Seeleys Accessible Senses PDF

10/12/2023
Because learning changes everything.®

Senses
Sense:
• ability to perceive stimuli

Chapter 9 Sensation:
Senses
• conscious awareness of stimuli received by sensory
Lecture Outline
neurons
Seeley’s ESSENTIALS OF
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY Sensory receptors:
Eleventh Edition
Cinnamon VanPutte • sensory nerve endings that respond to stimuli by
Jennifer Regan developing action potentials
Andrew Russo
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 2
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Classification of Senses Types of Senses
General senses:
• receptors over large part of body that sense touch,

pressure, pain, temperature, and itch
• somatic senses provide information about body and

environment
• visceral senses provide information about internal organs
Special senses:
• smell, taste, sight, hearing, and balance
Figure 9.1
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Types of Receptors 1 Types of Receptors 2
Mechanoreceptors: Thermoreceptors:
• detect movement • detect temperature changes
• Example, touch, pressure, vibration Nociceptors:
Chemoreceptors: • detect pain
• detect chemicals
• Examples, odors and taste
Photoreceptors:
• detect light
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Types of Touch Receptors 1 Types of Touch Receptors 2
Merkel’s disk: Ruffini corpuscle:
• detect light touch and pressure • deep tactile receptors
Hair follicle receptors: • detects continuous pressure in skin
• detect light touch Pacinian corpuscle:
Meissner corpuscle: • deepest receptors
• deep in epidermis • associated with tendons and joints
• localizing tactile sensations • detect deep pressure, vibration, position
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Sensory Receptors in the Skin Pain
Pain is an unpleasant perceptual and emotional experience

Pain can be localized or diffuse.
Localized:
• sharp, pricking, cutting pain
• rapid action potential
Diffuse:
• burning, aching pain
• slower action potentials
Figure 9.2
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Pain Control Referred Pain
Local anesthesia: • Originates in a region that is not source of pain stimulus
• action potentials suppressed from pain • Felt when internal organs are damaged or inflamed
• receptors in local areas • Sensory neurons from superficial area and neurons of
source pain converge onto same ascending neurons of
• chemicals are injected near sensory nerve spinal cord
General anesthesia:
• loss of consciousness
• chemicals affect reticular formation
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Areas of Referred Pain Olfaction
Olfaction is the:
• sense of smell
• occurs in response to
odorants
• receptors are located in

superior portion of the
nasal cavity
• we can detect 10,000

different smells
Figure 9.3 Figure 9.4a

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Olfaction Process Olfactory Epithelium and Olfactory Bulb
1. Nasal cavity contains a thin film of mucous where odors

become dissolved.
2. Olfactory neurons are located in the mucous. Dendrites

of olfactory neurons are enlarged and contain cilia.
3. Dendrites pick up odor, depolarize, and carry odor to

axons in olfactory bulb (cranial nerve I).
4. Frontal and temporal lobes process odor.
Figure 9.4b
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Taste The Tongue
Taste buds:
• sensory structures that detect taste
• located on papillae on tongue, hard palate, throat
Inside each taste bud are 40 taste cells
Each taste cell has taste hairs that extend into taste pores
Figure 9.5
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Taste Process Types of Tastes
1. Taste buds contain about 40 taste cells. 1. Sweet
2. Taste cells send taste stimuli to taste hairs. 2. Sour
3. Taste cells contain hairlike processes, called taste hairs, 3. Salty

that extend through a taste pore to the surface of the
taste bud. 4. Bitter
4. Dissolved molecules or ions bind to receptors on the taste 5. Umami

hairs and initiate action potentials. Sensory neurons carry Certain taste buds are more sensitive to certain tastes.
signals to the insula of the cerebral cortex.
Taste is also linked to smell.
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Pathways for the Sense of Taste Vision
Accessory Structures
Eyebrow:
• protects from sweat
• shade from sun
Eyelid/Eyelashes:
• protects from foreign objects
• lubricates by blinking
Figure 9.6
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The Eye and Accessory Structures 1 The Eye and Accessory Structures 2
Conjunctiva:
• thin membrane that covers inner surface of eyelid
Lacrimal apparatus:
• produces tears
Extrinsic eye muscles:
• help move eyeball
(a) ©Eric Wise
Figure 9.7a
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Lacrimal Gland Structures Extrinsic Eye Muscles
Figure 9.7c Figure 9.8

