Unit 6 – TB 2

C H E M I S T R Y
Unit 06|Theory Book
wldnksl ridhkh - 2

1 7 ldKavh

F2 <d ly I2 l¨ È,sfikiq`M >khls

Cl2 <d fld< At úlsrKYS,S uQ,øjHhls

Br2 r;= - ÿUqre øjhls

ye,ck m%;sls%hdYS,s jk w;r iajNdjfha ixfhda. f,i muKla yuq fõ'

jvd;a u úoHq;a RK uQ,øjHh *af,daÍka jk w;r" *af,daÍka -1 yd 0 TlaislrK wjia:d fmkakqï lrhs'
*af,daÍka yer wfkla ye,ck -1 isg +7 olajd mej;sh yels iEu TlaislrK wjia:djg u mdfya wkqrEm jk ia:dhs
ixfhda. idohs' flfia fj;;a fn%dañka j, +7 TlaislrK wjia:dfõ mj;sk ixfhda. wia:dhs fõ'
l=vd mrudKql wrh fya;=fjka" wfkla uQ,øjHj, by< TlaislrK wjia:d ia:dhs lsÍug *af,daÍkaj,g yels h'
(Wod - SF6 )
úoHq;a RK;djfha úp,kh wkqj ldKavfha my<g Tlaisldrl yelshdj ^m%;sls%hdYS,s;ajh& wvq fõ'
Wod -
Cl2 + Br − → Br2 + Cl−
Br2 + I − → I2 + Br −

oaú mrudKql fya,hsv j, nkaOk È. yd Yla;sh úp,kh

oaú mrudKql fya,hsv j, nkaOk È. yd Yla;h
s úp,kh
17 ldKavfha my<g mrudKq j, úYd,;ajh jeä jk neúka oaú mrudKql fya,hsv j, nkaOk È. úp,kh my;
mßÈ fõ'
▪ 𝐅 − 𝐅 < 𝐂𝐥 − 𝐂𝐥 < 𝐁𝐫 − 𝐁𝐫 < 𝐈 − 𝐈

nkaOk Èf.ys úp,kh u; F2 jeäu nkaOk Yla;shla yd I2 wvq u nkaOk Yla;shla ±ßh hq;=h' kuq;a m%dfhda.l
s j
nkaOk Yla;sh u; ye,ck úp,kh my; mßÈ fõ'

▪ 𝐈 − 𝐈 < 𝐅 − 𝐅 < 𝐁𝐫 − 𝐁𝐫 < 𝐂𝐥 − 𝐂𝐥

▪ (149 kJ mol−1 ) (155 kJ mol−1 ) (190 kJ mol−1 ) (240 kJ mol−1 )

by; wm.ukh ;=< isÿ ù we;s wm.ukh jkafka F2 ys nkaOk Yla;sh widudkH f,i wvq ùuhs'
óg fya;=j,
F hkq mDIaÀl iDK wfrdamK >k;ajh jeä mrudKqjls' tjeks mrudKq folla flá nkaOkhlska ne`§ we;s úg
mrudKq foflys we;s tlir bf,lafg%dak w;r by< úl¾IK l%shd;aul fõ' tu ksid wod< nkaOkh ;rula ÿ¾j,
fõ'

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 Cl2 ys m%;sl%shd

Cl2 ys by< úoHq;a RK;djh fya;=fjka th myiqfjka TlaisyrKh fjñka m%N, Tlaisldrlhla f,i yeisf¾'

1. c,h iu`. m%;sl%shdj

Cl2 + H2O HCl + HOCl

by; m%;sl%shdfõ § Cl , 0 TlaislrKdxlfha isg +1 yd −1 njg oaúOdlrKh ùu isÿfõ'

fuys§ ,efnk HOCl, HOCl → HCl + ′O′ f,i iajhx ú>gkh fõ' fuu mrudKql Tlaiscka úIîc kdYl .=K
orhs' fï ksid Cl2 c,h msßisÿldrlhla f,i Ndú;d fõ'

2. c,Sh NIau iu`. m%;sl%shdj

is';'
Cl2 + 2 NaOH NaCl + NaOCl + H2O

W'id'
3Cl2 + 6NaOH 5NaCl + NaClO3 +3 H2O

my< WIaK;aj j, § ia:dhS jqj o r;a lsÍfï § OCl− my; mßÈ oaúOdlrKh fõ' flfia jqj o OBr − yd OI − my<
WIaK;aj j, § o wia:dhS jk neúka tajd my< WIaK;aj j, § o oaúOdlrKh ùu isÿ fõ' wdï,sl ;;a;aj hgf;a
HOCl g jvd ClO ̅ ia:dhs fõ' ta ksid NdIañl ;;a;aj hgf;a oaúOdlrK m%;sls%hd uQ,l
s fõ'

