ uQ,øjHj, bf,lafg%dak úkHdi (n+1)s2ndm fyda

(n+1)s1ndm f,i úoyd oelaúh yels h n = 3, 4, 5 fyda 6 iy m = 1, 2,
3....fyda 10

 Sc isg Cu olajd we;s uQ,øjHhkays úhq.au bf,lafg%dak (unpaired electron) mj;sk

w;r tu ksid tajd wkq pqïNl (paramagnetic) fõ

 ksoyia f,dayhl 4s- iy 3d-bf,lafg%dakj, tl;=j ldKav wxlhg iudk

fõ

 wiïmQ¾K j msreKq d-ljp iys; whk tlla fyda idok uQ,øjH wdka;ßl
uQ,øjHhla fõ ridhksl yeisÍu ie,l+úg Sc yd Zn wdka;ßl uQ,øjH f,i
ie,lsh fkd yel

 odhl mrudKq 1 la iys; wKqjla fyda whkhla nkaOhla f,i l%shd lrhs
iuyrla WodiSk nkaO ^Wod( NH3, CO, H2O) jk w;r iuyrla RK
wdfrdams; nkaO ^Wod( Cl, CN, CO3, SO4& fõ

 uOH f,day whkfha TlaislrK wxlh hkq ish¨ u nkaO bj;a jQ miq
f,dayhg ,efnk wdfrdamKh hs

 tfia uOH f,day mrudKqj fj; fl,ska u ne£ we;s mrudKq .Kk f,dayfha
ix.; wxlh (coordination number) fõ

wruqKq
fuu ieish yodrd wjika jQ miqj my; oE Tng yels úh hq;= h

 d-uQ,øjHhl ldKav wxlh ks¾Kh lsÍu

 WodiSk wekdhksl nkaO ir, ,jK iy ix.; ixfhda. y÷kd.ekSu

 3d-uQ,øjH iy tajdfha legdhkj, bf,lafg%dak úkHdi ,sùu

 uOH f,day whkhl TlaislrK wxlh .Kkh lsÍu

11
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  uOH f,day whkhl ix.; wxlh ks¾Kh lsßu ir, ix.; ixfhda.hl fyda
ixlS¾K whkhl cHdñ;sh ks¾Kh lsßu

ls%hdldrlu

19 my; ixlS¾Kj, we;s uOH f,day mrudKqj, TlaislrK iy ix.; wxlhka
ks¾Kh lrkak

(a) [Fe(OH)(H2O)5]SO4
(b) [CoCl(CN)(NO2)(NH3)3]
(c) [CoCl(NH3)5](NO3)2
(d) K3[Fe(CN)5NO]

110 my; we;s ixfhda.$ixlS¾K whkj, jHqyhka w¢kak

(a) [Ag(NH3)2]+
(b) [Ni(CO)4]
(c) [Ni(CN)4] 2
(d) [Fe(CO)5]
(e) [Cr(NH3)6] 3+
(f) [Co(C2O4)3]3

111 Cu2+, Fe3+ iy Mn2+ ys bf,lafg%dak úkHdihka ,shkak 7 TlaislrK

wjia:dfõ we;s uex.kSia wvx.= ixfhda.h fyda whkfhys iQ;%h (formula)
fokak

112 my; wKqj, yevhka y÷kd .kak

(i) HCl (ii) BF3 (iii) CH4 (iv) PCl5

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 2. d-f.dkqfõ uQ,øjHhkays .=K

ye¢kaùu
1 jk ieisfha § ix.; ridhkhkfha Ndú;d jk jeo.;a ixl,am yd Í;Ska wms
idlÉPd lf<uq. fuu ieisfha § d-f.dkqfõ uQ,øjHhkays .=Kdx. jk
ikakdhl;djh" øjdxl yd ;dmdxl" úoHq;a iDK;djh" whkSlrK Yla;sh" whksl
wrh" úúO TlaislrK wjia:d iy f,dayuh ixlS¾Khkays W;afm%arl .=K ms<sn|j
i,ld n,uq.

2.1 f,dayuh ,laIK iy ikakdhl;djh

3d-f.dkqfõ uQ,øjH ish,a, u f,day fõ. iEu tlla u Ok wdfrdams; oe,silska iy
ksoyia bf,lafg%dakj,ska iukaú; fõ ^2.1 rEmh&. uQ,øjH ish,a, u fyd| ;dm iy
úoHq;a ikakdhl fõ. úoHq;a ikakdhl;djh" ksoyia bf,lafg%dak u.ska Woa§mkh fõ.
f,dayuh oe,si ;dm Yla;sh fkd lvjd úysÿùu i|yd wdOdr fõ.

bf,laf g%da k ihqr

f,day whk

2.1 rEmh: f,dayhl wdlD;shla

2.2 øjdxl iy ;dmdxl

s-f.dkqfõ uQ,øjHhkag jvd d-f.dkqfõ uQ,øjHhkag by< øjdxl iy ;dmdxl mj;S.
3d-uQ,øjHhkays iuyrla .=K 2.1 j.=fjys § we;. 3d-fYa%Ksfhys øjdxl Sc isg V
olajd l%ufhka jeäjk w;r Fe isg Zn olajd wvq fõ ^rEmh 2.2 n,kak&' Cr iy Fe
g jvd Mn ys øjdxl iy ;dmdxl wvq h. 3d-fYa%Ksfhys wfkl=;a uQ,øjH yd ii|k
l, Zn j,g wvq u øjdxl iy ;dmdxl mj;S.

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 5300

/ / C
4300

o
K;aj hC
0
WIarature
3300
Tempe

2300

1300

300
Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn
f irs t3d -wdka
row ;ßl
trans uQ,elements
ition øjH

2.2 rEmh: Sc isg Zn olajd jQ uq,øjHhkays øjdxl yd ;dmdxl

2.3 >k;aj iy úoHq;a >DK;djh

s- iy p-f.dkqfõ uQ,øjH yd ii|k l, d-f.dkqfõ uQ,øjHhka by< >k;aj
fmkajhs. 3d-fYa%Ksfha § Sc isg Cu olajd >k;aj jeä fõ ^2.1 j.=j n,kak&. Os iy
Ir >k;ajh jeä u uQ,øjHhka jk w;r tys w.h 22.6 g cm fõ. 1 jk ldKavfha
f,dayhkag jvd d-f.dkqfõ uQ,øjHhkays úoHq;a Ok;djh wvq fõ. 3d-fYa%Ksfha § Sc
isg Cu olajd úoHq;a >DK;djfhys iq¿ jeäùula fmkakqï lrhs. ^2.3 yd 2.4 rEm
n,kak&.

10

8
-33
cm
>K;aj/ hg gcm

6
density

2
Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn
first 3d-wdka
row ;ßl uQ,øjH
transition elements

2.3 rEmh: Sc isg Zn olajd jQ uQ,øjHhkays WIaK;aj úp,kh

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 1.8
1.7

úoHq;a iDK;djh
1.6

electronegativity
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1
Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn
3d-wdka
first row ;ßl uQ,elements
transition øjH

2.4 rEmh: Sc isg Zn olajd jQ uQ,øjHhkays úoHq;a iDK;d úp,kh

2.1 j.=j: 3d-uQ,øjHhkays iuyrla .=K

uQ,øjHh Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn

mrudKql wrh /pm 144 132 122 118 117 117 116 115 117 125

whksl wrh (M2+)/pm - 86 79 80 83 78 75 69 73 74

øjdxlh / oC 1539 1667 1915 1900 1244 1535 1495 1452 1083 420

;dmdxlh / oC 2748 3285 3350 2960 2060 2750 3100 2920 2570 907

>k;ajh / (g cm3) 3.01 4.51 6.11 7.14 7.43 7.86 8.90 8.91 8.96 7.14

úoHq;a iDK;djh 1.2 1.3 1.45 1.55 1.6 1.65 1.7 1.75 1.75 1.6

E0 (M2+/M) / V - -1.63 -1.17 -0.91 -1.18 -0.44 -0.28 -0.25 +0.34 -0.76

2.4 whksl wrh

Sc isg Zn olajd mrudKql iy whksl wrhkays wvqùula wms wfmalaId lrkafkuq.
flfia kuqÿ M2+ whkhkays whksl wrhka i|yd mÍlaIKd;aulj ,nd.;a w.hka V
iy Ni i|yd wjuhka iys; j jl%hla fmkajhs. tkï M2+ whkhkays whksl wrh Sc
isg V olajd l%ufhka wvqjk w;r V isg Mn olajd jeä fõ' Mn isg Zn olajd o
fuu rgdj u Ni i|yd wjuh foñka ksÍlaIKh l< yels h' 3d-fYa%Ksh ie,l+ úg
oaú ixhqc whk i|yd jQ wju whksl wrh Ni úiska fmkajhs ^j.=j 2.1 n,kak&.

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 whks
Ionic l wrh
radius

100

90
n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk úp,kh
Expec ted
80

70
Observed
ksÍlaIs; úp,kh
Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn

2.5 rEmh: 3d-fYa%Ksfhys M2+ whkhkays whksl wrhkays úp,kh

2.5 whkSlrK Yla;sh

uQ,øjHhkays m%:u whkSlrK Yla;sh Sc isg Zn olajd iq¿ jYfhka jeäùula
fmkajhs ^j.=j 2.2 n,kak&. Sc ys 4 jk whkSlrK Yla;sh 3 jk whkSlrK Yla;shg
jvd ie,lsh hq;= ;rï jeä w.hla fmkajhs' tfiau Ti ys 5 jk whkSlrK Yla;sh o
4 jk whkSlrK Yla;shg jvd wêl w.hla fmkajhs.

2.2 j.=j: 3d-uQ,øjHhkays whkSlrK Yla;Ska

whkSlrK Yla;Ska/ kJ mol1

uQ,øjH

1 jk 2 jk 3 jk 4 jk 5 jk 6 jk

Sc 632 1235 2390 7130 8870 10700

Ti 655 1310 2650 4170 9620 11600

V 650 1415 2830 4600 6280 12400

Cr 653 1590 2990 4900 7070 8700

Mn 716 1510 3250 5190 7360 9750

Fe 762 1560 2960 5400 7620 10100

Co 757 1640 3230 5100 7910 10500

Ni 736 1750 3395 5400 7620 10900

Cu 745 1960 3550 5690 7990 10500

Zn 908 1730 3828 5960 8280 11000

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2.6 úúO TlaislrK wjia:d
2.3 j.=fjys oelafjk mßÈ Sc iy Zn yereKq fldg b;sß uQ,øjHhka ish,a, u úúO
TlaislrK wjia:d fmkajhs' jvd;a fmdÿ TlaislrK wjia:d ;o meye;s b,lalñka
olajd we;' Mn, +7 TlaislrK wxlh fmkajhs' d-f.dkqfõ uQ,øjH u.ska fmkajkq
,nk jeä u TlaislrK wjia:dj +8 jk w;r Ru8+ iy Os8+ WodyrK f,i oelaúh
yel'

2.7 c,Sh ixls¾Khkays j¾K

2.3 j.=j: 3d-uQ,øjHhkays ;sìh yels TlaislrK wxl

uQ,øjH TlaislrK wxl

-2 -1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7

Sc (+2) +3

Ti (-1) (0) +2 +3 +4

V (-1) (0) (+1) +2 +3 +4 +5

Cr (0) (+1) +2 +3 (+4) (+5) +6

Mn (-1) (0) (+1) +2 +3 +4 (+5) +6 +7

Fe (-2) (0) (+1) +2 +3 (+4) (+5) (+6)

Co (-1) (0) (+1) +2 +3 (+4)

Ni (0) (+1) +2 (+3) +4

Cu +1 +2 (+3)

Zn +2

wdka;ßl f,dayhkays fndfydauhla ixfhda. j¾Kj;a fõ' f,day whk c,fha Èhù
[M(H2O)6]n+ fyda Mn+(aq) wdldr c,Sh ixls¾K ,nd foa'

M n+ + 6 H2O 
 [M(H2O)6]n+

iuyrla c,Sh ixlS¾Khka ys j¾K my; § we;.

