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9 & 10
RESEARCH III & IV
QUARTER 3
Week 5

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Region IX, Zamboanga Peninsula

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SUBJECT & Research QUARTE 3 WEE DAY __________________________________

dd/mm/yyyy

WRITTEN BY: ABBYGAILE G. ABONALLA, T-III

Zamboanga City High School
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GRADE/LEVEL III & IV R K

TOPIC t-test for Independent Samples
1. Utilizes appropriate statistical tools in analyzing data.
LEARNING (SSP-RS9-AID-III-q-t-7)
COMPETENCY 2. Interprets data/ statistical results. (SSP-RS9-AID-III-u-v-8)
3. Test hypothesis (SSP-RS9-AID-III-v-w-9)
IMPORTANT: Do not write anything on this material. Write all your answers for the SAQ,
Let’s Practice Activities and Try Items on a separate sheet/s of paper.

UNDERSTAND
Student t test is a statistical test which is used to compare the mean of two groups of
samples. It is used to assess whether the means of the two sets of data are statistically
significantly different from each other.
The following are the types of t test :
1. The one-sample t-test compares the mean of a population with a theoretical value.
2. The independent t test or unpaired two sample t-test compares the mean of two
independent samples.
3. The paired t-test compares the means between two related groups of samples.

What is the t-test for independent samples?

It is a method used to test whether the unknown population means of two groups are equal
or not.

Assumptions for a t-test for independent samples when σ1 and σ2 are unknown

A t-test is used to test the difference between means when:

 the two samples are independent (Samples are independent samples when they are not
related.)
 the samples are taken from two normally or approximately normally distributed
populations.
 the variances are assumed to be not equal.
 When the sample sizes are less than 30, the populations must be normally or
approximately normally distributed.

Formula for the t-test for independent samples when variances are assumed to be
unequal:

( X ¿ ¿1−X 2 )−(μ1−μ2 )
¿¿
t=
√
2 2
s1 s 2
+
n1 n2

where the degrees of freedom are equal to the smaller of n1 − 1 or n2 − 1.

In the equation

X 1 −X 2 - observed difference between sample means

μ1−μ 2 - equals zero when no difference between population means is hypothesized.

( X 1−X 2 )
t=
√ s21 s 22
+
n1 n2

WRITTEN BY: ABBYGAILE G. ABONALLA, T-III

Zamboanga City High School
 2

Example 1

Work Absences
A study was done to see if there is a difference between the number of sick days men
take and the number of sick days women take. A random sample of 9 men found that the mean of
the number of sick days taken was 5.5. The standard deviation of the sample was 1.23. A random
sample of 7 women found that the mean was 4.3 days and a standard deviation of 1.19 days. At α
= 0.05, can it be concluded that there is a difference in the means?

Since the standard deviations are and , this means that the variances of
the two samples are unequal.

Step 1: State the hypotheses and identify the claim.

H0: μ1 = μ2 and H1: μ1 ≠ μ2 (claim)

Step 2: Find the critical values. Since the test is two-tailed and α = 0.05, the degrees of freedom
are the smaller of n1 − 1 and n2 − 1.
In this case, n1 − 1 = 9 − 1 = 8 and n2 − 1 = 7 − 1 = 6. So d.f. = 6 and the critical values are
+2.447 and −2.447.

SAQ-1: Why is d.f. = 6 used for finding the critical value?

Step 3: Compute the test value.

( X 1−X 2 )
t=
√
2 2
s1 s 2
+
n1 n2

( 5.5−4.3)

√
t = (1.23)2
9
+ ¿ ¿¿ ¿
= 1.972

Step 4: Make the decision.

WRITTEN BY: ABBYGAILE G. ABONALLA, T-III

Zamboanga City High School
 3

Remember that for a two-tailed test,

if sample test statistic lies at or beyond critical values, reject H0.
if sample test statistic lies between critical values, fail to reject H0.

Thus, since the t-computed value is 1.972, do not reject the null hypothesis (H0).

Step 5: Summarize the results.

There is not enough evidence to support the claim that the means are different.

Example 2

Noise Levels in Hospitals

The mean noise level of 20 randomly selected areas designated as “casualty doors” was
63.1 dBA, and the sample standard deviation is 4.1 dBA. The mean noise level for 24 randomly
selected areas designated as operating theaters was 56.3 dBA, and the sample standard deviation
was 7.5 dBA. At α = 0.05, can it be concluded that there is a difference in the means?

Step 1 State the hypotheses and identify the claim.

H0: μ1 = μ2 and H1: μ1 ≠ μ2 (claim)

Step 2 Find the critical values.