OCl− 80 ℃ ↑ Cl− + ClO−

3

+1 -1 5

3. NH3 iu`. m%;sl%shdj

3Cl2 + 2NH3 N2 + 6HCl

je'
3Cl2 + NH3 NCl3 + 3HCl
je'
3Cl2 + 8NH3 N2 + 6NH4Cl

4. f,day iu`. m%;sl%hdj

Cu + Cl2 ∆ CuCl

CuCl + Cl2 CuCl2

∆
Fe + Cl2 ∆ FeCl2

2 FeCl2 + Cl2 2 FeCl3

∆

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 5. Cl2 + H2S S + 2HCl
je
6. P + Cl PCl3 Cl2 PCl5
∆
je je
7. S + Cl2 SCl2 Cl2 SCl4 Cl2 X
∆

yhsv%cka fya,hsv

yhsv%cka fya,hsv j, f;dard.;a ,laIK lsym

s hla my; mßÈ fõ'

by; yhsv%cka fya,hsv w;ßka HF muKla ÿn, wdï,sl jk w;r wfklajd m%N, wdï,sl fõ'

HF nkaOkh idfmalaIj flá neúka tu nkaOk jvd;a Yla;su;a fõ' tu ksid tu nkaOkh ú>gkh ù udOHhg H+
yd F − ksoyia lsÍu wvqfjka isÿ fõ'

øjdxl ;dmdxl úp,kh :

HF yer wfkl=;a m%fNao wKql ialkaOh jeäjk ms<sfj,g wmlsrK n, m%N, jk ksid øjdxl o tu ms<sfj,g jeä
fõ'
HF ys H nkaOk l%shd;aul jk neúka tys øjdxl ;dmdxl widudkH f,i wvq ù we;'

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 18 ldKavh

18 ldKavhg wh;a uQ,øjH ish,a, m%;sls%hdYS,s ke;s tal mrudKql jdhq fõ'
Xe muKla O yd F iu`. ie,lsh hq;= ixfhda. m%udKhla idohs'
18 ldKavhg wh;a ish¨ uQ,øjH Ok bf,lafg%dak ,nd .ekSfï tka;e,amshla orhs'

Xe idok ir, ixfhda.

fifkdakaj, ixfhda.j,g +2, +4, +6 iy +8 hk TlaislrK wxl we;'

fï wkqj uQ,øjHhla úiska fmkajk by< u Ok TlaislrKdxlh fmkajkafka Xe fõ'

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 3 jk wdj¾;fha uQ,øjH j, .=K úp,kh

iajNdjfha nyq,j mj;sk uQ,øjHuh wdldr :

3 jk wdj¾;fha uQ,øjH NIau iu`. m%;sl%shd :

Tlaihsv yd tajdfha .=K

Tlaihsv c,h iu`. m%;sl%shd :

Na yd Mg ys Tlaihsv c,h iu`. m%;sl%shdfjka tajdfha yhsfv%dlaihsv ,efí'

Al yd Si ys Tlaihsv c,h iu`. m%;sl%shd fkdlrhs'
P , S yd Cl ys Tlaihsv c,h iu`. m%;sl%shdfjka tajd mej;s TlaislrKdxlhg wod, Tlafid wï,h ,efí'

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 Tlaihsv wï, yd NIau iu`. m%;sl%shd :

Na yd Mg ys Tlaihsv NdIañl jk neúka tajd wï, iu`. m%;sl%shd lrhs'

Al ys Tlaihsvh WNh.=Kl
s neúka th wï, fuka u NIau iu`. o m%;sl%shd lrhs'
P , S yd Cl ys Tlaihsv wdï,sl jk neúka tajd NIau iu`. m%;sl%shd lrhs'

yhsfv%dlaihsv yd tajdfha .=K

;=kajk wdj¾;fha yhsfv%dlaihsv ta wdj¾;fha u Tlaihsvj,g iudk m%jK;djla fmkakqï lrhs '

yhsv%hv
s yd tajdfha .=K

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 laf,darhsv yd tajdfha .=K

wdj¾;hla yryd jfï isg ol=Kg hEfï § uQ,øjHj, úoHq;a RK;dj jeä jk ksid laf,darhsv c,úÉfþokh ùfï
yelshdj jeä fõ' ;=kajk wdj¾;fha we;s 𝐬 f.dkqfõ uQ,øjH j, laf,darhsv whksl jk w;r 𝐩 f.dkqfõ uQ,øjHj,
laf,darhsv iyixhqc fõ'

wekdhk úYaf,aIKh
wekdhk úYaf,aIKh

𝐍𝐎− −
𝟐 yd 𝐍𝐎𝟑 y`ÿkd .ekSu

;' H+
1) NO3− X
;' H+
NO2− ÿUqre jdhqj (NO2)