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 c,Sh f,day whkh j¾Kh

Sc3+^c,Sh& wj¾K

Ti3+^c,Sh& oï

V2+^c,Sh& oï

V3+^c,Sh& oï$fld<

Cr2+^c,Sh& ks,a

Cr3+^c,Sh& fld<$oï

Mn2+^c,Sh& ,d frdai

Mn7+^c,Sh& oï fyda r;=

Fe2+^c,Sh& ,d fld<

Fe3+^c,Sh& ly $ ÿUqre

Co2+^c,Sh& ,d frdai

Co3+^c,Sh& ks,a

Ni2+^c,Sh& fld<
ks,a
Cu2+^c,Sh&
ks,a
Zn2+^c,Sh&

2.8 W;afma%rl
wdka;ßl f,day ixlS¾K W;afm%arl f,i jeo.;a ld¾hhla bgq lrhs' W;afm%arlhla
hkq m%;sls%hdjl iS>%;djh jeä lrk iy mßj¾;kh wjidkfha § kej;;a
m%;sW;amdokh jk øjHh ls' W;afm%arlhla u.ska m%;sls%hdj i|yd fjk;a ud¾.hla
Ndú;d lrhs' tu.ska ils%hk Yla;s ndOlh wvq lrhs' W;afmA%rl j¾. fol ls.
iucd;Sh W;afma%rl ^m%;ls s%hlhka tlu l,dmhl mj;S& iy úIucd;Sh W;afm%arl
^m%;sl%Shlhkays l,dmhg jvd fjkia jQ l,dmhl mj;S. WodyrKhla f,i ødjKhla
;=< jQ wødjH >k W;afma%rl&. iuyrla W;afm%arl m%;sls%hd my; § we;' m%;sls%hd 1
isg 7 olajd úIucd;Sh W;afm%arl Ndú;d fldg we;'

1. NH3 ksmojk fyan¾ ls%hdj,sfha § W;afma%rlhla f,i hlv fyda Fe2O3 Ndú;d
lrhs'

N2(g) + 3 H2(g) 
 2 NH3(g)
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2. SO2, SO3 njg TlaislrKh ^H2SO4 ksIamdokfhys iam¾Y l%ufhys& V2O5 u.ska
W;afma%rKh lrhs'

2 SO2(g) + O2(g) 
 2 SO3(g)

3. T,s*Sk yhsv%ckSlrKh ^Wod: ud.ßka ksIamdokfha §& i|yd W;afma%rlhla f,i

Ni Ndú;d lrhs'

RCH=CH2 + H2 
 RCH2CH3

4. T,s*Sk nyq wjhúlrKh i|yd ^Wod t;s,ska fmd,st;s,Ska lsÍug& W;afma%rl

f,i (TiCl3) iy (AlEt3) Ndú;d lrhs

n CH2=CH2 
 -[CH2-CH2]n-

5. fnkaiSka fn%daókSlrKh ^*%Sâ,a l%d*aÜ m%;sls%hdj& f*ßla fn%dauhsâ u.ska

W;afm%arKh lrhs'
Br

+ Br2

6. wod< vhfidakshï ,jK u.ska laf,dafrdafnkaiska ms<sfh, lsÍu i|yd CuCl

Ndú;d lrhs ^iekaâfuh¾ m%;sls%hdj&.

+
N2 Cl

+ Cl + N2

7. NH3, NO njg TlaislrKh ^HNO3 ksIamdokfha TiaÜj¾,aâ ls%hdj,sh& i|yd

W;afm%arlhla f,i ñY% f,day (Pt-Rh) Ndú;d lrhs'

4 NH3(g) + 5 O2(g) 
 4 NO(g) + 6 H2O(g)

8. MnO2, my; m%;sls%hd W;afma%Kh lrhs'

(i) 2 H2O2(aq) 
 2 H2O(l) + O2(g)
(ii) 2 KClO3(s) 
 2 KCl(s) + 3 O2(g)

9. S2O82 u.ska I , I2 njg TlaislrKh f*ria whk W;afm%arKh lrhs'

S2O82(aq) + 2 I (aq) 
 2 SO42(aq) + I2(g)

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idrdxYh
 3d-uQ,øjH ish,a, u fyd| ;dm iy úoHq;a ikakdhl fõ' úoHq;a ikakdhl;djh
ksoyia bf,lafg%dak mej;Su u.ska Woa§mkh fõ'

 3d-fYa%Ksfhys Sc isg V olajd øjdxl l%ufhka jeäjk w;r Fe isg Zn olajd wvq
fõ'

 3d-fYa%Ksfhys Sc isg Cu olajd >k;ajh jeä fõ'

 3d-fYa%Ksfhys Sc isg Cu olajd úoHq;a >DK;djh iq¿ jYfhka jeä fõ'

 3d-uQ,øjHhkays m%:u whkSlrK Yla;sh Sc isg Cu olajd iq¿ jYfhka jeä fõ'

 Sc yd Zn yereKq fldg 3d-uQ,øjH úúO TlaislrK wjia:d fmkajhs'

 fndfyduhla wdka;ßl f,day ixfhda. j¾Kj;a fõ.

 wdka;ßl f,day ixls¾K W;afm%arl f,i jeo.;a ld¾hhla bgq lrhs. tajd
m%;sls%hdjl iS>%;djh jeä lrk w;r mßj¾;kh wjidkfha§ m%;sckkh fõ'

wruqKq
fuu ieish wjidkfha §, my; ±lafjk mßÈ d-f.dkqfõ uQ,øjHhkays .=K idlÉPd
lsÍug Tng yels úh hq;= h'

 3d-f.dkqfõ uQ,øjHj, fN!;sl .=Kdx. tkï ikakdhl;djh, øjdxl yd

;dmdxl" úoaHq;a >DK;djh" whkSlrK Yla;sh" whksl wrh ieyeos,s lsrSu

 wdka;rsl uQ,øjHj, úúO TlaislrK wjia:d fiùu

 3d-f.dkqfjs uQ,øjHj, c,Sh ixlS¾Khkays j¾Kh y÷kd.ekSu

 f,day ixlS¾Khkays W;afma%rl .=K

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ls%hdldrlu

2'1 3d-fYa%Ksfhys øjdxl úp,kh ms<sn|j woyia olajkak'

2'2 s-f.dkqfõ uQ,øjHhkays >k;ajhka iuÕ 3d-uQ,øjHhkays >k;aj ii|kak'

2'3 3d-uQ,øjHhkays úoHq;a >DK;djh jeäjk wkqms<sfj< ,shkak'

2'4 ksl,a iy fldm¾ ys jvd;a fmdÿ TlaislrK wjia:d fudkjd o @

2'5 3d-uQ,øjHhla fmkajkq ,nk jeä u TlaislrK wjia:dj l=ula o@ tjeks

ixfhda.hla i|yd WodyrK folla fokak

2'6 wj¾K c,Sh ixls¾Khla we;s lrkafka l=uk 3d-uQ,øjHh o @

2'7 frdai meye;s c,Sh ixls¾Khla we;s lrkafka l=uk 3d-uQ,øjH legdhkh o @

2'8 fyan¾ ls%hdj,sfha § Ndú;d jk W;afm%arlh l=ula o @

2'9 ud.ßka ksIamdokh i|yd Ndú;d lrk W;afma%rlh l=ula o @

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 3. wldnksl ixfhda. kdulrKh

ye¢kaùu
1 jk ieisfha § ix.; ixfhda.j, f,day-nkaO w;r wdl¾YKh iy tAjdfha
cHdñ;sh ms<sn|j wms W.;af;uq ix.; ixfhda.hkays uOH f,dayh nkaOj,ska jg ù
we;s nj;a uOH f,dayfha ix.; iy TlaislrK wxl ks¾udK lrk wdldrh;a wms
oksuq fuu ixfhda. iy ixlS¾K legdhk$wekdhk kï lsÍug l%udkql+, l%uhla
;sîu jeo.;a h ix.; ixfhda.hl ku § we;s úg tys jHqyh we|Sug wmg yelsúh
hq;=h fuu ieisfha § ir, wldnksl ixfhda. iy ix.; ixfhda.hka kï lsÍfï
IUPAC kS;ska wm yodrkq we; ir, wldnksl ixfhda. kï lsÍu i,ld n,uq

31 ir, wldnksl ixfhda.

wï, NIau iy ,jK ir, wldnksl ixfhda. f,i ie,lsh yels h ødjKhl § tajd
ir, legdhk iy wekdhk ñY%Khla ,nd foñka ú>gkh fõ

ir, wï,hla kï lsÍfï § wf,dayfha ^Wod: N, S, C) TlaislrK wxlh jryka ;=<

fokq ,efí

m%( (a) HNO3 iy ^b) HNO2 ys IUPAC kï fokak ú>gkfha § ,efnk

legdhk iy wekdhk fudkjd o@

ms( (a) khsá%la(V) wï,h iy (b) khsá%la(III) wï,h' HNO3 ys N j, TlaislrK

wxlh +5 ^fyda V& jk w;r HNO2 ys N j, TlaislrK wxlh +3 ^fyda III)
nj ie,lsh hq;= h

ú>gkfha § ,efnk legdhkh H  jk w;r wekdhk NO3 iy NO2 fõ

ir, ,jK kï lsÍfï § (i) m<uqj legdhkfha ku, f,dayfha TlaislrK

wxlh ^jryka ;=<& iuÕ o (ii) wekdhkfha ku, wf,dayfha TlaislrK
wxlh ^jryka ;=<& iuÕ o ,shkq ,efí

