ES 10 .

Chapter 4 .
Interrelated Scientific Principles :
Matter ,
Energy and Environment .

1. • Scientific disciplines use a

process whereby information is
gathered through repeated experiments
evaluation and ,
by proffesional
review in the
form of laws and
scientists This information
.

,
theories
,

is share with the scientific

community through publications .

•
Non
scientific disciplines generally do not use regimented experimentation ; instead they
-

, use

observation
facts already in existence and supposition
, ,
.

2. A
hypothesis statement that provides a possible answer to a question or an explanation for
is a

an observation that can be tested It is important to scientific thinking because it must be testable
.

the scientist must be able to support it or

disprove it .

Sometimes the results experiment meaning they neither support

inconclusive
3. one-time
from a are

disaprove the A
experiment must be conducted or more information collected
or
hypothesis . new .

whereby scientist eliminate bias and test their results

Repeatability is the process
by having
independent investigators repeat their experiment If a hypothesis . is supported by many
experiments and different investigators it is considered reliable ,
.

4. Scientific method is a way of gathering and evaluating information It .

involves observation ,

hypothesis formation hypothesis testing critical evaluation of results and

,
, ,
the
publishing of
findings .

5. The second law of thermodynamics states that whenever energy is converted from one form
to another , some
of the useful energy is lost This lost is a form of pollution An example
.
.

would be the emissions from power plants .

6.
Oxygen atom (O)

⑧
Nucleus
• 8 Protons

@Bo@Bo+@⑥ ⑦
Gao Gao
⑨ +@@ 8B¥ ⑧
@☒
Outer shell

6 electrons

-0

Inner shell
2 electrons
7 The atoms in
. a molecular are held together by chemical bonds which results from the
interaction of the electrons .

During a reaction , electronic attractions are

rearranged and
bonds between them are either broken or new ones formed .

states that be created

8. - The first law of thermodynamics energy can neither or nor
destroyed
-
The second law states that whenever
energy
is transformed from one form to another there ,

is a loss of useful energy .

9. In solids ,
molecules have of energy and vibrate close to one another
a low amount .

In liquids higher energy molecules are father apart and flow over each other
,
-
.

In
gases the molecules more rapidly and are far apart
,
.

10 .
Five kinds of energy are :

-
Heat
-

Light
-

Electricity
Chemical
-

energy
-
Potential and kinetic .

11 .

different quality Electrical energy is of high quality and can be easily

Different energy forms are .

transformed to perform a variety of useful actions Heat in ocean water is of low quality because .

of small temperature difference between the ocean and its surroundings It can do little work .

for us .