NO3−
id' H+
ÿUqre jdhqj (NO2)
NO2−

2) ÿUqre j,h mÍlaIdj

mÍlaIK k<hlg w¨; iEÿ FeSO4 ødjKhla yd NO3− wvx.= ødjKhla tl;= lrhs' wk;=rej k<fha ì;a;sh Èf.a
ìxÿ jYfhka idkaø wï,hla tl;= lrhs' fuúg FeSO4 yd NO3− l,dm fjka jk iSudfõ ÿUqre j,hla we;s fõ'

3) NO3−

Al fyda Zn fkia,¾
fyda NH3 ÿUqre mdg
OH- /∆

NO2−

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 𝐒𝐎𝟐− 𝟐−
𝟑 yd 𝐒𝐎𝟒 y`ÿkd .ekSu

SO2−
BaCl2 BaSO3 ;' H+ Èh fõ'
3
ÿ¾j, wï,j,ska jHq;amkak jk wekdhk
iqÿ ↓
idok wjlafIam ;kql wï, yuqfõ ødjKh
BaCl4 fõ'
SO2−
4 BaSO4 ;' H+ BaSO4
iqÿ ↓ iqÿ ↓

𝐒𝟐 𝐎𝟐−
𝟑 y`ÿkd .ekSu

1) S2 O2−
3 + 2H+ S ↓ + SO2↑ + H2O

Wod :-

Na2S2O3 + 2HCl S + SO2 + 2NaCl + H2O

2)

2 Na2S2O3 + I2 Na2S4O6 + 2Nal

fya,hsv whk y`ÿkd.ekSu

1) Cl− AgNO3 AgCl ↓ iqÿ ;'NH3

Èh fõ'

Èh fõ'
id'NH3

AgNO3
Br − AgBr ↓ iqÿ X
;'NH3
✓
id'NH3

AgNO3
I− AgI ↓ <d ly X
;'NH3
X
id'NH3

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 2)

r;a l< úg Èh ù kej;

isis,a jk úg bÈlgq ;=vq
jeks wjlafIam ,ndfoa'

3) nqnqf,a mÍlaIdj

;kql wï, iu. jdhq ,nd fok m%fNao

legdhk úYaf,aIKh

① ldKavh

legdhk ñY%Khg ;kql HCl tl;= lrhs'

fuys § wjlafIam 3 la we;s fõ'

1. Ag+ AgCl ↓ iqÿ

2. Hg 2+
2 Hg2Cl2 (HgCl) ↓ iqÿ
3. Pb2+ PbCl2 ↓ iqÿ

;kql NH3 fhÿ úg AgCl Èh fõ'

idkaø HCl fhÿ úg fyda r;a l< úg PbCl2 Èh fõ'

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 ② ldKavh

wdï,sl udOHfha H2S nqnq,kh isÿ fõ'

m<uqjk fmrkhg msg;ska H2S nqnq,kh lrhs' 1 ldKavfha § fhÿ HCl fya;=fjka udOHfha by< H+ idkaøKhla mj;shs'
tu ksid H2S ys ú>gkh ÿ¾j, ù udOHfha [S2-] wvq fõ'

②
③
H2S 2H+ ↑ + S2- ↓
①

wvq [S2-] la hgf;a my; S2- wjlafIam we;s fõ'

PbS CdS SnS - ÿUqre

HgS As2S3 ly Sb2S3 - ;eô,s
l`:
CuS SnS2
Bl2S3

③ ldKavh

2 ys ,efnk fmrkh my; l%shdj,g ms<sfj,ska Ndckh lrhs'

1. r;a lsßu - (H2S bj;a lsÍu)

2. HNO3 fh§u'
(Fe2+ Fe3+ njg m;a lsÍu')
3. kegùu'
4. NH4Cl yd NH4OH fh§u'

NH4OH ys ú>gkh NH4Cl mej;Su fya;=fjka wvq fõ'