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m%( (a) FeSO4 iy (b) Fe2(SO3)3 ys IUPAC kï fokak

ms( (a) whka(II) i,af*aÜ(VI) iy (b) whka(III) i,af*aÜ(IV). FeSO4 j, S ys

TlaislrK wxlh +6 ^fyda VI) o Fe2(SO3)3 ys S j,, TlaislrK wxlh +4
^fyda IV) o nj ie,lsh hq;= h legdhkfha ku iy wekdhkfha ku w;r
ysia;ekla ;sìh hq;= h

legdhkh fyda wekdhkh tla TlaislrK wjia:djla muKla fmkakqï lrk

úg TlaislrK wxlh i|yka lsÍu wkjYH h Wod( (Na+, Al+, NH4+ iy F
TlaislrK wjia:d 1 la muKla fmkajhs

m%( (a) NH4F, (b) NaHCO3, (c) (NH4)2CrO4 ys IUPAC kï fokak

ms( (a) wefudakshï *af,darhsâ (b) fidaähï yhsv%cka ldnfkaÜ(IV) iy

(c) wefudakshï fl%dafïÜ(VI). yhsv%cka yer legdhk ish,a, wldrd§ wkqms<sfj<g
,ehsia;=.; flf¾

ie'hq' wekdhkfha ku “whsâ” fyda “taÜ” m%;H j,ska wjika úh hq;=hs. WodrK f,i

Cl - laf,darhsâ CO32 - ldnfkaÜ

OH - yhsfv%dlaihsâ SO42 - i,af*aÜ
N3 - khsg%hsâ CrO42 - fl%dafïÜ

ls%hdldrlu

31 my; § we;s ir, wldnksl ixfhda.j, IUPAC kï fokak

(a) HClO (b) HClO3 (c) H3PO4

(d) KCl (e) NaOH (f) NaH
(g) Li3N (h) KNaCO3 (i) K2O
(j) K2MnO4 (k) K2Cr2O7

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32 ix.; ixfhda.
ix.; ixfhda.hla uOH f,dayhla yd thg ne÷kq nkaOj,ska iukaú; jk nj wms
oksuq' tfiau WodiSk ixfhda.hla fyda ixlS¾K whkhla ødjKhl Èhl< úg tys
ix>gl njg ú>gkh fkd jk nj o wms oksuq' ^1 jk ieish n,kak& ix.;
ixfhda./ixlS¾K whk j¾. ;=kls' WodyrKhla f,i

(i) WodiSk ixlS¾K Wod : [CoCl3(NH3)3] , [CoH(CO)3]

WodiSk ixlS¾Khl f,dayhg ne£ we;s tal wekdhksl nkaO ixLHdj
f,dayfha TlaislrK wxlhg iudk fõ WodiSk ixfhda.hla ødjKhl Èh
ùfï§ whkj,g fjka jkafka ke;'

(ii) ixlS¾K legdhk Wod : [V(NH3)6]3+, [Ag(NH3)2]+

(iii) ixlS¾K wekdhk Wod : [CoCl4]2, [ZnCl4]2, [MnO4]

ixlS¾K legdhkhla fyda wekdhkhla tu legdhkfha fyda wekdhkfha wdfrdamKh

WodiSk lsÍu i|yd wekdhk fyda legdhk yjq,a lr.; hq;= fõ

ix.; ixfhda. kï lsÍug fmr, nkaO j¾. iy tajdfha IUPAC kï ms<sn|j ie,lsh
hq;= fõ

33 nkaO
idudkHfhka ix.; ixfhda.j, yuqjk nkAO wdldr fo j¾.h ls' tajd kï"

(i) wekdhksl nkAO ^RK wdfrdams; nkAO& Wod: Cl , SO42

(ii) WodiSk nkAO Wod: CO, NH3

wekdhksl nkAO
wekdhksl nkAOj, kï my; § we;' ix.; ixfhda. kï lsÍfï § wekdhksl
nkAOj, kï “O” wlaIrfhka wjika fõ' ix.; mrudKqj ;o wl=frka olajd we;.

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 nkaO IUPAC kduh nkaO IUPAC kduh

F fluoro SO42 sulphato
Cl chloro S2O32 thiosulphato
Br bromo SO32 sulphito
I iodo CO32 carbonato
H hydrido C2O42 oxalato
HO hydroxo NH2 amido
 2
NC-S thiocyanato NH imido
 3
S=C=N isothiocyanato N nitrido
O2N nitro N3 azido
O=N-O nitrito CH3 methyl
S2 thio CH3CH2 ethyl
HS mercapto C6H5 phenyl
CH3O methoxo N≡C cyano
CH3COO acetato O22 peroxo
2 
O oxo O2 superoxo

iuyr nkAOj, odhl mrudKqj u; tla iDK wdfrdamKhla muKla mj;sk nj

oelsh yels w;r ^Wod : Cl , H , OH hkd § f,i& tajd talwekdhksl nkaO
(monoanionic) f,i y÷kajhs' fuu tal nkAOhka f,dayh iu`. tla ne£ula muKla
we;s lr .kS'

SO42 , CO32 , C2O42 , SO32 iy O22 jeks iuyr nkAOj, odhl mrudKq folla
u; RK wdfrdamK folla mj;sk w;r fïjd oaúwekdhksl nkAO f,i y÷kajhs'
fuu nkaOhkag uOH f,dayh iu`. ne£ï folla we;s lr .; yels w;r tajd
oaúnkAO (bidentate) f,i y÷kajhs'

O O O O O O
S O C C
O S O O
O O O C O
2 2 O O 2 2
SO4 CO3 SO3
2 O2
C2O4

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WodiSk nkAO
WodiSk nkAOj, kï my; § we;' ix.; mrudKqj ;o wl=ßka olajd we;'

nkAO IUPAC ku
H2O aqua
NH3 ammine
CO carbonyl
NO nitrosyl
N2 dinitrogen
O2 dioxygen
CH3CN acetonitrile
CH3NH2 methylamine

34 IUPAC kS;s

IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ) kS;shg wkqj
wekdhksl iy iuyrla WodiSk nkAO kï lsÍu ms<sn|j wms by; § idlÉPd lf<uq
mokï uÜgfï § jeo.;a jk IUPAC kS;s iuyrla my; § we;

^1& ,jKhla kï lsÍfï § m<uqj legdhkh o fojkqj wekdhkh o kï l< hq;=

fõ

m%( [Ag(NH3)2]Br ys IUPAC ku fokak

ms( Diamminesilver(I) bromide

[Ag(NH3)2]Br, hk ixfhda.h [Ag(NH3)2]+ legdhkfhka iy Br wekdhkfhka

iukaú; jk nj Tn okshs fuys § legdhkfha ku iy wekdhkfha ku w;r
ysia;ekla ;sìh hq;= h “vhs” m%;Hfhka NH3 nkAO folla we;s nj fmkakqï flf¾

^2& ixlS¾K wKqjla$whkhla kï lsÍfï § nkAOj, wdfrdamKh fkdi,lk

w;r m<uqj nkAO wldrdÈ wkqms<sfj<g o bkamiqj f,dayfha ku o i|yka
lrhs f,dayfha kug miq miska tys TlaislrK wxlh frdau b,lalñka
i|yka lrkq ,efí

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m%( [NiClBr(NH3)(CO)] ys IUPAC ku fokak

ms( Amminebromocarbonylchloronickel(II)

fuys § nkAO wldrdÈ wkqms<sfj<g fm< .iajd we;s w;r tys TlaislrK wxlh jk
+2 ^fyda +II& jryka ;=< § we; ixlS¾K wKqfõ fyda whkfha kfuys lsisu
ysia;ekla fkdue;s nj ie,lsh hq;=hs

^3& ixlS¾K wekdhk kï lsÍfï oS uOH f,dayfha ku ‘ate’ m%;Hfhka wjika
flf¾ WodyrK f,i ialekaähï ialekafâÜ f,i o ghsfÜkshï
ghsgfkaÜ f,i o fl%dañhï fl%dafïÜ f,i o kï lrhs

ixlS¾K legdhk fyda WodiSk ixlS¾K i|yd úfYaIs; wjika lsÍula

fkdue; ^1 yd 2 kS;s hgf;a § we;s WodyrK n,kak&

m%( [ZnCl4]2 ys IUPAC ku fokak'

ms( tetrachlorozincate(II)

^4& tlu j¾.fha nkaO lsysmhla we;súg kug l,ska di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa,
hepta, octa, nona, deca .....hk m%;Hhka fhdod .kshs WodyrKhla f,i

ammine nkaO 2 la we;s úg [(NH3)2] ku diammine úh hq;= h

carbonyl nkaO 3 la we;ss úg [(CO)3] ku tricarbonyl úh hq;= h
chloride nkaO 4 la we;s úg [(Cl)4] ku tetrachloro úh hq;= h

m%( [CoCl3(NH3)3] ys IUPAC ku fokak

ms( Triamminetrichlorocobalt(III)

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^5& nkaO wldrdos wkqms<sfj<g ieliSfï § l,ska fhdok m%;Hhka (prefix) fkd
i,lkq ,nhs

[CoFI2(NH3)3] = triamminefluorodiiodocobalt(III)

35 ixlS¾K legdhk iy WodiSk ixlS¾K kï lsßu

ir, ldnksl ,jK kï lrk wdldrh wms oksuq oeka wms IUPAC kS;shg wkql+,j
s hla kï lruq ixlS¾K legdhk iy
ixlS¾K legdhk iy WodiSk ixfhda. lsym
WodiSk ixfhda. kï lsÍug jvd ixlS¾K wekdhk kï lsÍu fjkia nj u;l ;nd
.; hq;= h ^36 fldgi n,kak&

m%( my; § we;s ixlS¾K legdhk$WodiSk ixlS¾Kj, IUPAC kï fokak

(a) [V(NH3)6]3+
(b) [MnBr(CO)5]
(c) [Fe(OH)(H2O)5]SO4
(d) [CoCl(CN)(NO2)(NH3)3]

ms: (a) Hexaamminevanadium(III) ion

(b) Bromopentacarbonylmanganese(I)
(c) Pentaaquahydroxoiron(III) sulphate;
fmkagdwelajdyhsfv%dlafidwhka(III) i,af*aÜ [Fe(OH)(H2O)5]SO4 hkq
,jKh ls. fuu ixlS¾Kh kï lsÍfï § m<uqj legdhkfha ku ,shd
bkamiqj ysia;ekela ;nd fojkqj wekdhkfha ku ,shkak.
(d) Triamminechlorocyanonitridocobolt(III)
g%hsweïókalaf,dafrdihfkdkhsg%fvd(III)

36 ixlS¾K wekdhk kï lsÍu

35 jk fldgfia § ixlS¾K legdhk iy WodiSk ixfhda. kï lsÍu ms<sn|j wms

wjOdkh fhduq l< w;r oeka wms ixlS¾K wekdhk kï lsÍu ms<sn|j i,ld n,uq
IUPAC kS;shg wkqj ixlS¾K wekdhkhl uOH f,dayfha ku ‘ate’ m%;Hfhka
wjika l< hq;= h

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m%( my; ixlS¾K wekdhkj, IUPAC kï fokak

(a) [TiCl5]
(b) [VCl6]2
(c) [MnO4]
(d) [Fe(CN)6]4
(e) [CoCl4]2
(f) [Ni(CN)4]2
(g) [CuI4]2

ms(
(a) Pentachlorotitanate(IV) ion
(b) Hexachlorovanadate(IV) ion
(c) Tetraoxomanganate(VII) ion
(d) Hexacyanoferrate(II) ion
(e) Tetrachlorocobaltate(II) ion
(f) Tetracyanonickelate(II) ion
(g) Tetraiodocuprate(II) ion

idrdxYh

 ir, wï, kï lsÍfï § wf,dayhl TlaislrK wxlh ^Wod :N, S, C) jryka

;=< fokq ,efí

 ir, ,jK kï lsÍfï § m<uqj legdhkfha ku jryka ;=< f,dayfha

TlaislrK wxlh iu`. o B<`.g wekdhkfha ku jryka ;=< wf,dayfha
TlaislrK wxlh iu`. o ,shkq ,efí legdhkh fyda wekdhkh tla
TlaislrK wjia:djla fmkajk úg TlaislrK wxlh Èh hq;= ke;
wekdhkfha ku “ide” fyda “ate” m%;Hfhka wjika fõ