Since the test is two-tailed and α = 0.05, the degrees of freedom are the smaller of n1−1 and
n2−1.
Thus, n1 − 1 = 20 − 1 = 19 and n2 − 1 =24 − 1 = 23. So d.f. = 19 and the critical values are
+2.093 and −2.093.

WRITTEN BY: ABBYGAILE G. ABONALLA, T-III

Zamboanga City High School
 4

Step 3 Compute the test value. In this case you must find the mean and standard deviation for the
data.

( X 1−X 2 )
t=
√
2 2
s1 s 2
+
n1 n2

(63.1−56.3) 6.8
6.8 6.8
t=
√ =
√ = √ 0.8405+ 2.34375 = √3.18425 = 3.811
2
(4.1) 16.81 56.25
+¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ +
20 20 24

Step 4 Make the decision.

Since t= 3.811 more than the critical value C.V.= +2.093 and −2.093, reject the null
hypothesis.

Step 5 Summarize the results.

There is enough evidence to support the claim that the mean noise levels are different.

Example 3

Carbohydrates in Candies
The number of grams of carbohydrates contained in 1-ounce servings of randomly
selected chocolate and nonchocolate candy is listed here. Is there sufficient evidence to conclude
that the difference in the means is statistically significant? Use α = 0.10.

Chocolate: 29; 25; 17; 36; 41; 25; 32; 29; 38; 34; 24; 27; 29
Non-chocolate: 41; 41; 37; 29; 30; 38; 39; 10; 29; 55; 29

Source: The Doctor’s Pocket Calorie, Fat, and Carbohydrate Counter.

Step 1: State the hypotheses and identify the claim.

H0: μ1 = μ2 and H1: μ1 ≠ μ2 (claim)

WRITTEN BY: ABBYGAILE G. ABONALLA, T-III

Zamboanga City High School
 5

Step 2: Find the critical value.

Since the test is two-tailed and α = 0.10, the degrees of freedom are the smaller of n1−1 and
n2 −1.
Thus, n1 − 1 = 13 − 1 = 12 and n2 − 1 =11 − 1 = 10. So d.f. = 10 and the critical values are
+1.812 and −1.812.

Step 3: Compute the test value

Solve for the standard deviations for both sets of data.

Chocolate X- X 1 (X- X 1)2 =

29 29-29.7 = -0.7 (-0.7)2 = 0.490
25 25-29.7 = -4.7 (-4.7)2 = 22.090
17 17-29.7= -12.7 (-12.7)2 = 161.290
36 36-29.7 = 6.3 (6.3)2 = 39.690
41 41-29.7 = 11.3 (11.3)2 = 127.690
25 25-29.7 = -4.7 (-4.7)2 = 22.090
32 32-29.7 = 2.3 (2.3)2 = 5.290
29 29-29.7 = -0.7 (-0.7)2 = 0.490
38 38-29.7 = 8.3 (8.3)2 = 68.890
34 34-29.7 = 4.3 (4.3)2 = 18.490
24 24-29.7 = -5.7 (-5.7)2 = 32.490
27 27-29.7 = -2.7 (-2.7)2 = 7.290
29 29-29.7 = -0.7 (-0.7)2 = 0.490
∑X = 386 ∑(X- X )2 = 506.770

X1 =
∑ X 386
n
=
13
= 29.7
s1 =
√∑ (X −X )2
n−1
s1 =
√506.770
13−1
=
√
506.770

s1 = √ 42.231
12

s1 = 6.499

Non-chocolate X- X 2 (X- X 2)2 =

41 41-34.4= 6.6 (6.6)2=43.56

41 41-34.4= 6.6 (6.6)2=43.56
37 37-34.4= 2.6 (2.6)2=6.76

WRITTEN BY: ABBYGAILE G. ABONALLA, T-III

Zamboanga City High School
 6

29 29-34.4= -5.4 (-5.4)2=29.16

30 30-34.4= -4.4 (-4.4)2=19.36
38 38-34.4= 3.6 (3.6)2=12.96
39 39-34.4= 4.6 (4.6)2=21.16
10 10-34.4= -24.4 (-24.4)2=595.36
29 29-34.4= -5.4 (-5.4)2=29.16
55 55-34.4= 20.6 (20.6)2=424.36
29 29-34.4= -5.4 (-5.4)2=29.16
∑X2 = 386 ∑(X- X )2 = 1254.56

√
2
∑ (X −X )
∑ X 378 s2 =
X2 = = = 34.4 n−1
n 11
s2 =
√ 1254.56
11−1
=
√
1254.56

s2 = √ 125.456
10

s2 = 11.200

( X 1−X 2 )
t=
√ s21 s 22
+
n1 n2

( 29.7−34.4)
−4.7

√
t = (6.499)2
13
+ ¿ ¿ ¿¿
= 3.828
= -1.228

Step 4: Decide.
Since the t-computed value of 1.228 lies between the critical values +1.812 and −1.812, do not
reject H0.