NH4Cl NH4+ + Cl−

fï fya;=fjka ødjKfha by< NH4+ idkaøKhla we;s fõ'

②

NH4OH NH4+ ↑ + OH − ↓
① ③

by; wdldrfha wvq OH − idkaøKhla hgf;a my; wjlafIam 3 ,efí'

1. Al(OH)3 − iqÿ fc,ákSh

2. Cr(OH)3 − ls<sá fld<
3. Fe(OH)3 − r;= ÿUqre

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 ④ ldKavh

NdIañl udOHfha H2S nqnq,kh isÿfõ'

H2S 2H+ ↓ + S2- ↑

① ③

fuys § ,efnk by< [S2-] hgf;a my; wjlafIam ,efí'

Ni2+ NiS
l`:
Co2+ CoS

Mn2+ MnS - frdai

Zn2+ ZnS - iqÿ

⑤ ldKavh

NH4Cl yd (NH4)2CO3 tl;= lrhs' fuys § wjlafIam 3 la ,efí'

Ca2+ CaCO3

Sr2+ SrCO3 iqÿ ↓

Ba2+ BaCO3

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 d f.dkqj

wjq*andjq uQ,O¾uhg wkqj bf,lafg%dak msÍfï§" wjika bf,lafg%dakh d WmYla;s uÜgug msfrk uQ,øjH fõ' wdj¾;s;d
j.=fõ 3 isg 12 olajd ldKav d f.dkqjg wh;a fõ'

wdka;ßl f,day

d f.dkqfõ uQ,øjHhla uQ,øjHuh wjia:dfõ fyda ia:dhs whk wjia:djl § wiïmQ¾Kfhka msÍ we;s d WmYla;s uÜgï j,ska
iukaú; jkafka kï tu uQ,øjHh wdka;ßl uQ,øjHhla fõ'
3d f.dkqfõ tl u wdka;ßl fkdjk uQ,øjHh 𝐒𝐜 fõ'

𝒅 f.dkqfõ uQ,øjH j, wdj¾;Sh úp,k

✓ mrudKql wrh s f.dkqfõ uQ,øjH j,g idfmalaIj wvq jk w;r wdj¾;h Tiafia b;d l=vd m%udK j,ska fjkia fõ' th
flfiao h;a wdj¾:fha jfï isg ol=Kg hdfï § Ni olajd mrudKql wrh l%ufhka wvqjk w;r t;eka isg Zn olajd
kej; jeäfõ'
✓ úoHq;a RK;djh jfï isg ol=Kg iq`M m%udK j,ska jeäjk w;r Mn yd Zn ys § th ;rula wvq fõ'
✓ whkSlrK Yla;ska s yd p f.dkq j,g w;rueÈ w.hhka orhs'
✓ whkSlrK Yla;sh wdj¾:fha jfï isg ol=Kg o< jYfhka jeä fõ' kuq;a w;rueo iq`M wvqùï o ksÍlaIKh fõ'

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 𝟑𝒅 f.dkqfõ uQ,øjH j, úp,H TlaislrKdxl

✓ Sc yd Zn yer b;sß uQ,øjHhka úp,H TlaislrKdxlhka fmkajhs' wiïmQ¾K 𝑑 ldlaIsl fkdue;s ùu Sc yd Zn úp,H
TlaislrKdxl fkdfmkaùug fya;=jhs'
✓ 3d104s1 úkHdifha m%;sM,hla f,i fmdÿfõ, Cu j,g +1 TlaislrK wxlh ,nd .; yels h' flfia fj;;a, Cr+ w;sYhska
ÿ,n jk w;r wia:dhs fõ'
✓ d f.dkqfõ uQ,øjHhlg fmkakqï l< yels by< u TlaislrK wxlh tys 4s iy 3d bf,lafg%dakj, tl;=jg iudk fõ'

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 𝐌𝐂𝐐 i`oyd u;l ;nd .; hq;= 𝐝 f.dkqfõ .=K úp,khka iïnkaO lreKq