 ,jKhla kï lsÍfï § m<uqj legdhkh o fo jkqj wekdhkh o ,shkq

,efí

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  ixlS¾K wKqjla$whkhla kï lsÍfï § nkaOj, wdfrdamKh fkd i,lñka
wldrdÈ wkqms<sfj<g m<uqj i|yka lrk w;r miqj f,dayh o tys TlaislrK
wxlh ^frdau b,lalñka& iu`. i|yka lrkq ,efí nkaO wldrdÈ
wkqms<sfj<g ilia lsÍfï § fmr m%;H fkd i,lkq ,efí

 ixlS¾K wekdhk kï lsÍfï § uOH f,dayfha ku “ate” m%;Hfhka wjika

flf¾

 tl u nkaOhka lsysmhla we;súg di, tri, tetra, penta. hexa, hepta, octa, nona,
deca jeks m%;H ku iu`. Ndú;d flf¾

wruqKq

fuu ieish wOHhkh l< miq my; oE isÿ lsÍug Tng yelsúh hq;= h

 ir, wldnksl ixfhda. kï lsÍu

 IUPAC kS;s meyeÈ,s lsÍu

 § we;s ix.; ixfhda.hl ixlS¾K legdhkhl fyda ixlS¾K wekdhkhl

IUPAC ku ,sùu

 ix.; ixfhda.hl IUPAC ku § we;s úg ridhksl iQ;%h ,sùu

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ls%hdldrlu

32 “ixlS¾K legdhk” iy “ixlS¾K wekdhk” hkqfjka woyia jkafka l=ula

o@ ta tl tlla i|yd WodyrK 3 ne.ska fokak

33 Co2+/Co3+ wefudakshd iy laf,darhsâ wvx.= wIaG;,Sh cHdñ;shla iys;

ixlS¾K legdhk$wekdhkj, iQ;% ,shkak

34 my; È we;s ixfhda.$ixlS¾K whkj, IUPAC kï fokak

(a) Na2[Fe(CN)5NO]
(b) K3[Ag(S2O3)2]
(c) [Mn(CH3)(CO)5]
(d) [Fe(NCS)][CuCl4]
(e) NaFe[Fe(CN)6]
(f) K2Cu[Fe(CN)6]
(g) Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3

35 my; tla tla ixfhda.hkays ridhksl iQ;% fokak'

(a) Triaquadinitronitritocobalt(II)
(b) Potassium hexacyanonickelate(II)
(c) Ammonium hexachloroplatinate(IV)
(d) Dibromotetraammineplatinum(IV) nitrate
(e) Potassium tetrafluorooxochromate(V)
(f) Dichlorodinitrosylcopper(II)

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 4. 3d-uQ,øjHhkays m%;sls%hd

ye|skaùu
1 jk yd 2 jk ieishkays § d-f.dkqfõ uQ,øjHhkays uQ,sl ixl,am iy fN!;sl .=K
ms<sn|j wms idlÉPd lf<uq' 3 jk ieisfha § ix.; ixfhda.hkays kï ,shk wdldrh
ms<sn|j W.;af;uq' fuu ieisfha § 3d-uQ,øjHhkays iuyrla uQ,sl m%;sls%hd ms<sn|j
úfYaIfhka u" c,h" jd;h ^Tlaiscka&" ye,ck" fmdÿ wï, iy NIau iuÕ tajdfha
m%;sls%hd ms<sn|j i,lkq ,efí' s-f.dkqfõ uQ,øjH fuka fkdj d-f.dkqfõ
uQ,øjHhka úúO TlaislrK wjia:d fmkajk w;r j¾Kj;a ixfhda. we;s lrhs'

4.1 c,h iuÕ m%;sls%hd

jeäu úoHq;a Ok laIdr f,day c,h iuÕ m%pKav f,i m%;sls%hd fldg yhsv%cka iy
f,day yhsfv%dlaihsâ ,ndfok nj wms oksuq' jeä úoHq;a Ok;djla we;s Ca, Sr iy
Ba jeks laIdÍh mdxY= f,day c,h iuÕ fiñka m%;sls%hd lr yhsv%cka iy f,day
yhsfv%dlaihsâ ,nd fohs' kuq;a ldur WIaK;ajfha § fnrs,shï iy ue.akSishï c,h
iuÕ m%;sls%hd fkd lrhs' ghsfÜkshï f,dayh Tlaihsv mg,hlska wdjrKh ù we;s
w;r tu.ska th wlsS%hj ;nhs' kuq;a Ti yqud,h iuÕ m%;sls%hd lr ghsfÜkshï(IV)
Tlaihsâ (TiO2) iy yhsv%cka ,ndfoa' hlv f,day u; jdhq rys; c,h iq¿ n,mEula
we;s lrk kuq;a th f;; jd;fha § TlaislrKh ù ic, hlv Tlaihsvh ,ndfohs'
fuu hlv mDIaGh ;j ÿrg;a m%;sls%hd ùu fkd j<lajk w;r Tlaihsvh len,s f,i
fjka ùu ksid hlv f,dayh ;jÿrg;a TlaislrKh ùu i|yd ksrdjrKh lrhs' fuu
ls%hdj,sh u,lEu$u,skùu (rusting) f,i yÿkajhs' hlv iy iskala, yqud,h iu`.
m%;sls%hd lr wod< f,day Tlaihsvh iy yhsv%cka my; oelafjk f,i ,nd fohs'

Ti(s) + 2 H2O(g) 
 TiO2(s) + 2 H2(g)
3 Fe(s) + 4 H2O(g) 
 Fe3O4(s) + 4 H2(g)
Zn(s) + H2O(g) 
 ZnO(s) + H2(g)

idudkH ;;ajhka hgf;a § jefkaähï" fl%dañhï" ksl,a" fldfnda,aÜ iy iskala c,h

iuÕ m%;sls%hd fkd lrhs' fldm¾ (Cu), is,aj¾ (Ag), r;arka (Au) iy ma,eákï (Pt)
jeks wdka;ßl f,day yqud,h fyda c,h iuÕ m%;l s s%hd fkd lrhs'

c,Sh ixlS¾K
wdka;ßl f,day ,jK c,fha Èh ù c,Sh ixlS¾K fok w;r" c, wKqfõ Tlaiscka
odhl mrudKqj f,i ls%hd lrhs' oaú ixhqc (M2+) iy ;S% ixhqc (M3+) wdka;ßl f,day
[M(H2O)6]n+ wdldrfha wIag;,Sh c, wKq 6 la iys; (fylaidwelajd) ixlS¾K we;s
lrhs (n = 2, 3; M = Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu Zn). Wod : [Fe(H2O)6]Cl3 , [Mn(H2O)6]Cl2

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iy [Cu(H2O)6]SO4. [M(H2O)4]n+ c, wKq y;rla iys; ixlS¾K (fgÜrdwelajd
ixlS¾Kh) o mj;S.

n+
OH2
H2O OH2
M
H2O OH2
OH2

[M(H2O)6]n+

ls%hdldrlu
4.1 hlv u, ne|Su hkqfjka woyia jkafka l=ula o@ fuu ls%hdj,sfha § we;sjk
hlv wvx.= ixfhda. fudkjd o@

4.2 Tlaiscka iuÕ m%;sls%hd

ish¨ u laIdr f,day" Tlaiscka iuÕ m%;sls%hd lrk nj wms oksuq' 3d-uQ,øjH iu`.
Tlaiscka m%;sls%hd fldg f,day Tlaihsv we;s lrhs' Tlaihsvfha ixhq;sh f,dayfha
TlaislrK wjia:dj u; r|d mj;S' jd;fha § ialekaähï f,dayh u,sk jk w;r
Tlaiscka ;=< § myiqfjka oykh ù ialekaähï(III) Tlaihsv ^Sc2O3) we;s fõ'
ghsfÜkshï o Tlaiscka ;=< oykh ù iqÿ meye;s oe,a,la iy ghsfÜkshï vhsTlaihsâ
,nd foa' r;a lsÍfï § jefkaähï f,day jeämqr Tlaiscka yd m%;sls%hd fldg
jefkaähï(V) Tlaihsâ ^V2O5) ,nd foa' fuh wfkl=;a jefkaähï Tlaihsâ iuÕ
ixfhdackh úh yels h' jefkaähï" Tlaihsv y;rla we;s lrk nj ie,lsh hq;= fõ
^j.=j 4.1&' ldur WIaK;ajfha § fl%dañhï f,dayh jd;h fyda Tlaiscka iuÕ m%;sls%hd
fkd lrk kuq;a by< WIaK;ajj, § Cr2O3 ,ndfoa' uex.kSia wdj¾;s;d j.=fjys tys
wi,ajeis uQ,øjHhkag jvd úoHq;a Ok;djfhka jeä kuq;a jd;hg tfrysj
m%;sls%hdYS,s fkdfõ' uex.kSia" Tlaiscka ;=< oykh ù Mn3O4 ,nd foa'

WodyrK lsysmhla my; § we;'

4 Sc(s) + 3 O2(g) 
 2 Sc2O3(s)

4 V(s) + 5 O2(g) 
 2 V2O5(s)

4 Cr(s) + 3 O2(g) 
 2 Cr2O3(s)

4 Cu(s) + O2(g) 
 2 Cu2O(s)

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 ls%hdldrlu
4.2 uex.kSia Tlaiscka ;=< oykh ù Mn3O4 ,nd foa' fuu m%;sls%hdj i|yd ;=,s;
iólrKh ,shkak.

3d-uQ,øjHhkays okakd f,day Tlaihsv my; 4.1 j.=fjys § we;' Ti, V, Cr iy Mn

oajHdx.S (divalent) f,day Tlaihsv ;=kla fyda y;rla idok nj Tng yeÕS hkq we;'
f,dayfhys wju iy Wmßu TlaislrK wjia:d ms<sfj<ska +1 yd +7 fõ'

Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn O.N.
Cu2O +1
TiO VO MnO FeO NiO CuO ZnO +2
Sc2O3 Ti2O3 V2O3 Cr2O3 Mn2O3 Fe2O3 Co3O4 +3
TiO2 VO2 CrO2 MnO2 NiO2 +4
V2O5 +5
CrO3 +6
Mn2O7 +7

j.=j 4.1 3d-uQ,øjHhkays ir, f,day Tlaihsv

ls%hdldrlu

4.3 4.1 j.=fõ oelafjk V ys Tlaihsv y;frys TlaislrK wxl ,shkak'

4.3 ye,ck iu. m%;sls%hd

d-f.dkqfõ uQ,øjH s- yd p-f.dkqfõ uQ,øjH fuka ye,ck iuÕ ls%hd lr f,day
ye,ck idohs' WodyrKhla f,i Sc ye,ck ^F2 , Cl2 , Br2 iy I2& iuÕ iS>%fhka
m%;sls%hd lr oykh ù ScF3 , ScCl3 , ScBr3 iy ScI3 hk g%hs fya,hsv idohs'

2 Sc(s) + 3 X2(g) 
 2 ScX3(s) (X = F, Cl, Br, I)

ghsfÜkshï o WKqiqï ;;a;aj hgf;a tf,i u ls%hdlr ghsfÜkshï^IV) fya,hsv

idohs' TiF4(s) (iqÿ), TiCl4(l) (wj¾K), TiBr4(s) (;eô,s) iy TiI4(s) (;o ÿUqre).
*af,daÍka iu. m%;sls%hd ùug 200 0C g by< WIaK;ajhlg r;a lsÍug wjYH fõ'

Ti(s) + 2 X2 
 TiX4 (X = F, Cl, Br, I)

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fl%dañhï f,dayh iu`. ye,ck idudkH ;;ajhka hgf;a ls%hdlr fl%dañhï^III)
fya,hsv idohs' Wod: CrF3(s) (fld<), CrCl3(s) (r;=-oï), CrBr3(s) (b;du;a ;o fld<)
iy CrI3(s) (b;du;a ;o fld<).