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Anatomy of Eye The Eye
• Hollow, fluid filled sphere
• Composed of 3 layers (tunics)
• Divided into chambers
Figure 9.9
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Fibrous Tunic Vascular Tunic 1
Outermost Tunic Middle tunic
Sclera: • Contains blood supply
• firm, white outer part Choroid:

• black part (melanin)
• helps maintain eye shape, provides attachment sites for
muscles, protects internal structures • delivers O2 and nutrients to retina
Cornea: Ciliary body:

• helps hold lens in place
• transparent structure that covers iris and pupil
Ciliary muscle:
• allows light to enter and focuses light
• Controls shape of lens via suspensory ligaments
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Vascular Tunic 2 Vascular Tunic 3
Suspensory ligaments: Pupil:
• help hold lens in place • regulates amount of light entering
Lens: • lots of light = constricted
• flexible disk • little light = dilated
• focuses light onto retina
Iris:
• colored part of eye
• surrounds and regulates pupil
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Lens and Ciliary Body The Iris
Figure 9.10b Figure 9.10c
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Nervous Tunic 1 Nervous Tunic 2
Innermost tunic Sensory retina:

Retina: • contains photoreceptors (rods and cones)
• covers posterior 5/6 of eye • contains interneurons
• contains 2 layers Rods:
Pigmented retina: • photoreceptor sensitive to light
• outer layer • 20 times more rods than cones
• keeps light from reflecting back in eye • can function in dim light
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Nervous Tunic 3 The Retina 1
Cones: • Rods and cones synapse with bipolar cells of sensory

retina
• photoreceptor provide color vision
• 3 types blue, green, red • Horizontal cells of retina modify output of rods and cones
• Bipolar and horizontal cells synapse with ganglion cells
• Ganglion cell’s axons converge to form optic nerve
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The Retina 2 The Retina 3
Macula:
• small spot near center of retina
Fovea centralis:
• center of macula
• where light is focused when looking directly at an object
• only cones
• ability to discriminate fine images
Figure 9.11
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The Retina 4 The Retina 5
Optic disk:
• white spot medial to macula
• blood vessels enter eye and spread over retina
• axons exit as optic nerve
• no photoreceptors
• called blind spot
(a) Steve Allen/Getty Images RF

Figure 9.12
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Chambers of the Eye 1 Chambers of the Eye 2
Anterior chamber: Vitreous chamber:

• located between cornea and lens • located in retina region
• filled with aqueous humor (watery) • filled with vitreous humor: jelly-like substance
• aqueous humor helps maintain pressure, refracts light, • vitreous humor helps maintain pressure, holds lens and
and provide nutrients to inner surface of eye retina in place, refracts light
Posterior chamber:
• located behind anterior chamber
• contains aqueous humor
43 44
Functions of the Eye 1 Functions of the Eye 2
• The eye functions much like a camera. Light Refraction
• The iris allows light into the eye through the pupil, which is • Bending of light
focused by the cornea, lens, and humors onto the retina. Focal point:
• The light striking the retina produces action potentials that • point where light rays converge
are relayed to the brain.
• occurs anterior to retina
• Light refraction and image focusing are two important
processes in establishing vision. • object is inverted
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Functions of the Eye 3 Focusing by the Eye
Focusing Images on Retina

Accommodation:
• Changes in shape of the lens so image can be focused on
retina
• enables eye to focus on images closer than 20 feet
Figure 9.14
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Action Potential Generation at the Retina Effects of Light on Rhodopsin 1
Rhodopsin: 1. Light strikes rod cell