Step 5: Summarize
  There is not enough evidence to support the claim that the means are not equal.

Example 4

Suppose the experiment to measure the times in minutes for the headache remedies to enter
the bloodstream yielded sample means, sample standard deviations, and sample sizes as follows:
Brand A: X 1 = 20.1min; s1 =8.7 min; n1 = 12
Brand B: X 2 = 11.2min; s2 = 7.5 min; n2 = 8

Brand B claims to be faster. Is this claim justified at the 1% level of significance? (Use the
following steps to obtain the answer.)

Step 1: State the hypotheses and identify the claim.

H0: μ1 = μ2 and H1: μ1 > μ2 (claim)

Step 2: Find the critical value.

At α = 0.10, the degrees of freedom is d.f. = 8-1 =7, since it’s the smaller value. The
critical value is +1.415 (one-tailed test).

Step 3: Compute the test value

WRITTEN BY: ABBYGAILE G. ABONALLA, T-III
Zamboanga City High School
 7

( X 1−X 2 )
t=
√ s21 s 22
+
n1 n2

(20.1−11.2) 8.9
8.9 8.9
t=
√ =
√ = √6.308+ 7.031 = √13.339 = 2.437
2
(8.7) 75.69 56.25
+¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ +
12 12 8
Step 4: Decide.

The t-computed value (2.437) is greater than the critical value (1.415), therefore reject
the null hypothesis.

Step 5: Summarize

  At the 5% level of significance, there is sufficient evidence to conclude that the mean time
for brand B to enter the bloodstream is less than that for brand A.
Let’s Practice #1! (Write your solution on a separate sheet/s of
paper.)
Use the t-test for independent samples to analyze the data given in the problems below.
Follow the steps illustrated in the examples given. (Assume that the problems follow a normal
distribution and that the population variances are unequal)

1. According to Nielsen Media Research, children (ages 2–11) spend an average of 21 hours
30 minutes watching television per week while teens (ages 12–17) spend an average of
20 hours 40 minutes. Based on the sample statistics shown, is there sufficient evidence to
conclude difference in average television watching times between the two groups? Use α
= 0.01.
Children Teens
Sample mean 22.45 18.50
Sample standard deviation 4.05 4.27
Sample size 15 15
Source: Time Almanac.

2. A large group of friends went miniature golfing together at a par 54 course and decided to
play on two teams. A random sample of scores from each of the two teams is shown. At
α = 0.05, is there a difference in mean scores between the two teams?

WRITTEN BY: ABBYGAILE G. ABONALLA, T-III

Zamboanga City High School
 8

REMEMBER
Key Points

 A t test for independent samples is used to test the difference between means when the
two samples are independent and when the samples are taken from two normally or
approximately normally distributed populations. Samples are independent samples when they are
not related.
 Assumptions for the t Test for two independent means when σ1 and σ2 are unknown
1. The samples are random samples.
2. The sample data are independent of one another.
3. When the sample sizes are less than 30, the populations must be normally or
approximately normally distributed.

TRY
Let’s see how much you have learned today!
Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
Directions: Perform the t-test for independent samples on the data given below. Follow the steps
in solving Hypothesis-Testing Problems. (Assume that the data in the problem below follow a
normal distribution and that the population variances are unequal)

Health Care Knowledge Systems reported that an insured woman spends on average 2.3
days in the hospital for a routine childbirth, while an uninsured woman spends on average 1.9
days. Assume two random samples of 16 women each were used in both samples. The standard
deviation of the first sample is equal to 0.6 day, and the standard deviation of the second sample
is 0.3 day. At α = 0.01, test the claim that the means are equal.

Source: Michael D. Shook and Robert L. Shook, The Book of Odds.

REFERENCE/S
Brase, Charles Henry, and Corrinne Pellillo Brase. 2012. Understandable Statistics: Concepts and
Methods. Richard Stratton.

Freund, John E, and Gary A Simon. n.d. Modern Elementary Statistics. Prentice Hall.

DISCLAIMER
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This material is not intended for uploading nor for commercial use but purely for
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WRITTEN BY: ABBYGAILE G. ABONALLA, T-III

Zamboanga City High School