2 Cr(s) + 3 X2 
 2 CrCl3(s) (X = F, Cl, Br, I)

fl%dañhï f,dayh *af,daÍka iu. 400 oC iy jdhqf.da, mSvk 200-300 w;r

m%;sls%hdlr fl%dañhï^VI) *af,darhsâ" CrF6 (ly& idohs' r;= fl%dañhï^V) *af,darhsâ"
CrF3 ;a y÷kdf.k we;.

3d-uQ,øjHj, *af,darhsv 4.2 j.=fjys olajd we;' Ni, Cu iy Zn vhs*af,darhsv idohs'

Fe iy Co vhs*af,darhsv iy g%hs*af,darhsv hk fol u idohs'

Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn O.N.
VF2 CrF2 MnF2 FeF2 CoF2 NiF2 CuF2 ZnF2 +2
ScF3 TiF3 VF3 CrF3 MnF3 FeF3 CoF3 +3
TiF4 VF4 CrF4 MnF4 +4
VF5 CrF5 +5
CrF6 +6

4.2 j.=j ( 3d-uQ,øjHj, *af,darhsv

4.4 wï, iuÕ m%;sls%hd

3d-uQ,øjH fndfyduhla Lksc wï, ^wldnksl wï,& iuÕ m%;sls%hd lrhs' ialekaähï
f,dayh ;kql yhsv%laf,daßla wï,fhys myiqfjka Èh ù yhsv%cka jdhqj ^H2) iy ic,
Sc(III) whk wvx.= ødjK ,nd foa' Tn okakd mßÈ ic, Sc(III) whk fyda Sc3+^c,Sh&"
[Sc(OH2)6]3+ hk ixlS¾K whkh f,i mj;S'

 2 Sc3+(aq) + 6 Cl(aq) + 3 H2(g)

2 Sc(s) + 6 HCl(aq) 

wfkl=;a f,day o fuf,i u m%;sls%hd fldg yhsv%cka iy wod< ,jKh my;

oelafjk f,i ,nd foa'

Cr^s& + 2 HCl^aq& 
 Cr2+^aq& + 2 C l ^aq& + H2^g&

Fe^s& + 2 HCl^aq&  Fe2+^aq& + 2 C l ^aq& + H2^g&



 Co2+^aq& + 2 C l ^aq& + H2^g&

Co^s& + 2 HCl^aq& 

Cu^s& + H2SO4^aq& 
 Cu2+(aq& + 2 SO42 ^aq& + H2(g&

fldfnda,aÜ f,dayh ;kql i,a*shqßla wï,fhys fiñka ødjKh ù H2 iy ic, Co(II)

whk wvx.= ødjKhla ,nd foa'

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hlv f,dayh ;kql i,a*shqßla wï,fhys Tlaiscka ke;s úg myiqfjka Èh ù ic,
Fe(II) whkh iuÕ H2 wvx.= ødjKhla ,nd foa' Tlaiscka we;s úg iuyrla Fe(II),
Fe(III) njg TlaislrKh fõ'

Fe(s) + H2SO4(aq) 
 Fe2+(aq) + SO42(aq) + H2(g)

;kql c,Sh yhsv%*af,daßla wï,h (HF) ghsfÜkshï iuÕ m%;sls%hd lr ixls¾K

wekdhkh [TiF6]3 iy yhsv%cka ^H2) ,nd foa'

2 Ti(s) + 12 HF(aq) 
 2 [TiF6]3(aq) + 3 H2(g) + 6 H+(aq)

idudkH WIaK;ajfha § ghsfÜkshï f,dayh Lksc wï, yd m%;sls%hd fkd lrk kuq;a
WKq yhsv%laf,daÍla wï,h yd m%;sls%hd lr ghsfÜkshï(III) ixlS¾K idohs'

ir, ,jK iuÕ wï,hkays m%;sls%hd

ir, oaúixhqc yd ;s%ixhqc wdka;ßl f,day ,jK idkaø wï,j, (HX) Èhù [MX4]
fyda [MX4] wdldrfha p;=ia;,Sh ixlS¾K wekdhk ,nd foa'


Cl

M
Cl
Cl
Cl
[MCl4]
M = Cu, Zn

WodyrK lsysmhla my; oelafõ'

CuCl2(s) + 2 HCl(aq) 
 [CuCl4]2(aq) + 2 H+(aq)

MnCl2(s) + 2 HCl(aq) 
 [MnCl4]2(aq) + 2 H+(aq)

CuCl2 , laIdr f,dayhkays laf,darhsv iuÕ m%;sls%hdfjka o [CuCl4]2- ksmoúh yel'

Wod
CuCl2 (s) + 2 KCl(aq)   K2[CuCl4](aq)

c,h iuÕ ;kql lsÍfï § [CuCl4]2- whkh" ks,a meye;s c,Sh ixls¾K whkhla jk
[Cu(H2O)6]2+ njg mßj¾;kh l< yels h'

 [Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4 Cl(aq)
[CuCl4]2(aq) + 6 H2O(l) 
ly ks,a
4.5 NIau iuÕ m%;sls%hd
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idudkHfhka 3d-uQ,øjH NdIañl ødjKhkag tfrysj m%;sls%hdYS,S fkdfõ' ialekaähï
NaOH iuÕ m%;sls%hd fldg Na3[Sc(OH)6] iy yhsv%cka ,nd foa'

2 Sc(s) + 6 NaOH(aq) + 6 H2O(l) 

 2 Na3[Sc(OH)6] + 3 H2(g)

ghsfÜkshï idudkH ;;a;aj hgf;a § fyda r;al< úg fyda NIau iuÕ m%;l s s%hdjla
fkd fmkajhs' jefkaähï f,dayh øj jQ f,day yhsfv%dlaihsvhkag m%;sfrdaë fõ'
ksl,a c,Sh fidaähï yhsfv%dlaihsv iuÕ m%;sls%hd fkd lrhs'

c,Sh wefudakshd fyda NaOH iuÕ ir, ,jKhkays m%;sls%hd

CrCl3(aq& + jeämqr NH3^aq& 
 [Cr(NH3)6]Cl3^aq& ^oï&

Cu2+(aq& + 4 NH3^aq& 
 [Cu(NH3)4]2+^aq& ^;o ks,a&

NiSO4(aq& + 4 NH3^aq& 
 [Ni(NH3)4]SO4^aq& ^ks,a&

ZnO, c,Sh NaOH ys osh ù Na2[Zn(OH)4] ,nd foaa'

ZnO + 2 NaOH + H2O 

 Na2[Zn(OH)4]

wdka;ßl f,dayhkays fndfyduhla c,Sh ixlS¾K" NaOH fyda c,Sh NH3 iuÕ
m%;sls%hd fldg wod< f,day yhsfv%dlaihsvh wjlafIam lrjhs' WodyrKhla f,i

CrCl3(aq) + 3 NH3(aq) 
 Cr(OH)3(s) ↓(ks,g yqre fld<& + 3 NH4Cl(aq)

CrCl3(aq) + 3 NaOH(aq) 
 Cr(OH)3(s) ↓ + 3 NaCl(aq)

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ZnSO4(s) + 2 NH3(aq) + 2 H2O(l) 
 Zn(OH)2(s)↓ + (NH4)2SO4(aq)

 [Zn(NH3)4]2+(aq) + 2 OH(aq)
Zn(OH)2(s) + excess NH3(aq) 

idrdxYh
 úoHq;a Ok;djh wêl laIdr f,day, c,h iuÕ m%pKav f,i m%;sls%hd fldg
yhsv%cka iy f,day yhsfv%dlaihsâ ,ndfohs'

 wdka;ßl f,day ,jK" c,fhys Èh ù c,Sh ixlS¾K fok w;r c, wKqfõ

Tlaiscka odhl mrudKqj f,i ls%hd lrhs'

 Tlaiscka iuÕ 3d-uQ,øjH" m%;sls%hd fldg f,day Tlaihsv we;s lrhs'

Tlaihsvfha ixhq;sh f,dayfha TlaislrK wjia:dj u; r|d mj;S.

 s- iy p-f.dkqj, uQ,øjH fuka 3d-uQ,øjH ye,ck iuÕ m%;sls%hd lr f,day

fya,hsv ,ndfohs' fya,hsvfha ixhq;sh" f,dayfha TlaislrK wjia:dj u; r|d
mj;S. WodyrKhla f,i" ialekaähï ms<sfj<ska ScF3 , ScCl3 , ScBr3 iy ScI3
hk g%hsfya,hsv we;s lrhs'

 fndfyduhla 3d-uQ,øjH" Lksc wï, yd m%;sls%hd lrhs'

 Wod" ialekaähï f,day" ;kql yhsv%laf,daßla wï,fhys myiqfjka Èh ù ic,

Sc(III) whk iy yhsv%cka jdhqj ,nd foa'

 wdka;ßl f,dayhkays fndfyduhla c,Sh ixlS¾K, c,Sh NaOH fyda c,Sh

NH3 iuÕ m%;sls%hd lr wod< f,day yhsfv%dlaihsv wjlafIamh ,ndfohs'

wruqKq
fuu ieish wjidkfha oS Tng my; oE lsßug yelshdj ;sìh hq;=h'

c,h" Tlaiscka" ye,ck" wï, iy NIau iu. wdka;ßl f,day" m%;sls%hd lrk
;;a;ajhka iy M, ms<sn|j úia;r lsrSug

ls%hdldrlu
4.4 ghsfÜkshïys oajHdx.S Tlaihsv ;=fkys wKql iQ;% ,shkak' ghsfÜkshï f,dayh
yqud,h yd m%;sls%hd fldg ksmojkafka l=uk ghsfÜkshï Tlaihsvh o@

4.5 yqud,h iuÕ m%;sls%hd fkd lrk wdka;ßl f,day ;=kla kï lrkak'
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4.6 tla wdldrhl f,day Tlaihsv muKla we;s lrk 3d-uQ,øjH fol fudkjd o@

4.7 M2O wdldrfha f,day Tlaihsvh we;s lrk 3d-uQ,øjHh l=ula o@

4.8 M2O5 wdldrfha f,day Tlaihsvh we;s lrkafka l=uk 3d-uQ,øjHh o@

4.9 M2O7 wdldrfha f,day Tlaihsvh we;s lrkafka l=uk 3d-uQ,øjHh o@

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 5. wdka;ßl f,day ksiaidrKh iy m%fhdack

ye|skaùu
1 isg 4 olajd ieishkays § d-f.dkqfõ uQ,øjHhkays ridhkh ms<sn|j tajdfha
fN!;sl ridhksl iy W;afma%rl .=K iy f,day ixlS¾K kdulrKh hkdÈh
wdjrKh jk mßÈ wms idlÉPd lf<uq. wdka;ßl f,day jeo.;a ld¾hka rdYshla bgq
lrhs. WodrKhla f,i ñksid ;=< Tlaiscka mßjykh lrk hlv wvx.= ySï (Haem)
tallh. Ôj moaO;sh ;=< yuqjk tkaihsuj, ls%hdldÍ fldgfiys (active sites)
fndfyduhla 3d-uQ,øjH wvx.= fõ. úgñka B12 j, fldfnda,aÜ whkhla wka;¾.; h.
fuu ieisfha § wdka;ßl f,day ksiaidrKh i|yd Ndú;d lrkq ,nk l%u iy
tajdfha m%fhdack ms<sn|j fláfhka wOHhkh lrkq ,nk w;r hlv iy fldm¾
ms<sn|j úfYaI wjOdkhla fhduq lrkq ,efí.

