FROM CELL TO

THE LIVING SYSTEM

Dr. rer. nat. Kartika Senjarini
BIOLOGI FMIPA – UNIVERSITAS JEMBER

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NOT LIFE

VS

LIFE

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 TEORI KEHIDUPAN
Karakteristik organisme yang menunjukkan fenomena-fenomena
kehidupan sebagai berikut:

• Adanya organisasi (komplexitas)

bahkan organisme yang paling sederhana saja: kompleks
• Mengambil dan menggunakan energi (metabolisme)
dibutuhkan untuk membangun dan mempertahankan komplexitas
tersebut
• Tumbuh dan Berkembang
tumbuh: pertambahan ukuran
berkembang: perubahan penampakan dan kemampuan
• Reproduksi dan Hereditas
reproduksi : memperbanyak diri
hereditas : pemuliaan (penurunan sifat genetik induk)
• Respon terhadap perubahan yang ada di lingkungan
• Adaptasi
• Homeostatis
Biology (the study of life) at various scales

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Biology (the study of life) at various scales

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CELLS: FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE

CENTRAL FOR
CELL BIOLOGY:
THE STUDY OF
STRUCTURE,
FUNCTION &
BEHAVIOUR OF
CELL

DESPITE THE
VARIETY IN
INDIVIDUAL
PARTICULAR,
THEY HAVE
CONSTANCY IN
FUNDAMENTAL
MECHANISM

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 CELLS: FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE

SINGLE CELL IS THE VEHICLE FOR ALL HEREDITARY INFORMATION THAT

DEFINE EACH SPECIES

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All cells store their hereditary information in
the same linear chemical code: DNA

MEDIA FOR SAVING INFORMATION ON COMPUTER

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 All cells store their hereditary information in
the same linear chemical code: DNA

DNA BUILDING BLOCK

Consequently, we can take a piece of DNA from a human cell and insert it into
a bacterium or vice versa and the information will be successfully read
Kartika Senjarini – BioDas FTP
Kartika Senjarini – BioDas FTP
Kartika Senjarini – BioDas FTP
 The Tree of Life has Three Primary Branches:
Bacteria, Archaea & Eukayotes

Basic clasification based on comparisons of morphological

characteristic….however…

EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY??

GENOM ANALYSIS

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 The Tree of Life has Three Primary Branches:
Bacteria, Archaea & Eukayotes

diverged early in the history of earth

The Archaea, in outward appearance, they are not easily distinguished from bacteria,
but in molecular level seem to resemble eukaryotes in term of replication, transcription &
translation. However in their apparatus for metabolism & energy conversion, they are
more closely to bacteria

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The greatest biochemical diversity exists among
prokaryotic cells

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The greatest biochemical diversity exists among
prokaryotic cells

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Theory of Eukaryotes Origin

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 Genetic information in Prokaryotes

Molecular biology began with a spotlight in E. coli

• can be easily grown in a simple nutrient broth
• easily addapt to variable chemical conditions & reproduce rapidly
• it can evolve by mutation & selection at a remarkable speed

The basic genetic mechanisms that have been turned out to be conserved throughout
evolution is studied through E. coli

These mechanisms are essentially the same in our own cells as in E. coli

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 Genetic information in Eukaryotes

Because of its complexity, understanding genetic & biochemical information is very

crucial strategy in cell biology to understand how eukaryotes organisms work

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 Genetic information in Eukaryotes

Eukaryotic cells may have originated as predators, and the present modern eukaryotic
cells evolved from symbiosis into:
1. Animal cells 2. plant cells 3. Fungi

EUKARYOTES HAVE HYBRID GENOME

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USING MODEL ORGANISMS TO UNDERSTAND
EUKARYOTIC GENOME

Kartika Senjarini – BioDas FTP

USING MODEL ORGANISMS TO UNDERSTAND
EUKARYOTIC GENOME

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Thank you!

Reference:
Book: Molecular Biology of The Cell,
Bruce Alberts, 6thedition-2015

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