• photosensitive pigment in rod cells 2. Retinal changes shape
Opsin: 3. Opsin changes shape
• colorless protein in rhodopsin 4. Retinal dissociates from opsin
Retinal: 5. Change in rhodopsin shape stimulates response in rod
cell which results in vision
• yellow pigment in rhodopsin
6. Retinal detaches from opsin
• requires vitamin A
7. ATP required to reattach retinal to opsin and return
rhodopsin to original shape
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Photoreceptors Effects of Light on Rhodopsin 2
Figure 9.16
51 52
Neuronal Pathway for Vision Visual Pathway 1
Optic nerve:
• leaves eye and exits orbit through optic foramen to enter

cranial cavity
Optic chiasm:
• where 2 optic nerves connect
Optic tracts:
• route of ganglion axons
Figure 9.18
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Visual Pathway 2 Color Blindness
• The absence of perception of one or more colors

• The loss may involve perception of all three colors or of
one or two colors.
• Most forms of color blindness occur more frequently in
males and are X-linked genetic traits
Figure 9.19
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Chart to Determine Color Blindness The Ear
The organs of hearing and balance are located in the ears.
Each ear is divided into three areas:
1. the external ear
2. the middle ear
3. the inner ear
(a) Steve Allen/Getty Images; (b) Prisma Bildagentur AG/Alamy Stock Photo
Figure 9.17
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The External Ear The Middle Ear 1
Extends from outside of head to eardrum Air filled chamber with ossicles
Auricle: Malleus (hammer):
• fleshy part on outside • bone attached to tympanic membrane
External auditory meatus: Incus (anvil):
• canal that leads to eardrum • bone that connects malleus to stapes
Tympanic membrane: Stapes (stirrup):
• eardrum • bone located at base of oval window
• thin membrane that separates external and
• middle ear
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The Middle Ear 2 The Inner Ear 1
Oval window: Set of fluid filled chambers

• separates middle and inner ear Bony labyrinth:
Eustachian or auditory tube: • tunnels filled with fluid
• opens into pharynx • 3 regions: cochlea, vestibule, semicircular canals
• equalizes air pressure between outside air and middle ear Membranous labyrinth:
• inside bony labyrinth
• filled with endolymph
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The Inner Ear 2 The Inner Ear 3
Endolymph: Scala vestibuli:

• clear fluid in membranous labyrinth • in cochlea
Perilymph: • filled with perilymph
• fluid between membranous and bony labyrinth Scala tympani:
Cochlea: • in cochlea
• snail-shell shaped structure • filled with perilymph
• where hearing takes place Cochlea duct:

• in cochlea
• filled with endolymph
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The Inner Ear 4 The Inner Ear 5
Spiral organ: Vestibular membrane:

• in cochlear duct • wall of membranous labyrinth that lines scala vestibuli
• contains hair cells Basilar membrane:
Tectorial membrane: • wall of membranous labyrinth that lines scala tympani
• in cochlea
• vibrates against hair cells
Hair cells:
attached to sensory neurons that when bent produce an
action potential
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Structure of the Ear Structure of the Inner Ear
(e) Courtesy of A. J. Hudspeth

Figure 9.20 Figure 9.21
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Hearing Process 1 Hearing Process 2
1. Sound travels in waves through air and is funneled into 5. Vibrations of perilymph cause vestibular membrane and
ear by auricle. endolymph to vibrate.
2. Sound travels through external auditory meatus to 6. Endolymph vibrations cause displacement of basilar
tympanic membrane. membrane.
3. Tympanic membrane vibrates and sound is amplified by 7. Movement of basilar membrane is detected by hair hairs
malleus, incus, stapes which transmit sound to oval in spiral organ.
window.
8. Hair cells become bent and cause action potentials to be
4. Oval window produces waves in perilymph of cochlea. created.
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Effect of Sound Waves on Middle and Inner Ear