5.1 meje;au
mDÓú lfndf,a jvd;a nyq, 3d-uQ,øjHh hlv (Fe) fõ. th uq¿ lfndf,ys
ixhq;sfhka 6% la muK fõ. B<Õg jvd;a nyq, 3d-uQ,øjH jkqfha ghsfÜkshï
(0.6%) iy uex.kSia (0.1%) fõ. b;sß uQ,øjHhka (V, Cr, Co, Ni iy Cu) úr, jk
w;r iq¿ jYfhka me;sÍ we; (0.01% jvd wvqfjka). 3d-uQ,øjHhka fndfyduhla
mj;skafka tajdfha Tlaihsv" c,Sh Tlaihsv" ldnfkag" i,af*ag iy wdifkag f,i h'
3d-uQ,øjHhkays uQ,sl Lksc iy wfkl=;a m%Nj j.=j 5.1 ys § we;.

5.1 j.=j ( 3d-uQ,øjHhkays uQ,sl Lksc iy wfkl=;a m%Nj

uQ,øjHh Lksc m%Nj

Sc Thortveitite ScSi2O7
Ti Rutile TiO2, ilmenite FeTiO3

V Partronite (complex sulphide); vanbadinite Pb5(VO4)3Cl; camotite K(OU2)VO4•1.5H2O

Cr Chromite FeCr2O4; crocoite PbCrO4; chrome ochre Cr2O3
Mn Silicate; pyrolusite MnO2; hausmannite Mn3O4; rhodochrosite MnCO3
Fe Haematite, Fe2O3; magnetite Fe3O4. limonite FeO(OH); siderite FeCO3; pyrites FeS2
Co Smallite CoAs2; cobailite CoAsS; linnaeite Co3S4; in association with Ni in arsenic-containing
ores
Ni Laterites such as gamierite (Ni,Mg)6Si4O10(OH)8 and nickeliferrous limonite
(Fe,Ni)O(OH)nH2O; garnierte (Ni, Mg)6Si4O10(OH)8; sulphides such as pentlandite (Ni,Fe)9S8;
associated with Cu, Co and other precious metals in combination with As, Sb and S
Cu Chalcopyrite CuFeS2; copper glance or chalcolite Cu2S; cuprite Cu2O; malachite Cu2CO3(OH)2
Zn Zinc blende ZnS; smithsonite ZnCO3

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mDÓú lfndf,ys 3d-uQ,øjHhkays nyq,;djh 5.2 j.=fjys § we;.

5.2 j.=j: mDÓú lfndf,ys 3d-uQ,øjHhkays nyq,;djh

uQ,øjH nyq,;djh uQ,øjH nyq,;djh

O 46 Cl 0.1
Si 28 Cr 0.04
Al 8.1 C 0.03
Fe 5.1 V 0.02
Ca 3.6 Ni 0.008
Na 2.9 Cu 0.007
K 2.6 Co 0.002
Mg 2.1 Pb 0.001
Ti 0.6 Sc 0.0005
Mn 0.1 Zn 0.0001

uQ,øjH nyq,;djh
mDÓú lfndf,ys jvd;a nyq, j mj;sk uQ,øjHhka jkqfha Tlaiscka" is,slka iy
we¨ñkshï h. mDÓú lfndf,ys mj;sk jvd;a u nyq, s-f.dkqfõ uQ,øjHhka jkqfha
Ca, Na, K iy Mg h. Ca, K, Na iy Mg, ñksia isrefrys mj;sk jvd;a u iq,N f,day
fõ.

m% ñksia isrefrys we;s jvd;a nyq, uQ,øjH y;r fudkjd o @

ms H, O, C iy N

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5.2 ksiaidrK l%u
wdka;ßl f,day m%Odk jYfhka mj;skafka i,a*hsv iy Tlaihsv f,i h' m%;sls%hdYS,S
nfjka wvq (Wod: Cu, Au, Pt) uQ,øjH ixfhdackh fkdjQ uQ,øjH f,i mj;S' f,day
ksê TlaisyrKh lsÍug ldnka fyda ldnka fudfkdlaihsâ fyda yhsv%cka fyda
m%;sls%hdYS,s f,day my; oelafjk wdldrhg fhdod .; yel.

MO(s) + C(s) 
 M(s) + CO(g)
MO(s) + CO(g) 
 M(s) + CO2(g)
MO(s) + H2(g) 
 M(s) + H2O(l)
TiCl4(l) + 2 Mg(s) 
 Ti(s) + 2MgCl2(s)

f,day ksiaidrKh i|yd my; i|yka mshjr Ndú;d lrhs'

1 hï f,dayhla, tys ksêfhka ksiaidrKh lsÍfï m<uq mshjf¾ § ksêh idkaø

lsÍu isÿ lrkq ,nhs. wkjYH mdIdK wdÈfhka ksêh fjkalsÍu i|yd úúO
ls%hdj,s Ndú;d lrkq ,efí. iuyr wjia:djkays § bms¨u (flotation) Ndú;d
lrk w;r fuys § c, Odrdjka u.ska iqkanqka (debris) msg;g hjkq ,nk
w;r >k ksêhla b;sß lrhs.

2 i,a*hsv ksê, wod< Tlaihsv njg m;alsÍug idudkHfhka tajd mq¿iaikq

,efí.

3 ixY=oaO ksê ^f,day Tlaihsv fyda fya,hsv& f,day njg TlaisyrKh l< hq;=
fõ. Tlaisydrlh (Wod : C, CO, H2, Al wdÈh) f;dard .ekSu wd¾Ól ;;a;ajh
fuka u ridhksl idOl uÕska o md,kh jk w;r wjYH f,day ixY=oaO;djh
u; o r|d mj;S.

4 Tlaisydrlh f,i fldala Ndú;d lsÍfï § m%Odk wmøjH f,i ldnka mj;S.
ldnka bj;a lsÍu, wixY=oaO f,dayh jdhq Odrdjla ;=< r;alsÍfuka isÿ lrkq
,efí. ;jÿrg;a msßisÿ lsÍu úoHq;a úÉfþokh u.ska isÿlr .; yels h (Wod:
Cu, Ag, Cr wdÈh).

hlv ksiaidrKh
hlv hkq jvd jeo.;a f,day w;ßka tl ls. th iajNdjfha § Tlaihsv fyda i,a*hsv
f,i mj;S. WodyrK f,i ysughsÜ Fe2O3; ue.akghsâ Fe3O4 iy whka mhsrhsÜia
FeS2. hlv Tlaihsv, ldnka fudfkdlaihsâ u.ska TlaisyrKh lsÍfuka hlv ,nd.;
yels h.

hlv ksêj, ySughsÜ Fe2O3 wvx.= fõ. Fe2O3, Fe njg TlaisyrKh

ldnkafudfkdlaihsâ u.ska 800-2000 oC jeks wêl WIaK;ajj, § Odrd W!Iaulhla
(blast furnace) ;=< § isÿ flf¾.

Fe2O3(s) + 3 CO(g) 
 2 Fe(s) + 3 CO2(g)

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 wuq hlv, C ^fldala& iy CaCO 3

WKqiqï jdhq WKqiqï jdhq

msgùu msgùu

WKqiqï jd;h WKqiqï jd;h

we;=¿ ùu we;=¿ ùu
øj hlv øj wmøjH

5.1 rEmh( Odrd W!Iaulh ;=< uQ,sl mshjr7

yqKq.,a, fldala iy hlv m%Njhka wvx.= ñY%Khla iuÕ W!Iaulh wdfrdamKh

lr.kq ,efí. W!Iaulfha my<ska mSvkhla hgf;a jd;h we;=,a lrkq ,efí. fuys §
fldala Tlaiscka iuÕ ixfhdack ù CO ksmojkq ,efí. fuh ;dmodhl ls%hdj,shla
jk w;r W!Iaulfha ls%hdj,sh mj;ajd .ekSu i|yd wjYH Yla;sh iemhSu i|yd
fuh wdOdr fõ.

CaO ckkh i|yd yqKq.,a tl;= lsÍfï fya;=j'


CaCO3(s) 
 CaO(s) + CO2(g)

ksêfhys wvx.= is,sld iuÕ CaO m%;sls%hd ù øj CaSiO3 ksmojk w;r th

W!Iaulfha my<ska bj;a flf¾.

CaO(s) + SiO2(s) 
 CaSiO3(l)

øj whka W!Iaulfhka bj;g f.k wÉpq (moulds) ;=<g jd;a;= l< yels h. th
msßisÿ fkd jk neúka th “wuq hlv” (pig iron) f,i y÷kajhs. idudkHfhka
fndfyduhla øj hlv jdfka njg m;a flf¾. fuh wixY=oaO øj hlv ;=<ska
Tlaiscka heùfuka isÿ lrkq ,efí. Tlaiscka u.ska ldnka iy fmdiamria jeks
wmøjH tajdfha Tlaihsv njg TlaislrKh lrk w;r øj hlv fj;ska jdhq fyda
f,dafndr fj;g wjfYdaIKh lrùfuka bj;a lrkq ,efí. hlv ;=< ldnka wvx.=
m%udKh u.ska hlvj, iajNdjh ks¾Kh lrhs.

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fldm¾ ksiaidrKh

fldm¾ys fmdÿfõ oelsh yels ksêh “le,fld*hsrhsÜ” (Chalcopyrite) (CuFeS2) fõ.

m%Odk l%u folla u.ska fldm¾ ksiaidrKh l< yels h.

1 ;dm f,day ld¾ñl l%uh - i,a*hsv ksê j,ska ksiaidrKh

2 øj f,day ld¾ñl l%uh -

øj ksiaidrKh ^ixlS¾K ldrlhla Ndú;fhka Cu2+ whk idkaø lsÍu& iy bka miqj
isÿlrkq ,nk úoHq;a úÉfþokh u.ska ridhksl ødjKhlska (Cu2+) fldm¾
,nd.ekSu.