1. ish,a, f,day fõ' ^Hg øj wjia:dfõ mj;sk f,dayhls'&

2. ldKavhl my<g f,day .=K jeä fõ'
3. fyd| úoHq;a yd ;dm ikakdhl fõ' ^f,dayl nkaOk iE§fï§ s bf,lafg%dak yd iuyr d bf,lafg%dak iyNd.S
ùu ksid&
4. jeäu úoHq;a ikakdhl;djh - Ag
5. c,h iu`. m%;sl%shd fkdfmkajhs'
6. jfï isg ol=Kg whkSlrK Yla;sh iq¿ jYfhka jeä fõ' (Co yd Ni j, hï wvqjla isÿ fõ')
7. s f.dkqfõ uQ,øjH j,g jvd whkSlrK Yla;s by< fõ'
8. ∴ s f.dkqfõ uQ,øjH j,g jvd m%;sl%shdYS,S;ajfhka wvq fõ'
9. s yd p f.dkq j,g idfmalaIj øjdxl yd ;dmdxl by< fõ' (f,dayl nkaOk cd,hg jeä 𝑒 .Kkla ksoyia
lrk neúka)
10. jeäu ;dmdxlh V / wvqu øjdxlh yd ;dmdxlh Zn
11. jfï isg ol=Kg úoHq;a RK;djh jeä fõ'
12. 3d f.dkqfõ Zn muKla wdka;ßl fkdjk uQ,øjHh ls'
13. Mn yd Zn j, 𝑒 úkHdifha ia:dhS;djh fya;=fjka úoHq;a RK;djh ;rula wvq fõ'
14. mrudKql wrh s f.dkqfõ wkqrEm uQ,øjHhkag jvd wvq fõ'
15. wdj¾;hl jfï isg ol=Kg mrudKql wrh wvq fõ' (Sc isg Ni olajd wvq jqj o Ni isg Zn olajd jeä fõ)
16. >k;ajhka s f.dkqfõ f,day j,g idfmalaIj by< fõ'

𝟑𝒅 f.dkqfõ uQ,øjH j, W;afm%arl .=K

w¾O jYfhka fyda ysia d ldlaIsl mej;Su fya;=fjka fndfydA wdka;ßl f,day iy ixfhda. W;afm%arl f,i yeisf¾¡ fuu`.ska
d ldlaIslj,g bf,lafg%dak ,nd .ekSu fyda odhl lsÍu isÿ l< yels h¡ fï ,laIKh W;afm%arl .=K M,odhs nj fmkajhs¡
WodyrK -
yhsv%ckSlrKh i|yd Pd
wefudakshd khsg%cka Tlaihsv njg TlaislrKh lsÍu i`oyd Pt/Rh
SO2, SO3 njg TlaislrKh i`oyd V2O5
t;Ska nyqwjhùlrKh i|yd TiCl3/Al(C2H5)6

𝟑𝒅 f.dkqfõ uQ,øjH j, Tlaihsv

3𝑑 f.dkqfõ uQ,øjH ir, Tlaihsv j,g wu;rj ixhqla; Tlaihsv o idohs'

Wod-

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 Tlaihsvj, .=K TlaislrK wxlh u; r`od mj;sk w;r nkaOk iajNdjh TlaislrK wxlh u; r`od mj;S' nkaOk
iajNdjfha fjkia ùu u`.ska f,day Tlaihsvj, wï,-NIau iajNdjh ;SrKh lrhs' by< TlaislrK wxl iys;
ixfhda.j, iy-ixhqc nkaOk we;s w;r tajd wdï,sl fõ' wvq TlaislrK wxl iys; ixfhda. whksl ,laIK we;s w;r
tajd NdIañl fõ'

wdka;ßl f,day whkj, j¾K

c,Sh ødjKj, we;s fndfyda wdka;ßl uQ,øjH whk úoHq;a pqïnl j¾Kdj,sfha oDYH m%foaYfha we;s úlsrK wjfYdaIKh
lr úúO j¾K ksmojhs' fï yelshdj we;s jkafka w¾O f,i msreKq d Wm ldCIsl mej;Su ksid h' (MnO4- yd CrO42-
j, j¾K we;s ùu isÿ jkafka d ldCIsl w;r bf,lafg%dak ixl%uK ksid fkdfõ¡) ;j o s f.dkqfõ we;s f,day whk
wj¾K jk w;r" tajdfha iïmQ¾K f,i msreKq d Wm ldCIsl we;'
w¾O jYfhka msreKq d ldCIsl fkdmej;Su fya;=fjka c,Sh Sc3+ iy Zn2+ whk wj¾K fõ'

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 d f.dkqfõ f,day idok ixfhda. yd ix.; ixlS¾K flá igyka

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 d f.dkqfõ f,day idok ixfhda. yd ix.; ixlS¾K ^iïm;a fmd;&

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