Balance (Equilibrium)
Structures
Static equilibrium:
• associated with vestibule
• evaluates position of head relative to gravity
Dynamic equilibrium:
• associated with semicircular canals
• evaluates changes in direction and rate of head movement
Figure 9.22
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Balance 1 Balance 2
Vestibule: Otoliths:
• inner ear • Particles of protein and calcium carbonate embedded in a
gelatinous substance that moves in response to gravity
• contains utricle and saccule
• Microvilli of hair cells are embedded in the gelatinous
Maculae:
substance and initiate action potentials when bent
• specialized patches of epithelium in utricle and saccule
surround by endolymph
• contain hair cells
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Location and Structure of the Macula Function of the Vestibule in Maintaining Balance
(d) Susumu Nishinag/Science Source

Figure 9.24 (a, b) ©Trent Stephens
Figure 9.25
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Balance 3 Balance 4
Semicircular canals: Cupula:

• dynamic equilibrium • gelatinous mass
• sense head movement in any direction • contains microvilli of hair cells
Ampulla: • float that is displaced by endolymph movement
• Swelling at base of semicircular canal
Crista ampullaris:
• in ampulla
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Semicircular Canals Function of the Crista Ampullaris
(a) Julie Jacobson/AP Images
Figure 9.26 Figure 9.27

79 80
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Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
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10/12/2023

Because learning changes everything.®

• ability to perceive stimuli

Classification of Senses Types of Senses

• receptors over large part of body that sense touch,

• somatic senses provide information about body and

• visceral senses provide information about internal organs

• smell, taste, sight, hearing, and balance

Types of Receptors 1 Types of Receptors 2

• detect movement • detect temperature changes

• Example, touch, pressure, vibration Nociceptors:

Chemoreceptors: • detect pain

• Examples, odors and taste

Types of Touch Receptors 1 Types of Touch Receptors 2

Merkel’s disk: Ruffini corpuscle:

• detect light touch and pressure • deep tactile receptors

Hair follicle receptors: • detects continuous pressure in skin

• detect light touch Pacinian corpuscle:

Meissner corpuscle: • deepest receptors

• deep in epidermis • associated with tendons and joints

• localizing tactile sensations • detect deep pressure, vibration, position

Sensory Receptors in the Skin Pain

Pain is an unpleasant perceptual and emotional experience

Pain Control Referred Pain

Local anesthesia: • Originates in a region that is not source of pain stimulus

• chemicals affect reticular formation

Areas of Referred Pain Olfaction

• receptors are located in

• we can detect 10,000

Figure 9.3 Figure 9.4a

Olfaction Process Olfactory Epithelium and Olfactory Bulb

1. Nasal cavity contains a thin film of mucous where odors

2. Olfactory neurons are located in the mucous. Dendrites

3. Dendrites pick up odor, depolarize, and carry odor to

4. Frontal and temporal lobes process odor.

Taste The Tongue

• sensory structures that detect taste

• located on papillae on tongue, hard palate, throat

Inside each taste bud are 40 taste cells

Taste Process Types of Tastes

1. Taste buds contain about 40 taste cells. 1. Sweet

2. Taste cells send taste stimuli to taste hairs. 2. Sour

3. Taste cells contain hairlike processes, called taste hairs, 3. Salty

4. Dissolved molecules or ions bind to receptors on the taste 5. Umami

Pathways for the Sense of Taste Vision

• protects from sweat

• shade from sun

• protects from foreign objects

• thin membrane that covers inner surface of eyelid

Extrinsic eye muscles:

• help move eyeball

(a) ©Eric Wise

Lacrimal Gland Structures Extrinsic Eye Muscles

Figure 9.7c Figure 9.8

Anatomy of Eye The Eye

• Hollow, fluid filled sphere

• Composed of 3 layers (tunics)

• Divided into chambers

Fibrous Tunic Vascular Tunic 1

Outermost Tunic Middle tunic

Sclera: • Contains blood supply

• firm, white outer part Choroid:

Cornea: Ciliary body:

Vascular Tunic 2 Vascular Tunic 3