;dm f,day ld¾ñl l%uh

i,a*hsv ksê j,ska fldm¾ ksiaidrKh m%Odk mshjr y;rlska iukaú; fõ.

i leKSu ^wuqøjH yEÍu iy tla/ia lsÍu, mining&

ii. weUÍu ^wkjYH øjH bj;afldg wuqøjH weUÍu, grinding&
iii. úreùu (smelting)
iv. Y=oaO lsÍu (refining)

úreùu
idkaø lrk ,o ksêh is,slka vfhdlaihsâ ^is,sld& iy jd;h ^fyda Tlaiscka& iuÕ
W!Iaulhl fyda W!Iaul fY%aKshla ;=< m%n, f,i r;alrkq ,efí.

le,afldmhsrhsÜ ;=< we;s fldm¾(II) whk, fldm¾(I) i,a*hsâ njg ;jÿrg;a

TlaisyrKh fõ' ^wjidk wÈhf¾ § fuh fldm¾ f,dayh (Cu) njg ;jÿrg;a
TlaisyrKh fõ&.

fuu ls%hdj,sfha §s le,afldmhsrhsÜys we;s hlv ^whka& bj;a lrkq ,nk w;r
whka(II) is,sflaÜ f,dafndr njg mßj¾;kh flf¾.

le,afldmhsrhsÜ ;=< we;s fndfyduhla i,a*¾ i,a*¾vfhdlaihsâ jdhq njg m;a fõ.
fuh iam¾Y ls%hdj,sh u.ska i,a*shqßla wï,h ksmoùu i|yd Ndú;d lrhs.

Y=oaO lsÍu
by< ;;a;ajfha fldm¾ ,nd.ekSu i|yd úoHq;a ridhksl l%u u.ska isÿlrk
ls%hdj,sfhys wjidk wÈhr fuh fõ.

fuu mshjr fY%aKsh i|yd iïmq¾K iólrKh my; § we; .

2 CuFeS2 + 2 SiO2 + 4 O2 
 Cu2S + 2 FeSiO 3 + 3 SO2

ksmojk ,o fldm¾(I) i,a*hsv wjidk jdhq Odrdj u.ska fldm¾ njg m;a lrhs.

Cu2S + O2 
 2 Cu + SO2

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m% by; úoHq;a Y=oaO lsÍu i|yd lef;dav iy wefkdav m%;sls%hd ,shkak.

ms Cu2+^aq& + 2e 
 Cu^s& ^lef;dav m%;sls%hdj&

Cu^s& 
 Cu2+^aq& + 2e ^wefkdav m%;sls%hdj&

5.3 ñY% f,day

ñY% f,dayhkays jHqyd;aul ld¾hhka i|yd d-f.dkqfõ uQ,øjH .Kkdjla jeä
jYfhka Ndú;d lrhs. ñY% f,dayhla hkq f,dayhl iy fjk;a uQ,øjHhka tlla fyda
jeä .Kkdjl taldldr ñY%Kh ls' ñY% f,dayhl ix>gl f,dayh wkqj tajdys úúO
.=Kdx. mj;S. m%Odk ix>glh f,i hlv wvx.= jk ñY% f,dayh jdfka f,i
y÷kajhs. jdfka j¾. folla mj;S. tkï ldnka iy ñY% f,day jdfka' uq¿ jdfka
ksIamdokfhka 90% l muK ldnka jdfka (carbon steel) fõ.

ldnka jdfka
mj;sk ldnka m%;sY;h wkqj ldnka j¾. wdldr ;=k ls '
i. uDÿ jdfka (mild steel)
ii. uOH jdfka (medium steel)
iii. wê ldnka jdfka (high carbon steel)
ldnka jdfkaj, oeä nj ldnka m%udKh jeäj;au jeä fõ.

5.3 j.=j: ldnka ixhq;sh iy ldnka jdfkaj, m%fhdack

ldnka jdfka j¾.h ldnka m%;sY;h (%) m%fhdack

uDÿ jdfka 0.2 hka;% ks¾udKlrKh,
fudag¾ r:, jh¾ iy weK
uOH jdfka 0.3 - 0.6 l=¿Kq, úÿï lgq iy ÿkq

wê ldnka jdfka 0.6 - 1.5 msys, ñá iy kshk

ñY% f,day jdfka

ñY% f,day jdfkaj, wvx.= jkafka whka, ldnka iy Al, Cr, Co, Mo, Ni, Ti, W
iy$fyda V jeks f,day tlla fyda lsysmh ls. u, fkdlk jdfkays Cr iy Ni jeks
wfkl=;a f,day o, wvx.= fõ. WmlrK jdfka (tool steel) ys W fyda Mn wvx.= fõ.
wdka;ßl f,day whkaj,g tla lsÍfuka f,dayfha oeänj jeälrk w;r ñY% f,dayh
úLdokhg m%;sfrdaë fõ. iuyrla fmdÿ jYfhka oelsh yels ñY% f,day jdfka my; §
we;.

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u, fkdlk jdfka - Fe (73%) , Cr (18%), Ni (8%) iy C (1%)
gx.aiagka jdfka - Fe (81%) , W (18%) iy C (1%)
fldfnda,aÜ jdfka - Fe (90%) , Co (9%) iy C (1%)
uex.kSia jdfka - Fe (86%) , Mn (13%) iy C (1%)

fldm¾ ñY% f,day

úúO j¾.fha ñY% f,dayhkays fldm¾ Ndú;d lrhs. jvd;a jeo.;a ñY% f,day my; 5.4
j.=fõ § we; .

5.4 j.=j: fldm¾ ñY% f,day

ñY% f,day ixhq;sh

ms;a;, (Brass) Cu iy Zn (5 – 45%)
f,dalv (Bronze) Cu iy Sn (1 – 15%)
we¨ñkshï f,dalv Sn iy Al (1 – 15%)
fmdiamria f,dalv Cu, Sn iy P (ca 1 %)
lshqfm%dksl,a Cu iy Ni (10 – 30%)
(Cupronickel)

ähqr¨ñka (Duralumin) ys Al (95%), Cu (4%) iy wfkla f,day o wvx.= fõ. msõg¾

(Pewter) ys Sn (70-99%) iy Cu fyda Pb (1-15%) wvx.= fõ.

5.4 3d-uQ,øjHhkays m%fhdack iy tajdys ixfhda.

ialekaähï
Sc ys úr,;djh ksid Sc nyq,j Ndú;d fkd lrk kuq;a wê ;Sj%;d ,dïmq jeks
iuyrla bf,lafg%dksl Wmdx.j, Sc Ndú;d lrhs. úlsrKYS,Ss iuia:dkslh (Sc-46)
fndr f;,a i|yd jQ m%idokd.drhka (refinery crackers) ys .fõIKldrl (tracing
agent) f,i Ndú;d lrhs.

ghsfÜkshï
ghsfÜkshï wfkl=;a d-f.dkqfõ uQ,øjHhkag jvd >k;ajfhka wvq h. Ti f,dayh
iy tys Al wvx.= ñY% f,day, .=jka hdkd l¾udka;fha § jeä jYfhka ^.=jka ñihs,
iy fcÜ tkaðka ksmoùu& Ndú;d fõ. u, fkd lk jdfkaj,g jvd jeä úLdok
m%;sfrdaë;djhla Ti j,g we;. we,alSk nyq wjhùlrKfha § iy-W;afm%arlhla
(co-catalyst) f,i TiCl4 iy TiCl3 Ndú;d lrhs. TiO2 ;Ska;" lvodis" ma,diaála"
rEm,djkH øjH" lD;s%u fl¢ iy frÈms<s ksIamdokfha § iqÿ j¾Klhla f,i Ndú;d
lrhs. Ti, jdfka fuka u Yla;su;a h, kuq;a 45% la muK ieye,a¨ h. th 60% lska
muK Al j,g jvd nrjk kuq;a fo .=Khla muK Yla;su;a h.
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jefkaähï
SO2, SO3 njg TlaislrKfha § W;afm%arlhla f,i V2O5 Ndú;d lrhs.
f*frdajefkaähï (ferrovanadium) ñY% f,dayh (50% Fe) ÿkq f,i o wêfõ.S lmk
WmlrK i|yd o Ndú;d lrhs.

fl%dañhï
f*dfrdfl%daï (ferrochrome) ñY%f,day u, fkdn¢k jdfka (12-26% Cr) iy WmlrK
jdfka (tool steel) (3-6%Cr) ksmoùug Ndú;d lrhs. úoHq;a f,daydf,amk wdrlaIs;
wdf,amkhla f,i o Cr Ndú;d lrhs. Cr2O3 yß; j¾Klhla f,i Ndú;d lrk w;r
fl%daï-fld<" fl%daï-;eô,s" fl%daï-ly iy fl%daï-r;= PbCrO4 u; mokï jQ ish¨ u
j¾Kl fõ.

uex.ksia
KMnO4 hkq wdï,sl ødjKhkays § m%n, Tlaisldrlh ls. tfia u th ÿn, úIîc
kdYlh ls.

hlv
jdfka ksmoùug hlv Ndú;d lrhs. WodyrKhla f,i u, fkdlk jdfka" uex.ksia
jdfka" fldfnda,aÜ jdfka" gx.aiagka jdfka' Na2[Fe(CN)5NO] ^fj<| kduh Nipride&
hkq wê reêr mSvkh (hypertension) iy jdysKS m%idrKh (vasodilation) i|yd Ndú;d
lrk wldnksl T!IOh ls. N2 iy H2 u.ska NH3 ksIamdokh lsÍfï § ^fyan¾ l%uh&,
Fe fyda Fe2O3 W;afm%arlhka f,i Ndú;d lrhs.

fldfnda,aÜ
Cr iy W iuÕ Co ñY% f,day idok w;r wê fõ.S, wê n/;s ls%hd, wê WIaK;aj
lmk WmlrK i|yd Ndú;d lrhs. iuyrla ,jK Y; j¾I .Kkdjl isg §ma;su;a
iy È.= l,amj;sk ks,ameyehla iys; fmdaisf,aka ùÿre, ueá NdKav, msÕka, .fvd,a
iy tkeu,a ksmoùug Ndú;d lrhs. Co-60 lD;s%u iuia:dkslhla jk w;r jeo.;a
.eud lsrK m%Njhla fõ. fuh b;du;a u wvqfjka mj;sk øjHhls (tracer). th
f¾äfhda m%;sldrlhla f,i Ndú;d lrhs. fldfnda,aÜ laf,darhsâ ødjKhla
ixiaf,aIl ;Ska; (sympathetic ink) j¾.hla f,i Ndú;d lrhs.

ksl,a
ud.ßka ksmoùfï § t<j¿ f;,a >k lsÍu i|yd ksl,a Ndú;d lrhs. yhsv%csfkaia iy
hqf¾ia keue;s tkaihsuj, Ni wvx.= fõ. wdydr ksmoùu i|yd úI rys;, úLdok rys;
f,day wjYH úg Ni Ndú;d lrhs.

fldm¾
fldm¾, úoHq;a ikakdhlhla f,i o ñY% f,day jd;a;= lsÍu i|yd o ldis ksmoùu
i|yd o tys we;s ksIals%h;djh ksid c, k, i|yd o fhdod .kshs. fn%dafvlaia
(Bordeaux) {CuSO4 iy Cu(OH)2} bysh (spray) lDIsl¾udka;fha § È,Sr wdidok
je<elaùug Ndú;d lrhs. fldm¾ys ñY% Tlaihsv, wêikakdhl f,i Ndú;d lrhs
Wod. La2-xBaxCuO (4-y).
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iskala
u,lEu je<elaùu i|yd hlv u; wdf,amkh lsÍu ^.e,ajkhsia lsrSu&; ñY% f,day
iE§u ^Wod: ms;a;,&; f,day fldgia jd;a;= lsÍu; negß bf,lafg%dav jeks tajd iskalays
m%fhdack fõ. È,sfik uqyqK;a (luminous dials) ie§ug" TV ;sr, X lsrK iy m%;s§ma;
myka ksmoùu i|yd ZnS Ndú;d lrhs' ñksidf.a iy i;=kaf.a jeãug o w;HdjYH
uq,øjHh ls. ;Ska;" rn¾ ksIamdok" inka iy rEm,djkH l¾udka;fha § ZnO Ndú;d
lrhs.

idrdxYh
 mDÓú lfndf,ys we;s jvd;a u nyq, 3d-uQ,øjH whka iy ghsfÜkshï h.

 whka jdKscuh f,i ksiaidrKh lr.kq ,nkafka tys ksê jk ysughsÜ

(Fe2O3) iy ue.akghsÜ (Fe3O4) j,sks.

