Electricals Lab Experiment 1 – Verification of KCL and KVL

 Aim: To verify Kirchhoff’s current law and Kirchhoff’s voltage law from given
experiments
 Theory: Kirchhoff’s first law is based on the law of conservation of charge which
requires that the algebraic sum of charges within a system cannot change.

Kirchhoff’s current law states that the algebraic sum of currents entering a node (or a
closed boundary) is zero.

Mathematically KCL implies that

Where N is the number of branches connected to the node and i n is the nth current
entering (or leaving) the node. By this law currents entering a node are regarded as
positive while those leaving it are regarded as negative

OR
I1 + I 2 + I 3 = I 4 + I 5
Kirchhoff’s second law is based on the law of conservation of energy

Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law states that the algebraic sum of all voltages around a closed path (or

loop) is zero.
Expressed mathematically, KVL states that
 where N is the number of voltages in the loop and vn is the nth voltage

To illustrate KVL refer to the circuit given below,

SUM of Voltage Drops = SUM of Voltage Rises

 Circuit Diagram: From LTSpice Circuit Simulator

 Outputs: Simulation operations conducted using LTSpice (in order of their
respective circuit diagrams given above).
g
 Observation Table:-

V input N N

∑ ij R j V −∑ ij R j
j=1 j=1
Measured Calculated Measured Calculated
9V 8.99909V 9V 0.0091V 0V
6V 5.98900V 6V 0.0110V 0V
3V 2.99978V 3V 0.00022V 0V
 Conclusion: The readings obtained from the experiments (on the basis of the graphs plotted)
confirms the validity of both KCL and KVL.
 Electricals Lab Experiment 2 – Superposition Theorem

 Aim: To verify Superposition theorem on the basis of given circuit diagrams

 Theory:
The superposition principle states that the voltage across (or current) through an element in a
linear circuit is the algebraic sum of voltages across or currents through that element due to each
independent source acting alone.

The principle of superposition helps us to analyse a linear circuit with more than one independent
source by calculating the contribution of each independent source separately. However, to apply
the superposition theorem we must keep the following things in mind: -
1. We consider one independent source at a time while all other independent sources are turned
off. This implies that we replace every voltage source by 0V(or a short circuit) and every
current source by 0A(or an open circuit). This way we obtain a simpler and more manageable
circuit
2. Dependent sources are left intact because they are controlled by circuit variables

 Circuit Diagram:
 Outputs: Simulation operations conducted using LTSpice (in order of their respective
circuit diagrams given above).
 Observations: -

R3(in Ω) I1(in mA) I2(in mA) I = I1 + I2(in mA) Error

Imeasured Icalculated

100 125 150 275 275 0

500 32 36 68 68 0
1000 16 19 35 35 0

 Conclusions: Snice the experiment was conducted on LTSpice we have obtained

equal values of measured and calculated current. Hence the Superposition Theorem is
verified.