 Odrd W!Iaul ;=< § whka ksê CO u.ska TlaisyrK lrùfuka whka ksmojd
.kq ,efí. f,da fndr f,i wmøjH bj;a lsÍug yqKq.,a tl;= lrkq ,efí.

 le,afldmhsrhsÜia (chalcopyrite) j,ska fldm¾ ksiaidrKh lrkq ,efí.

ksêfhys wvx.= Cu2S jd;fha § is,sld iuÕ r;a lsÍfuka TlaisyrKh lrkq
,efí.

 3d-uQ,øjH iy tajdfha ixfhda.hkays m%fhdack § we; .

wruqKq

fuu ieish wjidkfha § my; oE isÿ lsÍug Tng yels úh hq;= h.

 3d-uQ,øjHhkays Lksc m%Nj ,ehsia;= .; lsÍu

 mDÓú lfndf,ys 3d-uQ,øjHhkays nyq,;djh iei|Su

 whka iy fldm¾ tajdfha ksêj,ska ksmoùu idlÉPd lsÍu

 whka iy fldm¾ mokï lrf.k ñY% f,dayhkays ixhq;sh iei|Su

 3d-uQ,øjH iy tajdfha ixfhda.hkays m%fhdack idlÉPd lsÍu

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 ls%hdldrlu

5.1 ghsfÜkshïys Lksc m%Nj 2 la kï lrkak.

5.2 fldm¾ ksê folla kï lrkak.

5.3 i. Chromite ii. Pyrolusite iii. Siderite iv. Cuprite

hk tajdfha ridhksl ixhq;sh ,shkak.

5.4 mDÓú lfndf,ys nyq,j u mj;sk uq,øjH 3 fudkjd o @

5.5 ñksia isrefrys nyq,; u f,day j¾. 4 fudkjd o @

5.6 ñksia isrefrys nyq,; u 3d-uQ,øjHhka fudkjd o @

5.7 ysughsÜj,ska whka ksmoùfï ld¾ñl l%uh myokak.

5.8 fldm¾ys ñY% f,day iy tajdfha ix>gl ,ehsia;= .; lrkak.

5.9 ;dm f,day ld¾ñl l%uh u.ska fldm¾ ksIamdokh lsÍfï mshjr 4 fudkjd o @

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 Glossary/.egmo újrKh
Alloys : Metallic substance made by mixing and fusing two or more
metals, or a metal and a nonmetal, to obtain desirable
qualities such as hardness, lightness, and strength, e.g. brass,
bronze, steel, etc.
ñY% f,day : oDv;djh, ieye,a¨ nj iy Yla;su;a nj hk wNsu; ,laIK
,nd .ekSug f,day folla fyda jeä .Kkla, f,dayhla yd
wf,dayhla fyda ú,hkh lr ñY% lr idokq ,nk f,dayuh
øjH Wod( ms;a;,, f,dalv, jdfka

Basicity : The state of being a base.

NdIañl;djh : NIauhla f,i mej;Sfï yelshdj

Coordination number : The number of coordinated atoms surrounding the central

metal atom/ion in a complex or crystal.
ix.; wxlh : ixlS¾K ixfhda.hl fyda iaMálhl uOH f,day
mrudKqj$whkh jgd ix.;j ne£ mj;sk mrudKq ixLHdj

Electrode potential : The measure of individual potential of a reversible electrode

at standard state, (E°)
bf,lafg%dav úNjh : iïu; ;;aj hgf;a § m%;Hdj¾; bf,lafg%davhl úNjh
ms<n| ñkquls'

Electrolysis : The process of interchanging of atoms and ions by the

removal or addition of electrons from the external circuit.
úoHq;a úÉfþokh : ndysr mßm:hl isg bf,lafg%dak ,nd .ekSu fyda msglsÍu
u`.ska whk iy mrudKq yqjudreùfï l%shdj,shhs'

Electron configuration : Specific distribution of electrons in atomic orbitals of atoms

or ions.
bf,lafg%dak úkHdih :mrudKqjl fyda whkhl ldlaIslj, bf,lafg%dak me;sr we;s
wdldrhhs.

Electronegativity : The tendency of an atom to attract shared electrons

úoHq;a iDK;djh : nkaOkhl we;s bf,lafg%dak ;ud foig weo .ekSfï
yelshdjhs'

Electropositive : The tendency of an atom to remove valence electrons.

úoHq;a Ok;djh : ixhqc;d ljpfha mj;sk bf,lafg%dak bj;a lsÍug
mrudKqjla i;= yelshdjhs'

Furnace : An enclosed chamber in which heat is produced to generate

steam, destroy refuse, smelt or refine ores, etc.
W!Iaulh : yqud,h ksmoùug" wmøjH úkdY lsÍug" úreùug fyda Y=oaO
lsÍug ;dmh ksmojkq ,nk ixjD; l=àrhhs'
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Geometry : The arrangement of a molecule in the space.
cHdñ;sh : wKqjl ;%sudK ieliqu$jHqyh

Group number : The number of a vertical column in the periodic table; there
are 18 groups.
ldKav wxlh : wdj¾;s;d j`.=fõ isria ;Srejlg wh;a wxlh. tys ldKav18
ls'

Hydration : The act or process of combining or treating with water.

ic,kh : c,h iu`. tl;= ùu fyda iïnkaO ùfï l%shdj,sh

Hydrolysis : The breaking down of a chemical compound into two or

more simpler compounds by reacting with water.
c, úÉfþokh : c,h iu`. m%;sl%shd lr ridhksl ixfhda.hla ir, ixfhda.
folla fyda lsysmhla njg ì| fy,Su

Isoelectronic : Several dissimilar atoms or ions with identical electronic

configurations.
iubf,lafg%daksl : tl u bf,lafg%dak úkHdih iys; úúO mrudKq fyda whk

Melting point : The point at which the crystals of a pure substance are in
equilibrium with the liquid phase at atmospheric pressure.
øjdxlh : jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkh hgf;a § ixY=oaO øjHhl iaMál tys øj
l,dmh iuÕ iu;=,s;j mj;sk WIaK;ajhhs'

Oxidation state : The state of an element or ion in a compound with regard to

the electrons gained or lost by the element or ion in the
reaction that formed the compound.
TlaislrK ;;ajh : uQ,øjHhl fyda whkhl wvx.= Ok fyda iDK wdfrdams;
m%udKh

Oxidizing agent : A chemical compound that readily transfers oxygen atoms,

or a substance that gains electrons in a redox chemical
reaction.
Tlaisldrl øjH : m%;sl%shdjl § Tlaiscka msglrkq ,nk fyda bf,lafg%dak ,nd
.kq ,nk fyda ridhksl ixfhda.

Paramagnetic : A substance that shows magnetic properties when placed in a

magnetic field.
wkq pqïNl : pqïNl lafIa;%hla ;=< ;enQ úg pqïNl ,laIK fmkajk
øjHhs'

Reducing agent : A substance that causes another substance to undergo

reduction and that is oxidized in the process.
Tlaisydrl øjH : fjk;a øjHhla TlaisyrKh lrjkq ,nk iy tu øjHhu
TlaislrKh ùu isÿjk øjHhka
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Y%S ,xld újd; úYajúoHd,hSh m%ldYkhls
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Tetrahedral molecule : A molecule in which the central atom is coordinated to four
groups, located in the four corners of a tetrahedron.
p;=ia;,Sh wKqj : p;=ia;,hl fldka y;f¾ msysá ldKav 4 la uOH
mrudKqjlg ix.; f,i ne£ we;s ixfhda.hls'

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Y%S ,xld újd; úYajúoHd,hSh m%ldYkhls
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 References
1. Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd Ed., D.F. Shriver, P. W. Atkins, C. H. Langford,

1994.

2. Basic Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd Ed., F. A. Cotton, G. Wilkinson and P.

L.Gaus, 1995.

3. Concise Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Ed., J. D. Lee, 1991.

4. Principles of Bioinorganic Chemistry, S. J. Lippard and J. M. Berg, 1994.

5. Advanced chemistry, Philip Matthews, Cambridge University Press, 2000

6. A- Level Chemistry, E.N. Ramsden, Stanley Thornes, 2000

7. http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-b9iJER1-
wSI/VDOHAG3tWhI/AAAAAAAACdM/ah9m0q6kCn8/s1600/Blast-
Furnace.gif

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Y%S ,xld újd; úYajúoHd,hSh m%ldYkhls
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 iïmdol uKav,h

l¾;D úIh ixialrKh ^bx.%Ssis msgm;&

uydpd¾h fla. ir;a ã. fmf¾rd uydpd¾h ruKS hq. ;ka;%Sf.dv

mßj¾;kh NdId ixialrKh

uydpd¾h fla. ir;a ã. fmf¾rd ks¾u,S lkakka.r
tÉ. l=rel=,kd;

.%e*sla ks¾udKlrKh mß.Kl ks¾udKlrKh

wd¾. tï. úu,a ví' úfÊkdhl wd¾. tï. úu,a ví' úfÊkdhl
biqrs chiQrsh biqrs chiQrsh

fjí wka;¾.;h ixj¾Ol mo ieliSu

b|qks,a chùr mS. ã. Tia. Ys%md,S
wd¾. tï. úu,a ví' úfÊkdhl
biqrs chiQrsh

Y%S ,xld újD; úYajúoHd,h

kdj," kqf.af.dv'

m%:u uqøKh 2016

újD; wOHdmksl iïm;a njg m%;s jHqy.; lr we;'

fuys ish,q u mdG “Creative Commons” (CC 3.0) jdKsc fkdjk" iudkj fnod
yerSfï n,m;%hg hg;a h.

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